Chapter 5

The New Government Begins (1789-1800): Early American Problems

- People were more loyal to their state than to the country - People questioned the strength of the U.S. Constitution (since the A of C did not work) - People worried about the British and the French - The nation was severely in debt

What was a big difference between the philosophies of Jefferson and Hamilton?

Hamilton's policies favored merchants, bankers, and speculators and Jefferson's policy spoke for the interests of the farmers and laborers. Also, Hamilton favored increasing the power of the federal government and Jefferson wanted to limit it. Hamilton was the leader of the Federalists Party and Jefferson led the Democratic-Republican Party.

John Jay

Who: First Chief Justice of the First Supreme Court of the United States What: Washington nominated John Jay to lead the Supreme Court as chief justice, and the Senate approved Jay's nomination. With the Judiciary Act, Congress had taken the first steps toward creating a strong and independent national judiciary (court system). Where: In the United States of America When: First Chief Justice of the United States from 1789-95 Why: He was a trusted federalists and he had signed the Treaty of Paris How: Washington nominated him to be the Chief Justice

Main Points of Whiskey Rebellion

-July 1794 What was the Whiskey Rebellion? - Farmers were protesting the high whiskey tax - first time a tax was placed on a product made in the U.S. - tax was to be paid in count, of which the farmers rarely had - farmers ("blackface raiders") began tar/feathering, burning barns, fighting with militia in PA, crying "no tax w/o rep" Washington's Solutions - He would grant amnesty (pardon) to all involved if they agreed to end rebellion. Preparations began to invade Forks, PA. Why did he chose to use 13,000 troops? - Wanted the nation to look powerful and intimidating * - Washington sent a clear message to those who opposed government actions: If you want to change the law, do so peacefully; otherwise, government would use force to maintain order - 12 rebels faced trial (2 convicted, but pardoned by GW)

Compromise that led to acceptance of Hamilton's plan for reducing the national debt

In 1790, Hamilton proposed that the new government pay off the millions of dollars in debts owed by the confederation government to other countries and to individual American citizens. Congress agreed to pay the money owed to other nations, but Hamilton's plan to pay off the debt caused other American citizens to get upset. When the government borrowed money during the American Revolution, they issued bonds. Colonists had sold these bonds for less, but now Hamilton is going to pay the bonds back or original value. Another opposition came from the Southern states, which had gotten much less debt than the Northern States. Southern states thought that they would have to pay more than their share under Hamilton's plan. To win support for his plan, Hamilton made a compromise. The Southern leaders voted for his plan to pay off the state debts, and in return he supported locating the permanent capital in the South. A special district was laid out between Virginia and Maryland along the banks of the Potomac River. This district became Washington D.C. While workers prepared the new city for the federal government, the nation's capital was moved from NY to Philadelphia.

Results of Alien, sedition, and naturalization acts

Results: discouraged immigration and led some foreigners already in the country to leave and convicted 10 Republican newspaper editors who had criticized the federalists in government. Reaction: opposition to Federalists party grows and led to movement to allow states to overturn federal laws

The XYZ Affair

Who: USA vs. Britain What: When Adams took office, the nation faced a crisis with France. The French regarded Jay's Treaty, signed in 1794, as an American attempt to help the British in their wat with France. To punish the United States, the French seized American ships that carried cargo to Britain. Adams wanted to avoid war with France. In the fall of 1797, he sent a delegation to Paris to try to resolve the dispute. French foreign minister Charles de Talleyrand, however, refused to meet with the Americans. Instead, Talleyrand sent three agents who demanded a bribe and a loan for France from the Americans. "Not a sixpence," the Americans replied and sent a report of the incident to the United States. Adams was furious. Referring to the three French agents as X, Y, and Z, the president urged Congress to prepare for war. The incident became known as the XYZ affair. What is the Setting: The setting is neutrality. U.S. Merchants have been allowed to trade with Britain and France. French thought Jay's Treaty was our attempt to help Britain. France began seizing U.S. Ships (Quasi-War). Adams respond to the setting: Adams wanted to avoid war - Sent 3 men (Pinckney, Marshall, and Gerry) to Paris to solve crisis. How did it get the name the "XYZ Affair": To conceal the identity of the French who offered the bribe, Adams changed their names to X, Y, and Z in official documents. What happens between the U.S. And France: French foreign minister, Charles de Talleyrand, refused to meet with the Americans, he sent 3 agents ("X-Y-Z") who demanded a bribe ($250K) and a loan ($12M) from the U.S. Adams says no. What does "Millions for Defense, not one cent for Tribute" mean: Adams was furious and Congress prepared for war ("war fever" spreads). U.S. Will Pau to defend itself, but not on bribes/tributes. Dept. of Navy created and larger army. In the view of most, France had become an enemy. AFTER: Congress responded with a program to strengthen the armed forces. It established the Navy Department in April 1798 and set aside money for building warships. Congress also increased the size of the army. George Washington was appointed commanding general. Between 1798 and 1800, United States and French naval vessels clashed on a number of occasions, although war was not formally declared. Adams's representatives negotiated an agreement with France in September 1800 that ensured peace. In the view of most Americans, France had become an enemy. The Republican Party, friendly toward France in the past, hesitates to turn around and condemn France. As a result, in the 1798 elections, Americans opted some Republicans out of office. Where: In the United States of America When: 1797-1800 Why: Jay's Treaty causes the French to think that the US is siding with Britain against them, which they were not. How: French were mad at began to seize American ships, so when Americans went to France to solve the problem, they met with X, Y, and Z who said they could only speak to the foreign minister if they had a bribe and gave a loan from the US to France. THEY WANTED MONEY!

Mathew Lyon

The first person to be tried under the Sedition Act was Matthew Lyon (1749-1822), a Vermont Republican congressman who opposed going to war with France, and object paying a land tax to pay for wat preparations. He wrote a letter published in a Republican newspaper criticizing President Adams for " a continued grasp for power." He also read a letter by poet Joel Barlow, who jokingly wondered why Congress had not ordered Adams to a madhouse. Lyon was indicted and tried for intentionally stirring up hatred against Adams. He couldn't find a lawyer, and ended up defending himself, attempting to prove the truth of the words he wrote and spoke. The was permitted in the Sedition Act. He argued that he was only expressing his political opinions, which should not be subject to the truth test. The jury found Lyon guilty of expressing seditious words with "bad intent." The judge, a Federalist, sentenced him to four months in jail, a $1,000 fine and court costs. He ran for re-election to Congress from his jail cell and won. Vermont supporters petitioned Shams to release and pardon him, but Adams refused. When he was released from hail, he was welcomed back as a hero. Efforts to expel him from Congress failed. AS it turned out, the anti-Republican laws hurt the Federalists Party more. The Alien Acts offended new immigrants and drove them more than ever to support of the Republicans. Ten Republicans, mostly newspaper editors, who were jailed under the Sedition Act were hailed as heroes in the cause of freedom of the press. Typical of the effects of the Sedition Act was the case of Matthew Lyon of Vermont, who was the editor of an Anti-federalist newspaper. In 1798 he was convicted under the Sedition Act for the publication in the Vermont Journal of a letter criticizing President John Adams. While in jail, Lyon was reflected to Congress. After his release from prison he set off for Philadelphia. He was accompanied on the first day of his journey be a long parade of followers.

Alien and Sedition were passed because the Federalist-controlled Congress wanted to:

To strength the federal government Silence Republican opposition

Hamilton and Jefferson

Under Alexander Hamilton's economic program, the national government exercised new financial powers. Soon, however, well-organized opposition to Hamilton's political and economic beliefs grew. The opposition to Hamilton was led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Where Hamilton's policies favored merchants, bankers, and speculators, his opponents spoke for the interests of the farmers and laborers. When Hamilton favored increasing the power of the federal government, Jefferson wanted to limit it. They had a very different vision of what American should become.

Tariff

Who: A tax on imports or exports What: Although most Americans earned their living by farming, Hamilton thought the development of manufacturing would make America's economy stronger. He proposed a tariff - a tax on imports - to encourage people to buy American products. This protective tariff would not only raise revenue for the new national government, but also protect American industry from foreign competition. However, many Americans were against the tariff. The South, having little industry to protect, opposed protective tariffs. Congress rejected protective tariffs but did pass low tariffs to raise money. By the 1790s, the revenue from tariffs provided 90 percent of the national government's income. In Hamilton's economic plan, one of the parts was to establish a protective tariff. This was needed to protect U.S. Industries, South took a hit from this, other countries raised tariffs. Hamilton is for a protective tariff - a tax on imports - to encourage people to buy American products. He wanted this because he thought the development of manufacturing would make America's economy stronger. This protective tariff would not only raise revenue for the new national government, but also protect American industry from foreign competition. Jefferson is against a protective tariff because he is from the South. The South opposed protective tariffs because they had little industry to protect. Therefore, it would not help him. Where: In the United States of America When: Around 1790 Why: Hamilton wants to have protective tariffs because he wants American's to start manufacturing things on their own to make them a stronger economy. Jefferson does not want protective tariffs because he is from the South, where there is not a lot of coins to pay the tariffs. How: Overall, Congress rejected protective tariffs but did pass low tariffs to raise money. By the 1790s, the revenue from tariffs provided 90 percent of the national government's income.

National taxes

Who: Additional funds that help operate the government What: The final part of Hamilton's economic program concerned the creation of national taxes. The government needed additional funds to operate and to make interest payments on the national debt. At Hamilton's request, Congress approved a variety of taxes, including one on whiskey distilled in the United States. In Hamilton's economic plan, he created a whiskey tax. This was a tax on imported/domestic alcohol. Hamilton is for national taxes because the government needed additional funds to operate and to make interest payments on the national debt. At his request, Congress approved a variety of taxes, including one on whiskey distilled in the U.S. Jefferson did not want the government to gain too much power. He liked state power and this was more federal power, since national gov can tax. This takes away power from the states. So Jefferson was not a fan. Where: In the United States When: Around 1790s Why: Hamilton wanted the government to be able to operate properly. Jefferson wanted state power. How: At Hamilton's request congress approved a variety of taxes, including one on whiskey from the U.S.

Hamilton´s Economic Plan

Who: Alexander Hamilton Background - First Sec of Treasury under GW - Author of the Federalists Papers - Leader of the Federalist Party (along with J. Adams) - Conflicted with T.J. (D-R Party) - His theories are the basis of our economic system. - Killed in a duel by Aaron Burr What: Hamilton's Economic Plan 1 - Pay back the debt (Assumption) - Pay off states and individual citizens debts from Rev War - The citizens repayment caused fighting - Issue bonds (a note issued by the government, which promises to pay off a loan with interest) to raise revenue - Upset southern states - Agreed to locate capital in the South 2 - Create a national bank - Money from taxes would go there - Issue paper money for loans - Help pay govt bills 3 - Establish a Protective Protective Tariff (a tax on imports or exports) - Needed to protect U.S. Industries - South took a hit from this - Other countries raised tariffs 4 - Create a Whiskey tax - Tax on imported/domestic alcohol Hamilton developed a 4-point plan to solve the new nation's financial problems. Hamilton knew that the new government - like any person - had to pay its debts in order to establish credit. When a country spends more money than it takes in, it is operating under a deficit. This is the problem that Hamilton set out to fix. Where: In the United States of America When: Beginning years of their government. Around 1790 Why: He wanted to find a way to fix the government's financial problems. How: He set up a 4 Part Economic Plan, so that the country would do better financial. This was part of his job, being the Secretary of Treasury. Extra: -GW rarely proposed laws. He focused on foreign affairs and military matters and left the economic policies to Hamilton. -By 1789, the U.S. Was in debt $60-$80 million -The U.S. Must pay back that debt in order to gain respect from other countries

Pinckney's Treaty

Who: Also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo or the Treaty of Madrid. This was signed in San Lorenzo de El Escorial on October 27, 1795 and established intentions of friendship between the U.S. and Spain. It was ratified by Spain on April 25, 1796 and ratifications were exchanged on that date. What: Why was Pinckney's Treaty signed? Or Why did Spain issue Pinckney's Treaty? Spain thought that the U.S. And England might join forces to seize their territory and Spain wanted a positive relationship with the U.S. This granted Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and right to trade at New Orleans. When Jay's Treaty was made, Spanish leaders realized that the United States and Great Britain might now join forces to seize Spanish territory in North America. Spain wanted to establish a positive relationship with the United States and was willing to offer concessions. President Washington sent Thomas Pinckney to Spain to try to settle the differences between the two nations. In 1795 Pinckney's treaty gave the Americans free navigation of the Mississippi River and the right to trade at New Orleans. Where: In the United States and Spain When: 1795 Why: Spain was worried that US and Britain were going to join forces to seize Spanish land in North America. How: The Spanish solved this by being friendly with the US, so they had a good relationship. They gave the U.S. Free navigation of the Mississippi River and the right to trade at New Orleans.

Strict view of the Constiution

Who: Democrat-Republicans (Jefferson) What: They follow the constitution specifically. They agreed with the 10th Amendment about states rights. Where: In the United States When: Always Why: He wants to follow the Constitution exactly and he is not interpreting anything. How: He has a very strict view and if it is not specifically said in the Constitution, then it is not allowed.

Treaty of Greenville

Who: Document (1795), the Native Americans agreed to surrender most of their land in present-day Ohio. What: BACKGROUND: The Native Americans who lived between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River insisted that the United States had no authority over them. Armed to defended their lands and encouraged by the British and the Spanish, Native Americans battled settlers over frontier land. Hundreds of people were killed. Washington send an army under the command of General Arthur St. Clair to restore order in the Northwest Territory. In November 1791, St. Clair's forces were defeated by Little Turtle, chief of the Miami people. More than 600 American soldiers died in a battle by the Wabash River. -Chaos and fighting in the NW territory -Native Americans insisted that the U.S. Had no authority over them. -They battled settlers over the frontier land (armed by British) -General St. Claire loses to Little Turtle near the Wabash River (lost over 600 U.S. Men) What: NOW: The Native Americans demanded that all settlers north of the Ohio River leave the territory. Washington sent another army headed by Anthony Wayne, a former Revolutionary War general, to challenge their demands. In August 1794, his army defeated more than 1,000 Native Americans who fought under Shawnee chief Blue Jacket at the Battle of Fallen Timbers (near present-day Toledo, Ohio). The Battle of Fallen Timbers crushed the Native Americans' hopes of keeping their land. In the Treaty of Greenville (1795), the Native Americans agreed to surrender most of their land in present-day Ohio. Battle of Fallen Timbers: (Struggle Over the West) - To retaliate for losing 600 men in the NW Territory (and to expand power over the Natives), Washington sent Anthony Wayne to challenge 1000 Native Americans, under the leadership of the Shawnee Chief Blue jacket -After the U.S. Victory, the Treaty of Greenville was signed -The Native Americans agreed to surrender most of their land in present - day Ohio Where: In the NW territory (Present-day Ohio) When: In August 1794 was battle of fallen timbers; 1795 was treaty of greenville Why: Washington wanted to keep the land in Ohio for the settlers How: The Native Americans signed the Treaty of Greenville to surrender most of their land in present-day Ohio

VA and KY Resolutions

Who: Documents written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Jefferson and madison States rights. This started civil war. What; For some Americans, fears of a strong central government abusing its power seemed to be coming true. The Republicans looked to the states to preserve the people's liberties and stand up to what they regarded as Federalist tyranny. Madison and Jefferson drafted documents of protest that ere passed by the Virginia and Kentucky legislatures. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 798 and 1799 claimed that the Alien and Sedition Acts could not be put into action because they violated the Constitution. The Kentucky Resolutions further suggested that states might nullify-legally overturn- federal laws considered unconstitutional. Where; In the United States When: 1798-1799 Why: They want more state power How: Write the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Loose View of the Constitution:

Who: Federalists (Hamilton) What: They interpret the Constitution a lot and expand on small parts of the Constitution. They agree that their should be a strong, central, and federal government. Where: In the United States When: Always Why: He wants to follow the Constitution, but not very specifically. He loves to interpret things and he pushes Article 1 Section 8 (necessary and proper) elastic clause. How: He has a very loose view of the Constitution and if it is not specifically said in the Constitution, it is okay because they infer and interpret.

Thomas Jefferson

Who: First Secretary of State in the first Cabinet What: American founding father; wrote the Declaration of independence; third president of the US (1801-1809); conflicts with Hamilton (on everything) based on use of constitution and society; supported the french during the french revolution; vice-president for john adams Wanted the "common man" to be the center of the gov/US; he wanted them to run the society (look at PowerPoint) Where: In the United States When: In late 1700s-1800 Why: He wanted to support the common man. How: That was his belief.

John Adams

Who: First Vice-President (Under GW) 2nd President from March 4, 1797-March 4, 1801 (VP was Thomas Jefferson); He had spent much of his life in government. One of Massachusetts' most active patriots, he later became ambassador to France and to Great Britain. He helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris that ended the Revolution. Under Washington, he served two terms as Vice President. Adams elected President by 3 votes over Jefferson: 71 to 68. Only time Pres/Vp will be from different political parties. -Born in Massachusetts - Lawyer (Boston Massacre) - Represented at Treaty of Paris - Signed the DOI -Wife=Abigail -Serves one term -Cabinet (Keeps GW's people) - State = Pickering - Treasurer = Wolcott - War - McHenry - Navy - Stoddert -Resides over a very divided country -Feds were pro-war with France (GB) -D-R were anti-war (France) -1st President to reside in the White House (1800) What: First VP and Second President; Graduated from Harvard as a lawyer; married to Abigail adams; father of quincy adams; died the same day as thomas jefferson (july 4); delegate to the continental congress. John Adams, a young lawyer, and Abigail Smith were married in 1764. The young couple lived on a farm in Braintree, Massachusetts, and had five children. John was one of the leaders of the movement for independence. In late 1774, John Adams went to Philadelphia as a delegate to the continental congress, while Abigail adams remained in Massachusetts to manage their business affairs and take care of the family. During most of the confederation period, Abigail Adams lived in europe with john adams, who was the first American minister to Great Britain. Eventually, when john wa selected the second president of the US, Abigail échame the First Lady to preside over the still unfinished White House. Where: In the United States of America When: Alive from 1735-1826. VP: 1789-1797; President: March 4, 1797-March 4, 1801 Why: Good politically, but bad mood. How: Lost his temper.

Impressment

Who: Forcing people into service, as in the navy. What: There were some rogue Americans who joined Genet and helped to seize British vessels and stole their cargoes. Outraged by French attacks, the British began capturing our ships that traded with the French. The British also began their practice of impressment of Americans. Outraged by the French attacks at sea, the British began capturing American ships that traded with the French. The British also stopped American merchant ships and forced their crews into the British navy. This practice, known as impressment, infuriated the Americans. British attacks on American ships and sailors pushed the nation close to war with Great Britain. Also, during Jay's Treaty some American citizens were upset because it did not mention the fact that Britain would stop impressing the Americans. Where: In the United States and in Britain When: Around 1763 Why: Outraged by the french attacks at sea, the British began capturing American ships that traded with the French. How: The British also stopped American merchant ships and forced their crews into the British navy. This impressment infuriated the Americans.

Democratic Republicans

Who: Formed by Thomas Jefferson What: Wanted a democratic government; Decentralize ; Beliefs and Ideas -Believed that the best government was the one governed the least -Favores giving more to state governments -government power should not be concentrated in one central government -people would have the power to govern who were most affected by these decisions -for the most part, agreed with the AOC Where: In the United States of America When: Always Why: He believed that the government should be run by the states for the most part. How: He wants more state rights.

Edmond Genet

Who: French diplomat who tried to recruit American volunteers to attack British ships. What: The French wanted U.S. Help - they sent diplomat Genet to the U.S. And his mission was to recruit American volunteers to attack British ships. In response, Washington issued a Proclamation of Neutrality. In response to Genet's mission, Washington issued a Proclamation of Neutrality. When Britain and France went to war in 1793, Washington hoped that the nation could maintain its neutrality - that is, that it would not take sides in the conflict between France and Britain. As time went on, however, remaining neutral became increasingly difficult. The French want the help of the United States. In April 1793, they sent diplomat Edmond Genet to the United States. His mission was to recruit American volunteers to attack British ships. President Washington took action to discourage American involvement. On April 22, he issued a Proclamation of Neutrality. It prohibited American citizens from fighting in the war and barred French and British warships from American ports. Genet's plan eventually failed, but he did manage to sign up a few hundred Americans to serve on French ships. These ships seized British vessels and stole their cargoes. Where: From France; but in the USA When: April 1793 was when he was sent to US by France Why: The French wanted the US on their side, so they sent Genet to get Americans. How: Genet's mission was to recruit American volunteers to attack British ships.

French Revolution

Who: French vs. French What: Shortly after Washington was inaugurated in 1789, the French Revolution began. At first most Americans cheered upon hearing the news. The French people had helped the American in their struggle for independence, and their revolution seemed to reflect many of the ideals of the American Revolution. By 1793 the French Revolution had turned bloody. The leaders had executed the king and queen of France and thoughts of French citizens. Public opinion in the United States started to divide. The violence of the French Revolution offended many Americans. Others hailed the new republic as a copy of the United States. The French Revolution is occurring. Their slogan was "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity." King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette were executed. --What were the feelings in the U.S. regarding the Revolution? -Mixed opinions about the Revolution -At first, many Americans cheered and supported the Revolution, especially Jefferson -Things changed during the Reign of Terror -The amount of violence offended many Americans. -Their revolution was more bloody/violent than America's --Reign of Terror - In 1793, after the execution of Louis XVI, the Rev took a violent turn - Maximillian Robespierre was the "mastermind" and his goal was to fight the enemies of the revolution. - The first victim of the Reign of Terror (which lasted from Sept 1793-July 1794) was Queen Marie Antoinette - 300,000 arrested; 17,000 executed; 10,000 died in prison - Executions were conducted in the public square with the guillotine - Robespierre eventually executed to end his "Reign" Where: In France When: January 1793 Why: The French Revolution was very violent. How: There were many executions and whenever someone was caught saying something bad about the country, they were punished.

National Bank

Who: Hamilton greatly supported a national bank and it was part of his economic plan. What: Hamilton wanted to create a national bank because the money from taxes would go there, issue paper money for loans, and halp pay government bills. Hamilton is for a national bank because the bank would be a place for the federal government to deposit money raised from taxes. The bank could also provide loans to goverement and to businesses. He argued that Congress had the power to create a bank. Jefferson is against a national bank because he thought it would give the wealthy too much power over national finances. He also charged that the Bank was unconstitutional. Hamilton made other proposals for building a strong national economy. He asked Congress to create a national bank, the Bank of the United States. The bank would be a place for the federal government to deposit money raised from taxes. The bank could also provide loans to governement and to businesses. Madison and Jefferson opposed the idea of a national bank. They believed it would give the wealthy too much power over national finances. They also charaged that the Bank was unconstitutional - that it was inconsistent with the Constitution. Hamilton argued that although the Constitution did not specifically say that Congress could create a bank, Congress still had the power to do so. In the end, the president agreed with Hamilton and signed the bill creating the national bank. Where: In the United States of America When: Around 1790 Why: Hamilton thought that a national bank would be a place to deposit money and to provide loans to the gov and to business. On the other hand, Jefferson and Madison thought that it was unconstitutional and that it gave the welathy too much power over national finances. How: In the end, president agreed with Hamilton and signed the bill creating the national bank.

Alexander Hamilton (Relations with Britain and France)

Who: He hoped that one day the U.S. Would become like Great Britain What: - When French Revolution began, he hoped it would lead to the "establishment of free and good government" - As he watched it led to chaos and bloodshed - His enthusiasm for the revolution cooled - When war broke out between Britain and France in 1793, most Federalists sided with Britain - Some were merchants and shippers whose businesses depended on trade with Britain (America's former enemy) - Others just felt more comfortable supporting orderly Britain against revolutionary French. - Hamilton liked Britain for another reason - Great Britain was what he hoped the U.S. Would become one day - Powerful and respected nation that could defend itself against any enemy Where: In the United States of America When: 1755-1804 (when he was alive) Why: He wanted to support Britain because he wanted to become a strong nation like them. How: He wanted to have a good strong government and army

Alexander Hamilton (View of Human Nature)

Who: Held a negative view of Human nature What: - Held a generally negative view of the nature of humankind -influenced by difficult childhood + his war experience -viewed people usually as ignorant, selfish, and untrustworthy -thought most people's actions came from their passions and self-interests -did not think people made decisions that were best for everyone (thought people were selfish) -Following, he thought a small, sensible group of men must govern for the people -elite group, which Hamilton was a member of, held the important (responsibility) job of using their talents and wisdom to govern in the best interests of all people Where: In the United States of America When: 1755-1804 (when he was alive) Why: He thought that people were not smart enough to make decisions on their own that are good for everyone How: He wanted a small elite group to govern the people.

Alexander Hamilton (Ideal Economy)

Who: Held strong opinions about America's economy, wanted it to be like Britain What: - He held strong opinions about America's economy - Dream of national greatness depended on U.S. building a strong economy - HIS POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY: Believed an elite few (not general population) had the ability to lead America's economy - Favored an industrial economy rather than a nation of small farmers - Wanted elite people to lead America's businesses, factories, and companies - Believed these business leaders had the responsibility of making economic decisions that were not just best for their companies, but for their employees and for the country's economy as a whole - Before this could happen, the nation needed to start paying off the big debt that Congress and the states had piled up during the Revolutionary War - Favored the establishment of a government sponsored national bank (later Back of U.S.) - This would help businesses by loaning them money. - National back would tie the interests of economic leaders to federal government interests, since the government was aiding their businesses through the bank. Where: In the United States of America When: 1755-1804 (when he was alive) Why: He believed that businesses and economy should be run by an elite few (elite people) How: He wanted to be like Britain

Alien Acts

Who: Immigrants who were not citizens but were living in the nation. Kicked out people that looked suspicious. Alien is a foreigner. This allowed the deportation/imprisonment of any alien they felt was dangerous. This allowed the president to imprison aliens, or send those he considered dangerous out of the country. What: The threat of wat with France made Americans more suspicious of aliens-immigrants who were not citizens but were living in the nation. Many Europeans who came to the United States in the 1790s supported the ideals of the French Revolution. Some Americans questioned whether these aliens would remain loyal if the United States went to war with France. Because many of the newcomers to the nation were anti-British, many of them rented to support the Republican party. Federalists in Congress responded with strict laws to protect the nation's security. In 1798 they passed a group of measures known as the Alien and Sedition Acts. Sedition refers to activities aimed at weakening established government. Many Federalists believed that the laws would weaken the Republican Party. Where: In the United States When: In 1798 Why: Did not want French supporters in case they went to war. How: This would bring down the Republicans. Congress liked this, since they were all federalists. Extra; On naturalization, they changed it from 5 to 14 years that you have to live here to become naturalized. This naturalization act required that aliens be residents for 14 years instead of 5 years before they became eligible for u.S. Citizenship.

Election of 1796

Who: John Adams won. What: In the presidential election of 1796, candidates sought office for the first time as members of a party. To prepare for the election, the Federalists and the Republicans held meetings called caucuses. At the caucuses, members of Congress and other leaders chose their party's candidates for office. The Federalists nominated Vice President John Adams for president and Charles Pinckney for Vice President. The Republicans nominated Jefferson for president and Aaron Burr for Vice President. Adams and Jefferson, who had been good friends, became rivals. The Federalists expected to carry New England. The Republicans' strength lay in the South, which would give most of its votes to Jefferson. In the end, Adams received 71 electoral votes, winning the election. Jefferson finished second with 68 votes. According to the Constitution at that time, the person with the second-highest number of electoral votes became vice-president. Jefferson therefore became the new Vice President. The administration that took office on March 4, 1797, had a Federalist president and a Republican Vice President. You needed to get 70 electoral votes to be president? Where: In the United States When: Early 1797 Why: Jefferson and Adams were so close in winning. Adams won, but someone from a different party, Jefferson, became the VP because back then thats how the Constitution said it would work. How: Adams got the most votes and Jefferson got the second most. By 1796, Americans were divided -Candidates sought office for the first time as a member of a political party. Feds and Repubs held meetings (caucuses) where they chose their leader -Feds nominated John Adams -Republicans nominated Jefferson

Alexander Hamilton (Best form of Government)

Who: Name of Party: Federalists. He thought that the best form of government was the Federalists party. What: Beliefs and Ideals: - Strong supporter of a powerful central or federal government - Belief: Governmental power should be concentrated in the hands of those few men who had the talent and intelligence to govern properly for the good of all people - Feared that if most government power was given to states or individual people, they would not make good decisions for everyone's benefit. - Critic of AOC because too much state power rather then central gov. power - Federalists wanted to use new gov. Power under constitution to unite the states and keep order among people - National power and unity over rights of states - He had no loyalty to a state (grew up in Caribbean) - His country was not NY; it was the USA - Hoped to see his adopted country become a great and powerful nation Where: In the United States of America When: 1755-1804 (when he was alive) Why: He believed that there should be a strong, central government How: He was a very strong supporter of the US Constitution

Bonds

Who: Note issued by the government What: A note issued by the government, which promises to pay off a loan with interest. Where: In the United States of America When: Congress readily agreed to pay the money owed to other nations, but Hamilton's plan to pay off the debt to American citizens unleashed a storm of protest. When the government borrowed money during the American Revolution, it issued bonds - paper notes promising to repay the money in a certain length of time. While waiting for the payment, many original bond owners - shopkeepers, farmers, and soldier - had sold the bonds for less than their value. They were purchased by speculators, people who take risks with their money in order to make a larger profit. Hamilton proposed that these bonds be paid off at their original value. Opponents. Believed that Hamilton's plan would make speculators rich. The original bond owners felt betrayed by Hamilton's proposal. They had lost money on the bonds they had bought in support of the war effort while new bond owners would profit. Opponents in Congress argued that the proposal was contrary to "national justice, gratitude, and humanity." Even stronger opposition cane from the Southern states, which had accumulated much less debt than the Northern state. Southern states complained that they would have to pay more than their share under Hamilton's plan. Why: The government had issued bonds during the American Revolutions. It took them a while to decide to pay it off, so the bond owners sold their bonds to speculators for a less price. The original bond owners are mad because now Hamilton wants to pay off the bonds at their original value and the speculators are going to make money. How: Hamilton wants to pay off the bonds at their original value to their current owners.

Jay's Treaty

Who: On November 19, 1794 representatives of the U.S. and Great Britain signed this which sought to settle outstanding issues between the two countries that had been left unresolved since American independence. What: This is Jay's Treaty (Britain 1795). Tired of Britain violating neutrality laws and the fact they were still stationed on forts in American soil, Washington tried to make one last effort to come to a peaceful solution with Britain. He sent John Jay, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, to negotiate. In the Jay's Treaty, the British agreed to evacuate forts on American soil, Pay damages for the ships they had seized, and to allow some American ships to trade with the Caribbean. But, there was no mention of impressment nor interference with American trade (this upset many Americans). President Washington decided to make one last effort to come to a peaceful solution with Britain. He sent John Jay, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, to negotiate. The British were willing to listen to Jay's proposals. War with the United States only make it harder to carry on the wat with France. In addition, Britain did not want to lose its profitable trade with the United States. In Jay's Treaty the British agreed to evacuate their forts on American soil, to pay damages for ships they had seized, and to allow some American ships to trade with British colonies in the Caribbean. Despite these gains, few Americans approved of Jay's Treaty. They protested that the treaty did not deal with the issue of impressment and did not mention British interference with American trade. Although President Washington found fault with Jay's Treaty, he realized it would end an explosive crisis with Great Britain. He sent the treaty to the Senate, which approved it after a fierce debate. Where: In US and Great Britain When: On November 19, 1794/(1795) Why: Jay's Treaty was signed to resolve some last minute issues that were not addressed. How: British got their forts off American soil, paid damages for the ships they had seized, and they had allowed some American ships to trade with British colonies in the Caribbean.

Alexander Hamilton (View of Constitution)

Who: Opposed AOC, though strong supporter of the U.S. Constitution What: - Opposed AOC/ strong supporter of the new U.S. Constitution - in his mind, the Constitution fixed the most serious problems of the Articles - Provided for a strong executive, the president, to provide leadership for the country, and it gave more power to the federal government over the individual states - Hamilton's way would have made gov. More powerful - life term president - When time for states to approve of Constitution, he took a leading role in rallying support for it. - Through Federalists Papers (Hamilton helped to write), he explained his understanding of the Constitution and the powers it gave to the federal gov. - These essays were very important in helping to win support for the approval of Constitution in various states - In writing, argued federal gov. Had wide-ranging powers - Article 1, Section 8 -Make any law which shall be "necessary or proper." - Gave broad powers according to Hamilton this was good - broad or loose view of Constitution Where: In the United States of America When: 1755-1804 (when he was alive) Why: He is a very strong supporter of the Constitution because it has a strong central government. How: He likes that this is there because it maintains order and unity in the country.

Speculators

Who: Person who risks money What: Person who risks money in order to make a large profit. Where: In the United States of America When: Congress readily agreed to pay the money owed to other nations, but Hamilton's plan to pay off the debt to American citizens unleashed a storm of protest. When the government borrowed money during the American Revolution, it issued bonds - paper notes promising to repay the money in a certain length of time. While waiting for the payment, many original bond owners - shopkeepers, farmers, and soldier - had sold the bonds for less than their value. They were purchased by speculators, people who take risks with their money in order to make a larger profit. Hamilton proposed that these bonds be paid off at their original value. Opponents. Believed that Hamilton's plan would make speculators rich. The original bond owners felt betrayed by Hamilton's proposal. They had lost money on the bonds they had bought in support of the war effort while new bond owners would profit. Opponents in Congress argued that the proposal was contrary to "national justice, gratitude, and humanity." Even stronger opposition cane from the Southern states, which had accumulated much less debt than the Northern state. Southern states complained that they would have to pay more than their share under Hamilton's plan. Why: The government had issued bonds during the American Revolutions. It took them a while to decide to pay it off, so the bond owners sold their bonds to speculators for a less price. The original bond owners are mad because now Hamilton wants to pay off the bonds at their original value and the speculators are going to make money. How: Hamilton wants to pay off the bonds at their original value to their current owners.

Proclamation of Neutrality

Who: Prohibited American citizens from fighting in the war and barred French and British warships from American ports. What: BACKGROUND: The French wanted U.S. Help - they sent diplomat Genet to the U.S. And his mission was to recruit American volunteers to attack British ships. In response, Washington issued a Proclamation of Neutrality. In response to Genet's mission, Washington issued a Proclamation of Neutrality. When Britain and France went to war in 1793, Washington hoped that the nation could maintain its neutrality - that is, that it would not take sides in the conflict between France and Britain. As time went on, however, remaining neutral became increasingly difficult. The French want the help of the United States. In April 1793, they sent diplomat Edmond Genet to the United States. His mission was to recruit American volunteers to attack British ships. President Washington took action to discourage American involvement. On April 22, he issued a Proclamation of Neutrality. It prohibited American citizens from fighting in the war and barred French and British warships from American ports. Genet's plan eventually failed, but he did manage to sign up a few hundred Americans to serve on French ships. These ships seized British vessels and stole their cargoes. Where: In the United States of America When: This Proclamation of Neutrality was issued on April 22, 1793. Why: Washington did not want American citizens to help either the French or British because it could drag America into the war or it could divide the country. How: He issued the Proclamation to keep everyone together and unified.

Whiskey Rebellion

Who: Prosecutors (government/Alexander Hamilton) versus Defendants (the rebels) What: In the days before canals and railroads, the Western farmers did not ship their grain east of the Appalachian Mountains because transporting the grain was expensive. A wagonload of whiskey was worth much more than a wagonload of grain, so Western farmers distilled their grain into whiskey before they shipped it to market. The farmers rarely had cash. As a result, most lived on a system of bartering - exchanging whiskey and other items they produced fro goods they need. In 1791 both houses of Congress approved a bill that placed a special tax on whiskey and other alcoholic beverages. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton wanted the tax to help prevent the national debt from growing. The farmers' resistance was mostly peaceful - until July 1794, when federal officers stepped up efforts to collect the tax. Then a large mob of farmers armed with swords, guns, and pitchforks attacked tax collectors and burned down buildings. The armed protest, called the Whiskey Rebellion, alarmed government leaders as had Shay's Rebellion in 1786. Now, however, the national government had the taxing and military power that it lacked in 1786. The secretary of the treasury, Alexander Hamilton, urged President Washington to use the full power of the federal government to crush the challenge. The president sent an army of 15,000 across the Appalachian Mountains, only to find that the rebels had already disbanded. By his action, Washington sent a clear message to those who opposed government actions. If citizens wished to change the law, they had to do so peacefully, through constitutional means such as proposing legislation or using the courts. Otherwise, government would use force when necessary to maintain order. Where: Philadelphia????? When: Tax imposed in 1791; rebellion was in July 1794 Why: In order to pay for the nation's debt, the whiskey tax was imposed in 1791. How: There were taxes and whiskey and it was hard for the farmers to pay because they did not have coins, since they were used to bartering.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

Who: Site in northwestern Ohio of General Anthony Wayne's victory over Native Americans in 1794 (42˚N/84˚W) 287 What: BACKGROUND: The Native Americans who lived between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River insisted that the United States had no authority over them. Armed to defended their lands and encouraged by the British and the Spanish, Native Americans battled settlers over frontier land. Hundreds of people were killed. Washington send an army under the command of General Arthur St. Clair to restore order in the Northwest Territory. In November 1791, St. Clair's forces were defeated by Little Turtle, chief of the Miami people. More than 600 American soldiers died in a battle by the Wabash River. -Chaos and fighting in the NW territory -Native Americans insisted that the U.S. Had no authority over them. -They battled settlers over the frontier land (armed by British) -General St. Claire loses to Little Turtle near the Wabash River (lost over 600 U.S. Men) What: NOW: The Native Americans demanded that all settlers north of the Ohio River leave the territory. Washington sent another army headed by Anthony Wayne, a former Revolutionary War general, to challenge their demands. In August 1794, his army defeated more than 1,000 Native Americans who fought under Shawnee chief Blue Jacket at the Battle of Fallen Timbers (near present-day Toledo, Ohio). The Battle of Fallen Timbers crushed the Native Americans' hopes of keeping their land. In the Treaty of Greenville (1795), the Native Americans agreed to surrender most of their land in present-day Ohio. Battle of Fallen Timbers: (Struggle Over the West) - To retaliate for losing 600 men in the NW Territory (and to expand power over the Natives), Washington sent Anthony Wayne to challenge 1000 Native Americans, under the leadership of the Shawnee Chief Blue jacket -After the U.S. Victory, the Treaty of Greenville was signed -The Native Americans agreed to surrender most of their land in present - day Ohio Where: In the NW territory (Present-day Ohio) When: In August 1794 was battle of fallen timbers; 1795 was treaty of greenville Why: Washington wanted to keep the land in Ohio for the settlers How: The Native Americans signed the Treaty of Greenville to surrender most of their land in present-day Ohio

Alexander Hamilton (Personal Background)

Who: Small, slim, handsome man Family Details: - Dad: James Hamilton abandones family when Alexander was 10. - Mom - Rachel Levine died when Alexander was 13. - HE married Elizabeth Schuyler who came from one of NY's richest and powerful families What: First Secretary of Treasury in the first cabinet Interesting Life Details - Without money or family connections, he made his own way to rise in the world (ability, ambition, charm led him) - When the American Revolution, GW asked him to become his personal aide. - After war, he got a law degree + he represented NY in the Continental Congress - Named Countries first Secretary of Treasury when President Washington started first federal government under the new U.S. Constitution - He left the cabinet six years later and in 1804 he was killed in a political duel by Aaron Burr Occupations - Clerk in a count ing house at age 11 - When he was 18, his superiors were impressed, so they sent him to King's College in New York Where: Regions born/raised: Born in the British West Indies (1755) When: He lived from 1755-1804 Why: He was born in the West indies and he died because he got in a fight with Aaron Burr How: He was a federalists and a very strong supporter of the US Constitution Extra: - set course of country for economy - banking - compromise - Hamilton got funding; Virginia area got the capital

States rights

Who: States should Check the federal gov and have a say on what they r passing..Jefferson What: The resolutions affirmed the principle of states' rights - limiting the federal government to those powers clearly assigned to it by the constitution and reserving to the states all other powers not expressly forbidden to them. To phrase it differently, the state had the right to assert its power to protect its citizens states' rights would arise again and again in the nations early history. Federalists criticizes the KY and VA Resolutions as a step toward the breakup of the Union. They argued that if any state could nullify any federal law it considered unconstitutional, the power of the federal government would cease. Where: In the United States When: around 1798-1800 Why: Want states to have rights How: federal government is controlling everything

Sedition acts

Who: Stopped and arrested people who said bad things about the country. Sedition means speech/language /actions that criticize the government or incite rebellion. This made it a crime to speak, write, or publish "false, scandalous, and malicious" criticisms of the government. Who: activities aimed at weakening established government. This allowed the arrest of anyone who spoke out against the government. What: The threat of wat with France made Americans more suspicious of aliens-immigrants who were not citizens but were living in the nation. Many Europeans who came to the United States in the 1790s supported the ideals of the French Revolution. Some Americans questioned whether these aliens would remain loyal if the United States went to war with France. Because many of the newcomers to the nation were anti-British, many of them rented to support the Republican party. Federalists in Congress responded with strict laws to protect the nation's security. In 1798 they passed a group of measures known as the Alien and Sedition Acts. Sedition refers to activities aimed at weakening established government. Many Federalists believed that the laws would weaken the Republican Party. Where: In the United States When: In 1798 Why: Did not want French supporters in case they went to war. How: This would bring down the Republicans. Congress liked this, since they were all federalists.

Federalists

Who: Strong supporters of a powerful central or federal government What: Beliefs and Ideals: - Strong supporter of a powerful central or federal government - Belief: Governmental power should be concentrated in the hands of those few men who had the talent and intelligence to govern properly for the good of all people - Feared that if most government power was given to states or individual people, they would not make good decisions for everyone's benefit. - Critic of AOC because too much state power rather then central gov. power - Federalists wanted to use new gov. Power under constitution to unite the states and keep order among people - National power and unity over rights of states - He had no loyalty to a state (grew up in Caribbean) - His country was not NY; it was the USA - Hoped to see his adopted country become a great and powerful nation - Hamilton was a HUGE federalist Where: In the United States of America When: 1755-1804 (when he was alive) Why: He believed that there should be a strong, central government How: He was a very strong supporter of the US Constitution

Judiciary Act of 1789

Who: The first Congress also had to decide how to set up the nation's court system. The Constitution briefly mentioned a supreme court but did not provide details about the court system. This became a job for Congress. What: In this act, Congress established the Supreme Court and the lower federal courts: district courts and courts of appeals. The Supreme Court would be the final authority on many issues. Washington nominated John Jay to lead the Supreme Court as chief justice, and the Senate approved Jay's nomination. With this act, Congress had taken the first steps toward creating a strong and independent national judiciary. Where: In the United States of America When: 1789 Why: The country needed a national court system, so this act set up the Supreme Court, the district courts, and the courts of appeals. How: This act established these courts.

George Washington

Who: The first President of the United States of America ("Father of Our Country") What: On 4-30-1789, he was inaugurated as the nation's first President. John Adams was his Vice President. NYC was the first capital of the United States. Washington's Experience included: - French and Indian War - Commander-in-Chief of Continental Army - President of Constitutional Convention Washington created an Executive Cabinet and appointed three very intelligent men: Thomas Jefferson (Secretary of State), Alexander Hamilton (Secretary of Treasury), Henry Knox (Secretary of War), and Edmond Randolph (Office of Attorney General, which handles legal affairs). This was the Cabinet and the purpose of the Cabinet was: - He wanted to surround himself with intelligent/trustworthy people in order to increase his own reputation - Have advisors that specialize in certain areas to get more opinions Where: In the United States of America When: 1789-1797 (President George Washington) Why: He was the first president of the United States because everyone trusted him, since he did so well in the American Revolution How: He set up a Cabinet and the foundation of the government for the future. Extra: President George Washington (1789-1797) (Federalist) - Age 57 - Added "so help me God" - Art Collector - Loved to dance - never served in D.C. - unanimously voted into office - Only President to receive 100% of the Electoral College votes - started American Republic - Inauguration - April 30, 1789 - First Precedent - "So help me god" - Wanted to be called Mr. President rather than "highness, excellence, etc." - Best horseback rider/ Horse called Nelson - America's first great patrion of art - Commander - Only President to never serve in Washington - People (Pennsylvanians) did not want to pay taxes on liquor, but it was the law of the land since it was passed in Philadelphia, they had to. - Virginia got capital in south - He steps down after 2nd term to teach the country a lesson about passing on power.

First Cabinet

Who: This is a group of advisers to the president. The cabinet members are chosen by the president. What: Washington created an Executive Cabinet and appointed three very intelligent men: 1. Thomas Jefferson (Secretary of State) 2. Alexander Hamilton (Secretary of Treasury) 3. Henry Knox (Secretary of War) 4*. Edmund Randolph (Office of Attorney General) - handles legal affairs Where: In the United States of America When: First Cabinet (1789-1797, When GW was president) Why: Purpose of the Cabinet: - GW wanted to surround himself with intelligent/trustworthy people in order to increase his own reputation - Have advisers that specialize in certain areas to get more opinions How: This sets it up so GW has people to help him, to gain more knowledge?

Precedents that GW set

Who: Traditions that GW set What: The precedents that GW set for the future: - Being called "Mr. President" - Added "so help me God" to the presidential oath - Created the first cabinet - Policy of neutrality - Two-term limit Where: In the United States of America When: 1789-1797 (Washington's presidency) Why: Washington wanted to set traditions for the future, so the government stayed maintained How: He set traditions that are still followed now, since he was the first president of the United States of America

Abigail adams

Who: Wife of John Adams; Mom of John Quincy Adams What: John's wife, Abigail, actively supported the American cause and raised their sons and daughter while John was away on government business. Abigail also capably managed their family farm in Braintree, Massachusetts. - Wanted women´s rights -5Children -manage business affairs and take care of family -During most of the Confederation period, she lived in Europe with John, who was the first American minister to Great Britain. Eventually, when john was elected to be the second president of the United States, she became the First Lady to preside over the still unfinished White House. Although, she lacked a formal education, Abigail Adams developed a notable talent as a letter writer. Letter writing, she said, was "a habit, the pleasure of which increases with practice, but becomes irksome by neglect." In one of her most well-known letters, she made the following plea to her husband and his associates in the Continental Congress. "Remember the Ladies, and be more generous and favorable to them than you ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power in the hands of the Husbands. Remember all Men would be tyrants if they could. If [particular] care and attention is not paid to the Ladies we are determined to foment a Rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice." Despite the hopes of Abigail and many women, they still could not cote or hold office in the years after the American Revolution. Abigail Adams believed strongly in equal rights for women and African Americans at a time in history when such views were not well received. Where: In Massachusetts and Europe When: Alive from 1744-1818 Why: She felt very strongly about equal rights. How: She wanted women and African Americans to be equal to white men who owned property.

Nullify

Who:Allow states to cancel things/legally overturn What: For some Americans, fears of a strong central government abusing its power seemed to be coming true. The Republicans looked to the states to preserve the people's liberties and stand up to what they regarded as Federalist tyranny. Madison and Jefferson drafted documents of protest that ere passed by the Virginia and Kentucky legislatures. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 798 and 1799 claimed that the Alien and Sedition Acts could not be put into action because they violated the Constitution. The Kentucky Resolutions further suggested that states might nullify-legally overturn- federal laws considered unconstitutional. What does nullification mean? Thomas Jefferson, who authored the Kentucky Resolutions, explained the the states are "sovereign and independent." If an act of the government exceeded the powers granted by the Constitution, Jefferson, believed, a state had the right to refuse to obey. Where; In the United States When: KY and VA Resolutions during 1798-1799 Why: Wants states to have rights How: Can nullify things that are unconstitutional

Mock Trial Whiskey Rebellion (Prosecutors' Arguments)

- This was the government side (Alexander Hamilton) - Federal government had te right to pass and enforce laws, including imposition of a tax - Rebels violated the laws of the federal government and unjustly committed atrocities and destruction in various parts of Pennsylvania - tax imposed in 1791 because: - money needed to pay for the nation's debt caused by American Revolutionary War - funds were needed to supply militia with weapons and other items as they fought the Native Americans on the Western Frontier - working on negotiations with Spain to gain access to the Mississippi River so that the people could use the river to transport their commodities to other parts of the country - so, it is the responsibility of citizens to help support their government if their government is going to protect their interests - excise tax on whiskey was a legal tax - tax funds would go to secure and open up the area of the Ohio Valley in which the land is rich for farming and to support the working negotiations with the Spanish to gain access to the Mississippi River for the transportation of commodities. - to demonstrate that US gov was strong and able to enforce laws for the benefit of our country and to protect the citizens, in our best interest to punish law breakers - justification for tax implementation - fighting to protect citizens in western frontier from Native Americans and negotiate with Spain to gain access to Mississippi River for trade. - rebels harmed Neville (burned home) - Mifflin did not use militia to enforce law - though, this is what Washington had said to do - refusal to send militia, to as result he is famous for setting a precedent that is still used?

Mock Trial Whiskey Rebellion (Defendants' Arguments)

- This was the rebels side - Federal government did not have the right to pass or enforce laws,including the imposition of a tax - defendants had the right to resist the tax on whiskey because the government failed to protect their rights and interests - turning grain into whiskey reduced the size and wright and made the products cheaper and easier to transport - rely on whiskey to live - many farmers found it necessary to use liquor as a force of payment for laborer's service - unjustifiable to have a tax for drinking grain more than eating it - cash was scarce; commerce was not - so, there was not enough cash among the farmers in the West to pay the tax - tax threatened whole economy of region whose livelihood relied on whiskey - many supported gov in past by paying taxes that were fair in proportion to amount of money they made - Bradford = lead 500 angry farmers in a rebellion against federal gov, encourage these men to attack and kill tax collectors, destroy property, and break from the Union, since President Washington tried to enforce the tax - He marched 7,000 to Fort Pitt and threatened to take control of federal arsenal. Also, he threatened to take over Fort Lafayette, which was a supply depot for the federal army. He wanted to intimidate the government. - Bradford = had petitioned and sent letter to HOR for tax to get abolished - In the rebels opinion, the government had failed to protect the Western frontier from Native Americans, as well as open up the territory for growth and expansion. - Gallatin attempted to persuade protestors to peacefully express disapproval of tax. - Gallatin was successful in convincing followers of Bradford from continued violence - Gallatin brought peaceful end to Whiskey Rebellion

Hamilton's Economic Plan (Views between Hamilton and Jefferson)

1. Issue- National Bank Hamilton: He is for a national bank because the bank would be a place for the federal government to deposit money raised from taxes. The bank could also provide loans to government and to businesses. He argued that Congress had the powers to create a bank. Jefferson: He is against a national bank because he thought it would give the wealthy too much power over national finances. He also charged that the Bank was unconstitutional. 2. Issue- Protective Tariff Hamilton: He is for a protective tariff - a tax on imports - to encourage people to buy American products. He wanted this because he thought the development of manufacturing would make America's economy stronger. This protective tariff would would not only raise revenue for the new national government, but also protect American industry from foreign competition. Jefferson: He is against a protective tariff because he is from the South. The South opposed protective tariffs because they had little industry to protect. Therefore, it would not help him. 3. Issue- National Taxes Hamilton: He is for national taxes because the government needed additional funds to operate and to make interest payments on the national debt. *At his request, Congress approved a variety of taxes, including one on whiskey distilled in the U.S. Jefferson: He did not want the government to gain too much power. He liked state power and this was more federal power, since the national gov can tax. This takes away power from the states.

Rise of Political Parties (Democratic-Republicans) (former Anti-Federalists)

D-R: (Like AOC) -Leader -Thomas Jefferson -James Madison -Patrick Henry -Appealed to: -Farmers and Planters -common man -Favored the South and West -Ideas of Government: -State's Rights over national govt. -Strict construction of Constitution -expressed/enumerated powers -common man but educated -bill of rights is sacred -Lesser government the better -Domestic Policy: -Against national bank-BUS -Against excise tax -Against national debt -States pay their own debts -Tariffs should be low -Foreign Policy: -Supported French Revolution -Opposed war with French -Favored the French

Rise of Political Parties (Federalists)

Federalists: -Leader -Alexander Hamilton -John Adams -Appeals to -Manufacturers, merchants, wealthy and educated...favored seaboard cities -Ideas of Government -Strong government over states -Loose construction of Constitution -implied powers -Wealthy and educated involved -Limit Freedoms of speech and press -Preferred govt. similar to a king -Domestic policy -Supported national bank-BUS -Supported excise tax -National debt good for country -national govt. assume state debts -tariffs should be high -Foreign Policy -Opposed French Revolution -Wanted war with French -Favored the British

Were the citizen "rebels" guilty of rebelling and violating government laws or were their actions as tax resisters justifiable?

In conclusion, I feel that the citizen "rebels" were guilty of violating government laws and their actions as tax resisters were not justifiable because the tax was not only legal, but it helped the farmers because with the taxes being collected the government would be able to pay off the debt that they owed Spain. This helps the farmers because then Spain would allow them to trade along the great Mississippi River again.