Biology SAT: Cell Organelles

Nucleus

-Control center of the cell -Contains genetic material (DNA) -Bound by a double membrane

Lysosomes

-Digest foreign substances, worn-out organelles, proteins, lipids, DNA, RNA, carbohydrates and waste products of the cell. -Principal site of intracellular digestion -- cell gets help of lysosome to continually renew itself by breaking down and recycling cell parts

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

-Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes bound to it -Ribosomes on the rough ER specifically synthesize membrane proteins (like channels) or secreted proteins -Packages and moves proteins throughout the cytoplasm

Mitochondria

-Function and are the site of cellular respiration -Produce ATP for the cell, power plant of the cell where glucose is converted to ATP (energy storage) -Bound by a double membrane -All cells have mitochondria -Contain their own DNA and can self-replicate

Centrioles

-Help to form the spindle during mitosis (cell division) -Only animal cells have centrioles

Ribosomes

-Makes proteins -Not bound by membrane (float freely) or be attached to endoplasmic reticulum -Made up of rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and protein

Cell membrane

-Outer membrane that regulates and controls what comes into and goes out of the cell (selectively permeable)

Nucleolus

-Small, dense structure in the nucleus -Site of ribosome synthesis

Golgi apparatus

-Sorts, packages and distributes proteins (and lipids) made by ribosomes on rough ER -Secretes substances to other parts of the cell, the cell surface for export to other cells, or to outside the cell in vesicles

Vacuole

-Storage of wastes and other material -Stores water, salts, carbohydrates, proteins

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

-System of membrane and tubes that transports substances around the cell -Makes steroid hormones and other lipids -Connects rough ER to the Golgi apparatus -Detoxifies the cell, breaks down toxins -Carbohydrate (glycogen) metabolism