CELLS CH 3: ATP and Mitochondria

ENERGY for CELL

ATP (Adenosine TRI-phosphate)

ADP

Adenosine Di-phosphate (2 phosphate groups)

ATP

Adenosine Tri-Phophate Adenosine plus 3 phosphates (phosphorus with 3 oxygens)

How is water formed at the end of the ETC?

Oxygens waiting at the end of the ETC, grab 2 protons (H+) and 2 tired electrons and put them together to make 2 H atoms. 2 H plus 1 O = H2O WATER!!!!

What is the function of the mitochondria?

POWERHOUSE of the cell. To create energy for the cell (uses glucose to create ATP)

How is ATP recharged?

Through Cellular Respiration

gradient

an area of high concentration (like upstairs at the slumber party with 50 people)

What transports the electrons between the pumps?

carrier molecules

anion

gained electrons = negative ion

cristae

series of inner membranes in mitochondria where cell respiration occurs

-ase

suffix that enzymes usually end in.

What happens by the time the electrons get to the 3rd ion pump?

they are worn out and don't want to work anymore!

synthesize

to make

cation

positive ion (lost electrons)

hydrogen ion

proton (it's lost an electron so all it has left it a proton)

Mitochondrial membrane

*2 layers *has proteins stuck in it, including the ATP synthase complex for ATP synthesis

How is getting energy out of food similar to how cars get energy out of gasoline?

*molecule of gasoline has C and H in them (Glucose has C, H and O) *Chemical waste products are the same: "burn" gasoline and get CO2 and water out. "Burn" glucose and get CO2 and water out too.

ATP Synthase

"recharges" ATP Machines inside phospholipid bi-layer membrane of mitochondria that

Mitochondria

-An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP -Has 2 membranes -Has its own DNA

ion

charged atom

Every time an electron goes through an ion pump, the pump pushes ____ protons (H+) from the bottom to the top.

2

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

An assembly line that pumps protons (H + ions) from under the membrane (matrix) to the top. This rotating process causes a Phosphate to be snapped back onto an ADP which creates ATP

How does ATP release energy?

Bond between the phosphates is broken, which releases energy.

Where do the electrons come from that NADH gets?

Breaking down glucose in GLYCOLYSIS in cytoplasm.

Glucose formula

C6H12O6

Where does the energy come from?

CARBS we eat used in cellular respiration to recharge ATP battery. ATP made in MITOCHONDRIA.

What do cells need energy for?

EVERYTHING! *walking motor proteins *Build microtubules *Create pseudopods *Make ANY protein

inner matrix

Electron transport occurs in the ______ and it is the third step of the carbohydrate pathway (break down of glucose to recharge ATP)

Glycolysis

First step of cellular respiration. Happens in Cytoplasm. Glucose is broken down and electrons transferred to NADH.

What do all CARBS break down into?

Glucose

What is cellular respiration?

In the mitochondria, glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen. Breaking bonds releases energy. THAT energy goes to restore a phosphate (P) to ADP (Adenosine DI - phosphate) to recharge ATP. The waste is CO2 and H2O.

Osmosis

Movement of WATER from an area of high concentration to lower concentration.

diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

What happens to the electrons as they are transported through the electron transport chain (ETC) ?

Their energy gets used up