Chapter 5

Germanic Art -ornamental vocabulary influenced what of Christianity? -Decorated ? -Objects served as ? -as the tribes ___

- Germanic ornamental vocabulary influenced not only the illumination of Christianity manuscripts but also decoration of Christianity liturgical objects: paten (eucharistic plate)/chalice (eucharistic cup) celebration of mass. -Objects served as costly material and sacred rite itself received inordinate care in their execution a. as the tribe slowly converted to christianity entered the mainstream of medieval art, it fused with Greco-Roman art-forms flowering great age of cathedrals.

The Crusades -The Normans effectively pushed the ___ out of___ -At same time, rising _____ and ____encouraged -crusades of the____ century -Increased of ______ -The Crusades began in an effort to rescue _____ from. a. who were -Roman Catholic Church did what? -First crusade was carried by

-11 century numerous circumstances contributed to a change in the character of medieval life. The Normans effectively pushed the Muslims out of the Mediterranean Sea and the Normans and other marauders began to settle down. a.At same time, rising agriculture productivity and surplus encouraged trade and travel. -The crusades economic revitalization and symptom of the increased freedom and new mobility of Western Europeans during the High Middle ages (1000-1300). -The Crusades began in an effort to rescue Jerusalem from Muslim Turks who were threatening the Byzantine Empire and denying Christian pilgrims access to the Holy Land. a. At the request of the Byzantine emperor, the Roman catholic Church launched a series of military expeditions designed to regain territories dominated by the Turks. a. First Crusade called by Pope Urban II in 1095 c.e began in the spirit of a holy water, unlike the Muslim jihad, primary intention was to recover land not to convert pagans. b. Thousands of people-both laymen and clergy- "took up the Cross" and marched overland through Europe to the Byzantine East.

Holy Books and Mauniscripts -Because of religious prohibitions against_______ were embellished with ____ and ____ -Format of ___ shifted from ____ to _____ -What was first published in China a. earliest is -Medieval European manuscripts, executed on parchment or vallum are the ______

-Because of religious prohibitions against the visual representation of humans and animals. Hebrew and Muslim holy books were embellished with abstract ornamentation consisting of Hebrew or Arabic script. -Bet. 8-20 century as the format of Qur'an manuscripts shifted from horizontal to vertical, dev new style of composition featuring elegant.elongated forms of Kufic calligraphy -world first printed books were produced in China a. earliest of these The Diamond Sutra 868, Buddhist text produced from large woodcut blocks. -Medieval European manuscripts, executed on parchment or vallum the 2 holy books

Liturgical Drama -By the 10 century singers began to divide a. embellished by -Emerged -What broke away from plays from____ performed in -Play of Herod - 12 century Eventually plays were -moved to

-By the 10 century singers began to divide among themselves the parts of the Liturgy for Christmas and Easter; embellished by troops and sequences. As dramatic incidents were added to the texts for these Masses, full-fledged music drama emerged. Eventually liturgical plays broke away from liturgy/ performed in intervals bet. the parts of the Mass. a. Play of Herod, who dramatic "actions" brought to life the legend of three Magi and the massacre of the innocents by King Herod of Judea-incidents surrounding the Gospel story of the birth of Christ appropriate to Christmas season. -By the 12 century spoken dialog and possibly musical instruments were introduced. removed from the church interior and performed in the town square -Broke away from liturgy; performed between parts of *Mass in which were music was created for church music -Eventually moved from church to town square

The age of Charlemagne -chieftain? -Came to throne in ___ wanted to restore -Was great at___ to the -Conquered lands called -Holy-wars -Rhine river a. Pushed who back? -Pope Leo III crowned ? -Charlemagne role in creating a a. waged wars in the name of / sought to -Trade with east, stabilized

-Frankish chieftain Charles the Great "Charlemagne," Came to throne in 768c.e- to his death 814c.e. Wanted to restore the Roman Empire under christian leadership a. Was a great warrior/administrator- fair-haired heir to the Frankish king dom conquered lands latter known to be "Europe" b. Holy-wars-The christian and equivalent of Muslims jihad-resulted in the forced conversions of Saxons E. Rhine river, Lombards of N Italy and slavic peoples along Danube. c. Pushed the Muslims back beyond the Pyrenees into Spain -Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne "Emperor of the Romans," estb rel. bet. the church and state. -Charlemagne role in creating a Roman holy/christian Empire cast him prototype of Christian kingship. A. waged wars in the name of christ and sought to control conquered lands by placing them in the hands of local administrators-who he gave the titles "count" and "duke" b. Trade with east, stabilized the currency and pursued diplomatic ties with Baghdad, whose caliph is Harun al-Rashid graced Charlemagne court with the gift of an elephant

The Feudal Contract: Knights conduct Feudal life was marked by in warfare, adversaries usually fixed the time and place of combat in advance.

-Knights conduct and manners in all aspects of life were guided by a strict code of behavior called chivalry. Chivalry demanded that the knight by courageous in battle, loyal to his lord and fellow warriors and reverent toward woman. -Feudal life was marked by ceremonies and symbols almost as extensive as those of the Christian Church. For instance a vassal received his fief by an elaborate procedure known as investiture in which oaths of fealty were formally exchanged. a. in warfare, adversaries usually fixed the time and place of combat in advance. Medieval warfare was both a profession and pastime, as knights entertained themselves with jousts or war games that imitated the trials of combat.

Early Medieval Music -Major musical developments came out of a. In who times? -Early church music took the form of ____ a that inspred monks to write in -What song book -Saint Gall did? -Carolingian Monks also embellished

-Major musical developments came out of monasteries . In Charlemagne's times, monastic reforms in church liturgy and in sacred music accompanied the renaissance in the visual arts. -Early church music took the form of unaccompanied monophonic chant, a solemn sound that inspired one medieval monk to write in the margin of his songbook,"The tedious plainsong grates my tender ears." Possibly to remedy such complaints the monks at Saint-Gall enlarged on the range of expression of the classical Gregorian chant by adding antiphons or verses sung as responses to the religious text. a. Carolingian Monks also embellished plainsong with the trope, an addition of music or words to est. liturgical chants. Special kind of trope called a sequence, added words to the long melismatic passage-such as alleluias and amens- that occurred at the end of each part of the Mass.

Chinese Tech -Inventions -Printed

-Technological inventions, many of which came into use elsewhere in the world after the adoption of China -Printing originated in 9 century c.e China but was not perfected in the W. until 15 century a. Tech involved in natural principles to produce labor-saving devices such as: Watermill; wheelbarrow; magnetic compass, foot stirrup,Stern-post rudder and the process of iron and steel-casting. Gun powder, invented in early 7 century/used fireworks to display form of fire-arrow for military purposes.

The Monastic Complex: East and West -The Christian west was not the only part of the world in which religion inspired the construction of -In Japan, Buddhism was -Buddhism became the -In the religious/political authority worked together to create impressive -Buddhist monastery of Horyu-ji at___ site of a. Has five-tired b. architecture derived -Flowering of culture that included

-The Christian west was not the only part of the world in which religion inspired the construction of sanctuaries graced with monumental temples and shrines. -In Japan, Buddhism was introduced in the 6th century, Absorbing the Shinto nature-worship of ancient Japanese. a. Buddhism became the spiritual force that united the emperor of Japan, nobility and growing communities of monks -In the religious/political authority worked together to create impressive religious complexes furnished with religious icons. 7-8 century -Buddhist monastery of Horyu-ji at Nara- the site of the oldest wooden buildings in the world-was home to hundreds of monks, has 5-tired pagoda a landmark of Japanese architecture derived from a synthesis of the Buddhist stupa/ Chinese defense tower and preserves unique timber-construction techniques that orginated in China. a. Flowering of culture that included the writing of earliest histories of Japan and the 1 collections of Japanese poetry

The Germanic Tribes -The Germanic peoples are an -Dependent on their _____ and lived in ____ out Germanic Tribes Threaten by -Who began to threaten the Roman territories a. Driven ____ by known as ___ b. struck where?

-The Germanic peoples are an Indo-European linguistic group of Northern European origin A. Dependent on their flocks and herds; lived in pre-urban villages through out Asia and raided nearby lands fo material grains; settled no territorial state B. 1rst century B.C.E a loose confederacy of Germanic tribes began to threaten Roman territories. -Driven westward by fierce Central Asian nomads known as Huns, pressed into Roman a. Empire. Lacking the hallmarks of civilizations-urban settlements, monumental architecture and the art of writing-Germanic tribes struck the Romans as inferiors as outsiders, hence as "barbarians"

The Medieval Romance/ Code if Courtly Love -The courtly love tradition contributed to shaping ____ and defined -Elevated and her prototype a. as? b. Lady had no counterparts in the -Lower society woman -he theme of courtly love and the romance itself had -Tradition, writers tended treat love as

-The courtly love tradition contributed to shaping modern W. concepts of gender and courtship. It also worked to define the romantic perception of women as objects, particularly objects of reward for the performance of brave deeds. a. Elevated the woman (and her pro-totype, virgin Mary), as worthy of adoration. Defined her exclusively in terms of the interests of men. Medieval romance exalted the aristocratic (and male) imagination, the lady had no counterparts in the lower-class of society, where woman worked side by side with men in the fields/variety of trades. b. The theme of courtly love and the romance itself had significant influence on western literary tradition. -Tradition, writers tended treat love as spiritual awakening or as an emotional affliction rather than as a condition of true affection and sympathy bet. the sexes.

The Medieval Romance/ Code if Courtly Love -who contributed to the birth of Medieval romance a. is? -Romance was___ contributed to the rise of what European culture? a. Depended on -Official lang for Church and state. -Illicit relationship of forbidden____ bet. man/woman -Middle ages marriages among members of the nobility was usually and -Romantic love was flourished -Adulterous affair bet. _____ influenced the verse romance ____ by ____ -stands with ___romance literature. a. Filled with

-The crusades inspired the writing of chronicles, mixed with historical fact,Christian lore, and stirring fiction. Became written in vernacular rather then latin; due to the appeal in Increasing upper-class literacy. -Crusades Contributed to the birth of Medieval romance, a fictitious tale of love/adventure that became the most popular form of literary entertainment in the W. bet. the years 1200 and 1500. Medieval romances 1st appeared in 25th century France in rhymed verse and later written in prose a. Romance were recited among a small audience.than read indv. and contributed to the rise of European "textual culture" depends on written lang. rather than oral tradition. In which in this culture, vernacular lang gained importance for intimate kinds of literature, while Latin remained Official lang for Church and state. -Illicit relationship of forbidden liaison between a man and woman of the upper class, was the spice of medieval romance. - Middle ages marriages among members of the nobility was usually and alliance interest of securing land. Noble families might in-fact arrange marriages of offsprings who still in the cradile. a. Romantic love was flourished outside marriage. Adulterous affair bet. Lancelot (knight) of King Arthur's court and Guinevere (kings wife) cent. to pop. verse romance Lancelot. written by vernacular French by Chretien de Troyes (ca. 1183) landmark of medieval romance genre. b. It stands with the Arthurian romance literature. Filled with bloody combat, supernatural events and romance alliances, medieval romances introduced a new and complex picture of human conduct and courtship associated with so-called code of courtly love.

China -Under a. boasted a -Tang bureaucrats steeped in -government official was subject -Young man gained a by -For lower ranking positions candidates had to -Imperial college in the capital city of -Scholars constituted China's highest -Family connections

-Under tang dynasty (618-907 c.e) boasted a sophisticated urban culture with city populations that often reached one million. The Tang empire dwarfed the Carolingian Empire in the W. not only in terms of its geographic size and population but also with respect to its intellectual and educational accomplishments -Tang bureaucrats, steeped in Confucian traditions and rigorously trained in the literacy classics, members of an intellectual elite that rose to service on the basis of merit. -Beginning in the seventh century c.e, every government official was subject to a rigorous civil service examination. a. Young man gained a political position by passing 3 levels of examinations that tested his familiarity with the Chinese classics as well as his grasp of contemporary politics. -For lower ranking positions candidates had to prove accomplishment in the writing of prose and poetry as well as in the analysis of administrative policy. Strict standards applied to grading and candidates who failed the exams could take them over and over even into middle and old age. -Imperial college in the capital city of Chang'an prepared some 3000 men for the civil service examinations . -Scholars constituted China's highest social class and aristocratic bureaucrats wealth as well. while the peasants lived in poverty. a. Family connections system remained the main route to official status in China well into the 12 century. While the vast populations of Chinese-Tang and Song

The Norman Conquest -Seafarers known as___ and moved___ -constructed long _____- -The western Vikings were the first to ____ and setup - Sailed across the____ to _____ at____ -Know among Arab traders as _____ -The Vikings began their raids on ____ and attack on -settled near___ and the Normans were made a. under the leadership of ____ b. They crossed the ___ @ c. William defeated the

-early 8 century c.e the seafarers known as Vikings had moved beyond the bounds of their Scandinavian homelands. They constructed long wooden ships equipped with sailing gear that allowed them to tack into the wind. Expert shipbuilders, sailors and navigators, they soon came to control the North Atlantic. -The western Vikings were the first to colonize Iceland and they set up a colony in Greenland before the year 1000 c.e. The eastern Vikings sailed across the North Sea to estb. trading centers at Kiev and Novgorod. a .Known among Arab traders of the area as "rus" they gave their name to Russia. They traded animal hides, amber and other valued items including captive Eastern Europeans-slavs-from which the English word "slave" derives -The Vikings began their raids on England with an attack on the Lindisfarne monastery in 793 c.e and by the end of 9 century c.e. they settled throughout N. Europe. Within 100 years, these aggressive Normans made Normandy one of the strongest fiefs in France. a. 1066 c.e under the leadership of William of Normandy some 5000 men crossed the English Channel @ the Battle of Hastings. b. William defeated the Anglo-Saxon King Harold/seized the throne of England.

Germanic Laws -legislated by: What influenced dev. of laws -Common law part of____ and determined by water -Trials reflected the faith of -what came to designate

-legislated by the state, as in Roman tradition, collection of customs passed orally gen. to gen.; influenced dev. of laws - common law, part of W. Persons guilt or innocence might be determined by ordeal involving fire or water a. Trials reflected the faith of Germanic peoples placed in nature of deities b. named of gods came to designate days of the week: example, English word "wed." derives from "Woden's days" and "thurs." from "thor's days"

What was considered art in Japan?

Handwriting was considered an art in Japan

The Crusades -The material benefits_____ the ___

-The material benefits of the Crusades outweighed the spiritual ones, esp. since the campaigns provided economic/military opportunities for the younger sons of the nobility.

The Feudal Contract Derived from? Traditions of rewarding Feudalism involved the exchange of feudum ? contrast bet. feudalism provided a rudimentary form of Those engaged in the feudal contract constituted Chevalier or knight.?

Derived from Roman and Germanic traditions of rewarding warriors with the spoils of war,Feudalism involved the exchange of land for military service. In return for the grant of land, known as a fief or feudum (Germanic word for property) ass Vassal owed thus lord a certain number of fighting days (40 usually per year). Contrast bet. lord and vassal also involved a number of other obligations including the lord's provision of a courts justice the vassals contribution of ransom if his lord were captured and reciprocation of hospitality between the two. -In an age of instability, feudalism provided a rudimentary form of local gov, while answering the need for security against armed attack. -Those engaged in the feudal contract constituted roughly the upper 10 percent of European society. The feudal nobility which bore the twin responsibilities of military defense and political leadership was a closed class of men and women whose superior status was inherited at birth. a. Male member of the nobility was first and a mounted of man-at-arms- Chevalier or knight. The medieval knight was a cavalry warrior equipped with stirrups, protected by chain mail and armed with such weapons

The middle ages known as ____ a.Era 500 to 1100 c.e ____ fueled the rise to the west b. Called c. Isolated from

The Roman Empire (476 c.e) and The European Renaissance (ca. 1400) known as "The middle Ages." a. Era 500 to 1100 c.e; Classical,Christians and Germanic- fueled the rise o the West b. Called Europe;Geographic contours of modern western states took shape. c. Isolated from the westward expansion of Islam; medieval culture of political, religious, and linguistic traditions survived today.

who inherits the properties?

the oldest son inherits the property

The Lives of Medieval Serfs -feudal class did what a. represented b.majority of people___ along with ____ c.Bound to large -They owned no _____ forbidden to leave - What assured them protection -During the Middle Ages of reciprocal obligations of serfs and lords and the serfs continuing -medieval people made landmark advances in ____ such as

-Although the feudal class monopolized land and power within medieval society, this elite group represented only a tiny percentage of total population. a.The majority of people- more than 90 percent- were unfree peasants or serfs who, along with freeman, farmed the soil. Medieval serfs who, along with freeman, fared the soil. medieval serfs lived quite differently from their landlords. Bound to large farms or manors, they like the farmers of the old Roman latifundia provided food in exchange for military protection furnished by the nobility. --They owned no property/forbidden to leave the manor although on the positive side they could evicted a. Their bondage to the soil assured them to protection of feudal lords who in an age lacking effective central gov. were the sole sources of political authority - During the Middle Ages of reciprocal obligations of serfs and lords and the serfs continuing tenure on the land-a system of known as manorialism, became firmly fixed until the 11th century. a. During the Middle Ages of reciprocal obligations of serfs and lords and the serfs continuing serfs needed protection and feudal lords who position as gentleman-warriors excluded them from menial toil needed food. For upper and lower classes alike the indv. place in medieval society was inherited and bound by tradition. -medieval people made landmark advances in tech. The tandem harness increased the farmer's "horsepower" in the field; the heavy-wheeled plow, in use by the 11 century c.e, enhanced agricultural productivity. Equally significant was the invention of the spinning wheel and the lathe and widespread construction of wind- and watermills. By the 13 century, England and France boasted 10 of thousands of watermills used to grind grain, prepare cloth, make beer and forge iron

Germanic Art -production of -Buried with in -Sutton Hoo is at? is where __ grave contained what was found at Sutton Hoo -Artifacts demonstrates exchange with? -who Poured into a. Example: -Celtic art occurred in ____ following the conversions of Celts to____ by a. who baptized more than 120,000 b.Anglo Irish produced what manuscripts?

-Artistic production of nomadic peoples consists largely of easily transported objects such as carpets, jewelry and weapons. a. Buried the most lavish of these items with their chieftains in boats and they were cast out to sea (described in Beowulf) -At Sutton Hoo E. England, Anglo-Saxon grave contained weapons, coins, utensils, jewelry and small lyre along with the corpse of the chieftain into a 89-foot long ship served as a tomb. a. metal work was found at Sutton Hoo, 5-pound gold belt buckle ornamented with interlaced snakes with beaked, birdlike heads (high quality of barbarian art). - Artifacts also demonstrates diffusion and exchange of styles across Asia and into Europe. a. Germanic tribes poured into Europe; their art/culture from whom they come in contact with b. Ex: Celtic (non germanic iron age folk migrated B.C.E)/ Anglo-Saxon styles. -Celtic art/lit. occurred in Ireland/England following the conversions of Celts to christianity in 5th century; by Patrick, British monk that baptized more than 120,000 people and found 300 churches in Ireland/revered as Ireland's patron saint. a. anglo Irish produced Anglo-Irish monasteries= #'s of Christian manuscripts

Chinese Porcelain -Ceramic Tradition perfected the a. What does it look like b. Represents a landmark in -Chinese porcelain are a. Exported along with

-Ceramic Tradition reached back thousands of years, had perfected the manufacture of porcelain- a hard, translucent ceramic ware fired at extremely high heat. a. Glazed with delicate colors and impervious to water, porcelain vessels represent a landmark in ceramic technology sophistication achieved in the manufacture of porcelain objects was matched only by their stylistic elegance. -Chinese porcelain are marvels of calculated simplicity. Observing the sparkle of water through porcelain bowls of Tang era., were as fine as glass -Exported along with silks, lacquerware and carved ivories, porcelain became one of the most sought-after of Chinese luxary goods.

The age of Charlemagne: Carolingian Renaissance: -Charlemagne's imperial mission was driven by a. Could barely -he sponsored a.Invited who ___oversee his educational programs. -Most notable was and _______ monk as -with the of assistance, Charlemagne's estb. a school @ - monks/nuns copied -Carolingian copyists replaced the a. Best reflected in

-Charlemagne's imperial mission was driven by a passionate interest in education and the arts. a. could barely read/write-his sword hand was according to his biographers- had difficulty writing letters -he sponsored Carolingian renaissance or rebirth of learning and literacy. a. Invited his court missionaries and scholars from all over Europe to oversee his educational programs. Most notable was Alcuin of York and Anglo-Saxxon monk woks as teacher and translator revival of learning - With Alcuin assistance, Charlemagne's estb. a school @ his palace in Aachen and similar schools at Benedictine monasteries throughout Empire a. monks/nuns copied religious manuscripts, along classical texts on medicine, drama and other secular subjects. -Carolingian copyists replaced the difficult-to-decipher Roman script-lacked punct. and spaced bet. words-with the neat Carolingian minuscle, modern typography a. is best reflected in 80 percent of our oldest Classical Latin manuscripts in Carolingian copies

The poetry of the troubadours -middle ages, Men and woman could barely -Literacy was spread beyond the schools of ? a. What lit was popular and ____. ____ -Trouveres/toubadours did what? -famous of lyric poems -The German-speaking courts had -Toubadours were -used what instrument___ made by -Arbas used Toubadours for

-During middle ages, few men and woman could read write. Few woman and men can write/read. Literacy was spreading beyond the cathedral schools/ monasteries. in which vernacular literature or lyric poetry was popular, the chronicle and romance gives evidence of increasing lay literacy among upper-class men/women -Trouveres (in the North) and toubadours (in the south) composed/performed poems devoted to courtly love, chivalry, religion, and politics. a. The most famous of lyric poems the Carmina burana (from northern France) - The German-speaking courts, Minnesingers provided a similar kind of entertainment, while Meistersingers, masters of the guilds of poets and musicians, flourished somewhat later in german towns -Toubadours (professional musicians who recited their poems were) manly woman of noble birth, and accompanied themselves on a lyre or a lute (wooden string instrument/today guitar); invented by the Arabs end of 6 century. Used to accompany vocal performances and soon found in the W. probaly Muslim Spain. a. similar to chansons of the early middle ages. Their peoms were expressive in content/ delicate in style. b. Many of the 2600 extant Troubadour poems exalts the passionate affection of a gentleman for a lady or as those written by the 20th trobairitzes, the reverse

The Germanic Tribes: -Germanic lang family, dialects of? including -Ostrogoths occupied the steppe region between a. while Visigoths settled -Traveled ____ and gained____ -Romans allowed them to? in exchange -___ led to military -Battle of Adrianople is ____ and near a. who defeated who? b. killing who?

-Germanic lang family, dialects of dif. tribe to tribe, included East Goths (Ostrogoths), West Goths (Visigoths),Franks, Vandals, Burgundians Angels and Saxons-to name but a few. -Ostrogoths occupied the steppe region between the Black and Baltic seas, while Visigoths settled in territories closer to the Danube River. a. Traveled westward gained an un easy alliance: Romans allowed them to settle on borders of the Empire, in exchange Germanic warriors had to afford Rome protection against invaders bet. Antagonism bet. Roman n the Visigoths led to military showdown. b. Battle of Adrianople (130m. NW of Constantinople, near modern Edirne in turkey) in 378c.e: Visigoths defeated the "invincible" Roman army killing the E. Roman emperor Valens and dispersing his army. Visigoths swept across the Roman border, raiding the cities of declining W. including Rome itself in 410 c.e

The Crusades -In the 1-4 major expeditions, the crusade did -By 1291 all recaptured lands were ____ and ____ -Crusades did not ___ their land____ nor stopped_____ -What fell in 1453 -the Crusades had enormous consequences for the - in absence or at death of crusading nobleman, feudal lords -consolidating and centralizing political power in the nations-states of____ did what?

-In the 1-4 major expeditions, the crusade did retake some important cities; including Jerusalem. a. By 1291 all recaptured lands were lost again to Muslims. more than 200 years of fighting, the Crusaders did not secure any territory permanently; nor did they stop the westward advance of the Turks. Constantinople finally fell in 1453 to a later wave of Muslim Turks. -Despite their failure as religious ventures, the Crusades had enormous consequences for the West. The revival of trade bet. East and West enhanced European commercial life encouraging the rise of towns and bringing great wealth to the Italian cities of Venice, Genoa and Pisa. a. in absence or at death of crusading nobleman, feudal lords (including emperors and kings) seized every opportunity to est. authority over the lands in their domains; b. consolidating and centralizing political power in the nations-states of England/France renewed contract with Byzantium promoted an atmosphere of commercial and cultural receptivity that had not existed since Roman times.

Beowulf Tale of dating what prince Unrhymed old ____ verse with

-Irst monumental Literary composition of ever-day lang of the people -tale of dating Scandinavian prince. It brings heroic world of the Germanic people whom it originated. -Unrhymed Old english verse embellished with numerous two-term metaphors known as kennings ("whale-path" for "sea" "ring-giver" for "king" poem Recounts the 3 major adventures: monster of Grendel, his destruction of Grendel's hideous and vengeful mother and efforts to destroy then 5-breathing dragon that threatens his people/ The stuff of legend, folk tale and fantasy-immortalized the mythic orgins of Anglo-Saxons. Composed the newly Christianized England of 8th century C.E the poem was not written down until another 2 centuries

The age of Charlemagne The Medieval Book: -Middle ages was the great era of -Pre-Carolingian manuscripts appeared as by the a.handwritten on -Opening letter of each section was -Medieval bibles n liturgical books were ornamented as a. Like ___ objects that -after Charlemagne's death, the book cover for Lindau Gospels testifies the a. Integration of stylistic traditions

-Middle ages was the great era of book production. Carolingian books were prepared for and by monks and clerics rather than for laypeople, most could not read or write. -Pre-Carolingian manuscripts appeared as continuous rolls, by 9th century c.e took the form of bound pages. a. handwritten on parchment (sheepskins) or vellum (calfskin) and hand-decorated or illuminated is ornamented with gold leaf/paint and brightly colored pigments. -Opening letter of each section was historiated, embellished by a narrative representation appropriate to the subj. of the text. -Medieval bibles n liturgical books were ornamented as befitted their scared character. Like devotional objects they were often sheathed in costly materials such ivory, tooled leather and precious metals. -Dating from the decades after Charlemagne's death, the book cover for Lindau Gospels testifies the superior technical abilities of Carolingian metalsmiths. a. Integration of stylistic traditions evident here typifies the Carolingian Renaissance, glories of which would not be matched for at least 3 centuries

The Bayeux Tapestry a piece of embodied ___ known as only surviving a. depicts a piece of -The English Channel -Who was in charge -Tapestry was commissioned by a. What remained an debate b. embroidery was almost exclusively a

-One of the most notable landmarks of the early middle ages is the 18- century c.e embodied wall-hanging known as the Bayeux Tapestry. The only surviving medieval narrative textile, it depicts the political and military events leading up to and including the battle that gave Williams of Normandy control of England. a. a piece of Woven cloth with 8 colors of wool yarn its 626 figures,190 horses, and over 500 other real and fantastic animals make up an earlier victory landmark: the column of Trajan. b. Like the historical narratives of Roman art, it is a victor's version of events -The English Channel: the ships are laden with some of the 5000 to 7000 vassals that are said to have made up Williams fighting force. With words "here duke William in a great ship is crossing the sea" a. Tapestry was prob. commissioned by William's half-brother, Bishop Odo of Bayeux. Design and execution remain a subject of debate. Some scholars contend that is was executed in France, while others argue for Canterbury, England. b.However, since embroidery was almost exclusively a female occupation it is likely that wherever it originated it is the work of women- although women are depicted only four times in the entire piece.

Feudal Age Literature The Great Book of song

-The Great Book of song a twent-one-volume encyclopedia: traditional song found in Islam.Composed by Arab scholar Abu al-Faraj-Isfahani. The Great Book was the principle source of information about Islamic music and poetry. -Countess of Dia was 25 century trobairitz; her surviving 4 songs filled with impassioned enticements of physical pleasure and laments for lost love.

The Norman Conquest had enormous consequences for the histories of___ in_____? -The Normans brought feudalism __- to? - who ordered property in realm. a. What book estb. -King William controlled a. Under The Norman Kings they

-The Norman Conquest had enormous consequences for the histories of England and France marked the transfer of power in England from Anglo-Saxon rulers to Norman nobleman who were already vassals of King of France -The Normans brought feudalism to England to raise money, William ordered a detailed census of all property in the realm- The Domesday Book- which laid the basis for the collection of taxes. King William controlled all aspects of government with the aid of the Curia Regis.. a. Under the Norman kings, England would become one of Europes leading medieval states

The Norman Castle -led the way in construction of Dover castle featured a.The enclosing stone walls were usually and provided -A moat -The brilliance of the Normans' achievements in a. some of the earliest

-The Normans led the way in construction of stone castles and churches. Atop hills and at such vulnerable sites as Dover on the SE coast of England, Norman kings erected austere castle-fortresses -Dover castle featured a keep (square tower) containing a dungeon, a main hall and a chapel and incorporated a central open space with workshops and storehouses. a. The enclosing stone walls were usually surmounted by turrets with crenellations (tooth-shaped battlements) that provided archers with protection in defensive combat. -A moat ( a trench filled with water) often surrounded the castle walls to deter enemy invasion. -The brilliance of the Normans' achievements in architecture, apparent in their fortresses/ in some of the earliest Romanesque churches, lies in the use of stone to replace earlier timber fortifications and in the clarity with which the design of the building reflects its function.

The Crusades: -the eldest son of an upper-class -the Italian city-states wanted -In the 4th Crusade -In 1204 is when ___ not___ a. considered the ____ crusade

-The eldest son of an upper-class family inherited his father's fief under the principle of Primogeniture, his younger were left to seek their own fortunes. -The crusades stirred the ambitions of these disenfranchised young men. Equally ambitious were the Italian city-states.Wanted to expand their commercial activities, encouraged the crusaders to become middlemen in trade bet. Italy and the East. a. In the 4th Crusade, Venetian profit-seekers persuaded the Crusaders to sack Constantinople and capture trade ports in the Aegean. -In 1204 the 4th crusade deteriorated into a contest for personal profit. Postscript to the 4th Crusade was the Children's crusade of 1212; Thousands of children bet. 10 and 14 set out to recapture Jerusalem and almost all died or slaved before reaching the Holy Land a. Got economic advantages

The age of Charlemagne The Monastic Complex: -The heart of Charlemagne's educational revial was the_____ construction of numerous -Monks and nuns lived and worked within a.central to each monastic complex and church that served as a place of worship/as____ housed -Both the floor plan of the organized the ___ manifested the b. Complex provided necessities of -Refectory -Monks gained access to the churches by___ where they -Abbey church of Saint-Gall, had

-The heart of Charlemagne's educational revial was the monastery. Authorized the construction of numerous Benedictine monasteries or abbeys-communities for prayer and the preservation of Christian and Classical learning. -Monks and nuns lived and worked within these religious precincts a. central to each monastic complex and church that served as a place of worship/as a shrine that housed the sacred relics-a bone, skull or shank of their hair exhumed from the Roman catacombs-of Christian saints and martyrs. b.Both the floor plan of the abbey church/the organization of monastic complex, whole manifest the Classical principles of symmetry/order. b.Complex provided necessities of daily life isolated from the outside world. Plan for an ideal monastery found in manuscripts found in library of the monastery of Saint-Gall reflects these concerns -Refectory (dinning hall) to cemetery that is disposed on a gridlike plan. -Monks gained access to the churches by adjacent dormitory, where they slept and cloister-covered walkway opening to the courtyard or garden -Abbey church of Saint-Gall, had chapels along the aisles/transepts of the churches hosed the relics of saints and martyrs.

Feudal-Age Literature The Song of Roland: -The ideals of the_____ -Greated -Based on____ lead by____ -What is the song called? -Poem was chanted by -Desribes a culture of_____ a. Bond bet. b. Roland willingness to -Stanza captures

-The ideals of the fighting nobility in the feudal age are best captured in the oldest and greatest French epic poem. The Song of Roland (12 century) based on the ambush at the "Gate of Spain" a narrow pass in Pyrenees of Charlemagne's nephew Roland as they returned from an expedition against the Muslims. -4000-line chanson de geste (song of heroic deeds)/ Jongleurs (professional entertainers) wandered from court to court chanting the story to accompaniment of a lyre; consist of a line of melody and dep. on simple repetition. - The Song of Roland is profound in its lyric power. Its Old French verse describes a culture that prized the performance of heroic deeds which brought honor to the warrior his lord and religion. a. The strong bond of loyalty between vassal and chieftain that characterized the Germanic way of life resonates in Roland's declaration of unswerving devotion to his temporal overlord, Charlemagne. b. Rolands willingness to die for his religious beliefs fired by the archbishops promise of admission into Paradise for those who fall fighting the infidels. suggest militant fervor of Muslims was matched by early medieval Christians. -Stanza captures the warring spirt and suggests the powerful antagonism bet. Christians and Muslims that dominated medieval history

Germanic Literature -traditions of personal___ associated with -The song of Nibe-Lungs originated in/recorded in? -Beowulf originated in product of and recorded in Old -The Song of Roland in Old and celebrated the ____ -How were they transcribed?

-traditions of personal valor/heriosm associated with a warring culture reflected in epic poems of Middle Ages -The song of Nibe-Lungs, Beowulf and The Song of Roland transmitted orally before written down in 10 and 13 centuries A. Beowulf originated in Anglo-Saxons/recorded in Old English-Germanic lang. spoken in part of British Isles bet. 5th and 11th centuries B. The Song of Nibe-Lungs a product of of Burgundian Tribes. recorded in Old German C. The Song of Roland in Old French. Celebrated the deeds of warrior-heroes -common with Iliad, Mahabharata and orally transmitted adventure poems

Chinese Landscape Painting -visual record of the -Art was used -Chinese made___ a subject -finest came from the Tang and Song eras -made of Silk paper a.What prints captured vast space b. shared by

-visual record of the natural world. Artists used realistic depictions of nature as background settings, the Chinese made landscape a subject in its own right, finest came from the Tang and Song eras, a Golden Age of painting, as in poetry. They sought to evoke mood rather than provide literal objective record of reality. -On leaves and scrolls made of silk or paper, calligraphic brushstroke and thin washes of muted color capture a sense of vast space that dwarfs the human presence, Offered a contemplative approach to nature shared by Daoists, Hindus and Buddhists. -Similar to the poems often inscribed on the margins of the scrolls.

Germanic Tribes: -Germanic Culture different from -in the ____ with - -skilled with -Armed with -There were ____man? who Borrowed from originated in -Every Germanic chieftain retained a band of ____ and shared ___ with warriors -feudalism

Dif. from the culture of Rome -In the agrarian and essentially self-sufficient communities of these nomadic peoples, fighting was a way of life and highly respected skill a. Armed with javelins/shields,Germanic warriors fought fiercely both on foot and on horseback. b.Superb horseman,Germanic cavalry would borrow from the Mongols spurs/foot stirrups-devices (originating in china) secured the rider: introduced the W. methods of fighting on horseback C. Every Germanic chieftain retained a band of warriors followed him into battle; every warrior shared chieftain spoils of victory -Fealty or loyal, bet. Germanic warrior/chieftman and practiced rewarding the warrior fund. to medieval practice of feudalism

Japan The Birth of the Novel: During the___ century____ ___ centuries after sophisticated Japanese aristocracy dominated the capital city ___ ? the author of world's first novel? among a group of ? woman were excluded from? used a system of? -Murasaki left a record of derived from Chinese characters and of her culture both in a. Tells a story about -Murasaki wrote the world first a. Described the daily life

During the 8th century c.e. the Fujiwara clan ascended to the imperial Japanese throne -4 centuries after sophisticated Japanese aristocracy dominated the capital city of Heian (modern Kyoto), came Japan's 1st wholly original literature: prose narrative form known as the novel. -Murasaki Shikibu (978-1016), the author of world's first novel was one of a group of female writers who were members of Heian court society. a. achievements is all the more remarkable is that she-like every Japanese female- was excluded from the opportunity for scholarly education and hence from the training in written Chinese, literary lang. of Japan. -used a system of phonetic symbols derived from Chinese characters, Murasaki left a record of derived from Chinese characters and of her culture both in Diary and Landmark novel The Tale of Genji. a. tells a story about a young Heian prince, his life and loves at court as well as his moods, tastes and desires. -Murasaki wrote the world first psychological novel; painted a detail picture of daily life among the Heian aristocrats with their elegant silk robes, refines manners, affection for music and poetic versatility-features that prefigure by 500 years the elegant culture of the Renaissance West

Empire created by Germanic called a. Integrated b. What system c. Art animated by the bonds of ______ and belief is the historical recorded event of a. a ?

Empire created by Germanic chieftain Charlemagne (Charles the Great) a. Integrated Classical,Christian and Germanic traditions to form medieval life b. Feudalism- a political and military system, estb pattern of social rank status that warfare dominated the medieval society c.Art animated by rugged, the bonds of feudal society and rising tide of Christian piety and belief The Bayeux is the historical recorded event: the Norman conquest of England: a.a woven tapestry created to ornament banquet hall/to line the choir walls of Bayeux Cathedral in north western France.

Feudal Society When did Charlemagne die ? so did the ____ a. he turned what kingdom into an empire and failed to estb. -was no standing -Falling his death was a fragile mid-9th century c.e Charlemagne's 3 grandsons administration/protection feel to members of the -The fragmentation of the Empire and the insecurity generated by -Lacking effective ______ caused -mid-9th century Charlemagne's 3 grandsons? -administration/protection feel to _______ and ______ -How did the administration come to office? -The fragmentation of the Empire and the insecurity generated by a. caused b. their circumstances___

When Charlemagne died in 814 c.e the short lived unity he brought to W. Europe died with him. Although he turned the Frankish kingdom into an empire he failed to establish any legal and administrative machinery comparable with that of imperial Rome. -Was no standing army, system of taxation, or single code of law to unify the widely diverse population. Inevitably, following his death the fragile stability of the Carolingian Empire was shattered by Scandinavian seafarers known as Vikings. Charlemagne's sons and grandsons could not repel the raids of these fierce invaders who ravaged the N coasts of the Empire; at the same time were his heirs able to arrest the repeated forays of the Muslims along the Mediterranean coast. a. Lacking effective leadership, the Carolingian Empire disintegrated. -mid-9th century c.e Charlemagne's 3 grandsons divided the Empire among themselves, separating French speaking fro German-speaking territories. a. administration/protection feel to members of the local ruling aristocracy-heirs of the counts and dukes whom Charlemagne had appointed to administer portions of the realm or simple who had taken land by force. b. The fragmentation of the Empire and the insecurity generated by Viking invasions caused people at all social levels to attach themselves to members of military nobility who were capable of providing protection. These circumstances enhanced the growth of unique system of political and military organization known as feudalism.