Chapter 9 and 10 Race and Ethnic Relations

According to the U.S. Supreme Court decisions, which of the following are the instances when states should not impose the death penalty? (Check all that apply.)

-The rape of a child when the victim was not killed When an offender is convicted of capital, or aggravated, murder -When an offender is intellectually challenged The rape of an adult female when the victim was killed -When an offender was less than 18 years old at the time of the offense

According to criminologist John Irwin, what were the main treatments given to offenders under the medical model of corrections? (Check all that apply.)

-Therapeutic counseling Electroconvulsive therapy Solitary confinement -Academic and vocational education

What are the goals of cognitive behavioral therapy as a correctional intervention? (Check all that apply.)

-To teach prisoners how to handle various types of outside stimuli To increase prisoners' recidivism -To improve decision-making and problem-solving skills in prisoners To cause behavioral change in prisoners by manipulating external environment

Which are the three most common security levels for prisons in the United States?

-maximum security modern security -minimum security -medium security majority security

Which amendment of the U.S. Constitution prevents judges from imposing cruel and unusual punishments?

8th Amendment

Which of the following is true of a bifurcated capital trial?

All states require the selection of two separate juries in capital trials. No Witnesses may be called only during the guilt phase of a bifurcated capital trial. -Evidence may be introduced during both phases of a bifurcated capital trial. No Not all of the procedures of due process apply to a bifurcated capital trial.

The penitentiary movement in the United States arose because of the turmoil and civil disorder that followed the

American Civil War. -American Revolution. Great Depression. War of 1812.

Which ethnic or racial group makes up the largest group of state prisoners in the United States?

Asians Whites Hispanics -Blacks

__________ __________ _________(CBT) is a correctional therapeutic intervention that focuses on the connection between dysfunctional thought processes and harmful behavior.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Which of the following are true of the 1516 executions conducted in the United States between January 17, 1977, and February 21, 2020? (Check all that apply.)

Fifteen of the 35 "executing" jurisdictions (43%) have held 10 or more executions. -More than 80% of all executions have occurred in the South. -Two jurisdictions with death penalty statutes (Kansas and the U.S. military) have not had a single execution. -Sixty-five percent of all executions have taken place in just five states—Texas, Virginia, Oklahoma, Florida, and Missouri. Florida accounts for 37.5% of all the executions.

Which American penitentiary system required inmates to be kept in solitary cells?

New York Newgate Auburn -Pennsylvania

If a defendant is convicted of two or more crimes simultaneously, the judge may decide that the sentences can be served in which of the following ways? (Check all that apply.)

Retroactively -Consecutively Vicariously -Concurrently

In the context of retribution as a justification for punishment, match the related concepts (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

Revenge- justified feeling of punishment expressed by the biblical phrase an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. Just Deserts- justified by punishment in which is seen as payback without an emotional element of vengeance.

In the context of criminal justice, match the forms of deterrence (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

Special deterrence or specific deterrence-prevention of individuals from committing crime again by punishing them. General deterrence-prevention of people in general from engaging in crime by punishing specific individuals and making examples of them.

Tom served six months of jail time before his trial. At the trial, he was convicted and received a four-year sentence. Which of the following statements is correct?

The law does not permit the judge to count the jail time toward the sentence. The judge may impose a sentence of "time served" and release Tom. -The judge may count the jail time toward the sentence but does not have to. The judge by law must count the jail time toward the sentence.

Federal incarceration facilities are run by the

U.S. Department of Corrections. Federal Bureau of Investigation. U.S. attorney general. -Federal Bureau of Prisons.

or the New York system, refers to an early system of penology, originating at Auburn Penitentiary in New York, in which inmates worked and ate together in silence during the day and were placed in solitary cells for the evening.

auburn system

The classification assigned to an inmate to indicate the degree of precaution that needs to be taken when working with the inmate is known as _________ level.

custody

refers to a theory of institutional corrections, popular during the 1940s and 1950s, in which crime was seen as symptomatic of personal illness in need of treatment.

medical model

is a type of determinate sentencing that allows a judge to retain some sentencing discretion, subject to appellate review.

presumptive sentencing

The primary difference between a jail and a lockup is

the custody level implemented. -how long suspects are held. the security level implemented. which level of government runs it.

A victim-impact statement is a description of

the rights that are now granted to crime victims in the United States. any relationship that existed between the victim and offender prior to the crime. -the harm and suffering a crime has caused victims and their survivors. the steps that a victim took to report the crime promptly and accurately.

True or false: In imposing a sentence, judges apply what is spelled out in statutory provisions without considering other influences.

False

If a defendant is convicted of two or more crimes simultaneously, the judge may decide that the sentences can be served in which of the following ways? (Check all that apply.)

-Consecutively Vicariously Retroactively -Concurrently

In most jurisdictions in the United States, after the presentence investigation report has been submitted to the judge, a sentencing hearing is held at which a convicted defendant has the right to address the court before the sentence is imposed. This procedure is known as

allocution

The rationale for criminal punishment known as ______ is the attempt to correct the personality or behavior of convicted offenders through educational, vocational, or therapeutic treatment.

incapacitation retribution deterrence -rehabilitation

is a figure derived by dividing the number of people incarcerated by the population of the area and multiplying the result by 100,000; it is used to compare incarceration levels of units with different population sizes.

incarceration rate

Which of the following are true of restoration as a rationale for criminal punishment? (Check all that apply.)

no Restoration focuses almost entirely on offenders and their punishments. -Restitution and community service are two examples of restorative practices. -It involves efforts to make the victims and their survivors "whole" again. No It involves efforts to pay back offenders by making them suffer for what they have done.

In the context of various developments in the system of penology in the United States,_________ _________ refers to the involvement of the private sector in the construction and the operation of confinement facilities.

privatization

A review in which the appellate court compares the sentence in the case it is reviewing with penalties imposed in similar cases in the state is known as a(n)

proportionality review

In the early twenty-first century, there was a trend away from traditional confinement toward

reform schools. workhouses. penitentiaries. -private prisons.

The Federal Bureau of Prison's inmate facilities are distinguished by their _________ _________ a designation applied to a facility to describe the measures taken, both inside and outside, to preserve security and custody.

security level

In prisons, individual inmates are classified by _____.

security level age the nature of crime committed -custody level

Work programs, education, and counseling are all examples of ______ programs.

special needs mental health correctional -rehabilitation

What was the purpose of workhouses?

to put runaway slaves to work for the government to employ criminals who had been transported to the colonies -to teach offenders discipline and work habits to separate sick people from the workforce

In the context of the forerunners of modern incarceration, _____ required offenders to leave their community and live elsewhere, commonly in the wilderness.

transportation probation -banishment quarantine

The majority of prisoners in the United States

are married. have been widowed. -have never married. are divorced.

is a two-stage trial consisting of a guilt phase and a separate death penalty phase.

bifurcated trial

The reformatory movement was primarily designed for

career criminals. women prisoners. -younger, less-hardened inmates. older, first-time offenders.

In most states, after offenders are sentenced, they are taken to a ______ so officials may assess their security risk and need for program services.

classification facility

The term"___________ ________ "refers to the penalties that are imposed for violating the criminal law.

Criminal Sanctions/Criminal Punishment

Match the types of inmate facilities of the Federal Bureau of Prisons (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

Federal Prison Camps- limited or no perimeter fencing, dormitory housing, and relatively low staff-inmate ratio. Low-secruity Federal Correctional Institutions- have double-fenced perimeters mostly dormitory or cubicle housing, and higher staff-inmate ratios than minimum security facilities Medium-security Federal Correctional Institutions- they often have double fences with electronic detection systems and mostly cell-type housing. High-security institutions also known as United States Penitentiaries- have walls or reinforced fences and multiple and single-occupant cell housing.

Apart from the four major rationales for the punishment imposed by the criminal courts, _____ has been receiving greater attention as a fifth rationale for criminal punishment.

Restoration

The rationale for criminal punishment known as ______ is the removal or restriction of the freedom of those convicted of violating criminal laws.

restoration deterrence rehabilitation -incapacitation

The rationale for criminal punishment known as ______ dates back to ancient times. It is an imprecise term that generally implies repayment for crimes committed.

restoration incapacitation -retribution deterrence

Which of the following is true of incapacitation as a rationale for criminal punishment?

-Incapacitation makes it virtually impossible for offenders to commit crimes during the period of restraint. no, It attempts to correct the personality and behavior of convicted offenders through educational, vocational, or therapeutic treatment. It places equal emphasis on victims' rights and needs and the successful reintegration of offenders into the community. Incapacitation is the only rationale for criminal punishment that specifically addresses what has happened in the past.

Identify a true statement about presumptive sentencing.

-It is a compromise between legislatively mandated determinate sentences and their indeterminate counterparts. It is most frequently imposed on offenders who commit drug offenses or offenses committed with weapons. It gives judges no discretion in setting the length of a prison sentence. With presumptive sentencing, no credit is given for good time, but there is an opportunity for getting parole.

Which of the following is true of automatic appellate review?

-It is one of the three procedural features of most of the new death penalty statutes. The federal jurisdiction provides for automatic appellate review of all death sentences. Nearly half of all states with death penalty statues do not provide for automatic appellate review. It is generally conducted by the U.S. Supreme Court.

Which of the following is the primary method of execution used in all executing states, as well as the U.S. government and the U.S. military?

-Lethal injection Electrocution Lethal gas Hanging

Which of the following are true of indeterminate sentences? (Check all that apply.)

-They are based on the idea that correctional personnel must be given the flexibility to successfully treat and return offenders to society as law-abiding members. -Under indeterminate sentencing, the amount of the term that actually is served is determined by a parole board. They replaced determinate sentences as the principal tool in the effort to rehabilitate offenders in the United States in 1975. There are three basic types of indeterminate sentences: flat-time, mandatory, and presumptive.

Until the mid-1970s, the goal of rehabilitation of criminal offenders was to _____.

-make it virtually impossible for offenders to commit crimes during the period of restraint restore victims and their survivors to their No previous state and to make them "whole" again no pay back offenders for their crimes -return them to society as law-abiding citizens

The rationale for criminal punishment known as ______ is the attempt to correct the personality or behavior of convicted offenders through educational, vocational, or therapeutic treatment.

-rehabilitation incapacitation deterrence retribution

Which of the following statements are true of allocution? (Check all that apply.)

A defendant does not have the opportunity to plead for a pardon during allocution. A defendant is entitled to argue about whether they are guilty of the charges against him or her. -A defendant is identified as the person found guilty during allocution. -A defendant has a right to deny or explain information contained in the presentence investigation reports if his or her sentence is based on it.

Which of the following are true of the 1516 executions conducted in the United States between January 17, 1977, and February 21, 2020? (Check all that apply.)

Fifteen of the 35 "executing" jurisdictions (43%) have held 10 or more executions. Two jurisdictions with death penalty statutes (Kansas and the U.S. military) have not had a single execution. Sixty-five percent of all executions have taken place in just five states—Texas, Virginia, Oklahoma, Florida, and Missouri. Florida accounts for 37.5% of all the executions. More than 80% of all executions have occurred in the South.

Match the basic types of determinate sentences (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

Flat-time sentencing- judges may choose between probation or imprisonment but have little discretion in setting the length of a prison sentence Mandatory sentencing- the second type of determinate sentencing, a specified number of years of imprisonment, usually within a range, is provided for particular crimes. Presumptive sentencing- allows a judge to retain some sentencing discretion, subject to appellate review.

A(n) ___________ __________ has a fixed minimum and maximum term of incarceration rather than a set period.

Indeterminate sentence

Which of the following are services that all prisons in the United States are required to provide?

Internet access -health care -food employment

In the context of the procedures that incarceration facilities employ to maintain security and inmate discipline, the segregation of inmates for their own safety is known as

Protective Custody

According to Beccaria and other classical theorists, which of the following is the only legitimate purpose for punishment?

Retribution for victims. Incapacitation of criminals. Rehabilitation of criminals. - Prevention and Deterrence of crime.

Identify the state with the highest incarceration rate per 100,000 residents at the end of 2017.

Vermont -Louisiana Maine Arizona

In the United States, the death penalty today is

applied less often than in the early years of the country.

A(n) __________ ___________ has a fixed period of incarceration, which eliminates the decision-making responsibility of parole boards.

determinate sentence

In the context of the procedures that incarceration facilities employ to maintain security and inmate discipline, the keeping of inmates in secure isolation so that they cannot harm others is known as _____.

discretion protective custody deposition administrative -segregation

A main advantage of confining offenders in workhouses was that workhouses

emptied crowded jails. ended the practice of banishment. -could turn a profit. stopped the spread of disease.

The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) has _____ regional offices.

five seven -six four

The goal of popular early punishments for crime, which predated the large-scale use of imprisonment, was to _____.

give just deserts to offenders reform criminals -inflict pain on offenders make victims "whole" again