Module 1
The statistic notation of Mean:
# of people in a sample size it is a lowercase "n" #of people in a group and its the whole population then its a uppercase "N" This is how you know you are looking at a sample or a population. In research papers mean may appear as an italicized "M" when referring to sample size or also referred to as x-bar which is an "x" with a bar over the top. When talking about a population in research papers you may see it written as "mu" see photo --->
Which of the following correlations would be interpreted as a strong relationship? (choose one or more) Group of answer choices .60 .70 .50 .80
.50
According to our class lecture what are ways that Statistics may be misleading?
1. Detached statistics 2. Suspicious samples 3. Implied connections
Calculating the MODE Excel
1. enter in the cell block =MODE.SNGL 2. Highlight the data range you want 3. Press Enter
Calculate the mean of the following set of scores: 13.7 53.2 4.1 9.3 52.1 32.5 22.9 41.5 23.0 15.5 1.9 33.2
25.24
What is the variance (s2) of the following set of scores? 12 25 6 9 16 13 11 10 8 7 6 14 16 12 11 23
28.30 =VAR.S(A12:A31) for a sample =VAR.P for a population
What is the standard deviation (s) of the following set of scores? 12 25 6 9 16 13 11 10 8 7 6 14 16 12 11 23
5.49 Use formula in excel =STDEV.S(A2:A31) <--replace w/the blocks you need
If you have a set of scores with a range of 60 and you want 10 intervals, what should be the size of your class interval?
6
In this distribution: 2, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8,17 which number is the mode?
6
To find if you have multiple modes use formula
=MODE.MULTI and then highlight the data range
What is a function in Excel?
A predefined formula
How do you interpret a correlation coefficient of -0.90?
A strong negative correlation
What is an outlier?
A value in the data set that is extreme when compared to the other values in the set
How to find the mean of a set of numbers?
Add all the numbers., Divide the total by the number of items in your data set. In excel the formula is: =
Excel Average/Mean Forumula
Always start with an = sign =AVERAGE(A2+A3+A4/3) OR use =AVERAGE(A2:A50) A colon means "through" example: A2 to A50 or whichever blocks. Anytime you are using a formula
How is the mean affected by an outlier?
An outlier at the upper end of the mean will pull the mean up.
What do Staticians call a guess about a populations value that is just as likely to be a little greater than the true value as it is to be a little less?
An unbiased estimator
What is the term used to describe the specific cells on which you want a function performed?
Argument
In Excel, which of following functions calculates the mean of set of numbers?
Average
Which of the following would be appropriate to display nominal data? (choose one or more)
Bar graph, Pie chart
What term describes the groups that you divide your data into when creating a histogram? (choose one or more) Group of answer choices
Bins and Class Intervals
A statistical measure that describes the center point of a distribution for a data set.
Central Tendency
A scatterplot is the best visualization for showing which of the following (choose one or more)?
Correlation, indirect or negative relationship between two variables, AND the relationship between two interval/ratio variables.
How can you toggle between the formula and the results in a selected cell?
Ctrl and ' key combination
Which of the following refers to the type of statistical methods used to organize and describe the characteristics of a dataset?
Descriptive statistics
According to our class lecture, which of the following is ARE ways that statistics may be misleading? (chose one or more)
Detached statistics, Suspicious samples, Implied connections
Jennifer is thinking of moving into a new neighborhood that is closer to campus. Before signing a lease, she checks the number of robberies in the neighborhood. What type of variable is the number of robberies reported in the neighborhood during the last year?
Discrete
A negative correlation means that there is a weak relationship between the variables.
False
True or False, box plots are not affected by outliers.
False
True or False, in ordinal measurement the distance between the values has meaning.
False
True or False, the misuse of statistics is always intentional.
False
Which of the following is an example of a continuous variable?
Family income
What term is defined as a set of mathematical operators that performs a particular mathematical task?
Formula
Where are the functions found in excel?
Formulas tab
Which of the following tells you how often a certain score occurs?
Frequency Distribution
What is the most basic method of illustrating data?
Frequency distribution
A pre-defined formula is known as a:
Function
Which of the following visual representations uses bars to display the frequencies?
Histogram
Which of the following would be appropriate to use when displaying continuous interval/ratio data? (choose one or more)
Histogram, Box and whisker pot, and scatter plot
The highest score minus the lowest score plus 1 is also called the ______ type of range.
Inclusive This also counts both the high and low scores as being among the values in the range.
Which of the following refers to the type of statistical methods used to draw conclusions about the population based on a sample?
Inferential statistics
How much more a higher performance is than a lesser one is called:
Interval level of measurement
If you were interested in tracking your GPA during the time you are in graduate school, which of the following might you use?
Line chart
If you wanted to visualize the change in the mean test score for the same exam over multiple semesters which visualizations might be used (choose one or more)? Group of answer choices
Line, Bar Chart
Which of the following are among the things to remember when creating figures?
Maintain the scale in the graph
Computing the average also means computing the..?
Mean
Sum of x divided by n
Mean
The sum of all the values in a group divided by the number of values in the group
Mean
Which measure(s) of central tendency is(are) affected by outliers? (Choose one or more)
Mean
Which measures of central tendency are affected by outliers?
Mean
Which of the following is not one of the 5 number summary?
Mean
The midpoint in a set of scores is called the?
Median
Which of the following is not a measure of variability?
Median
The value that occurs most frequently in a given data set.
Mode
In the Excel function = SUM(A5:A30), the element SUM is also known as the ______of the function.
Name
Researchers study the relationship between hours spent playing video games and GPA. They find that as the number of hours spent playing video games increases, GPA decreases. What type of relationship is this?
Negative relationship
A survey for kindergartners asked about their favorite color. The children were asked to check the box corresponding to blue, red, green, yellow, or orange. What is the scale of measurement for this question?
Nominal
Characteristics of an outcome that fit into one and only one class or category.
Nominal measurement: example Gender Male or female. republican, democrat, independent, etc.
A researcher asked the following question on a survey: What is your age? 1.) under 18 2.) 18-25 3.) 26-40 4.) 41-60 5.) over 60
Ordinal
Characteristic of things being measured
Ordinal example Russ is ranked #1 Mark is ranked #2 etc.
An observation that is extremely different from the others:
Outlier// This could be due to: 1. chance/individual variability 2. error in design or measurement Outliers can pull the mean in one direction or another and make it less representative of the set of scores. Mean is said to be sensitive to outliers Outliers do not influence the median- Median is said to be robust to outliers
What is the term associated with scores that are at the extreme ends of the distribution?
Outliers
You collect blood pressure readings from 150 patient. What type of data are these readings?
Quantitative
The distance of the biggest score from the smallest score. The simplest measure of variability.
Range
The three measures of variability commonly used to reflect the spread or dispersion in a group of scores are the standard deviation, the variance, and the _________?
Range
Researchers collect data about JUULing by asking users to keep track of the number of times per day they turn their device on and the number of inhalations each time they turn the device on. What type of data are these?
Ratio
What level of measurement is household income?
Ratio
The formula for standard deviation in excel?
STDEV.S (sample size) OR STDEV.P (population size) This is one assumes you are using a sample representing a larger population of scores and modifies it to make a better guess about what the population's standard deviation would be.
In statistics, what does the letter "n" represent?
Sample Size
In statistics what does the letter 'n' represent?
Sample size
N and n difference
See photo
How do we calculate the range?
Subtracting the lowest score in a distribution from the highest score in the distribution r=h-l where r is the range h is the higest score in the data set l is the lowest score in the data set
How to find the median
THE MIDDLE NUMBER WHEN THEY ARE ARRANGED FROM SMALLEST TO LARGEST. In excel the formula is: =MEDIAN(A2:A255) <--enter the cells you want in the data set.
How is the median affected by outliers?
The median is not affected
Which of the correlations is the weakest? 0.52 -0.25 0.78 -0.88
The number closest to 0 so it would be -0.25
When you create a formula that goes beyond a simple one, you need to remember which of the following?
The order in which the operations are carried out.
The presence of an absolute zero on the sale is referred to as being called what level of measurement?
The ratio scale of measurement
Which of the following is true about the mathematical difference between the standard deviation of a population and the standard deviation of a sample?
The standard deviation of a sample is a conservative estimate using n-1 in the denominator.
A perfect negative correlation would be represented by Pearson's r of -1.
True
T or F A capital N represents the population size?
True
T or F? A small n represents the sample size?
True
T or False: The mean is more precise than the Median and the Median is more presice than the mode.
True
True of False: The median is the best estimation of central tendency
True
T of F: When there is an even number of values, the median is simply the mean of the two middle values.
True If the two middle values are the same then that would be the Median
The measure of how different scores are from one another. There are 3 different measures of this.
Variability
What value is obtained by squaring the standard deviation?
Variance
Which of the following descriptive statistics can be used for ratio data? (choose one or more)
Variance Mean Standard deviation Mode
The mean, median and mode are measures of what?
central tendency
The highest score minus the lowest score can also be called the _______ type of range
exclusive
A predefined formula is also known as a(n) ______.
function
In a large data set with 500 data points, responses range from 0 to 30. Over half of the responses are 0. Why might median or mode be a better indication of central tendency than mean? (choose all that apply)
mean will only reflect the average of values above 0 mean will be higher than median or mode
What are the measures of central tendency?
mean, median, mode
Midpoint in a set of scores
median
A ________ is a subgroup of people taken from the ________ that you wish to study.
sample, population
The assignment of values to outcomes following a set of rules is called:
scale of measurement
How to find the mode of a set of numbers?
the number that appears most often in a set of numbers
weighted average
the sum of the product of the number of units and the value per unit divided by the sum of the number of units, represented by M =A2*B2 is weighted average
Where are functions found in Excel?
under the Formulas tab
