Quiz 9 // October 28th

children 3-6 need __ or __ examples of positive behavior to make a positive judgement but at least ___ examples of negative behavior to make a negative judgement

1 or 2; 5

when can children recognize themselves in the mirror and use pronouns like me and you

18-24 months

undercontrolled

20%, children who tended to be disobedient, impulsive, and emotional

physical aggression reaches a peak at ____ and ____ months and declines after __ years of age

24 and 42; 4

at what age do do gender typed influences reach a peak

3-4 years

overcontrolled

30%, children who are generally shy and nervous, but obedient

resilient

50%, children who tend to be self-confident, outgoing, and emotionally stable

differential reinforcement

Providing a reinforcer when the correct or an appropriate response occurs and not doing so when it does not occur or the "wrong" response occurs

positivity bias

a bias by young children to view themselves in a positive light (overconfidence)

gender schema

a set of beliefs, observations, and expectations about male and female roles

gender segregation

a tendency for boys and girls to play more with their own gender

According to research, what should a father who wants to increase prosocial behavior in his 3-year-old boy do? a. Model prosocial behavior or help the child regulate his emotions. b. Nothing because genetic factors contribute strongly to prosocial behavior. c. Avoid making the child feel guilty about his own wrongdoing. d. After the child misses an opportunity to be prosocial, explain to the child what he could have done instead.

a. Model prosocial behavior or help the child regulate his emotions.

A mother asks her 3-year-old son to keep his food on the table and reminds him when he "accidentally" knocks it off. When he throws food at his sister, she explains to him that this is against the rules because it makes things dirty and hurts his sister's feelings. This parenting style would be classified as __________. a. authoritative b. uninvolved c. permissive d. authoritarian

a. authoritative

All of the following are aspects of the self-concept obtained from children's self-descriptions except __________. a. complex psychological characteristics such as trustworthiness b. physical appearance c. skills d. possessions

a. complex psychological characteristics such as trustworthiness

Studies measuring cortisol levels as children were induced to experience a self-conscious emotion revealed that __________. a. evaluative embarrassment and shame are more stressful than simple embarrassment b. pride is actually the most stressful emotion c. cortisol levels in children do not rise in response to stress d. guilt and shame are two names for the same emotional response

a. evaluative embarrassment and shame are more stressful than simple embarrassment

When a child seeks to harm another child's social reputation or social relationships, this type of aggression is called __________ aggression. a. relational b. prosocial c. instrumental d. hostile

a. relational

The style of play most characteristic of boys, involving physical play and mock aggression, is called __________ play. a. rough-and-tumble b. parallel c. sociodramatic d. cooperative pretend

a. rough-and-tumble

With regard to personality type, overcontrolled children are __________ and undercontrolled children are __________. a. shy but obedient; impulsive and emotional b. impulsive and emotional; self-confident and emotionally stable c. prone to externalizing problems; prone to internalizing problems d. self-confident and emotionally stable; shy but obedient

a. shy but obedient; impulsive and emotional

Extensive experience in child care (an average of 20 hours per week or more) over the first four years is linked at age 5 to __________. a. slightly higher externalizing of problems and lack of compliance with teachers b. slightly higher internalizing problems c. higher externalizing problems that continue into grades 4 and 5 d. lower levels of afternoon cortisol

a. slightly higher externalizing of problems and lack of compliance with teachers

To study developmental changes in the bases of prosocial actions, researchers staged games in which a child or the experimenter "accidentally" damaged a block tower painstakingly built by another experimenter. The researchers concluded that 2-year-olds responded more on the basis of __________ and 3-year-olds on the basis of __________. a. sympathy; guilt b. empathy; social conventional rules c. self-interest; moral rules d. empathy; damage reparation

a. sympathy; guilt

According to Kochanska's longitudinal studies, children who develop a mutually responsive orientation with their parents are more likely to __________ than the children of power-assertive parents. a. understand their parents' rules b. mind their parents but disobey in laboratory situations c. break their parents' rules d. cheat at games

a. understand their parents' rules

gender typing

actions, preferences, and attitudes that are associated with culturally-defined roles that a male or female expects to adopt (girl likes doll, boy likes car)

instrumental aggression

aggression directed at achieving a goal

reactive/hostile aggression

aggression directed at retaliating to aggression, or harming another person

relational aggression

aggression intended to harm another person through the social group spreading rumors, outcasting

theory of mind

an awareness that other people's behavior may be influenced by their internal mental state

Young children display more advanced emotions, such as embarrassment, pride, and shame, between ages __________. These self-conscious emotions are crucial to human interaction. a. 7 and 8 years b. 18 and 24 months c. 12 and 18 months d. 4 and 5 years

b. 18 and 24 months

Although the total amount of aggressive behavior decreases between 4 and 8 years of age, as a proportion of aggressive behavior, instrumental aggression __________ and reactive aggression __________. a. increases; decreases b. declines; increases c. declines; stays the same d. stays the same; decreases

b. declines; increases

Parents promote gender typing not only by modeling gender stereotyped roles around the house, but also by praising gender-typical play and ignoring (or failing to reward) gender-atypical play, a process known as __________. a. gender segregation b. differential reinforcement c. explanation of the gender schema to children d. punishment

b. differential reinforcement

Four-year-old Lisa meets a cuddly-looking dog at the park. She has a dog at home, and in the past she has impulsively petted unfamiliar dogs. However, before petting the dog, she asks the dog's owner if it's OK. Lisa is demonstrating __________. a. mutually responsive orientation b. effortful control c. negative emotionality d. prosocial behavior

b. effortful control

According to Vygotsky, sociodramatic play with peers may have benefits for __________. a. physical development b. executive functioning c. development of the imagination d. development of conscience

b. executive functioning

Evidence for __________ is provided by studies showing that each gender pays greater attention to and has better memory for objects and events associated with their own gender. a. mutually responsive orientation theory b. gender schema theory c. gender theory d. an informal theory of human social behavior

b. gender schema theory

In contrast to older children, who regard friends as having a long-term relationship based on trust, preschool-age children regard friends as __________. a. someone to whom you can tell secrets b. someone to share toys and have fun with, possibly over several days or weeks c. someone of either gender who is fun to play with d. playmates only for the day

b. someone to share toys and have fun with, possibly over several days or weeks

A Chinese boy whose parents recently emigrated from China to the United States becomes impatient with a trip to the grocery store and starts whining loudly. He is likely to be __________. a. hugged and kissed until he calms down b. told by his parents that he is embarrassing them c. told, "You're tired and hungry, aren't you? We'll be done soon." d. given a new toy to keep him quiet

b. told by his parents that he is embarrassing them

Part of the reason children can discriminate between moral and social conventional rules at such a young age is that parents __________. a. strongly stress social conventional rules and ignore moral rules in socializing their children b. treat moral rules more seriously and speak about different kinds of issues in connection with the two types of rules c. pass along genetic tendencies to follow moral but not social conventional rules d. explain the differences between the two types of rules clearly to young children

b. treat moral rules more seriously and speak about different kinds of issues in connection with the two types of rules

When asked what a female or male doll "likes" to do, 3- to 4-year-old boys and girls usually respond that the female doll likes cooking and dressing up, and the male doll likes play-fighting and playing with trucks. This response reflects an awareness of gender __________. a. identity b. typing c. segregation d. discrepancies

b. typing

What is an important difference between moral and social conventional rules? a. Conventional rules are understood at a younger age. b. Moral rules are understood at a younger age. c. Conventional rules are viewed by children as more open to change than moral rules. d. Moral rules are taught by parents and conventional rules are not.

c. Conventional rules are viewed by children as more open to change than moral rules.

A child asks for some candy in the car ride to the grocery store and starts crying when denied. Her father calmly explains that they are stopping at the store to buy groceries for dinner, and not candy. He tells his daughter she is expected to hold his hand and walk through the store quietly. Which parenting technique did this father use? a. The father used milder punishment techniques rather than resorting to spanking. b. The father responded to transgressions with inductive reasoning. c. The father established family routines and responsibilities. d. The father rewarded the child for positive behavior, especially since it was inconsistent with negative behavior the child had exhibited in the past.

c. The father established family routines and responsibilities.

Which of the actions below appropriately uses more than one of the parenting techniques recommended in the chapter in a situation in which a child has just hit another child hard enough to leave a bruise? a. The parent angrily scolds the child but does not spank the child. b. The parent ignores the act of aggression, waits for the child to do something nice to the other person, and then praises this alternative behavior. c. The parent explains to the child how aggression makes others feel and puts the child in time-out to calm down and think about it. d. The parent threatens to spank the child to make the situation memorable but does not actually spank the child.

c. The parent explains to the child how aggression makes others feel and puts the child in time-out to calm down and think about it.

Each of the following has been found in laboratory studies to be an effective emotion regulation strategy in the preschool years except __________. a. cognitive reframing b. attention refocusing c. comforting the child with physical affection d. using language to reassure oneself that everything will be OK

c. comforting the child with physical affection

Children who can guess what a character described as selfish might do next in a story appear to have a level of understanding of other people's __________. a. positivity biases b. self-concepts c. gender schemas c. dispositional traits

c. dispositional traits

Older studies gave children a choice as to whom they were more like, boys or girls. A recent study asked children how similar they were to both boys and girls in terms of appearance, behavior, preferences, and spending time. About half of the children endorsed primarily their own birth gender. The next most common response was to __________. a. endorse the opposite of their birth gender (a transgender response) b. identify with neither gender c. endorse both genders about equally d. say that they did not know

c. endorse both genders about equally

Adoptive parents who were authoritative tended to have adoptive children with higher social competence at age 7, independent of the child's temperament or attachment security. This finding suggests that there are __________. a. both genetic and environmental influences of parenting style on social competence b. genetic influences of parents on social competence c. environmental influences of parenting style on social competence d. influences of attachment security on later social competence but no influence of parenting style

c. environmental influences of parenting style on social competence

In a classic study of delay of gratification, it was observed how long 4-year-olds could wait for a larger treat when they had a smaller treat in front of them. Children who could wait longer, or who did not give in and eat the smaller treat, __________. a. showed short-term but no long-term differences in educational achievement and social competence b. had higher educational achievement only c. had higher educational achievement and social competence in adolescence d. had higher social competence only

c. had higher educational achievement and social competence in adolescence

A 4-year-old boy who adamantly believes that only boys can be firefighters and only girls can be nurses is applying __________ to the classification of these two careers. a. a positivity bias b. gender identity c. his gender schema d. differential reinforcement

c. his gender schema

High-quality child care is linked to __________ and __________. a. average levels of aggression; low levels of social competence b. high levels of aggression; low levels of social competence c. low levels of aggression; high levels of social competence d. high levels of aggression; average levels of social competence

c. low levels of aggression; high levels of social competence

Girls exposed to male sex hormones prenatally may tend to show __________. a. problematic levels of aggression toward peers b. confused gender schemas c. masculine play preferences d. low levels of aggression toward peers

c. masculine play preferences

Young children's self-assessments of their abilities and personality traits are often characterized by an overconfidence known as __________. a. self-concept b. self-esteem c. positivity bias d. gender schema theory

c. positivity bias

Parenting intervention studies can be used to __________. a. help separate genetic influences from other factors b. eliminate child behavior problems c. show that changes in parenting style may be causally linked to changes in child behavior d. show that child behavior does not influence parenting

c. show that changes in parenting style may be causally linked to changes in child behavior

Which method of parental correction has been frequently and consistently associated with negative outcomes, such as higher externalizing behavior (e.g., aggression and antisocial behavior), reduced quality of parent-child relationships, and elevated child mental health problems? a. praise for good behavior b. removing privileges c. spanking d. time-outs

c. spanking

shame

casting the eyes downward, shoulder slumping, and turning the corners of the mouth downward

cognitive framing

changing the childs interpretation of the situation so that it is no longer negative

4 groups of children

children that endorse their birth gender 47% children that endorse both genders 29% children that identify as the opposite gender 5% children that didnt identify with either gender 16%

Simple embarrassment

complimenting the child, drawing attention to them

The finding that many Chinese parents use a style that is more demanding and less overtly affectionate than the average Western (European or Euro American) parent __________. a. means that many Chinese children will experience a sense of rejection and hostility b. is associated with greater behavior problems in Chinese children than in children raised by parents in the West c. shows that coercive parenting in China has the opposite effect as in the West d. can be viewed as a culturally influenced variation on authoritative parenting

d. can be viewed as a culturally influenced variation on authoritative parenting

A cultural difference in moral socialization goals was found in which Taiwanese parents emphasized __________ with their young children, whereas European American parents emphasized __________ days or weeks after the original misbehavior. a. positive actions of the child after a misdeed occurred; listening to their parents b. children's misdeeds and their consequences; how their children would be punished for misdeeds c. self-esteem and a positive self-concept; a positive self-concept and social harmony d. children's misdeeds and their consequences; the children's autonomy and self-esteem

d. children's misdeeds and their consequences; the children's autonomy and self-esteem

Psychologists infer that children know they have a personality because when asked to compare themselves to a puppet's personality, the children __________. a. described only the puppet's personality traits and not their own b. were able to give examples of their own personality traits, using terms like "timid" and "agreeable" c. reported what their parents had told them about their personalities d. described how they usually acted in a way that was consistent with parents' assessment of their personality traits

d. described how they usually acted in a way that was consistent with parents' assessment of their personality traits

A longitudinal study of personality types revealed that undercontrolled children were rated by teachers as having more __________ problems than the other two groups and lower scores in reading and math. Overcontrolled children had more __________ problems in relation to resilient children. a. internalizing; externalizing b. academic; externalizing c. externalizing; academic d. externalizing; internalizing

d. externalizing; internalizing

Diana Baumrind's influential studies of parenting style showed that children of authoritarian parents were more likely to __________ than children of authoritative parents. a. be confident and cheerful b. have lower self-control and to be impulsive and aggressive c. fare worse both academically and psychologically d. have higher levels of both internalizing and externalizing behavior

d. have higher levels of both internalizing and externalizing behavior

The fact that in the afternoon child care is associated with rising levels of cortisol and staying at home with falling levels of cortisol __________. a. means that child care causes cortisol levels to rise b. means that child care is stressful for nearly all children c. is of little importance because the rise in cortisol is not related to stress levels in children the way it is in adults d. indicates that at least some children may experience child care as stressful

d. indicates that at least some children may experience child care as stressful

The prevention studies focusing on annual family check-up meetings with researchers provided interventions to high-risk children who showed problem behavior as toddlers and lived in adverse family and socioeconomic conditions. A key finding was that __________. a. equal improvements in conduct problems were found in the intervention group and the control group b. mothers did not become engaged in the treatment, but children did c. interventions were most effective with families living in extreme poverty d. interventions were successful in reducing conduct problems through age 9½ years

d. interventions were successful in reducing conduct problems through age 9½ years

Children's emotional knowledge is greater when parents __________. a. punish children for emotional displays b. view emotions as something that should be suppressed or expressed only in seeking group harmony c. try to invoke a feeling of shame or guilt for wrongdoing in the child d. label and explain emotions

d. label and explain emotions

Children who engage in more sociodramatic play with peers or siblings are found in longitudinal studies to exhibit higher levels of __________. a. ability to clean up a classroom b. externalizing problems c. aggression, which they learn to control d. understanding of other people's mental states (theory of mind)

d. understanding of other people's mental states (theory of mind)

A mutually responsive orientation at ages 1 to 2 years differs from secure attachment in infancy in that it consists of __________. a. techniques to enforce compliance with rules b. serving as the child's conscience c. establishing rules, but not explaining them due to the child's limited language ability at this age d. warmth and responsiveness as well as the establishment of rules

d. warmth and responsiveness as well as the establishment of rules

examples of differential reinforcement

daughters praised for playing dress up, cooking and ignored/discouraged when climbing jumping boys are praised for being wild, playing with cars, and discouraged when choosing feminine activities

3 aspects of emotional competence

emotional expressivity emotional understanding emotion regulation

sympathy

feeling of concern for another person

what is C-CAH (CAH)

genetic disorder that results in high prenatal levels of male sex hormones

A sense of ________ develops as children gain moral awareness, and are able to experience more ___________.

guilt; complex emotions

authoritative parenting

high in both warmth/responsiveness and control

permissive parenting

high in warmth/responsiveness, low in control

classic authoritative

high warmth, high control

democratic authoritative

high warmth, moderate control

effortful control

inhibiting the most typical action in a situation in order to act in a less typical and more adaptive way the ability to regulate one's emotions and actions through effort, not simply through natural inclination ex; instead of sighing when getting a bad gift, you say thank you or trying to get on the pony (an avocado, thaaaaanks)

conscience

internal guidance system that regulates behavior without the need for external control

familismo

latino culture of putting the families needs above ones self

no nonsense

listen with no questions asked

authoritiarian parenting

low in warmth/ responsiveness and high in control

uninvolved parenting

low in warmth/responsiveness, low in control

girls with CAH prefer what kind of activities and toys

masculine

psychologists believe that ______ school is the first time children develop an overall sense of self-esteem

middle

directive authoritative

moderate warmth, high control

evaluative embarrassment

nervous smile, gaze aversion, and touching the face or body

childrens emotions in east asia are viewed as something that should be __________ & in group ________

oppressed; harmony

self-concept

our understanding and evaluation of who we are persons awareness of personal attributes, abilities, possessions, preferences, attitudes and values, that define them as a person

mutually responsive orientation

parent responds with warmth but firmness to the child's emotional signals and attempts to exert independence

guan

parental care and responsibility for children

dispositional traits

peoples behavioral and psychological traits that endure over time (mom is cranky after work, happier in the evening)

respeto

respect for elders and good manners

moral rules

rules emphasizing issues of harm, personal welfare, and individual rights hitting stealing lying cheating

social conventional rules

rules of conduct in particular social contexts school rules game rules politeness

attention refocusing

shifting the childs attention away from the source of the negative emotion

rholes and ruble (1984)

study with kindergartners and 4th graders to predict whether the kid would help his friend rake the leaves or not

emotional competence

the ability to control emotions and know when it is appropriate to express certain emotions

empathy

the ability to feel an emotion similar to one another person is feeling (24 months)

emotion regulation

the ability to modulate ones emotional arousal depending on the situation

self-esteem

the degree to which a child feels a sense of overall self-worth

gender identity

the inner sense of being a male or female

chia-shun

training

children view moral rules as _______ & social rules as __________

unalterable; flexible and independent

prosocial behavior

voluntary actions to help another person

childrens emotions in europe and the us are expected to promote ___________

well being

socially transitioned

when a transgender child's gender is completely accepted by their parents (like jazz)

psychological control

when parents try to control their childrens behavior by means of psycological manipulation