Chapter 17 Connect Assignment

The statement, "Most people support the legalization of marijuana, and therefore it should be legal," is an example of the ______.

bandwagon fallacy.

Which of the following statements is an example of specific evidence?

Approximately 64,000 Americans died from drug overdoses in 2016.

Which of the following statements is true about a speaker who uses reasoning when making a persuasive speech?

That the audience needs to understand how the speaker drew their conclusion.

The appeal to ______ fallacy assumes that the old is better than the new.

tradition or appeal to tradition

Which of the following is an example of reasoning from principle?

"Lying is wrong. James lied to me. Therefore, James was wrong."

Which of the following terms describes an error in reasoning?

Fallacy.

Evidence that is concrete and quantifiable is called ______.

specific evidence.

Which of the following is an effective way to appeal to listeners' emotions?

Developing vivid examples.

A fallacy is ______ reasoning.

an error in

Which of the following is the fallacy that attacks a person to avoid dealing with the real issue in dispute?

Ad hominem.

The fallacy that assumes that something new is superior to something older is the ______.

fallacy of appeal to novelty.

Select all that apply Which of the following are guidelines to follow when reasoning from principle? - Determine whether the general premise will be accepted by the audience without evidence. - If the general premise will not be immediately accepted, provide evidence to support it. - The minor premise will not need to be supported with evidence if evidence for the major premise is given. - Prepare to support the minor premise with evidence.

Determine whether the general premise will be accepted by the audience without evidence; If the general premise will not be immediately accepted, provide evidence to support it; Prepare to support the minor premise with evidence

Which of the following is the Latin name for the false cause fallacy?

Post hoc, ergo propter hoc.

Which of the following is the reasoning process that moves from a number of particular facts to a general conclusion?

Reasoning from specific instances.

Which of the following describes the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence?

Reasoning.

Select all that apply Which of the following are types of credibility for public speakers? - Objective credibility - Terminal credibility - Derived credibility - Initial credibility

Terminal credibility; Derived credibility; Initial credibility

Which of the following is an example of the fallacy of using an appeal to novelty?

"The city has adopted a new system of processing permits. The new system must be better than the old system."

Marquette is giving a speech on the mortgage crisis that occurred in the first decade of the 2000s. Which of the following statements would be an example of an either-or fallacy?

"The only way to avoid such a crisis in the future is to require that buyers put 20% down or to eliminate financing all together."

Which of the following best describes analogical reasoning?

An argument that compares similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.

Which of the following is the fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist?

Either-or.

Which of the following can boost a speaker's credibility?

Establishing common ground.

Which of the following is the term Aristotle used for the concept of credibility?

Ethos.

Maurice is giving a speech about global warming and tells a story about an Inuit village in Alaska that was abandoned. He does not mention that the village was abandoned because global warming had resulted in the melting of coastal ice shelves and frozen sub-soils, both of which helped protect the village from erosion by the sea. Maurice's audience finds his story interesting, but they do not understand why he told it. Which tip for using evidence did Maurice violate?

Make clear the point of your evidence.

What is evidence that is new called?

Novel evidence.

Which of the following is an example of novel evidence?

Scientists discovered this year that climate change is actually happening much more quickly than was previously believed.

True or false: Novel evidence should inspire the audience to rethink an issue.

True

Which of the following fallacies is a comparison of two cases that are not essentially alike?

Invalid analogy.

Which of the following is the reasoning process that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion?

Reasoning from principle.

Which of the following refers to how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of a subject?

Competence.

Which of the following is the type of credibility that results from what the speaker says and does during a speech?

Derived.

______ consists of supporting materials, including examples, statistics, and testimony, that are used in speeches to prove or disprove something.

Evidence

Select all that apply Which of the following are benefits of using evidence in a speech? - Evidence eliminates the needs for competence. - Evidence can help persuade listeners. - Evidence is especially useful when speaking to people who disagree with you. - Evidence helps make listeners more receptive to counterarguments from other speakers.

Evidence can help persuade listeners; Evidence is especially useful when speaking to people who disagree with you

Which of the following is a true statement about reasoning from specific instances?

Exceptions to its conclusions may exist.

True or false: Effective persuasion rarely requires emotional appeal.

False

Which of the following are terms for the mistaken reasoning that one event caused another event simply because it happened first?

False cause fallacy.

Select all that apply "If we let more refugees into this country, they'll take our jobs." This statement appeals to which of the following emotions? - Compassion - Fear - Guilt - Anger

Fear; Anger

The Roman rhetorician Quintilian stated that eloquence is derived from the force of the imagination and what other factor?

Feeling.

Which of the following is not an example of specific evidence?

Overdose deaths have increased dramatically in the first decades of the 21st century.

_____ is used to make listeners feel something.

Pathos

Which of the following is the fallacy that assumes that taking one step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented?

Slippery slope.

Calling your opponent "wacko" in a debate would be a classic example of ______.

an ad hominem attack.

The statement, "I don't see any reason to change the social security system, since it's been around for a long time and people are still getting their checks," is an example of ______.

an appeal to tradition.

If you were giving a persuasive speech opposing gun-control laws to an audience with varied attitudes on the topic, which would be the best source of evidence?

Academic research on the effects of gun laws.

Which of the following is the fallacy that assumes that because something is popular it is therefore good or correct?

Bandwagon.

Select all that apply How can speakers enhance their credibility with the audience? - By explaining their competence - By using emotion-laden words - By establishing common ground - By delivering their speech fluently, expressively, and with conviction

By explaining their competence; By establishing common ground; By delivering their speech fluently, expressively, and with conviction

Select all that apply Who of the following are the most likely to incorporate the bandwagon fallacy in their work? - Candidates for public office - Advertisers - Physicians - Journalists - Salespeople

Candidates for public office; Advertisers; Salespeople

Select all that apply What are examples of emotion-laden words that would be suitable for generating an emotional appeal for people to volunteer at a local food bank? - Hunger - Protein - Gratitude - Desperate

Hunger; Gratitude; Desperate

Which of the following is the fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion?

Red herring.

Which of the following statements is not an example of an emotional appeal?

Refugees are asylum seekers.

Select all that apply Which of the following are guidelines you should follow when reasoning from specific instances? - Reinforce your argument with statistics or testimony. - Be especially careful with your wording. - Stress that exceptions are not possible. - Avoid hasty generalizations.

Reinforce your argument with statistics or testimony; Be especially careful with your wording; Avoid hasty generalizations

Select all that apply Which of the following are guidelines you should follow when reasoning from specific instances? - Reinforce your argument with statistics or testimony. - Stress that exceptions are not possible. - Be especially careful with your wording. - Avoid hasty generalizations.

Reinforce your argument with statistics or testimony; Be especially careful with your wording; Avoid hasty generalizations

Which of the following statements will most likely be true if the audience perceives that the speaker does not have credibility?

The audience will not readily believe what the speaker says.

Select all that apply Which of the following demonstrate the speaker's competence? - The speaker's sincerity - The speaker's expertise - The speaker's intelligence - The speaker's knowledge of the subject

The speaker's expertise; The speaker's intelligence; The speaker's knowledge of the subject

Which of the following would be the most effective strategy if a speaker were trying to persuade an audience about the human contribution to global warming?

To provide evidence that illustrates the increase in global warming in the past century.

True or false: Cassidy is engaged in ethical speaking when she gives statistics about the poverty level in her city and follows them up with stories about homeless, hungry children.

True

Select all that apply Which of the following are ways to generate an emotional appeal? Select all that apply. - Using emotional language - Speaking with sincerity and conviction - Developing vivid examples - Using abstract language

Using emotional language; Speaking with sincerity and conviction; Developing vivid examples

The false ______ fallacy is often known by its Latin name, which translates to "after this, therefore because of this."

cause

Nev is giving a speech on musical composition to a retirement community for its residents. He tells the audience about his degree in music and the award he won for a song he composed. Nev is enhancing his credibility as a speaker by ______.

explaining his competence.

Select all that apply How can speakers successfully incorporate evidence into their speeches? - Anticipate the audience's questions and objections - Imagine what the audience might be thinking - Ignore possible questions or resistance from the audience and just present the evidence clearly - Give evidence to answer the audience's questions and to resolve their objections

Anticipate the audience's questions and objections; Imagine what the audience might be thinking; Give evidence to answer the audience's questions and to resolve their objections

Samantha is giving a persuasive speech to her city council about equipping all first responders with NARCAN Nasal Spray. When administered correctly, it can prevent opioid overdose deaths. Samantha begins her speech by saying, "A mother of two lay on the ground, struggling to breathe. The first responders could not revive her and she died on her kitchen floor with her husband watching helplessly. Her death could have been prevented had the first responders been equipped with the nasal spray." This statement is an example of which of the following methods of persuasion?

Appealing to emotion.

Select all that apply Ted, a computer scientist, is giving a presentation to a group of fellow computer scientists. How might Ted explain his competence to his audience? - By mentioning that he has a graduate degree in computer science - By telling a joke about software that only computer scientists would understand - By sharing that he has published more than one dozen academic papers on computer science - By speaking excitedly about the topic he is presenting

By mentioning that he has a graduate degree in computer science; By sharing that he has published more than one dozen academic papers on computer science

Which of the following describes the reasoning process that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects?

Causal reasoning.

Select all that apply What does it mean to use emotional appeals ethically? - To use them in speeches about questions of fact - To use them as a substitute for evidence - To use them in conjunction with building a case on reason - To use them only when it is appropriate for your topic

To use them in conjunction with building a case on reason; To use them only when it is appropriate for your topic

True or false: Credibility can be enhanced.

True

Select all that apply Which of the following are appropriate ways to use evidence? - Use evidence from biased sources. - Use novel evidence. - Use specific evidence. - Use evidence from credible sources.

Use novel evidence; Use specific evidence; Use evidence from credible sources

Select all that apply As a speaker, what are your major goals with respect to reasoning? - You must use faulty reasoning. - You must make sure your own reasoning is sound. - You must try to get listeners to agree with your reasoning. - You must use as many emotional appeals as possible.

You must make sure your own reasoning is sound; You must try to get listeners to agree with your reasoning

Marissa, an actress, is giving a speech on getting started in the entertainment industry. Marissa has high initial credibility, but as she gives her speech, it becomes quickly apparent that her start as an actress depended entirely on her uncle, a producer, and not her talent or hard work. As a result, her credibility drops. This is an example of how the credibility of a speaker is ______.

dynamic.

Vivid ______ are an effective way to appeal to an audience's emotions.

examples

Select all that apply Why can attaining credibility be complex for speakers? - A speaker may have more credibility on one topic than on another. - Audiences are incapable of determining if a speaker has credibility. - A speaker can only establish credibility through work experience. - Credibility exists in the mind of the audience.

A speaker may have more credibility on one topic than on another; Credibility exists in the mind of the audience

In their speech class, Robert, Sally, Lee, and Alicia each gave a presentation. Robert gave a thoughtful speech, which he delivered without any emotion. Sally spoke slowly to enunciate each word. Lee spoke with an even voice and was careful not to vary his tone or loudness. Alicia spoke with conviction, emphasizing her main points. Which speaker would likely have the most credibility based on speech delivery?

Alicia.

Which of the following is the reasoning process in which two similar cases are compared and it is inferred that what is true for the first case is also true for the second?

Analogical reasoning.

The appeal to tradition fallacy is the opposite of which other fallacy?

Appeal to novelty fallacy.

Select all that apply Which of the following are true statements about discussing a person's character in a speech? - Attacking a person's character instead of addressing the speech's main issue is an example of an ad hominem attack. - Attacking a person's character instead of addressing the speech's main issue is an example of the slippery slope. - A person's character is never a legitimate issue. - A person's character sometimes may be relevant to the topic.

Attacking a person's character instead of addressing the speech's main issue is an example of an ad hominem attack; A person's character sometimes may be relevant to the topic

Select all that apply Why can using causal reasoning be tricky? - Events can have more than one cause. - Minor premises are always difficult to find evidence for. - Determining cause and effect is not necessarily clear or easy. - The fact that one event happens after another event does not mean that the first event caused it.

Events can have more than one cause; Determining cause and effect is not necessarily clear or easy; The fact that one event happens after another event does not mean that the first event caused it

Which of the following is most acceptable form of evidence to use?

Evidence that is concrete and quantifiable.

Select all that apply Which of the following are major elements of logos? - Emotion - Evidence - Reasoning - Speaker's credibility

Evidence; Reasoning

Which of the following describes an error in reasoning from specific instances when a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence?

Hasty generalization fallacy.

Which of the following is the most common fallacy that occurs when reasoning from specific instances?

Hasty generalization.

Hiroshi, Larissa, and Ivan gave speeches against the use of nuclear power plants. Hiroshi spoke about the experience of two of his friends near Tokyo after a tsunami damaged nuclear power plants in Japan. For her speech, Larissa used objective academic studies of U.S. nuclear safety. Ivan presented the technical details of safety mechanisms in the most common type of nuclear power plant. Based on these descriptions, which speech would likely have had the greatest emotional appeal?

Hiroshi's speech.

Why was Ronald Reagan considered an effective public speaker?

His speeches conveyed sincerity and conviction.

When using evidence in a persuasive speech, the speaker should do which of the following?

Make clear the point of the evidence.

Lucille is a tutor and has been asked to speak to a local group of volunteers who wish to serve as literacy tutors to disadvantaged children. Which of the following would help her explain her competence?

Stating that she volunteered for a local group called the Literacy Network.

Select all that apply Which of the following are sources that audience members are likely to be suspicious of? - Nonpartisan sources, such as newspapers - Self-interested sources, such as a brochure produced by marketing companies - Biased sources, such as radio stations that are associated with one political party - Objective sources, such as peer-reviewed academic journals

Self-interested sources, such as a brochure produced by marketing companies; Biased sources, such as radio stations that are associated with one political party

Which of the following is an example of an invalid analogy?

Senator Jones is overweight. If he can't control his waistline, he can't control government spending.

Select all that apply Chris is about to give a speech on social media marketing to a room of professional marketers. How can he enhance his credibility? - Speak passionately and from the heart - Speaking with cool objectivity and haughtiness - Describe his background and experience as it pertains to social media marketing - Highlight the marketing challenges that he and the audience share when doing their jobs

Speak passionately and from the heart; Describe his background and experience as it pertains to social media marketing; Highlight the marketing challenges that he and the audience share when doing their jobs

Select all that apply Which of the following are ways to enhance credibility through good speech delivery? - Speaking fluently - Speaking with conviction - Speaking expressively - Speaking very slowly

Speaking fluently; Speaking with conviction; Speaking expressively

Select all that apply Which of the following are effective, ethical ways to appeal to listeners' emotions? - Substituting emotion for logic - Being ambiguous - Speaking with conviction - Speaking with sincerity

Speaking with conviction; Speaking with sincerity

Select all that apply Why can using causal reasoning be tricky? - The fact that one event happens after another event does not mean that the first event caused it. - Determining cause and effect is not necessarily clear or easy. - Events can have more than one cause. - Minor premises are always difficult to find evidence for.

The fact that one event happens after another event does not mean that the first event caused it; Determining cause and effect is not necessarily clear or easy; Events can have more than one cause

Select all that apply When audiences judge a speaker's character as part of determining credibility, what do they consider? - The speaker's concern for the well-being of the audience - The speaker's vocal variety - The speaker's trustworthiness - The speaker's sincerity

The speaker's concern for the well-being of the audience; The speaker's trustworthiness; The speaker's sincerity

Select all that apply Why do speakers appeal to emotions when giving a persuasive speech? - To influence listeners - To be seen as a credible person - To be seen as an intelligent person - To grab the attention of listeners

To influence listeners; To grab the attention of listeners

The most important issue in assessing analogical reasoning is whether the two cases being compared are essentially ______.

alike.

The ______ generalization fallacy occurs when a speaker jumps to a conclusion on the basis of too few cases or on the basis of atypical cases.

hasty.

The ______ analogy fallacy is a type of inaccurate and misleading analogical reasoning.

invalid

Establishing common ground with your audience ______.

is a way to enhance credibility.

The ______ herring fallacy is used when a speaker introduces an irrelevant issue in order to divert attention from the subject under discussion.

red

The ______ slope fallacy assumes that taking a first step will inevitably lead to a second.

slippery