Med Terms - Units 3 & 4 —> Integumentary and Musculoskeletal Systems

integumentary system structure

Epidermis • Stratum corneum • Basallayer Dermis Subcutaneous tissue • Binds dermis to underlying structures. Accessory organs Sebaceous (oil) glands Sudoriferous (sweat) glands Hair Nails

4. hematoma:

elevated, localized collection of blood trapped under the skin that usually results from trauma

4. excision or removal of a nail:

onychectomy

14. leuk/o:

white

10. skin that is dry:

xer/o/derma

Scabies Treatment

•Topical scabicide (cream or lotion) for chemical disinfection. — Usually applied in a thin layer to the entire body from neck to feet (including genitals, umbilicus, and skinfold areas), left on overnight, and washed off in the morning. — Usually curative in one or two applications, depending on the agent prescribed. • Antipruritics and oral antihistamines to reduce itching.

Muscles •Three types of muscles

- Skeletal - Smooth - Cardiac

Pharmacology Antibiotics Antifungals Antipruritics Corticosteroids

Antibiotics •Destroy bacteria that cause skin infections. Antifungals •Destroy fungi that infect skin. Antipruritics •Reduce severe itching. Corticosteroids •Anti-inflammatories that treat skin inflammation.

4. Mrs. X is informed that pus will be removed from her abscess by incising and draining it. This procedure is abbreviated as ____.

I&D

4. Mr. J is diagnosed with basal cell carcinoma and asks the nurse to explain this type of cancer. How should the nurse respond?

It is a malignancy of the basal layer of skin, commonly caused by repeated overexposure to the sun.

Structure and Function Exercise 5. In the basal layer, what specialized cells protect the skin from damaging effects of the sun? 6. Which accessory organs produce oil? 7. List the sensations provided by the skin.

Melanocytes, which produce melanin. Sebaceous glands. The skin provides nerve endings that sense heat, cold, pressure, and touch.

3. The surgeon informs Mrs. T that her skin tumor will be excised layer by layer until it is removed. What is this type of surgery called?

Mohs surgery

alopecia:

absence or loss of hair, especially of the head; also known as baldness

3. tumor(consisting) of fat:

adipoma, lipoma, steatoma

urticaria:

allergic reaction of the skin characterized by eruption of pale, red elevated patches that are itchy; also called wheals or hives

2. Elisa has an inflammatory skin disease known as acne vulgaris. To decrease sebaceous gland activity and prevent the follicle from becoming inflamed, the physician prescribes an (antibacterial, antipruritic, antifungal) solution to apply to the skin.

antibacterial

1. To treat a bacterial skin infection, the physician prescribes a/an (antifungal, antibiotic, corticosteroid).

antibiotic

3.Mrs.K is diagnosed with ringworm and is treated with a/an (antifungal, antibiotic, corticosteroid).

antifungal

4. Mr.R developed a rash between his toes that is diagnosed as athlete's foot. The physician suspects it was caused from walking barefoot in the locker room. The physician treats this infection with a/an (antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial) drug.

antifungal

2. On diagnosis of a furuncle, the nurse explains that this is an infection caused by a/an (bacterium, injury, virus).

bacterium

3. After closely examining a growth on Ann's arm, the dermatologist informs her that it is noncancerous. The dermatologist charts the noncancerous growth as (benign, cancerous, malignant).

benign

6. melan/o:

black

5. cyan/o:

blue

3. The physician charts a cluster of furuncles in the subcutaneous tissue as a ____.

carbuncle

12. tumor (composed of) cancer:

carcin/oma

3. -phoresis:

carrying; transmission

1. John, an adolescent, has a chronic inflammatory skin disorder on his face and chest. He has been squeezing the blackheads and whiteheads, and those areas on his face are now inflamed. The medical term for blackheads and whiteheads is _____.

comedones

2. Eddie developed a poison ivy rash after a camping trip. A topical drug is prescribed to decrease inflammation and itching. This drug is called a/an (antifungal, antibiotic, corticosteroid).

corticosteroid

15. treatment with cold:

cry/o/therapy

2. treatment with cold:

cry/o/therapy

2. Ms. J has verrucae on her left hand. The dermatologist freezes and destroys the lesions with nitrogen. This procedure is known as (cryosurgery, débridement, UV).

cryosurgery

5. abnormal condition of blue (skin):

cyan/osis

5. skin that is blue (in color):

cyanoderma

1. inflammation of skin:

dermatitis

2. instrument to cut skin:

dermatome or dermatotome

6. surgical repair of the skin:

dermatoplasty

4. ichthy/o:

dry, scaly

1. To prevent infection, the physician removes foreign and necrosed material from Mr. K's wound. The therapeutic procedure is charted as (allograft, cryotherapy, débridement).

débridement

1. Mrs. K presents with redness and edema on the neck. The term to describe reddening of the skin is ____ or _____.

erythema or erythematous

2. Basal cell carcinoma secondary to overexposure to the sun is diagnosed in a 70-year-old man. He is advised that the most common site of this skin cancer is the _____.

face

2. adip/o,lip/o,steat/o:

fat

8. myc/o:

fungus (plural, fungi)

10. pil/o, trich/o:

hair

11. scler/o:

hardening; sclera (white of eye)

11. transplantation of same (species):

homo/graft or allo/graft

Mr. X, a burn patient, is given a transplant of healthy tissue from his son. What is this type of transplant called?

homograft or allograft

7. kerat/o:

horny tissue; hard; cornea

2. Mr. M presents for treatment of psoriasis with ultraviolet (UV) light therapy. The physician explains that UV therapy retards cell production and slows horny growths on the skin. Overgrowth of the horny layer of the epidermis is a condition called (keratoid, keratolysis, hyperkeratosis).

hyperkeratosis

1. Carlhasabacterial,inflammatoryskindisease characterized by vesicles, pustules, and crusted lesions that form a yellow crust. The physician advises him to cleanse the lesion three times a day and prescribes a topical antibiotic to treat this contagious skin infection, known as (a furuncle, impetigo, psoriasis).

impetigo

8. white cell:

leuk/o/cyte

6. vitiligo:

localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches; also called leukoderma

3. Mr. G is prescribed a topical application of a corticosteroid drug for psoriasis. The physician explains that the goal of this treatment is to keep the skin (dry, sterile, lubricated).

lubricated

9. black cell:

melan/o/cyte

1. Mr. T is advised that the basal cell carcinoma on his face will not spread but will remain localized. Eventually it will destroy underlying and adjacent tissue. The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another site is called _____.

metastasis

9. onych/o:

nail

1. softening of the nail(s):

onych/o/malacia

7. Tumor of the nail or nail bed

onych/oma

2. The pustules that occur in the early stages of impetigo are skin lesions known as (macules, papules, nodules).

papules

2. Ms.Misdiagnosedwithscabies.Sheisusingthe prescribed topical disinfectant cream, but continues to complain of itching. The medical term that means itching is _____.

pruritus

During physical assessment, the dermatologist observes multiple small, raised lesions containing pus on the upper back of Mr. J. The dermatologist documents these skin lesions as _____.

pustules

13. skin (condition associated) with pus:

py/o/derma

15. erythr/o:

red

2. débridement:

removal of necrotized tissue from a traumatic or infected area by surgical excision, enzymes, or chemical agents; used to promote healing and prevent infection

2. -oid:

resembling

1. A16-year-oldgirlvisitedhergrandparentsat their farm last month and petted many of the animals. Now she complains of itching and a rash that appears between her fingers and wrist folds. The physician examines her rash and prescribes a topical disinfectant cream to destroy the parasite known as "itch mite." He charts her skin disease as (eczema, keloids, scabies).

scabies

13. squam/o:

scale

1. Joan K is diagnosed with psoriasis. The physician explains that the most common sites of psoriasis are the

scalp, knees, elbows, umbilicus, and genitalia

14. discharge or flow of sebum:

seb/o/rrhea

3. discharge or flow of sebum:

seb/o/rrhea

12. seb/o:

sebum, sebaceous

1. -derma:

skin

1. cutane/o, dermat/o, derm/o:

skin

ecchymosis:

skin discoloration consisting of a large, irregularly formed hemorrhagic area with colors ranging from blue-black to greenish brown or yellow; also known as a bruise

4. pertaining to under the skin:

sub/cutane/ous

6. Condition of sweat:

sudor/esis

4. -plasty:

surgical repair

hidr/o,sudor/o:

sweat

6. Mr. G, a fireman who has chemical burns, is having healthy tissue transplanted from a pig. What is this type of transplant called?

xenograft

4. Sue is diagnosed with an abscess on her knee. She asks the nurse to explain this condition.

The nurse explains it is a localized collection of pus at the infection site, characteristically caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus.

4. Ms. L is scheduled for excimer laser therapy to control her psoriasis and asks the physician to explain the procedure.

The physician explains that this is a more powerful form of UVB light therapy directed to the plaques to control scaling and inflammation.

Abscess Treatment

• Clean infected area thoroughly with soap and water. • Apply hot, wet compresses to promote vasodilation and drainage from lesions. • Administer topical antibiotics. • Incision and drainage (I&D) may be necessary after lesion has matured.

integumentary system functions

• Covers and protects the body from pathogens and other harmful substances. • Sweat and oil glands produce secretions. • Contains an intricate network of sensory receptors. • Regulates body temperature, pain, and pressure. • Synthesizes vitamin D. • Melanocytes produced in basal layer give color to the skin.

Psoriasis Treatment

• Goal is to reduce inflammation and slow rapid growth of skin cells that cause this condition. • Topical application of various medications, such as coal tar, vitamin D, and corticosteroid drugs, and keep skin moist and lubricated. •Photochemotherapy with exposure to ultraviolet-A (UVA) light, called PUVA, to slow hyperkeratosis. •Ultraviolet-B (UVB) light therapy or natural sunlight to retard cell production. •Excimer laser, a more powerful form of UVB light therapy, is directed to the plaques to control scaling and inflammation.

Psoriasis Signs and Symptoms

• Inflammatory chronic skin condition marked by thick, flaky, red patches of various sizes, covered with silvery scales. • Pruritus is a common complaint. • Affected areas typically appear dry, cracked, and encrusted. • Common sites include scalp and outer sides of arms and legs, especially elbows and knees. • Caused by excessive development of the basal layer of the epidermis.

Structure and Function Exercise 1.What does the term integument mean? 2. What are the accessory structures of the skin? 3.What are the functions of the subcutaneous layer of tissue?

• Integument refers to the skin. • Hair, nails, and glands (sweat and oil). • Binds the dermis to underlying structures, stores fats, insulates and cushions the body, and regulates temperature.

Abscess Signs and Symptoms

• Localized collection of pus at infection site (characteristically a staphylococcal infection). • A furuncle, or boil, is an abscess in a hair follicle and adjacent subcutaneous tissue. •A carbuncle is a cluster of furuncles in the subcutaneous tissue. •Affected portion of skin may be extremely tender, painful, and swollen. •Abscess may enlarge, soften, and open, discharging pus and necrotic material. •Erythema and edema may persist at the site for days or weeks. •Mild fever may accompany this condition.

Basal Cell Carcinoma Signs and Symptoms

• Malignancy of basal layer commonly caused by repeated overexposure to sun. • Locally invasive tumor but rarely metastasizes. • Tumors grow slowly but commonly ulcerate. • Predominant in fair-skinned men older than 60 years.

Skin Graft (Allograft, Autograft, Synthetic, Xenograft)

•Allograft—transplantation of healthy tissue from one person to another person; also called homograft. •Autograft—transplantation of healthy tissue from one site to another site in the same individual. • Synthetic—transplantation of artificial skin produced from collagen fibers. — Recipient's body does not reject synthetic skin. — Healing skin grows into synthetic skin as the graft gradually disintegrates. • Xenograft—transplantation (dermis only) from a foreign donor (usually a pig) to a human; also called heterograft.

Impetigo Signs and Symptoms

•Common contagious, superficial skin infection. •Manifests with early vesicular or pustular lesions that rupture and form thick yellow crusts. •Lesions usually develop on the legs and are found less often on the face, trunk, and arms. •Small vesicles are surrounded by a circle of reddened skin and usually are accompanied by pruritus. •Ulcerations with erythema and scarring also may result from scratching or abrading the skin.

Scabies Signs and Symptoms

•Contagious parasitic skin infection that is the result of infestation by the itch mite. •Produces intense pruritus and a sensation of something crawling on the skin. •Most common symptom is a rash. •Transmission occurs through skin or intimate contact. •Lesions are usually excoriated and may appear threadlike. - Commonly appear between the fingers, on wrists, on elbows, in the axilla, at the waist, on nipples, on buttocks, and on genitalia.

Biopsy

•Excision of a piece of tissue from a body site for microscopic examination. •Any lesion suspected of malignancy is removed and sent to the pathology laboratory for evaluation. •Used to confirm a diagnosis, estimate prognosis, or follow the course of a disease.

Acne Vulgaris Treatment

•Goals are to reduce bacterial count, decrease sebaceous gland activity, and prevent inflammation of follicle. •Antibacterial solution applied to the skin, orally administered antibiotics, or both. •Topical application of medications chemically related to vitamin A (Retin-A) reduces natural oils and promotes drying and peeling of acne lesions. •Skin kept as clean and dry as possible.

Scratch (prick) skin test

•Identification of suspected allergens via placement of a small quantity of the suspected allergen on a lightly scratched area of the skin.

I&D

•Incision of a lesion followed by drainage of its content, such as an abscess.

Acne Vulgaris Signs and Symptoms

•Inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles. •Marked by appearance of papules, pustules, and comedones (plural). •More common in adolescents and young adults between ages 12 and 35. •Most often on the face but can also occur on the neck, shoulders, chest, and back. •Most commonly caused by hormone changes during puberty but can appear at any age. •Underlying cause genetic predisposition. •Possible contributing factors include stress and external irritants, such as soaps and cosmetics.

Mohs surgery

•Layers of cancer-containing skin are progressively excised and examined. •Repetition of this procedure until only cancer-free tissue remains.

Débridement

•Removal of foreign material and dead or damaged tissue, especially in a wound.

Basal Cell Carcinoma Treatment

•Size, shape, location, and invasiveness of the carcinoma determine type of treatment. •Curettage and electrodessication. •Cryotherapy and laser therapy. •Chemotherapeutic drugs. •Surgical excision (used in 90% of cases). •Irradiation or chemosurgery.

Allergy Skin test

•Suspected allergen is applied to or injected into the skin to determine patient's sensitivity to it. •Intradermal test identifies suspected allergens by subcutaneous injection of small amounts of extracts of the suspected allergens and observation of the skin for a subsequent reaction.

Impetigo Treatments

•Systemic use of antibiotics. •Thorough cleansing of the lesions two to three times daily. •Good hygiene to prevent skin-to-skin or person-to-person spread. •Avoiding infected individuals is essential.