Academic League Practice Sets

At least four of these points are on a curve that divides a sphere surface into equal areas according to the tennis ball theorem. A limaçon [lee-muh-sawn] has two of these points if the constant coefficient is between 1 and 2 times the trigonometric coefficient. The most similar point to a saddle point on a two-dimensional graph is one of these points, especially when a function has a derivative of 0 but is not at an extremum. Name these points, found using a second derivative, at which a function's graph changes concavity.

"Inflection Points" or "Point of Inflection" (Accept "Flex")

This composer replaced the third movement minuet of his first symphony with a scherzo [SKAIRT-soh] that was part of the String Octet in E-flat major this composer wrote when he was 16. This composer's overture starting with two eighth notes, two 16th notes, and two quarter notes was inspired by Fingal's Cave. That overture, The Hebrides [HEH-bruh-dees], was inspired by the same trip that inspired this composer's Scottish symphony. Another work by this composer is often combined with a piece from Richard Wagner's [REEK-hart VAHG-nur'z] Lohengrin [LOH-en-grin]. Name this composer whose "Wedding March" is taken from his incidental music for A Midsummer Night's Dream.

(Jakob) Felix Mendelssohn (Bartholdy)

Behind 41, this is the second-greatest lucky number of Euler [OY-lur] because n squared minus n plus this number is prime when n is an integer less than this number. This number is the Fermat [fair-mah] number between 5 and 257, and it is one of five Fermat numbers that are known to be prime. This number is how many wallpaper groups there are, so it is the number of symmetric ways to tessellate a plane. This number together with either 11 or 23 form a pair of sexy primes, and this number and 19 are a pair of twin primes. Identify this number that is the only prime between 13 and 19.

17

Though magnesium and titanium were also used, most of Sputnik 1 was made out of this metal. Copper and this metal are the most common metals used for electric wiring. The oxide of this element is in sapphires, which are a type of corundum [kuh-RUN-dum], though the primary mineral source for this element and gallium [GAL-ee-um] is bauxite [BAWK-"site"]. That mineral is refined by the Bayer process, which is followed by smelting in the Hall-Héroult [heh-rohl] process to obtain this element. Name this element whose most abundant use is for cans, and which is also used to make baseball bats and foils.

Aluminum (Prompt on: "AL")

This European capital, divided by a river and known for its famous parliament building along its riverbanks. The city has a rich history dating back to the Roman times and has been a focal point of cultural and political events in Central Europe. It was united into a single city in 1873 and is home to the historic Buda Castle and the thermal baths that highlight its unique geographical setting. Name this capital city of Hungary.

Budapest

This quantity has a coefficient of resistance that is positive in pure metals but negative in most insulators. Wien's [veen'z] displacement constant is divided by this quantity to find the peak wavelength for radiance. The Stefan [steh-FAHN]-Boltzmann law states that energy emitted from a surface is proportional to the fourth power of this quantity. The third law of thermodynamics is about entropy at the minimum value of this quantity. This quantity is proportional to the average kinetic energy of molecules. This quantity is multiplied by moles and the ideal gas constant in the ideal gas law. Name this quantity measured in kelvins.

Absolute Temperature (Accept : "Temperature")

This ancient empire, founded by Cyrus the Great, was known for its tolerance of different cultures and religions within its vast territory. It reached its zenith under Darius the Great, who expanded its borders from the Indus Valley in the east to the Balkan Peninsula in the west. Its capital cities included Persepolis and Susa. Name this empire that was eventually conquered by Alexander the Great.

Achaemenid Empire (Accept Persian Empire)

This Scottish economist and philosopher, born in 1723, is considered the father of modern economics. His seminal work, "The Wealth of Nations," introduced the concept of the invisible hand and laid the foundations for free market economics. He argued that individuals acting in their own self-interest can lead to economic prosperity. Name this economist whose ideas profoundly influenced economic theory and policy.

Adam Smith

A form of this quantity is used in conjunction with the non-ideality factor gamma and the mole fraction to represent fugacity and calculate the chemical potential of a liquid mixture. The log of one form of this quantity is related to temperature and the constants A, B, and C by the Antoine Equation. Raoult's Law is used to find one form of this quantity, which is higher for more volatile substances. For any isobaric process, this quantity times volume is equal to n times R times T. Name this measure of force per unit area, a quantity often given in bars or atmospheres.

Air Pressure

One of the characters in this novel is told "I always told you that nobody should carry as good a watch as that." The mother of the character whose watch is stolen later asks this novel's narrator "Why are you living then, when he is dead?". This novel's narrator tells the mother that Franz died instantly from a shot to the heart, which is a lie. Many of the characters in this novel are students of Kantorek [kan-TOR-ek], who encourages them to fight in World War I. Name this novel about Paul Bäumer [BOY-mur] that was written by Erich [AIR-ik] Maria Remarque ["remark"].

All Quiet on the Western Front

In this play, the line "No legacy is so rich as honesty" is spoken by Mariana. After that line, Mariana tells the old widow of Florence not to trust Parolles [puh-"ROLL"-ess]. At the beginning of this play, the Countess is upset because her second husband recently died and her son is going to serve the King of France. In this play, Helena is a ward of the Countess and is in love with the Countess's son Bertram. Helena speaks this play's title before saying "still the fine's the crown". Name this play by William Shakespeare whose title refers to the idea that it was acceptable for Helena to impersonate Diana and trade rings so that she could marry the man she loves.

All's Well That Ends Well

Animals in this class have a layer of uncalcified dentine [DEN-tin] in their teeth, so their teeth are considered pedicellate [peh-duh-SELL-it]. Some animals in this class have parotoid [puh-RAH-toyd] glands near their neck that can secrete bufotoxins [byoo-foh-"toxins"] to deter predators. Most of these animals will die within a few hours if they are placed in saltwater but require a freshwater environment for breeding. This class of animals are born with gills, though they either develop lungs or the ability to breathe air through their skin. Name this class of vertebrates that includes salamanders and frogs.

Amphibians (Accept: "Amphibia")

This woman was supposed to become the Queen of Argos, but her husband made a deal so that they became the leaders of Tiryns [TIR-inz] instead, and her descendants ruled Mycenae ["my"-SEE-nee]. A huge fight broke out at this woman's wedding, ending with her husband killing her Uncle Phineus [FIN-ee-uss], who was upset because he wanted to marry her. After this woman's mother, Queen Cassiopeia [KASS-ee-uh-PEE-uh], boasted that this princess was more beautiful than the Nereids [NAIR-ee-idz], this princess was temporarily chained to a rock, but the story ended happily with this woman married to Perseus. Name this woman who was saved by Perseus after Poseidon sent Cetus [SEE-tus] as punishment.

Andromeda

During the 21st century there has been debate over the extreme warp in this location's stellar disk, which is likely caused by satellite galaxies. Observations of several novas in this location by Heber [HAY-bur] Curtis led to the Great Debate between Curtis and Harlow Shapley. Edwin Hubble used images of Cepheid [SEH-fee-id] variable stars in this location to demonstrate that it is not part of the Milky Way. This galaxy is the largest galaxy in the Local Group, about twice as large as the Milky Way but with about the same mass. Name this galaxy that within the next five billion years will collide with us.

Andromeda Galaxy

Samples from these things have been gathered by the Hayabusa missions. The D-types of these objects are difficult to find, but a few dozen of them have been located. The vast majority of objects that have had non-zero Torino [tor-EE-noh] scale ratings are these objects, but as of the writing of this question there are no objects with current non-zero ratings. Examples of these objects that were on that scale are Apophis [uh-PAH-fiss] and 2022 AE1. Most of these objects are located between 2 and 4 astronomical units from the Sun. Some of the largest examples of these objects are Hygiea ["hi"-JEE-uh], Pallas, and Vesta. Name these rocky objects that are mostly located in a belt between Mars and Jupiter.

Asteroids (Accept: "Minor Planets" or "Planetoids"; do not accept: "dwarf planet(s)"; do not prompt on "planet(s)")

Though this country does not contain the town of Agartala [uh-gur-tuh-LAH], the founders of this country were accused of plotting for its independence there. Those leaders, who expanded on the Six Point Movement, included this country's first prime minister, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman ["shake" moo-JEE-bur RAH-mon]. This country's Liberation War in 1971 may have caused over 1 million deaths. During that war, the Mukti Bahini [MOOK-tee buh-HEE-nee] fought for this country's independence with the support of the Awami [uh-WAH-mee] League and India. Name this country that before its independence was East Pakistan and whose capital is Dhaka [DAH-kuh].

Bangladesh

Two brothers of John the Fearless died at this battle, which took place a few years before John was assassinated. Edward, 2nd Duke of York and Charles d'Albret [dal-bray] also died while leading troops at this battle. This battle is a major reason for the Treaty of Troyes [twah] signed five years later, in which Isabeau [ee-zah-boo] of Bavaria and Charles VI [6] disinherited their son Charles VII [7]. The victors at this battle had recently succeeded during the siege of Harfleur [har-floor], and they were led by King Henry V. Name this English victory that took place almost 70 years after the Battle of Crécy [kreh-see] during the Hundred Years' War

Battle of Agincourt [ah-zhin-koor]

Three months before this battle, a prisoner exchange freed John Sullivan, who during this battle prevented escapes by controlling a bridge over the Assunpink [ASS-un-"pink"] Creek. One side in this battle was led by Johann [YOH-hahn] Rall, who died the next day from his wounds. This battle changed the momentum of the war, reversing the results of the Battles of Fort Lee and Fort Washington a month earlier. This battle took place the day after Christmas. George Washington crossed the Delaware to get to this battle. Name this battle where forces under Washington defeated Hessians in New Jersey.

Battle of Trenton

At the beginning of a play by this writer, the title character tells his servant "Open the shrine, that I may see my Saint," causing the servant to put gold and jewelry on display. In that play, this writer has Corbaccio [kor-BAH-chee-oh], Corvino [kor-VEE-noh], and Voltore [vohl-TOR-ay] try to flatter the title character in an attempt to get into his will. This writer used the line "He was not of an age but for all time" in his poem "To the Memory of My Beloved the Author, Mr. William Shakespeare", and he used the opening line "Drink to me only with thine eyes" in his poem "To Celia". Name this playwright of Volpone [vol-POH-nay], or The Fox.

Benjamin Jonson

Like bull and bear contracts, this financial instrument can be classified as callable ["CALL-uh-bull"], which allows this instrument to be redeemed early. For historical reasons, the yield of this type of financial instrument is called its coupon rate, and when this financial instrument does not pay interest, it is called zero-coupon. Treasury bills are this type of security. Corporate and government credit ratings have a major effect on this financial instrument. Companies and governments issue this type of security to raise money. Name this investment alternative to stocks.

Bonds

This city, located in South America, is known for its vibrant culture, historic colonial architecture, and as the birthplace of a famous dance. It is the political, cultural, and economic center of its country, which gained independence from Spain in the early 19th century. The city is renowned for its European-style boulevards, the iconic Obelisk, and the colorful neighborhood of La Boca. Name this capital city of Argentina.

Buenos Aires

This capital city, which lies along the banks of the Nile River, is known for its proximity to ancient pyramids and a rich history spanning thousands of years. It has been a center of Islamic culture and scholarship for centuries, with notable landmarks including Al-Azhar University and the Citadel. This city is also known for the Egyptian Museum, which houses an extensive collection of ancient artifacts, and Tahrir Square, which was a focal point during the 2011 revolution. Identify this city, the capital of Egypt.

Cairo

The product of the principal curvatures at a given point gives a curvature named for this mathematician. Row-reduction is a form of this mathematician's namesake elimination. This mathematician showed how to use just a straightedge and compass to construct a heptadecagon. The central limit theorem states the sampling distribution of a random variable's mean approximates a distribution commonly named for this mathematician. Identify this German mathematician who names the normal distribution, also known as the bell curve

Carl Friedrich Gauss

This 19th-century mathematician made significant contributions to number theory, including a theorem stating that every positive integer is the sum of four squares. He is also known for formulating the reciprocity laws in modular arithmetic and conjecturing a fundamental theorem that was later proved by Andrew Wiles. Name this German mathematician who also developed a famous law relating electric flux and enclosed charge.

Carl Friedrich Gauss

The use of these devices is sometimes described by the adjective "isopycnic" ["ice-oh-picnic"], which originally referred to surfaces of constant density inside a fluid. One of these devices is used to find the packed cell volume of blood. The Zippe [ZIP-uh] type of these devices is sometimes regulated by international treaties because it is used to enrich uranium. The basket type of these devices is used to process cane sugar and is good at separating liquids from solids. These devices are named after a fictitious force. Name these devices that separate mixtures according to density by spinning quickly.

Centrifuges

The two most common variants of this substance differ based on whether a molecule has five or six oxygen atoms and whether it has 72 or 70 hydrogen atoms. This substance sometimes masks the color of beta-carotene, but phycoerythrin [FY-koh-AIR-ith-rin] sometimes masks the color of this substance. When this substance is struck by a photon, it releases an electron to an electron transport chain that takes place in a thylakoid [THY-luh-koyd] membrane. This substance regains an electron from water, which allows the light-dependent reaction in photosynthesis to continue. Name this pigment that makes plants green.

Chlorophyll

This U.S. law led to the creation of State Implementation Plans and New Source Performance Standards. The original version of this law in 1963 was enforced by the Public Health Service and the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, but a new agency was created to enforce this law before its major expansion in 1970. After that expansion, William Ruckelshaus directed much of this law's enforcement against the auto industry. A 1990 expansion of this law addressed acid rain. Name this law administered by the Environmental Protection Agency that now addresses ozone layer protection and climate change.

Clean Air Act (Accept: "CAA")

One of these devices uses a combination of laser cooling and fountain design to achieve accuracy. That device, which uses six lasers to cool molecules to a few millionths of a degree above absolute zero, is the N.I.S.T.-F1 in Boulder, Colorado. More traditional varieties of these objects use balance wheels and resonators such as quartz crystals. Though rubidium [roo-BID-ee-um] is cheaper, the most precise modern examples of these devices use cesium [SEE-zee-um]. These objects traditionally used pendulums. Name these devices, the analog types of which have a long hand that goes around every hour and a short hand that goes around every 12 hours.

Clocks

Proteins whose names indicate that they are similar to this one have a repeating amino acid pattern of glycine [GLIE-seen] followed by two different amino acids. To be stable, this protein requires hydroxy·proline ["hide-ROCKS"-ee-PROH-leen] and proline [PROH-leen], which are added to this protein in the presence of vitamin C. Defects in this protein cause Alport syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. This protein is the most abundant protein in humans. Combining this sclero·protein [SKLAIR-oh-"protein"] with boiling water creates gelatin. This protein has a triple-helix structure. Name this protein that is a central component of ligaments and cartilage.

Collagen

Some of these substances, especially hydro·philic ["hide"-roh-FILL-ik] ones, are able to expand by adsorbing water through imbibition [im-buh-BISH-un]. When surfactant molecules are dispersed in one of these substances, micelles ["my-SELLS"] can form. Nephelometers [nef-uh-LAH-mih-turz] are used to measure these substances by taking advantage of an effect that is very similar to Rayleigh scattering. These substances contain particles that are between 1 and 1,000 nano·meters long. The scattering in these substances is the Tyndall [TIN-dahl] effect. Name this type of mixture that includes foams, sols, gels, emulsions, and milk.

Colloids

Eugene Dennis was one of the first eleven of these people convicted of violating the Smith Act. A namesake "Control Act" outlawed formal organizations of these people, which had previously been forced to register with the Justice Department under the McCarran Act. Howard Hughes bought and shut down RKO Studios to remove and "blacklist" some of these people. The Hollywood Ten was a group of these people involved in the film industry, while a namesake "Loyalty Program" targeted these people in the federal government. Name these people targeted by Joseph McCarthy in the Second Red Scare.

Communists

In the 16th century, Gerolamo Cardano conceived these numbers to solve certain cubics. These numbers can be written using its modulus and argument. Numbers of this type multiplied by their conjugate will always result in real numbers. The set of these numbers is denoted as a "C". Name this set of two-dimensional numbers that can be expressed in Polar and Rectangular Coordinates.

Complex Numbers

When this term is used as a verb in statistics, it refers to the methods of restriction, matching, or randomization, all of which are done to address confounding variables. The past participle of this term is used to describe an experiment that uses the method of comparison. In those experiments, an effort is made to have two groups that differ only in one variable so that the effect of that variable can be studied. Give this word that also refers to the group in an experiment that either receives a placebo or goes untreated so that they can be compared to the group that does receive treatment.

Control (Accept: "Controlled")

A siege of a city on this island started in 1648, lasted 21 years, and gained control of the city of Candia. This island was the site of the ancient city of Lato [LAH-toh], which was inhabited by the Dorians. A very early civilization on this island was devastated by a volcanic eruption to its north on the island of Thira [THEE-ruh], which is also known as Santorini. This island is the main site where the scripts Linear A and Linear B have been found. This island's palace of Knossos [NAH-sus] was unearthed by Arthur Evans, and it was built by the Minoan [mih-NOH-un] civilization. Name this island that is now the largest and most populous of the Greek islands.

Crete (Accept: "Kriti")

Narciso [nar-SEE-soh] López, who was born in Venezuela, recruited people from the United States for two failed attempts to take over what is now this country. Pierre Soulé [soo-lay] encouraged the production of a document, probably written by James Buchanan, that called for purchasing this country. That 1854 document is the Ostend Manifesto. The Spanish-American War was sparked when the U.S.S. Maine was blown up while it was in what is now this country. In 1961, President Kennedy was heavily criticized for a botched invasion of this country at the Bay of Pigs. Name this Caribbean country where the U.S. tried to overthrow Fidel Castro.

Cuba

This person said "I see that it must produce war, and such a war as I will not describe, in its twofold character" before mocking the idea of a peaceable secession. In another speech, this person said "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!". Those speeches were this person's Seventh of March Speech and this person's response to a close ally of Vice President John Calhoun, South Carolina Senator Robert Hayne. Name this person who served three presidents as secretary of state, served both New Hampshire and Massachusetts in Congress, and was known as a great orator.

Daniel Webster

The number of intersections of these geometric things equals "n choose 4". The product of the lengths of these figures gives one side of the equation in Ptolemy's [TOL-uh-mee'z] theorem for cyclic quadrilaterals. The number of these figures is maximized in a convex shape, in which they number one-half n times the quantity n minus 3. One of these segments is the perpendicular bisector of the other one in a kite, and these segments bisect each other in a parallelogram. Name these entities that are not edges but connect vertices [VER-tuh-seez] of a polygon.

Diagonals

When a barber arranges a situation so that this character is bloodied, a curate and another church official laugh at him. This character is bloodied by the goat-herd after the barber describes this man as "the undoer of injustice, the righter of wrongs, the protector of damsels, the terror of giants, and the winner of battles". Much earlier, the barber joined this character's niece, housekeeper, and priest in burning this man's books of chivalry. This character's horse is Rocinante [roh-see-NAHN-tay], and his squire is Sancho Panza. Name this character from La Mancha who attacks windmills in books by Miguel de Cervantes.

Don Quixote

This British physicist's work in the early 20th century led to the development of quantum mechanics. He is known for his namesake equation that describes how the quantum state of a physical system changes over time. In 1933, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics. He also proposed the thought experiment involving a cat that is simultaneously alive and dead, illustrating the concept of superposition. Name this physicist whose equation is central to quantum theory.

Erwin Schrödinger

Much of this novel consists of diary and journal entries, though one chapter is two cuttings from "The Dailygraph" describing the wreck of the ship Demeter [dih-MEE-tur], in which the captain's body is tied to the wheel. A note at the end of this novel states that two characters had a son who was born on the anniversary of Quincey Morris's death. As Morris died, he noticed that the scar on Mina's [MEE-nuh'z] forehead had gone away. Earlier in this novel, Lucy Westenra died despite Abraham Van Helsing's attempts to protect her with garlic. Name this novel by Bram Stoker about a vampire.

Dracula

TOP10 and DH10B are strains of this organism that are utilized in cloning experiments. The O157:H7 strain of this organism produces Shiga toxin and can cause hemolytic uremic (HEE-mohlit-ik yoo-REE-mik) syndrome. The majority of urinary tract infections are due to a pathogenic strain of this organism. This non-viral organism was used to study semi-conservative DNA replication by Meselson (MEE-zul-sun) and Stahl. The lac operon (LAK AH-puh-ron) was first characterized in this organism. Name this Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that can cause food poisoning.

E. coli (Accept: "Escherichia coli")

Some parts of this organ are the scapha [SKAF-uh], helix, and triangular fossa [FAW-suh]. This organ can help dissipate heat, especially in animals with large ones such as caracals [KAIR-uh-kalz] and fennec foxes. A region inside this organ, the bony labyrinth, contains the semi-circular canals and the organ of Corti [KOR-tee], the later of which is inside the cochlea ["COKE"-lee-uh]. This organ is connected to the pharynx ["FAIR-inks"] by the Eustachian [yoo-STAY-shin] tube. This organ has three very small bones called the malleus [MAL-ee-uss], incus, and stapes [STAY-peez], whose names mean "hammer", "anvil", and "stirrup". A common infection of this organ is otitis [oh-"TIE"-tiss] media. Name this organ used for hearing.

Ear

This 16th-century English queen is known for her long and influential reign, which lasted from 1558 to 1603. Her era saw the defeat of the Spanish Armada and the flourishing of English drama, particularly through the works of William Shakespeare. She was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Her reign is often referred to as the Elizabethan Era, a period marked by English Renaissance and exploration. Name this monarch, known as the "Virgin Queen."

Elizabeth I

About 10% of deaths due to this disease cannot be assigned a specific cause and are called "sudden unexpected death in" this disease. This disease and bipolar disorder are sometimes treated with sodium valproate [val-PROH-"ate"]. This disease and depression can be treated by vagus [VAY-gus] nerve stimulation, and this disease is sometimes treated by removing part of the brain. People with this disease experience episodes that can be classified as absence, tonic, or clonic [KLAH-nik]. The myoclonic ["MY"-oh-KLAH-nik] episodes that people with this disorder experience are characterized by brief jerks or twitches of arms and legs. Name this set of disorders characterized by seizures.

Epilepsy

This psychologist's first major book examined the myth of wise people and the culture of avoidance among Yurok [YUR-ahk] Native Americans, and it also examined the effects of education on a Sioux [soo] reservation. That book was Childhood and Society, and this psychologist later wrote Young Man Luther. This person believed that the first 18 months of life were important to develop a sense of trust. This person described a problem that arises from inappropriate adolescent development using the phrase "identity crisis". Name this German-American scientist who included both "initiative vs. guilt" [pause] and "industry vs. inferiority" among his eight stages of psycho·social development.

Erik Erikson (Accept "Homburger" or "Salomonsen")

This author, born in 1899, moved to Paris in the 1920s and became part of the expatriate community. He wrote about the Lost Generation in works like "The Sun Also Rises" and depicted the Spanish Civil War in "For Whom the Bell Tolls." In 1954, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature. He also served as an ambulance driver in World War I, experiences which heavily influenced his novel "A Farewell to Arms." Name this author of "A Farewell to Arms" and "The Old Man and the Sea."

Ernest Hemingway

This ancient wrote a comprehensive work on geometry called which has been used as a textbook for centuries. His work covers topics such as plane geometry, number theory, and the properties of shapes. His systematic approach and axiomatic method influenced the development of mathematics. The "Elements" remained the main textbook for teaching mathematics until the late 19th century. Name this mathematician, often referred to as the "father of geometry."

Euclid

In Pascal's triangle, collections of this type of number form downward-facing triangles that combine to form a Sierpinski [sur-PIN-skee] triangle. A graph has an Eulerian [oy-LAIR-ee-un] cycle if all of the graph vertices have a degree that is this type of number. All of the exponents of non-zero terms in the Taylor series of the cosine function are this type of number. These numbers are the sums in Goldbach's conjecture. If the degree of a polynomial is this type of number, then both ends of the polynomial go to infinity or both go to negative infinity. Binary representations of these numbers end in zero, not one. Name these numbers that are divisible by 2, so they are not odd

Even Numbers (Accept: "Evens")

After the new year, Shintos use a large one of these things called a Dondo-Yaki [DOHN-doh YAH-kee] to bring good luck. According to the Koran, one of the angels claims that he is better than man because man was made from clay but the angel was made from this thing. In Leviticus, this thing kills Aaron's sons Nadav [nuh-DAHV] and Avihu [ah-VEE-hoo]. In Luke 12:49, Jesus says that he is bringing this thing to Earth. During a Vedic Agnihotra [ahg-nee-HOH-truh] ceremony, three of these things exist to the east, west, and south. Name this thing that, according to the King James Bible, is combined with brimstone when punishing Sodom and Gomorrah.

Fires (Accept: "Bonfires" or "Flames")

One of these speeches proposed a Second Bill of Rights to guarantee employment and housing. Another of these speeches was about party primaries and criticized people who repeatedly demanded a "restoration of confidence". The last of these speeches addressed the opening of the Fifth War Loan Drive, and it consisted of an urge to buy war bonds. There were thirty of these speeches spread out over 11 years, though there is a common mistaken perception that these speeches happened weekly. These speeches often began "My friends" or "My fellow Americans", and they were spoken directly to the American people. Name these radio addresses given by Franklin Roosevelt.

Fireside Chats

Several of these objects are shown in the upper half of Childe Hassam's ["child" HAS-um'z] The Avenue in the Rain, which hangs in the Oval Office. The handling of these objects is shown in the most famous photographs by both Yevgeny Khaldei and Joe Rosenthal, both of which were taken in 1945. In 1954, two years after being discharged by the U.S. Army, an American artist painted a series of these objects, including a white one and an image combining three of them. That painter was Jasper Johns. Name this object that is held high by a woman in the Eugène Delacroix [oo-zhen deh-lah-kwah] painting Liberty Leading the People

Flags (Accept: "United States Flags" before "Delacroix"; Accept "Flagpoles" before "three of them")

In one painting by this artist, it is uncertain whether the two young girls being held up by old women on the right side are about to be initiated or eaten. In that painting, this artist depicted a circle of women around a large goat. That painting, Witches' Sabbath, is part of this painter's series of Black Paintings. Another painting by this artist depicts a man in a white shirt with his hands up just before he is killed by a firing squad. That painting, which is one of this painter's works portraying the horrors of war, glorifies Spanish resistance to Napoleon. Name this painter of The Third of May, 1808.

Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes

A speech by this politician told of people begging him "don't frighten us by telling us the facts." That speech by this politician posited the "spearhead of resistance to world conquest" as part of the "Arsenal of Democracy." This man discussed the freedoms of speech and worship, and from want and fear, in his Four Freedoms speech. In his first inaugural address, this President stated, "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself." Name this President who gave the "Day of Infamy" address after Pearl Harbor.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Accept: "FDR"; Prompt on "Roosevelt")

This person often worked closely with Justus Liebig [YOOSS-tooss LEE-bik], and together they are credited with making lab-work part of science classes. Before aluminum was produced by the Hall-Héroult [air-ohl] process, this person refined a process by Hans Christian Ørsted that used potassium to get aluminum metal. Another production process discovered by this scientist created a substance made of the same elements in the same proportion as ammonium cyanate ["SIGH"-uhn-"ate"]. That discovery is given much credit, though probably too much credit, for ending the belief in vitalism. Name this German scientist who in 1828 synthesized urea [yur-EE-uh].

Friedrich Wöhler [FREE-drik VUH-lur]

In high-power circuits, the "expulsion" type of this device is used and contains boric acid to prevent arcing. This device often has metal caps at the ends of a glass tube. In household applications, this device is sometimes replaced with a penny, which is very dangerous. This device contains a wire or soldered [SAH-durd] joint that melts when it is overheated. This device is similar to a circuit breaker but cannot be reused once it blows. Name this device designed to stop a circuit that has too much current.

Fuse

One group of these things is Seyfert's [SEE-furt's] Sextet, and some examples of these things with luminous centers are also named for Seyfert. Filaments named after these things can be enormous, such as the Perseus-Pegasus example. One classification system for these things, which uses 'E' followed by a number on one side and 'S' followed by a number on the other side, is the Hubble tuning-fork diagram. The nearest large example of these things outside the one we are in is Andromeda. Name these systems of stars that are classified as elliptical, spiral, or irregular, and which include our own Milky Way.

Galaxy

When these things are classified as "impartial", the Sprague-Grundy theorem states that each position within them has a nim-value, which is not true when these things are partisan. Sequential examples of these things can be represented by decision trees, unlike simultaneous examples. These things can be classified as cooperative when coalitions can be formed. The concept of minimax [MIN-ih-max] was developed for the zero-sum examples of these things and is often equivalent to the Nash equilibrium. Name these things, examples of which include Blotto, prisoner's dilemma, and chess.

Games

Four months after his biggest victory, this person helped Wesley Merritt increase its scope. This leader's major victory was a six-hour fight against troops under Patricio Montojo y Pasarón [pah-TREE-see-oh mohn-TOH-hoh ee pah-sah-ROHN]. Leading up to that second battle, this person worked closely with Emilio Aguinaldo [ah-gwee-NAHL-doh]. This person won victory near Cavite [kah-VEE-tay] Island after commanding "You may fire when you are ready, Gridley." This person was the only person ever named U.S. Admiral of the Navy. Name this commander who destroyed the Spanish Pacific fleet in 1898 at the Battle of Manila Bay.

George Dewey

This U.S. president supported a mission that captured and then lost the village of Kekionga [kee-kee-AWN-guh] under the leadership of Josiah Harmar [hur-MAR]. After another defeat at the site that is now Fort Recovery, this president forced General Arthur St. Clair to resign. This president's farewell address was first published as a letter in the American Daily Advertiser. That address, which said "foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government", is now spoken by a senator each year. This president was unanimously elected by the Electoral College both times he ran. This president's treasury secretary was Alexander Hamilton. Name this first U.S. president.

George Washington

In an opera by this composer, a slave girl notes how the title character is "girdled with ice" in the aria (AH-ree-ah) "Tuche di gel sei cinta" (TOO kay dee jel say CHEEN-tah). The Jasmine Flower Song represents the title character of an opera by this composer, which was stopped by Arturo Toscanini (ar-ah-TOO-roh toh-skah-NEE-nee) in Act 3 where this man died writing. A gong is struck three times in an opera by this composer, who wrote an aria sung by a man who answers three riddles and predicts a woman will not know his name, titled "Nessun Dorma" (nay-SOON DOR-mah). Name this Italian composer of the China-set opera Turandot (too-RAN-dot).

Giacomo Puccini

One sculpture by this artist depicts a boy walking after his father, who is carrying his own father. That sculpture is Aeneas, Anchises, and Ascanius [ay-NEE-uss, an-KY-seez, "and" ass-KAN-ee-uss]. This artist probably worked on that piece with his father, which is also true of a work located at the foot of the Spanish Steps. Another sculpture by this artist shows a woman turning into a tree. That work, which like the Aeneid scene is in the Galleria Borghese [bor-GAY-zay], is Apollo and Daphne. In another sculpture by this artist, an angel holds a golden spear above a woman. Name this sculptor of many works in Rome, including The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa

Gian Lorenzo Bernini ["John" loh-REN-zoh bair-NEE-nee] (Accept: "Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini")

One novel by this author both begins and ends with the protagonist talking to Deslauriers [deh-lor-ee-ay]. In that novel, this author's protagonist is fascinated by Marie Arnoux [ar-noh], whose husband Jacques has several affairs and financial and health problems. In another novel by this writer, Héloïse Dubuc [eh-loh-eez doo-book] dies, leading her husband Charles to find a new wife, and the pharmacist Homais [oh-may] undermines Charles's medical practice. The new couple have the daughter Berthe [bair-tuh], but this author then portrays the wife having affairs with Léon Dupuis [doo-pwee] and Rodolphe Boulanger [boo-lahn-zhay]. Name this French author of Sentimental Education and Madame Bovary.

Gustave Flaubert [floh-bair]

In one story by this writer, Leon Chenal [shuh-nahl] narrates the saddest love affair of his life, and the story ends with Leon kissing the lips of a dead woman. This author of "Mrs. Harriet" wrote a story about a woman who was born into a family of clerks and married a minor official at the Ministry of Education. That couple in this writer's story is forced to dismiss their maid, rent a small apartment, and work overtime to pay off a large debt. That story by this author ends with Madame Forestier [for-ess-tee-yay] saying "It was worth five hundred francs [frahnks] at most." Name this French short story writer who wrote "The Necklace".

Guy de Maupassant ["ghee" duh moh-pah-sawnt] (Accept: "Henri René Albert")

In one story by this writer, a woman is told that her mother never loved her even for a minute, and her sister does not like her either. That message is given by a talking monkey who likes to steal names. This writer put that story and its follow-up in the collections Blind Willow, Sleeping Woman and First Person Singular. In a novel by this writer, one woman's job is to kill men who have committed domestic violence, and she investigates the manuscript of Air Chrysalis. That novel by this author is narrated by Tengo, Ushikawa, and Aomame [ah-oh-mah-may]. Name this writer of the novel 1Q84 ["one Q eighty-four"].

Haruki Murakami

After this person was president of the United States, he chaired two commissions that reorganized the Executive Department, leading to the creation of the White House Chief of Staff position. As president, this person signed the Agricultural Marketing Act, which created the Federal Farm Board. This person oversaw the creation of an agency that loaned money to railroads and small banks to prevent closures, the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. A series of homeless encampments were named for this president, who lost re-election in a landslide in 1932. Name this president who was in power during the start of the Great Depression.

Herbert Hoover (Prompt on "Hoovervile")

Without making any references to a magical ring, this ancient writer described Gyges ["GUY"-jeez] killing Candaules [kahn-DAW-leez] at the urging of Candaules's wife. According to this person, people on one side of the conflict he described claim that the conflict began when Io ["EYE-oh"], the daughter of Inachus [ee-NAH-kuss], was taken to Egypt. After this person died, his work was divided into nine sections named for the Muses. This person described the battles of Plataea [pluh-TEE-uh], Thermopylae [thur-MAH-puh-lee], and Marathon, and he also described the Persian Empire. Name this scholar from Halicarnassus who was referred to by Cicero as "The Father of History"

Herodotus [heh-RAH-dih-tuss]

Every other triangular number is in the sequence named for this type of polygon. The Pascal line of this type of polygon exists if the vertices are on a conic section. In the regular polygon of this type, the longest diagonals are twice as long as the sides. Squares, triangles, and the regular polygon of this type are the only regular polygons that, on their own, can tessellate the plane. The regular polygon of this type is broken into equilateral triangles by drawing all of the diagonals through the center. This polygon's central angles each measure 60 degrees. Name this shape that has one more side than a pentagon.

Hexagon

This person's name is used in the title of the posthumously collected papers written by Milman Parry, and this person is the subject of much of the second half of Albert Lord's The Singer of Tales. The hymns named for this person, beginning with "To Dionysus ["die"-oh-NY-siss]", praise a variety of gods. A work attributed to this writer begins with Chryses ["CRY-sees"] trying to get his daughter Chryseis ["cry-SEE-us"] back, and that work ends with the burial of Hector after King Priam ["PRY"-um] has retrieved his body. Another work attributed to this writer is about a hero's return to his wife, Penelope. Name this legendary ancient Greek writer credited with writing the Iliad and the Odyssey.

Homer (Accept: "Homeros")

This German philosopher, born in 1724, is known for his work in epistemology and ethics. His critical philosophy challenges the limits of human knowledge and argues that our understanding of the world is shaped by the way our minds structure experience. His most famous works include "Critique of Pure Reason" and "Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals." Name this philosopher who proposed the categorical imperative.

Immanuel Kant

A painting from this movement shows American flags hanging along Fifth Avenue in the rain. A painting by an artist from this movement depicts a woman in a striped dress cleaning a smaller person's feet in a water basin. After moving to Paris, an American artist who was part of this movement painted The Child's Bath. Louis Leroy gave this movement its name after visiting an exhibition including a sketch-like painting of an orange sunrise. Name this 19th-century art movement whose artists included Mary Cassatt and Claude Monet (MOH-nay)

Impressionism (Accept: "American Impressionism" or "The Ten" or" Ten American Painters" before "moving to Paris")

These languages can be grouped by which dorsal consonant starts the word for "hundred" in their centum/satem (KENT-um/SAY-tum) distinction. A reconstructed text demonstrating an extinct form of these languages incorporates these languages' presumed ancient concern with livestock, wheeled vehicles, and plains. A branch of this language family underwent the Grimm's Law sound change. Sanskrit, Persian, Greek, and Russian are examples of what large language family that also includes the Romance languages and Germanic languages such as English?

Indo-European languages

The built-in type of this quantity is blamed on the expectations of both consumers and workers. The type of this quantity caused by inputs such as labor and materials is called cost-push, and the Phillips curve explains the demand-pull type. The core type of this quantity is measured by ignoring food and energy. The Fisher equation adds this quantity to the real interest rate to calculate the nominal interest rate. When this quantity is too high, the federal reserve usually increases interest rates to slow down the economy. This quantity is measured by changes in the consumer price index. Name this general increase in prices over time.

Inflation

Choctaw aid during this event is commemorated by the sculpture Kindred Spirits in Midleton. Charles Trevelyan's (trev-EL-yin's) staunch laissez-faire (LAY-zay FAIR) beliefs limited direct aid toward victims of this event. Protestant schools engaging in "Souperism" during this event caused friction with the local population. Coffin ships transported people across the Atlantic away from this event, which pushed Robert Peele to repeal the Corn Laws. A disease known as "blight" led to what event that depleted the population of a European island in the 1840s?

Irish Potato Famine (Accept: "Great Famine" or "Great Hunger" or "an Gorta Mór")

Special examples of this type of triangle are called the golden gnomon [NOH-mun] and the golden triangle. In this type of triangle, the Euler [OY-lur] line is the only axis of symmetry. The height of this type of triangle can be calculated using the formula "the square root of the quantity a squared minus 1/4 b squared". If a right triangle is also this type of triangle, then the length of its hypotenuse equals root 2 times the length of a leg. Name these triangles that have a pair of congruent sides and a pair of congruent angles.

Isosceles Triangle

Some relations named for this scientist set partial derivatives of temperature or entropy equal to partial derivatives of pressure or volume and to second derivatives of potentials. When quantum effects are negligible, the statistics named for this scientist and an Austrian scientist describe the energy distribution of particles. A thought experiment with a door between two gas containers is named for this scientist's "demon". Name this scientist who combined Ampére's law with Faraday's law and two of Gauss's laws to give a four-equation summary of electromagnetism.

James Clerk Maxwell

This person designed a system in which three bars were joined together so that a point in the center of the middle bar moves in almost a straight line. That system is the "linkage" named for this person, and a complete loop by it is the "curve" named for this person. This person used his system in a machine that improved efficiency by using a separate condenser, improving the design of a device invented by Thomas Newcomen [NOO-kuh-men]. In honor of this person, the unit equal to kilogram meters squared per second cubed is named after him. Identify this namesake of the S.I. unit of power and a type of steam engine.

James Watt

This device utilizes a shielding element constructed from Kapton E, and it appears purple due to doped silicon in its outer layers. This device, which is deployed near the Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point, is named after the NASA administrator during the Apollo program. The primary component of this device is separated into eighteen hexagonal segments made of gold-plated beryllium. This device works primarily in the infrared (IN-fruh-red).spectrum. Name this successor to the Hubble Space Telescope whose first photos were released in July 2022.

James Webb Space Telescope (Accept: "JWST"; Prompt on "Webb")

In one novel by this author, Tom often says "If this man had not twelve thousand a year, he would be a very stupid fellow" in reference to Mr. Rushworth. In this author's third novel, Rushworth marries Tom's younger sister Maria, who is part of the Bertram family, which takes in but mistreats the protagonist, Fanny Price. Another novel by this author begins with the arrival of Mr. Bingley, who eventually marries Jane, the oldest of five sisters. In that novel, this author described the relationship between Fitzwilliam Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet. Name this author of Mansfield Park and Pride and Prejudice.

Jane Austen

One of the first actions this person took as a leader was to name Martin Crawford, Andre Roman, and John Forsyth to a peace commission that was never received. This person was eventually captured near Irwinville and held for two years, but he was never put on trial and eventually went to Canada. Leading into the Hampton Roads Conference, this person feuded with the person next in line for his job, Alexander Stephens [STEE-venz]. This person had earlier been Franklin Pierce's secretary of War and a congressperson from Mississippi. Name this person who appointed Robert E. Lee as his top general when this person was President of the Confederate States.

Jefferson Finis Davis

This musician is the namesake of the practice within jazz of changing chords by intervals of major thirds. This musician made those changes often on an album with several songs named for his relatives, including "Cousin Mary", "Syeeda's [suh-YEE-duh'z] Song Flute", and "Naima [nah-EE-muh]". That album is Giant Steps. This musician included the Cole Porter standard "Every Time We Say Goodbye" on his album My Favorite Things. Both this saxophonist and "Cannonball" Adderley performed on Miles Davis's Kind of Blue album. Name this musician who included the sections "Acknowledgement", "Resolution", "Pursuance", and "Psalm" on A Love Supreme.

John (William) Coltrane

In one novel by this author, Iowa Bob says "You've got to get obsessed and stay obsessed." Bob is the father of Win Berry in this author's The Hotel New Hampshire. Another novel by this author is titled for a list posted by a light switch that includes "Please don't smoke in bed or use candles." This author set much of that novel at St. Cloud's Orphanage, which is where Candy gives birth to Angel. In the same place, this author portrayed Dr. Wilbur Larch training Homer Wells to become an obstetrician. Name this author who addressed the issue of abortion in his novel The Cider House Rules.

John (Winslow) Irving (Accept: "John Wallace Blunt Jr.")

A letter to this philosopher was the first to ask if a blind person experienced at touching objects could recognize the objects upon being granted sight. This recipient of the Molyneux (MOHL-in-oo) Problem wrote that properties such as color and texture are "secondary" in a book that denies the existence of "innate ideas." This author of An Essay Concerning Human Understanding endorsed slavery in his constitution for the Province of Carolina, despite his 1689 defense of natural rights. Name this author of the Second Treatise on Government.

John Locke

This person's work was publicized by his collaborator Robert Underwood Johnson in The Century Magazine. This person's book A Thousand-Mile Walk to the Gulf describes his walk to Florida. Some discussions that this person had with a U.S. president may have inspired the Antiquities Act. The president spent three days almost alone with this person after they met in Raymond, California. This person wrote My First Summer in the Sierra, and he was the first president of the Sierra Club. Name this environmentalist who convinced Teddy Roosevelt to have the federal government take control of Yosemite National Park.

John Muir

A Chinese book from the 12th century showed how to make the stepped bevel [BEV-ul] splice and sliding dovetail types of these things. These things are sometimes formed by combining a dado [DAY-doh] with a rabbet, where the word rabbet is spelled with an 'E'. Another type of these things is the half-lap, which is formed by removing half of the material. Similar versions of these things include the dovetail crossed lap and mitred ["MITE"-urd] half-lap. These things are often strengthened using dowels, adhesives, or fasteners. Name these things where two pieces of wood meet.

Joint

At the beginning of a novel by this author, the narrator is given a mop and then hears somebody describe him as "big enough to eat apples off my head". This author's narrator thinks that he is cagey because he is half-Indian, though some characters think that the narrator is deaf. This author had that narrator, Chief Bromden, perform a mercy killing on Randle McMurphy after McMurphy's lobotomy. This author used the money he made from that book to buy a bus called Furthur for the Merry Pranksters, which was described in Tom Wolfe's book The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test. Name this author of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.

Kenneth Elton Kesey

After this player was reportedly "blown away" by the Clippers' free agent pitch, that team signed GM Doc Rivers's son Austin instead. This player tweeted that he "can't win a championship with those cats" in the third person, revealing that he used burner accounts. After winning the 2014 MVP, this player gave an emotional speech in which he told his mother, "You the real MVP." Name this current Net and former Thunder player who joined the Golden State Warriors in 2001, where he won two finals MVPs.

Kevin Durant

The early history of this group of people is described in the Sharafnama [shuh-ruf-NAH-muh]. In 1946, these people controlled the Republic of Mahabad [muh-HAH-bahd]. A group using guerrilla tactics to fight for the independence of this group was started in 1978 by Abdullah Öcalan [OH-juh-lahn], who has been a prisoner since 1999. Recent efforts to gain independence for these people have been near the city of Kirkuk [keer-KOOK]. In 1988, the Halabja [huh-LAHB-juh] Massacre of these people took place using mustard gas in Iraq. Name this ethnic group that lives in a region that includes parts of Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey.

Kurds (Accept "Kurdish" or "Kurdistan")

A formula named for this person finds the distance between the circumcenter and incenter of a triangle. This person is also the namesake of the simplest Runge-Kutta [ROON-guh KOO-tuh] method, which is used to approximate solutions to differential equations. The quantity "vertices plus faces minus edges" for a polyhedron is known as this person's "characteristic". The number of positive integers relatively prime to the input is called this person's totient [TOH-shent] function. Identify this mathematician who is the namesake of the irrational number equal to about 2.718, which is often written as e.

Leonhard Euler [OY-lur]

This creature lived in a bottomless body of water called the Alcyonian [al-see-OH-nee-un] Lake. While this creature was alive, humans had to cover their mouth and nose with cloth when approaching that lake because of the fumes. The blood of this creature was used to kill Nessus, which is why the Shirt of Nessus was poisonous. This creature was killed with the help of Iolaus ["eye"-oh-LAY-uss], who used fire to cauterize this creature's necks. This creature was killed as the second labor of Hercules. Name this creature that grew two new heads every time that one of its heads was chopped off.

Lernaean Hydra (Accept: "Hydra" or "Hydra of Lerna")

A point named for this concept can also be called a cluster point or accumulation point and is used in one topological definition of closedness. A metric space is called complete if, for every Cauchy [koh-shee] sequence in the space, this concept exists and is in the space. The squeeze theorem helps prove this concept by comparing one function to two other functions. A function is continuous where this concept exists and equals the function's output, and like continuity, this concept is commonly defined using the symbols "delta" and "epsilon". Name this concept in which a function approaches—but might not reach—a value.

Limit(s) (Accept "Limit Points")

This branch of mathematics studies the properties and relationships of points, lines, surfaces, and solids in higher-dimensional spaces. It includes topics such as vector spaces, linear transformations, eigenvalues, and eigenvectors. Name this branch, which is foundational for various fields including physics, computer science, and engineering.

Linear Algebra

These organs are the primary source of the angiotensin [an-jee-oh-TEN-sin]-converting enzyme. The collapse of these organs is called atelectasis [at-uh-LEK-tuh-siss] and can be caused by a lack of surfactants. These organs have oblique fissures on both sides but a horizontal fissure only on the right side, so there are three lobes on the right one of these organs and two on the left. These organs are in pleural ["plural"] sacs. These organs expand when the diaphragm contracts. The artery going to this organ carries deoxygenated [dee-"oxygen-ate-id"] blood. This organ has many tiny structures called alveoli [al-VEE-uh-"lie"] that take in oxygen. Name these organs of the respiratory system

Lungs

Near the beginning of this opera, two of the characters sing "E soffitto e pareti" [ay soh-FEET-toh ay pah-RAY-tee] while inspecting a new house. In Act 2 of this opera, the female lead sings "Un bel dì, vedremo [vay-DRAY-moh]" while imagining seeing smoke on the horizon. In this opera, a man enters a marriage under the assumption he will be able to get a divorce, and the man is surprised to learn much later that the marriage produced a son. That man is U.S. Navy Lieutenant Pinkerton. The wife, who uses a sword to kill herself near the end of this opera, is Cio-Cio-san [cho cho sahn]. Name this Giacomo Puccini [JAH-koh-moh poot-CHEE-nee] opera that is set in Japan.

Madame Butterfly

After oxygen, hydrogen, chlorine, and sodium, this is the fifth-most abundant element in seawater. This element combines with hydroxide to form brucite [BROO-"site"], it combines with iron and silicate [SIH-lih-kut] to form olivine [AH-luh-veen], and it combines with calcium and carbonate to form dolomite [DOH-luh-"might"]. Periclase [PAIR-uh-klayss], which is very abundant in the Earth's crust, is a mineral consisting of this element's oxide. The sulfate of this element is hydrated to make Epsom salts. Brucite is used to make a common antacid called the "milk of" this element's oxide. Name this alkaline-earth metal located below beryllium [buh-RILL-ee-um] and above calcium on the periodic table.

Magnesium (Prompt on: "Mg")

A novel by this author features a plan to smuggle information using a microdot hidden on a tattoo. That novel by this author is told primarily through a frame narrative called the Ardua Hall Holograph. This author wrote that novel, The Testaments, as a sequel to a novel in which a Latin phrase meaning "Don't let the bastards grind you down" inspires a protagonist who is forced to play Scrabble with the Commander. Name this author who described Offred joining the Mayday movement in The Handmaid's Tale.

Margaret Eleanor Atwood

This planet's Elysium Planitia [uh-LEE-zee-um pluh-NEE-shuh] is where the InSight lander touched down in 2018. The first craft to orbit this planet was Mariner 9 in 1971, which arrived just before Soviet orbiters. The geography of this planet includes Tharsis Bulge, which is near both its equator and a large group of canyons called Valles Marineris [VALL-uss mair-uh-NEAR-is]. This planet is also the location of our Solar System's largest volcano, Olympus Mons. This planet's surface is covered with iron oxide, which explains its color. This planet's moons are Phobos and Deimos [DEE-mohss]. Name this red planet, the fourth planet from the Sun.

Mars

In one novel set in this country, the title character refuses to work and starves an entire town after the death of Susanna San Juan. Juan Preciado meets several ghostly characters in the town of Comala in that novel from this country. Another author from this country included "The Dialectic of Solitude" and "The Conquest and Colonialism" in a set of essays discussing this country's separate Spanish and indigenous cultures. Juan Rulfo, the author of Pedro Páramo [PAH-ra-mo], is from this country, as is the author of The Labyrinth of Solitude. "Sunstone," a 584-line poem inspired by the Aztec calendar, was written by Octavio Paz, an author from what country?

Mexico

This region, characterized by a vast, arid landscape, is known for its extreme temperatures. It spans several countries, with notable cities including Riyadh, Baghdad, and Doha. Historically, it has been the cradle of ancient civilizations and is central to the world's major Abrahamic religions, and contains much of the world's oil. Name this region, which includes the Arabian Peninsula and parts of the Fertile Crescent.

Middle East

This Chinese dynasty, lasting from 1368 to 1644, is known for its restoration of Han Chinese rule and extensive naval expeditions led by Admiral Zheng He. It saw the construction of the Forbidden City and the reinforcement of the Great Wall. Its downfall was precipitated by internal strife, corruption, and the invasion of the Manchus. Name this dynasty that preceded the Qing Dynasty.

Mind Dynasty

In one song by this composer, death behaves like a field marshal. That song comes after a song in which death convinces a peasant to perform a trepak [truh-PAHK] dance in this composer's Songs and Dances of Death. Another piece by this composer begins with high-pitched strings and woodwinds followed by slow brass notes representing demons. That piece was one of the works by this composer that Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov claimed to have corrected. Maurice Ravel [rah-vell] re-orchestrated this composer's piano suite inspired by paintings by Viktor Hartmann. Name this Russian composer of Pictures at an Exhibition and Night on Bald Mountain

Modest (Petrovich) Mussorgsky

An earlier version of this country was led in the 11th century by King Anawrahta [ah-nuh-ray-TAH]. A series of three 19th-century wars with Britain led to the end of this country's Konbaung ["CONE-bong"] dynasty, and this country regained independence in 1948. During the 1960s, the U.N. Secretary-General was this country's U Thant [oo thahnt]. This country's 8-8-88 Uprising against General Ne [nay] Win led to the 1991 Nobel Peace Prize for a woman who would later lead this country. A 1989 name change by this country remains controversial, as does a 2006 move of the capital from Rangoon to Naypyidaw [nep-yee-daw]. Name this country that was led by Aung San Suu Kyi [awn san soo chee].

Myanmar (Accept "Burma")

Kate Sheppard organized a petition effort in this country that led to the Electoral Act of 1893, which made this country the first to have universal suffrage. Indigenous people in this country refer to white people as "pakeha" [PAH-kuh-hah]. Many land disputes in this country can be traced back to an 1840 treaty drafted by William Hobson. That treaty, signed shortly after the end of this country's Musket Wars, is the Treaty of Waitangi ["why"-TANG-ee]. More recently, this country was noteworthy for its low number of COVID-19 cases before February 2022 under Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern [juh-SIN-duh ar-DURN]. Name this country whose native people are the Maori [may-OR-ee] and whose capital is Wellington.

New Zealand (Accept "Aotearoa")

The premier of the northern part of this country was Ahmadu Bello [uh-MAH-doo BELL-oh] from 1954 until his assassination in 1966. This country's first prime minister, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa [uh-BOO-bah-kar tuh-FAH-wuh bah-LAY-wuh], was also assassinated in 1966. Soon after that, Odumegwu Ojukwu [aw-doo-MAY-goo oh-JOOK-woo] declared that the southern part of this country was the Republic of Biafra [bee-AH-fruh]. More recently in this country, 276 girls were kidnapped in 2014 in Chibok [chee-BOHK] by the terrorist group Boko Haram. This country is the most populous country in Africa. Name this country that in 1991 moved its capital from Lagos [LAH-gohss] to Abuja [ah-BOO-jah].

Nigeria

The Rusumo Falls are near the source of this river, which goes over the Murchison Falls near Lake Kyoga. The Bahr el Ghazal and the Sobat River are two large tributaries of this river, while one of its branches is the site of the Grand Renaissance Dam. As this river flows through its "Great Bend," it runs through the Six Cataracts, the northernmost of which is the site of the Aswan Low Dam. The "White" and "Blue" branches of this river meet near Khartoum, and its delta stretches from Port Said [sai-EED] to Alexandria. Name this longest river in Africa

Nile River

In one story by this writer, a rich man tells his son "Money is successful every time." The son in this writer's story replies that the woman he loves is going to Europe and "We can't buy one minute of time with money", so the father arranges a traffic jam. In another story by this writer, a boy says "I don't have any fun at home. I hate to go to school. I like to camp out." This writer describes that boy eventually being taken home along with 250 dollars. In another story by this writer, Della sells her hair so she can buy a platinum pocket-watch chain for her husband, Jim. Name this author of "Mammon and the Archer", "The Ransom of Red Chief", and "The Gift of the Magi".

O. Henry (Accept: "William Sydney Porter")

This god got nine servants to kill each other by throwing a whetstone in the air. He then changed himself into a snake to get to Gunnlod ["gun-LOAD"], whom he was able to seduce. This god then drank mead that was made from blood and changed himself into an eagle to escape. This god uses magic to preserve Mímir's [MEE-mir'z] head, which he consults because it can divine the future. This god made the world with the body of Ymir [EE-mir] along with his brothers, Vili and Vé. This god is often helped by the wolves Geri ["GEAR"-ee] and Freki [FREK-ee], the ravens Huginn [HYOO-gin] and Muninn [MYOO-nin], and the eight-legged horse Sleipnir [SLAYP-neer]. Name this husband of Frigg who oversees Valhalla.

Odin (Accept: "Wotan")

A kick from this creature caused the well Hippocrene [HIP-oh-kreen] to form on Mount Helicon, which inspired the Muses. This creature was captured while drinking at the well Peirene [pay-REE-nee]. A hero became hated after trying to use this creature to reach Mount Olympus. This creature had a human brother who was born at the same time as him and had a name meaning "he who bears a golden sword". This offspring of Poseidon and brother of Chrysaor ["CRY-say-or"] was born when his mother Medusa was decapitated. This creature was captured by Bellerophon [bell-AIR-oh-fahn] and helped him defeat the Chimera [ky-MEER-uh]. Name this winged horse.

Pegasus

So-called "binders" of this ion are used as a medicine for people with chronic kidney disease. A pathway parallel to glycolysis [gly-KAH-luh-siss] is named for pentose [PEN-tohss] and this ion. This ion is used to make the bridge in an NAD [spell out] molecule, and a common co·factor used in the Calvin cycle is made by adding this ion to the molecule. This ion combines with calcium and hydroxide to form hydroxyapatite ["hide-ROCK-see-appetite"], which is the primary component in bones. This ion is part of the head of the lipids that make up the cell membrane bi·layer. Name this ion that a molecule of ADP has two of, while ATP has three.

Phosphate (Accept "P O four, three minus" or "P O four, minus 3")

One painting by this artist shows a huge army of skeletons partly blocked by wooden slabs with crosses, but in the center of the painting the skeletons are knocking over the slabs and attacking people. This painter of The Triumph of Death made another work that depicts three people trudging downward towards some skating rinks. This painter depicted one of those people carrying a fox carcass, and the three people are followed by several dogs. Name this Dutch Renaissance painter of The Hunters in the Snow whose son was also a prominent painter.

Pieter Bruegel [BROH-gull] the Elder (Accept "Peasant Bruegel")

An arrangement of numbers named for this solid consists of the coefficients in trinomial [try-NOH-me-ull] expansions. A frustum formed from this solid is a prismatoid, and these solids themselves are classified as prismatoids by allowing one point to define a plane parallel to a face. The number of faces of this solid is n plus 1, and the number of edges is 2n, if n is the number of sides of the base. The surface area of this solid equals the area of the base plus 1/2 times the base perimeter times the slant height. Name this shape that has a polygonal base and an apex, so it can be triangular- or square- based.

Pyramid

One protagonist created by this author ends up in a private hospital run by Dr. Sonderborg after annoying the psychic Jules Amthor. This author placed Moose Malloy in that hospital. In another novel by this author, Owen Taylor is hired by a family to be their driver, but his car drives off a pier. Before that, Taylor took film that had been used to blackmail Arthur Geiger's daughter, Carmen. This author's novels were set in and around Los Angeles. Name this author whose novels Farewell, My Lovely and The Big Sleep featured the private detective Philip Marlowe.

Raymond (Thornton) Chandler

Operators that use this technique do not have an effect on some partial computable functions according to Kleene's [KLAY-nee'z] theorem about this technique. The course-of-values type of this technique can be related to the primitive type by using Gödel ["girdle"] numbers. This technique is closely related to induction because it allows some problems to be solved using a basis and steps. Some programming languages use this technique instead of loops, though languages can allow both. Name this characteristic of an algorithm that allows it to call on itself.

Recursion

This country's 1963 revolution is sometimes called the Ramadan Revolution and was followed by Ali Salih al-Sa'di's National Guard killing suspected dissidents. This country was established as a republic after the July 14 Revolution in 1958, which led to the deaths of Prime Minister Nuri al-Said [sah-EED] and King Faisal [FY-sahl] II. During the 1980s, this country fought a brutal war with Iran that ended in a stalemate and during which this country used chemical weapons against Iran and some of its own people. In 1990, this country annexed Kuwait, provoking a U.S. invasion. Name this country that was led by Saddam Hussein until the U.S. deposed Hussein in 2003.

Republic of Iraq

The capital of this country contains a statue to the scholar Ibn Khaldoun [kahl-DOON] in addition to the Cathedral of St. Vincent de Paul. This country contains a salty lake that is sometimes large called "Chott el Djerid [jeh-REED]", which is near its towns of Kebili [keh-BEE-lee] and Douz [dooz]. This country contains an ancient amphitheatre in the town of El Djem [jam]. The island of Djerba [JER-buh] is off the east coast of this country, in the Gulf of Gabès [GAH-bess]. This country is the closest African country to Italy. Name this country at the north end of the border between Algeria and Libya, the former site of Carthage.

Republic of Tunisia

Problems with this organelle can cause Diamond-Blackfan anemia. A type of scanning named for these organelles takes place in their smaller subunit. Some of these organelles are attached to the inner mitochondrial ["my"-toe-KON-dree-ul] membrane. The primary purpose of the nucleolus [noo-klee-OH-luss] is to manufacture these organelles. Many of these organelles are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum's outer membrane. These organelles are the location where translating mRNA into protein occurs. Name these organelles that are made up largely of their namesake RNA.

Ribosomes (Accept: "Palade Granules")

This crop is the main ingredient in the middle of the Italian food arancini [ah-rahn-CHEE-nee]. In Mexico but not in Europe, this crop is used to make a drink called horchata [or-CHAH-tah]. This crop is combined with a variety of different foods to make jambalaya [jum-buh-LY-ah]. The bran layer of this food is often removed, changing its color and making it a worse source of thiamine ["THIGH"-uh-min]. Though this crop is cultivated throughout the world, over 90% of it is grown in Asia. Name this brown or white crop that is grown in paddies

Rice

A formula showing that parabolic PDEs can be expressed as a sum is named for this scientist and Marc Kac. This scientist modeled weak decay with Murray Gell-Mann and demonstrated that weakness of O-rings in cold weather caused the Challenger Disaster. This scientist discussed nanoscale machines in the lecture "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" and delivered a namesake set of "Lectures on Physics" at Caltech. Name this physicist who helped develop quantum electrodynamics and names a type of diagram visualizing the behavior of subatomic particles.

Richard Feynman

One piece by this composer quotes the funeral march of Beethoven's Eroica Symphony and was written for 23 solo string instruments. That work was composed at the end of World War II after the destruction of opera houses that had performed this composer's works. Another work by this composer begins with rising half notes that play C, then G, then C, then two chords followed by percussion. That passage is in the introduction, which is titled "Sunrise" and was used in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey. Name this German composer of Metamorphosen and Also sprach Zarathustra

Richard Georg Strauss [REEK-hart shtraoss]

This person used probability amplitudes and time integrals of Lagrangians [luh-GRAHN-zhee-uns] to develop a different formulation of quantum mechanics, and the path integrals he used are now named after him. The results of that formulation include a formula named for this scientist and Mark Kac [kahts]. This scientist used spirals to depict gluons [GLOO-ahnz], straight lines to depict fermions ["FAIR"-mee-ahnz], and wavy lines to depict bosons [BOH-zahnz], and he showed anti·particles moving backwards in time. Identify this eccentric Caltech physicist who represented quantum interactions with diagrams named for him.

Richard Philips Feynman

An attempt to eradicate smallpox in this city in 1904 was halted in response to the Vaccine Revolt. In 1808, when the Portuguese royal family fled from Napoleon, they moved to this city. After 15 years, this city lost its status as the capital of Portugal, and in 1960 it lost its status as the capital of the country it is in. In 2018, this city was the site of a fire that destroyed millions of items in a national museum. Because of the Zika [ZEE-kuh] virus epidemic, some athletes were afraid to compete in this city when it hosted the Olympics in 2016. Name this city that used to be the capital of Brazil.

Rio de Janeiro (Prompt on "Rio")

The end of this short story refers to a "common wish of all hen-pecked husbands" and states that the title character tells this story to "every stranger that arrived at Mr. Doolittle's hotel". The end of this story also states that whenever there is a thunderstorm in the Catskills, people imagine it is Henry Hudson playing nine-pins. Earlier in this story, the title character is surprised to see a picture of George Washington where there used to be a picture of King George III. Name this story written by Washington Irving about a man who sleeps for 20 years

Rip Van Winkle

A poem by this author describes someone wondering if a sailing cloud will "hit or miss the moon." That poem by this author features a dialogue between Warren and Mary about how to help the title character, Silas. This author of "Death of the Hired Man" wrote a poem whose speaker says "I have promises to keep and miles to go before I sleep." In another poem, this author wrote about a decision that "made all the difference." Name this poet who wrote "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" and "The Road Not Taken."

Robert Lee Frost

This person's wife started the largest non-profit children's literacy organization in the United States, Reading Is Fundamental. In the preface to this person's memoir In Retrospect, he wrote "Yet we were wrong, terribly wrong." Before being a cabinet member, this person was the president of Ford Motors, and afterward, he was the president of the World Bank. As a cabinet member, this person developed the policy of mutual assured destruction by developing a second-strike capability in the case of nuclear warfare. Name this U.S. Secretary of Defense during the Vietnam War during the presidencies of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson.

Robert Strange McNamara

This person wrote the memoir Quiet Strength. This person's most famous action was almost identical to what Claudette Colvin had done, but Colvin was less supported because she was unmarried and pregnant. E. D. Nixon and Clifford Durr represented this person, but a similar case involving Aurelia Browder went to the Supreme Court instead of this person's case. This person was arrested on December 1, 1955, and she was supported by Martin Luther King Jr. when he was president of the Montgomery Improvement Association. Name this woman who refused to give up her bus seat to a white passenger.

Rosa Parks

This type of transformation is represented by a 2-by-2 matrix in which the first and last numbers are equal to each other, the other two numbers are opposites, and the top two numbers have squares that add to one. These transformations are used to remove xy terms from equations of conic sections. The cylindrical shell method is used to find volumes of objects generated by this type of transformation on a plane curve. Isometries ["eye"-SAH-muh-treez] allow for translations, reflections, and these transformations. Name these transformations that are typically done around a point or axis.

Rotations or Rotating (Accept "Rotated"; Prompt on "Revolution" or "Revolving" or "Revolved")

This African country gained its independence from France in 1960 and experienced a devastating genocide in 1994. Its capital city is Kigali, and it is known for its mountainous terrain and endangered mountain gorillas. The genocide led to the deaths of an estimated 800,000 people, primarily Tutsis. Today, the country has made significant strides in recovery and development. Name this country in East Africa.

Rwanda

In one novel by this author, a fictional character has an imaginary son who is in black-and-white and talks to spirits. This author made that fictional character in the mind of spy-novel writer Sam DuChamp, and the character is a modern American version of Don Quixote. In another novel by this writer, the narrator's sister is a famous singer who is known as the Brass Monkey. This author's narrator has supernatural powers, and after being switched at birth is raised by a wealthy family in Bombay. Name this author of Quichotte [kee-shawt] who wrote about Saleem Sinai [si-NIE] in Midnight's Children.

Salman Rushdie

This person said "May your chains sit lightly upon you, and may posterity forget that you were our countrymen" in an August 1776 speech delivered in Philadelphia. Four years earlier, this person wrote "The Rights of the Colonists". Thomas Gage exempted John Hancock and this person when Gage offered to pardon people who laid down their arms during the Battles of Lexington and Concord. According to legend, this person said "This meeting can do nothing further to save the country" to start the Boston Tea Party. Name this Massachusetts politician whose cousin became a U.S. president.

Samuel Adams (Prompt on "Adams")

Some of the first white people to live in what is now this city made attempts to convert the Kumeyaay [KOO-mee-"eye"] people to Christianity, causing a 1775 uprising. A statue in this city commemorates the landing of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo [kah-BREE-yoh] and is near the North Island Naval Air Station on Point Loma Peninsula. Some of the suburbs of this city are Chula Vista, Oceanside, and Escondido. This city's zoo is in Balboa Park, and the organization that runs it also runs a popular Safari Park. Before Orlando and San Antonio, this city was the site of the original SeaWorld. Name this major city in California south of Los Angeles and adjacent to Mexico.

San Diego

This process can be done with silver perchlorate [pur-KLOR-"ate"] to poly·acetylene [PAH-lee-uh-SEE-tuh-leen] to get that material to behave like a metal. This process is often done with boron or phosphorus, because elements with three or five valence electrons improve the efficiency of elements with four valence electrons. The material that this process is done to becomes either an n-type or a p-type, depending on whether it becomes more efficient at conducting electrons or holes. This process can increase conductivity by a factor of 1 million. Name this purposeful introduction of impurities into a semiconductor crystal.

Semiconductor Doping (Accept "Doped" or "Dopant")

According to one story, Neith [neeth] worked out a compromise in which the foreign goddess Astarte [uh-"STAR-tee"] bcame a consort of this god. Peribsen [PEER-ib-sen] associated himself with this god, which was unusual for pharaohs. In some sources, this god is merged with Apophis [AY-puh-fiss], while in other sources this god is very strong and protects Ra from Apophis. The animal associated with this god looks similar to a jackal but is not a real animal. This god of disorder controlled the desert after losing a competition against his nephew. Name this husband of Nephthys [NEFF-thiss] whose stone boat sank, causing him to lose a race to Horus.

Seth

This island's territory of Mongibel (MAHN-jee-BEL) was often used as the location of Morgan le Fay's castle in Arthurian romances. A volcano on this island, which once erupted so much lava that it filled in the harbor of Catania, is legendarily where the philosopher Empedocles (emp-EDuh-kleez) jumped to his death. The Aeolian (ay-OL-ee-un) Islands, just off this larger island's north, include the namesake of strombolic (strahm-BAH-lik) volcanoes. Mount Etna is about ninety miles southeast of Palermo (puh-LAIR-moh) on what island that is separated by the Strait of Messina from the "boot" of Italy?

Sicily (Accept: "Sicilia")

In one novel by this author, Father Vaughan is described as a privileged person of a good family. This author later reveals that the priest is Sir Frederick in disguise, which means he is the father of Diana Vernon, who was tutored by Frank Osbaldistone [ahz-BAHL-duh-"stone"]. In another novel by this author, the title character is healed by a Jewish woman named Rebecca, who is the daughter of Isaac of York. At the end of that novel, Rebecca leaves England, and the title character marries Rowena. Name this early-19th-century author of Rob Roy and Ivanhoe.

Sir Walter Scott

The most destructive pest to this crop is Heterodera glycines [heh-tuh-RAH-duh-ruh gly-SEE-niss], and the scientific name of this crop is Glycine max. In Indonesia, tempeh [TEM-peh] is made by fermenting this crop, and in Japan this crop is the main ingredient in miso [MEE-soh]. In many countries this crop is used to make edamame [eh-duh-MAH-may]. Though this crop originated in Asia, the two biggest producers now are the United States and Brazil, and the overwhelming majority of U.S. oilseed production comes from this crop. Name this crop that is commonly used to make meat substitutes like tofu.

Soybeans (Accept: "Soya Beans")

A temple in Washington, D.C. features two of these creatures representing the Temple of Solomon pillars Jachin [yah-KEEN] and Boaz. Sculptures of these mythological creatures are believed to have been placed in front of ancient temples to protect the temples. Anybody who could destroy this creature could take over the kingdom led by King Creon [KREE-ahn], and that turnover of power happened when this creature jumped off a mountain. This creature killed itself because Oedipus [ED-uh-puss] gave the answer "Man" in response to this creature's riddle. Name this creature that has a human head and lion's body, and is depicted on a "great" sculpture in Egypt.

Sphinx

A factorial plus 1 is set equal to the result of performing this function on an integer in Brocard's problem. Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi [YAH-kohb yah-KOH-bee] developed a formula to determine how many ways a number can be expressed as the sum of four integers that have had this function applied to them. The most common form of regression analysis minimizes the sum of this function applied to residuals. When this function is performed on complex numbers in cis [siss] form, the angle is doubled. Name this operation that is performed on the three parts of a Pythagorean triple before setting the sum of two of the results equal to the other result

Squaring (Accept any answer indicating this operation)

This statue is surrounded by stone walls that form an 11-pointed star and that used to be part of Fort Wood. Part of this statue was redesigned by Gutzon Borglum so that it now contains hundreds of pieces of tinted yellow cathedral glass. Shortly before designing the Biltmore Estate and The Breakers for the Vanderbilts, Richard Morris Hunt designed the pedestal for this statue. The framework for this statue was built by Gustave Eiffel [goo-stahf "eye"-ful], and its design is by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi [bar-tohl-dee]. This copper sculpture shows a woman holding a book and lifting up a torch. Name this sculpture that welcomes immigrants in New York Harbor.

Staute of Libery

Shortly before dying in 1861, this politician stated "Every man must be for the United States or against it. There can be no neutrals in this war; only patriots and traitors." Earlier, this person stated "the people of a Territory can, by lawful means, exclude slavery from their limits prior to the formation of a State constitution", which became known as the Freeport Doctrine. This senator overturned part of the Missouri Compromise by writing and sponsoring the Kansas-Nebraska Act. This person finished fourth in electoral votes as the Northern Democrat in the election of 1860. Name this politician who, in 1858, took part in a series of debates against Abraham Lincoln.

Stephen Arnold Douglas

This phenomenon and the energy associated with it can be measured by a contact angle goniometer [goh-nee-AH-mih-tur]. A coefficient representing this phenomenon is in the numerator of Jurin's [JUR-in'z] law, which is used to analyze capillary action. This phenomenon can be measured using a vertical plate called a Wilhelmy plate or a slowly rising ring called a Du Noüy [nwee] ring. This phenomenon occurs when cohesion is stronger than adhesion because liquid molecules have a stronger attraction to each other than they do to nearby air molecules. Name this phenomenon that explains why some insects are able to walk on water.

Surface Tension

The graph named for this person uses the reciprocal of absolute temperature on the x-axis and the log of the rate constant on the y-axis. That graph is supposed to show a line according to the equation named for this person, which usually expresses the rate constant in terms of a function that has activation energy in the exponent. In 1896, this scientist published calculations showing that increases in carbon dioxide could warm the atmosphere. This person defined acids and bases based on whether they increase the concentration of hydrogen or hydroxide ions. Name this Swedish chemist who won the 1903 Nobel Prize for his electrolytic [eh-LEK-troh-LIT-ik] theory of dissociation.

Svante (August) Arrhenius [SVAHN-teh uh-REE-nee-uss]

Starting in 2015, a major cleaning of this building took place using bamboo scaffolding and a mud paste called Fuller's earth. The original primary architect of this building also played a major role in designing the Red Fort. Historians disagree as to whether there were plans to build a black building that would be connected to this building by a bridge. Many of the precious stones in this building were stolen by English soldiers in 1857. This building was completed in 1653 to honor the third and favorite wife of Shah Jahan. Name this building in Agra, India.

Taj Mahal

In both 1973 and 1993, ancient versions of this text were found in tombs, and those findings supported theories that this text was written by several authors. According to legend, this text was written by somebody who was born old and lived for 990 years. According to this book, "He who knows does not speak; he who speaks does not know." The first of this text's 81 sections states "The name that can be named is not the enduring and unchanging name." Name this text whose title means "Classic of the Way of Power" and which, according to legend, was written by Lao Tzu.

Tao Te Ching

The bacteria that causes this disease is in the same genus [JEE-nus] as botulism bacteria and blocks the brain from releasing acetyl·choline [uh-SEE-tull-KOH-leen]. Chemicals that are used for arrow poisons are sometimes used to treat the muscle spasms caused by this disease. This disease is characterized by both spasms and rigidity, sometimes to the point that breathing or swallowing is impossible. Humans often get this disease from a puncture wound that causes dirt to get into the body. Despite a common misconception, rust does not cause this disease. Name this disease that used to be called "lockjaw"

Tetanus (Prompt on "Lockjaw" Before the end)

A character in this novel claims that you can remember who discovered America by thinking about cucumbers. That character and her sister are praised by the teacher Miss Beasley. The protagonist of this novel gives birth to Olivia and Adam when she is very young, and her children are sold to Corrine and Reverend Samuel. Later in this novel, the protagonist finds letters that had been written over several decades by her sister Nettie. This novel consists of letters written to God by a woman who is treated horribly by her father and husband. Name this novel about Celie [SEE-lee] by Alice Walker.

The Color Purple

When a man in this play is asked whether his "tardy master" is "now at hand", he replies "Nay, he's at two hands with me, and that my two ears can witness." In this play, that question is asked by a woman who had been arguing with her sister Luciana about whether a woman should serve her husband. That woman, Adriana, eventually uses the conjurer Doctor Pinch. The man who answers her question is one of two slaves in this play named Dromio. Name this play by William Shakespeare that revolves around the confusion between the two slave masters, who are twin brothers each named Antipholus [an-TIFF-uh-luss].

The Comedy of Errors

This novel, published in 1925, explores themes of decadence, idealism, and resistance to change during the Jazz Age in the United States. The story is narrated by Nick Carraway, who observes the mysterious and wealthy title character's obsession with a former lover. The author, who also wrote "Tender Is the Night," is known for his depiction of the American Dream's disintegration. Identify this novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald.

The Great Gatsby

In this novel, when one character says "Blessed be the fruit", the reply is supposed to be "May the Lord open." Shortly after one of those introductions, this novel's narrator remembers that Rita and Cora knew a woman who was recently shot by guardians. Like many of the people in this novel, the dead woman is called a "Martha", which means that she had to wear green. The first person who says "Blessed be the fruit" in this novel is a Mayday resistance member named Ofglen ["of-glen"]. Name this novel set in the Republic of Gilead, where women have lost their freedom, and which was written by Margaret Atwood.

The Handmaid's Tale

One character in this play states "Trifles light as air are to the jealous confirmations strong." Those words are in the same scene in this play as a character saying "Think'st thou I'd make a lie of jealousy", shortly after hearing that jealousy is "the green-eyed monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on". That conversation is part of an effort to convince this play's title character that Cassio and his wife are having an affair. In this play, Emilia figures out what her husband Iago has done when she is shown a handkerchief. Name this play by William Shakespeare in which Desdemona is married to the Moor of Venice.

The Tragedy of Othello, The Moor of Venice (Accept: "Othello")

This conflict, lasting from 1618 to 1648, began in the Holy Roman Empire but eventually involved most of the major European powers. It was marked by a series of destructive battles, shifting alliances, and significant religious and political upheaval. The war ended with a series of treaties collectively known as the Peace of Westphalia [west·FAH·lee·uh]. Name this war, which began with the Defenestration of Prague and included The French and Indian War.

Thirty Years War

A motet by this composer uses words from William Tyndale's translation of the Book of John. This composer wrote that work, "If Ye Love Me," when King Edward VI required church services to be in English. An early five-part harmony written by this composer begins "We praise thee O God" and is this composer's Te Deum [tee DEE-um]. Another work by this composer, Why Fum'th in Fight?, inspired an early 20th-century fantasia. Name this 16th-century composer whose work inspired the 20th-century composer Ralph [rayff] Vaughan Williams to write a fantasia based on his theme

Thomas Tallis

When Miranda v. Arizona was argued before the Supreme Court, this person made the final argument that the U.S. could not supply counsel to all defendants. This person was the U.S. Solicitor General at the time. This person claimed that the most important case he argued as a lawyer was Smith v. Allwright, which made it easier for some people to vote in primaries. In his role as NAACP chief counsel, this person also represented the winning side in Brown v. Board of Education. Name this person who in 1967 was appointed to the Supreme Court by President Lyndon Johnson, making him the first African-American Supreme Court justice.

Thurgood Marshall

In the Lyman series, this form of radiation is emitted when an electron jumps to a higher energy level in a hydrogen atom. The prediction that a black body would emit an unbounded amount of energy at this radiation's wavelength is known as its "catastrophe." A type of spectroscopy (spekTRAH-skuh-pee) measures absorption in both the visible region and this region of the spectrum. Blacklights emit this form of radiation, which lies just above X-rays on the EM spectrum. Name this harmful type of radiation from the sun that sunscreen protects against.

Ultraviolet

This cabinet-level department oversees the Fostering Access, Rights, and Equity grant program through the United States Women's Bureau. This department's bureau of statistics publishes the Consumer Price Index and unemployment rate. Several laws that protect whistleblowers are overseen by this department's Occupational Safety and Health Administration. This department is headquartered in the Frances Perkins Building. Name this department that has a Benefits Review Board and an Employee Benefits Security Administration, and which is responsible for overseeing regulations regarding jobs.

United States Department of Labor (Accept: "Labor Department"; Prompt on "DoL")

A probe that studied this region from 2012 to 2019 found a surprisingly high number of electro·static double-layer plasma waves and determined that in addition to this region's two primary subregions, there are transient subregions. This region was discovered using data from Explorer I [1], which was the first U.S. satellite. This region has an inner and an outer part, each of which contains particles traveling between the Earth's poles. In the inner part of this region, the particles are mostly protons, while the outer part is more varied. This region is part of Earth's magneto·sphere [mag-NEE-toh-"sphere"]. Name this region of charged particles that is named after its discoverer.

Van Allen (radiation) belts (Prompt on "magnetosphere" before it is mentioned)

This lower of the two featured instruments in Mozart's E-flat sinfonia concertante (sin-FOH-neeah kahn-sir-TAHN-tay) is labeled "da braccio" (dah BRAH-choh) in the sixth Brandenburg Concerto. This instrument is usually tuned "C G D A," unlike a similar instrument called "da gamba." Parts for this instrument are typical "inner voices" in Classical quartets and are in the alto clef. This instrument is the second most numerous in most orchestras, after another instrument also played on the shoulder. Name this bowed instrument pitched between the larger cello and smaller violin.

Viola

The title character of a novel by this author, who was explored in detail in an earlier short story titled for being "On Bond Street," dislikes the religious teacher Doris Kilman. In another novel by this author, Andrew is killed during World War I and Prue dies during childbirth in the experimental "Time Passes" section. In the final section of that novel by this author, Lily Briscoe completes her painting and James gets to visit the title structure. Name this author of Mrs. Dalloway and To the Lighthouse

Virginia Woolf (Accept: "Adeline Virginia Stephen")

The narrator of this book decries men who live like ants, claiming that a man need not "count more than his ten fingers, or in extreme cases... add his ten toes" while preaching "Simplicity, simplicity, simplicity!" This book claims that many people "lead lives of quiet desperation." The main character of this book splits his needs into "Food, Shelter, Clothing, and Fuel" in its opening chapter, "Economy," while planning to practice a self-sustaining life. Name this book about "Life in the Woods" near a pond, by Henry David Thoreau.

Walden (Accept "Walden: Life in the Woods")

The handling of this substance sometimes includes a jar test to determine the best ways to perform coagulation and flocculation to improve this substance's turbidity. This substance changes hydrogen chloride into hydrochloric acid. The ionic product of this substance is 10 to the −14th power. The freezing and boiling points of this compound were used to define the Celsius scale, putting those points at zero and 100 hundred degrees. Name this "universal solvent", each molecule of which consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

Water (Accept: "H_2O" before "hydrogen")

Richard Feynman ["FINE"-mun] stated that nobody has ever defined the difference between this effect and diffraction satisfactorily. The colorful patterns that form on soap bubbles are caused by the thin-film type of this effect. This effect is a direct result of the superposition principle. The fringes in Young's double-slit experiment are named for this phenomenon. This phenomenon can be constructive or destructive, both of which can be seen in a common experiment in which there are two point sources in a wave pool. Name this effect in which waves combine.

Wave Interference (Accept: "Waves interfering")

In one novel by this author, the narrator is surprised to get a call from Elliott Templeton when in Chicago. This author began that novel with the line "I have never begun a novel with more misgiving." That novel is about World War I pilot Larry Darrell. This author's best-known protagonist, like this author himself, was an orphan who became a doctor. That protagonist eventually marries Sally Athelny and takes a job in Dorsetshire [DOR-set-shur]. In the same book, this author wrote about the suicide of Fanny Price. Name this author of The Razor's Edge whose character Philip Carey is born with a club foot in Of Human Bondage.

William Somerset Maugham [mawm]

Despite being outnumbered, this person was able to win a battle against John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey by trapping enemy troops on and near a narrow bridge, though this person's ally Andrew Moray was fatally wounded. This person lost the Battle of Happrew, but he was able to escape with his ally Simon Fraser. Much earlier, this person lost the Battle of Falkirk. This hero of the Battle of Stirling Bridge was eventually executed on the orders of Edward I. Name this 13th- and 14th-century fighter who was replaced by Robert the Bruce as a leader in the First War of Scottish Independence.

William Wallace

When this person was probably less than 20, he benefited from support from King Henry I of France to win the Battle of Val-ès-Dunes [val es doon] against rebels led by Guy [ghee] of Burgundy. Later, this leader faced a rebellion by his oldest son when his younger sons William Rufus and Henry dropped water on the head of his oldest son, Robert Curthose. This leader ordered the construction of the Tower of London. This leader also ordered a great survey of his realm, which was recorded in 1086 in the Domesday ["doomsday"] Book. Name this king of England who led the Normans to victory over Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings.

William the Conqueror (Accept "William I" or "William of Normandy"; prompt on "William")

Plumbers use the "basin" type of this tool in hard-to-reach spaces. This tool is called a spanner in England. A cross-shaped tool of this type is used on lug nuts. Interchangeable sockets are often used with a ratchet to work as this type of tool. Idiomatically, a person is said to be "throwing this tool into the works" when they prevent a plan from being successful. Name this tool that usually has a long handle, may be adjustable, and is used to tighten nuts and bolts.

Wrench (Accept "Spanner" before "Spanner")

One of the characters in this novel storms out of the room after saying "I shall be as dirty as I please: and I like to be dirty, and I will be dirty." Also in this novel, Heathcliff gets upset after being compared to the Linton children. Name this first novel of Emily Brontë.

Wuthering Heights

In a 1920 speech, Albert Einstein replaced the adjective that usually goes in front of this word with the adjective "gravitational". In order to study this substance, Georges Sagnac [zhorzh sanh-yahk] demonstrated the Sagnac effect. Lorentz transformations were originally put forth to describe properties of this material, though ironically they are now used to support an alternative theory, special relativity. This substance was not found in the Michelson ["Michael-sun"]-Morley experiment, which found that light traveled at the same speed in all directions. Name this medium that supposedly propagated light.

aether

One estimate of this quality is the square root of cohesive energy density, which is the Hildebrand parameter of this quality. The partition coefficient compares two of these qualities and is also known as the distribution coefficient. Rules for this quality generally have several exceptions; for example, silver nitrate has this quality even though most salts of silver do not have this quality. Also, chlorides generally have this quality, but mercury chloride does not. Determining this quality is equivalent to finding the saturation point. Name this ability to be dissolved

solubility (Accept: "Being Soluble")

The BOLL gene encodes for the creation of these cells. These cells undergo a process called capacitation [kuh-PASS-ih-TAY-shun], which temporarily makes them susceptible to chemotaxis [kee-moh-TAK-siss] and leads to these cells being bound to another cell's zona pellucida [puh-LOO-sih-duh]. The creation and growth of these cells is helped by Sertoli cells. The front parts of these cells are covered with an acrosome [AK-roh-sohm] containing several enzymes, while the back parts are flagella that move these cells forwards. These cells move through the epididymis [ep-ih-DID-ih-miss] to the vas deferens. Name these male reproductive cells that fertilize eggs.

sperm cells (Accept: "Spermatozoon" or "Spermatozoa")