Plagiarism Practice

Failing to include a citation for material read elsewhere and presenting it like it is fact or commonly known.

Misrepresenting Common Knowledge

Why do you need to cite sources?

To Prove an argument Validate an Opinion Credit the original author Share outside data/statistics/figures/images Avoid misrepresenting source material as common knowledge create synthesis

If you include a text citation in your writing but forget to list that source in your References, it is still considered plagiarism.

True!

Student Sample: Academic policies, aligning to the definition of plagiarism, cover more than word by word copy and pasting with no citation. The internet has made it easy to copy and paste text from websites, creating new issues in the umbrella of plagiarism, such as patchwriting.

Example of Paraphrase Plagiarism

When using the Turnitin source analysis tool, a certain numerical score proves you have not plagiarized or otherwise misused the material of others.

False

What type of information does NOT need a text citation and reference?

Common knowledge that is widely known

Copying and pasting pieces of a source or multiple sources together into a sentence with no quotation marks or citation.

Patchwork Plagiarism

What is considered proper paraphrasing?

Summarizing information from a source in your own words, then adding a citation and reference.

When paraphrasing, you can change every four or fifth word to avoid using quotation marks, even if most of the words are taken directly from a source.

False

Which of the following situations is considered plagiarism? Check all that apply.

Using the same words as your source without quotation marks. Using information from a source that is included in your references list but that does not have a text citation. Putting information from your source in your own words, but without a citation or reference.

In any text citation for a direct quotation, what information is required in addition to the author name and year?

A page number or other specific locator must be added to the name and year.

What type of information in your writing needs to have the source disclosed with a formal text citation and reference in your writing?

A paraphrase of a quotation or other information from your source Numbers or statistics from your source An idea from your source A direct quotation from your source

What rules apply when you use your own writing from a previous paper in a new paper?

You must cite and include in your references list your previous paper as you would for any other source.

"I think, as we found the children really didn't want to be black or even brown, then you began to wonder about the whole field of education, and what did it mean that all these children were in one place? You know, what kind of situation is this, that they're isolated from whites, and they can never learn that they're just as good as whites, they're just as bright as whites. They'll always think they're inferior. They'll always think that whites are superior to them." (Columbia University, 1976)

The tests showed that some children didn't want to be Black or brown, which led Clark to question (Columbia University, 1976) whether segregated schools that isolated Blacks from Whites were teaching Black children that Whites were superior.

Rephrasing the words of a source without providing one or more of the following: the author, year, and relevant page numbers.

Paraphrase - Partial Citation

When crediting the source of information in your writing, what two methods are required by the APA Publication Manual for most sources?

An in-text citation and entry in a reference list

STUDENT SAMPLE If we consider plagiarism to be a kind of academic theft of the words and ideas of another, which is how it is typically defined, then the implications of intentionally appropriating someone else's work are obvious. New ideas will not be discovered and the old ideas will simply continue to be repackaged in new forms. Not only does it amount to stealing, but it's also a kind of cheating. Therefore, this trend needs to be stopped before it takes hold in the disciplines and professions.

Example of Patchwork Plagiarism

Copy and pasting text from a source without quotation marks and without citation.

Direct Plagiarism

Student Sample: By definition, plagiarism covers more than "clear-cut, word-for-word copying without citation. They also include a broader class of offenses that include stealing concepts or ideas from another source, as well as inadequate paraphrasing and summarization of an author's words." Plagiarism is then more than the copy/paste idea most have.

Example of insufficient quotation plagiarism

What do they demand of life and wish to achieve in it? The answer to this can hardly be in doubt. They strive after happiness; they want to become happy and to remain so. This endeavor has two sides, a positive and a negative aim. It aims, on the one hand, at an absence of pain and unpleasure, and, on the other, at the experiencing of strong feelings of pleasure. In its narrower sense, the word 'happiness' only relates to the last. In conformity with this dichotomy in his aims, man's activity develops in two directions, according as it seeks to realize -- in the main, or even exclusively -- the one or the other of these aims.

Freud (1930) suggested that all humans seek enduring happiness. But he also warned that the quest for happiness can wind up focusing on either a lack of pain or on joy, which he says is the essence of being happy (Freud, 1930).

Results of a multiple baseline design across subjects and grouped skill domains showed that each parent acquired the targeted skills during simulated conferences and that correct responding usually generalized to actual conferences (Matthews, 2011).

Simulated conferences taught skills to parents even when they were studied with different baseline designs or skill groups -- usually with the same learning success as actual conferences (Matthews, 2011).

Student Sample: Through the traditional five-chapter dissertation, doctoral students demonstrate their research and communication skills within a relatively common framework (Duke & Beck, 1999). Duke and Beck (1999) noted this common framework requires students to define a path to describe how they determined a problem, developed their research questions, and identify an appropriate research approach and design. In addition, students must survey the current literature to determine their place in the field and present their findings in an ethical and methodologically-sound manner. By completing this task, doctoral students prove their worthiness to join the academy and call their teachers peers. What in this paragraph supports the initial citations and tells the reader that the author is continuing to cite/summarize the source, thereby avoiding plagiarism?

The Signal phrases (in addition, etc)

Check all of the possible consequences that could happen if you were formally accused of plagiarism here at The Chicago School.

You could wind up with a permanent transcript notation about an ethical violation. You could face sanctions or penalties, including a formal academic penalty letter. You could be fined up to one-half of your course tuition. You could be expelled from The Chicago School. You could fail a course. You could fail or receive a lower score on a paper.

Student Sample: Failure to hold plagiarists accountable will simply inhibit the generation of new ideas and encourage future plagiarists to reap undeserved rewards and recognition at the expense of other researchers and authors. Obviously, it will encourage unethical, immoral and unprofessional conduct among academicians.

Example of Direct Plagiarism

Student Sample: Through the traditional five-chapter dissertation, doctoral students demonstrate their research and communication skills within a relatively common framework (Duke & Beck, 1999). Duke and Beck (1999) noted this common framework requires students to define a path to describe how they determined a problem, developed their research questions, and identify an appropriate research approach and design. In addition, students must survey the current literature to determine their place in the field and present their findings in an ethical and methodologically-sound manner. By completing this task, doctoral students prove their worthiness to join the academy and call their teachers peers.

Example of Goldilocks (Just Right)

Putting a source in your own words but failing to add a citation to credit the original author.

Paraphrase - No Citation

Student Sample: Linguistics asserts the existence of a critical period, which usually comes at puberty and marks the end of the fluid language acquisition of childhood. The critical period is the point at which many of the unused connections in the brain begin to die to allow the body to reallocate physical resources away from intellectual development to reproductive development. If a speaker begins to learn a language after his or her critical period has passed, he or she will always speak with an accent.

Example of misrepresentation as common knowledge

Student Sample: Through the traditional five-chapter dissertation, doctoral students demonstrate their research and communication skills within a relatively common framework (Duke & Beck, 1999). Duke and Beck (1999) noted this common framework requires students to define a path to describe how they determined a problem, developed their research questions, and identify an appropriate research approach and design. In addition, Duke and Beck noted students must survey the current literature to determine their place in the field and present their findings in an ethical and methodologically-sound manner. By completing this task, doctoral students prove their worthiness to join the academy and call their teachers peers (Duke & Beck, 1999).

Example of over-cited

Student Sample: Through the traditional five-chapter dissertation, doctoral students demonstrate their research and communication skills within a relatively common framework. This common framework requires students to define a path to describe how they determined a problem, developed their research questions, and identify an appropriate research approach and design. In addition, students must survey the current literature to determine their place in the field and present their findings in an ethical and methodologically-sound manner. By completing this task, doctoral students prove their worthiness to join the academy and call their teachers peers (Duke & Beck, 1999).

Example of under-cited

You can change up to three words in a quotation so the quote fits the sentence you are writing.

False!

You can use writing, data, or statistics from a book, journal, or the internet in your own writing without disclosing the source.

False!

How do you present a longer quotation of 40 words or more in your writing?

In an indented text block without quotation marks, but with a proper citation and page number or other locator.

"Someday, maybe, there will exist a well-informed, well considered and yet fervent public conviction that the most deadly of all possible sins is the mutilation of a child's spirit; for such mutilation undercuts the life principle of trust, without which every human act, may it feel ever so good and seem ever so right is prone to perversion by destructive forms of conscientiousness." (Erikson, 1958)

Psychologist Erik Erikson said in 1958 that any harm to a child's spirit was the worst damage that could be done. Such harm, Erickson wrote, lessens a child's ability to trust, which is necessary to avoid a negative sense of conscientiousness (1958).

Please select any and all answers below that satisfy APA rules for the proper use of quotations in student writing. If the answer does not follow APA rules, do not select it.

Quotation marks or an indented text block are required anytime you use the exact words of a source.