027 - Chapter 27 - Overview of the Reformation

Submission of the Clergy

1532 - A law passed by Henry VIII stating that no church law could be written without the king's permission.

Act in Restriction of Appeals

1533 - stated once and for all that England did not need to appeal to Rome for matters involving Church law

Dissolution of Minor Monasteries Act

1536 - Henry seized the property of many of the monasteries in England

Martin Luther is often thought of as the reformer whose actions sparked the Protestant Reformation. What was Luther's motivation for those actions?

A belief that each person should have authority over his religion rather than relying on clergy. {Explanation - Martin Luther is generally thought of as the reformer whose actions sparked the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. He was a German monk who believed each person should have authority over his religion rather than relying on clergy.}

In modern parlance, the immediate effect of Martin Luther's 95 Theses could be likened to:

A blog post going viral {Explanation - The 95 Theses spread across the continent within 2 months, like a blog post going viral.}

Act of Supremacy (1534)

A law enacted by the English Parliament, making the monarch the head of the Church of England.

Select the statement that describes the belief of the Anabaptists.

A person can be re-baptized as an adult. {Explanation - Anabaptists allowed re-baptizing of adults who were baptized as infants.}

Pilgrimage of Grace (1536)

A protest against Henry VIII because of his decision to break off from the Roman Catholic Church. It was a massive rebellion that proved the largest in English history. The "pilgrims" accepted a truce, but their leaders were arrested, tried, and executed.

Why did Ptolemy introduce the concept of epicycles?

Because he believed that heavenly bodies traveled in perfect circles, and epicycles helped to compensate for any discrepancies with observations. {Explanation - Because Ptolemy believed the heavenly bodies moved in perfect circles, he accounted for any discrepancies in their movement with epicycles. An epicycle was a smaller circle where planets moved as they moved around the larger circle.}

How was the Investiture Conflict of 1103 related to the Ecclesiastical Appointments Act of 1534?

Both dealt with the King's ability to appoint people to local church positions. {Explanation - In 1103, Henry I wanted the right to appoint people to local church positions, in what became known as the Investiture Conflict. It was resolved with the Ecclesiastical Appointments Act in 1534, which allowed the king to appoint local people to church positions.}

Which of these people worked to develop more accurate astronomical instruments?

Brahe {Explanation - Brahe made larger instruments and improved those being used to improve accuracy.}

How did Calvinism differ from Lutheranism?

Calvinists believed that people are predestined to go to heaven or hell after death. {Explanation - A major difference of beliefs between Calvinism and Lutheranism was that Calvinists believed that people are predestined to go to heaven or hell after death.}

How did The Reformation impact southern European countries?

Catholicism remained the dominant religion in those countries. {Explanation - The Reformation was not as popular in southern European countries, and those countries like Italy and Spain remained dominated by Catholicism.}

Ivan the Terrible's reign was the first time _____ government was introduced in Russia.

Centralized {Explanation - Ivan's appointment as tsar was the beginning of a centralized Russian government.}

Who was the Holy Roman Emperor responsible for the Peace of Augsburg?

Charles V {Explanation - Charles V issued the Peace of Augsburg.}

Which of the following helps to explain one of the reasons Charles de Bourbon and his troops attacked the city of Rome?

Charles de Bourbon could not pay his mercenaries salaries, and agreed to loot Rome as a way to pay. {Explanation - Charles de Bourbon could not pay his mercenaries salaries, and agreed to loot Rome as a way to pay.}

Which of these people thought that the sun was at the center of the universe?

Copernicus {Explanation - Copernicus believed the planets revolved around the sun.}

The Council of Trent was the type of council that votes on decrees considered binding for all Christians. This type of council is known as _____.

Ecumenical {Explanation - The Council of Trent was an ecumenical council, meaning the officials voted on decrees that would be binding for all Christians.}

How did Martin Luther's beliefs about religious thought influence society during and after the Reformation?

Education became a focus for both boys and girls for developing independent thought and religious beliefs. {Explanation - Martin Luther's beliefs about religious thought encouraged education to become a focus for both boys and girls, to help in the development of independent thought and religious beliefs.}

Where did the first mercenaries employed by Charles de Bourbon come from?

Germany {Explanation - Bourbon used a troop of German mercenaries to attack Lombardy.}

In what country did Protestant ideals mostly originate?

Germany {Explanation - Martin Luther sparked the movement in Germany.}

Martin Luther did not care if the Church excommunicated him because _____.

He did not believe that the Church held the keys to heaven. He questioned the authority of the papacy. He believed that Christians are saved by faith alone. {Explanation - Since Luther did not think he needed the papacy to achieve salvation, he did not care if he was excommunicated. He also did not think the Church had the authority to grant indulgences, or that they held the keys to heaven. He believed that salvation could be achieved through faith alone.}

How did John Calvin's beliefs about the sacraments differ from those of Catholics?

He did not believe the sacraments were necessary for salvation. {Explanation - John Calvin did NOT believe the sacraments to be necessary for salvation.}

Steven's wife, Christine, has recently died, and he continues to pray for her. What Catholic belief might help explain this?

He is offering prayers for her soul to be released from Purgatory. {Explanation - Purgatory is not Heaven, or Hell, but an interim state in which the soul must be purified before it can enter Heaven. People often pray for their deceased loved ones, and ask the Saints to pray for them too.}

Which of the following is an accurate description of Henry VIII?

He was a savvy politician, playing both Protestant and Conservative sides against each other to get what he wanted. {Explanation - Henry VIII was a politician, more concerned with his power than with religious ideology.}

What advantage did Luther have over other people of his day, that helped him to take a stand against the Catholic Church?

He was able to read the Bible, which was written in Latin and Greek. {Explanation - Luther had read the Bible, something most people of his age could not do, since the only available translations of the Bible were in Latin and Greek.}

Which word is used to describe Copernicus's theory?

Heliocentric {Explanation - Copernicus's theory that the Sun was the center of the universe is known as the heliocentric theory.}

Which word describes the purchase of the forgiveness of sins in Catholicism?

Indulgence {Explanation - The pardon of sin is called an indulgence.}

Why is the Edict of Nantes important to the history of religion within France?

It ended the Wars of Religion in France and allowed for religious tolerance and some religious freedoms. {Explanation - The Edict of Nantes granted partial religious freedom to the Huguenots, ending the wars.}

How did the Council of Trent affect the Christian world?

It led to a period known as the Counter-reformation, which was a time of renewal and reform for the Catholic Church. {Explanation - The Council of Trent marked the beginning of a period known as the Counter-reformation, a time of renewal and reform within the Catholic Church.}

Who led the defeat of the Mongols in Moscow?

Ivan the Great {Explanation - Ivan the Great, Ivan the Terrible's grandfather, defeated the Mongols.}

Which was a Catholic religious order?

Jesuits {Explanation - The Jesuits are a well-known religious order.}

What did Luther's nailing of the 95 Theses on the door of Castle Church represent?

Luther's disgust with the Church {Explanation - Luther's theses were mostly concerned with indulgences. He disagreed with them being sold if the buyer was not genuinely repentant.}

If a leader is concerned with promoting a thriving culture, what might they learn while studying the 1527 sack of Rome?

Many citizens, including artists, leave during times of chaos and uncertainly which results in a decline in culture. {Explanation - Following the sack of Rome many Renaissance artists fled the city. This resulted in the end of the High Renaissance.}

Who is generally recognized as the leader of the Reformation?

Martin Luther {Explanation - Martin Luther sparked the Reformation movement in Germany.}

He was a German priest and started a protestant movement that became widespread through Europe. He totally opposed that the Catholic church issued indulgence for pay. Identify the priest.

Martin Luther {Explanation - Martin Luther was a German monk who was dissatisfied with the level of authority the Catholic clergy held over its laypeople. Luther felt especially unhappy that the church issued indulgence for pay.}

As a practicing Catholic, Emma will participate in several sacraments. According to the Catholic Church, she will need to be baptized, confirmed, etc. to keep her life on a path to salvation. There is one sacrament Emma will not participate in during her lifetime. Which sacrament will NOT be required of Emma?

NOT: Holy Orders {Explanation - Only a man can be ordained as a deacon, priest, or bishop within the Roman Catholic Church.}

Which of the following was NOT an effect of the Council of Trent?

NOT: Indulgences were no longer allowed. {Explanation - The council determined that the church's interpretation of the Bible was the final word, but that the Bible had equal authority with the Church. Rituals like indulgences, pilgrimages, and the veneration of saints were upheld. Although the structure of the Church saw little change, a greater emphasis was placed on discipline and education in the clergy.}

Though he was best known for his terrible or erratic behavior, Ivan the Terrible did some good things, too. What was NOT one of the positive results of Ivan's reign?

NOT: Ivan eliminated the possibility of owning private land, making the government very rich. {Explanation - Ivan introduced a self-government system to rural parts of Russia and also created church and tax reforms After his victory, he commissioned the construction of St. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow. Siberia contained a lot of forestry and mountains and provided a vast amount of natural resources that had not previously been available to Russia.}

What is lacking in mercenary armies?

Nationalism {Explanation - Mercenary troops have no allegiance to the country they are defending.}

What was the name of the group that upheld Ivan the Terrible's laws and terrorized Russians for years?

Oprichniki {Explanation - Ivan appointed governors to help rule his growing empire. This force, known as Oprichniki, became unruly, acted with fierceness and violence, and was completely devoid of accountability.}

Ecclesiastical Appointments Act

Parliament decreed that the King, not the Pope, would be responsible for appointing clergy to high positions in the Church.

What document said that German rulers could determine the official religion of their state?

Peace of Augsburg {Explanation - The Peace of Augsburg made it okay for a German ruler to make his religion the official one for his state.}

How did the Reformation affect peasants lives?

Peasant revolts were unsuccessful in ending repression and defying the class structure. {Explanation - Peasant revolts were unsuccessful in gaining freedom from repression, and resulted in more oppression. Peasants were also unable to challenge the class structure in place.}

What is the main difference between the Anglican Church and the Roman Catholic Church?

Political {Explanation - The Anglican Church retained many of the beliefs and traditions of the Catholic Church. It simply repositioned power to England.}

Protestants in Scotland were known as _____.

Presbyterians {Explanation - Scotland created the Presbyterian Church to uphold their Protestant beliefs.}

How could the sack of Rome in 1527 be used as evidence of weakening Catholicism throughout Europe?

Protestantism was a growing movement, and most of Charles de Bourbon's mercenaries were Protestant. {Explanation - Protestantism was a growing movement, and most of Charles de Bourbon's mercenaries were Protestant.}

Joshua is a peasant farmer who recently wronged his older brother. According to the Catholic Church, what must Joshua do if he wants to go to Heaven?

Receive the sacrament of Reconciliation and be granted absolution. {Explanation - The Roman Catholic Church urged parishioners to confess their sins (Reconciliation), to be granted absolution (forgiveness of sins).}

What was the state of the country of Russia at the time of Ivan's death in 1584?

Russia was fighting famine, war, and illness. {Explanation - Despite Ivan's work to centralize government, his violent methods, along with famine, constant war, and illness, left Russia in disarray when Ivan died in 1584.}

Which of the following acts officially separated the Anglican Church from the Roman Catholic Church?

The Act of Supremacy {Explanation - The 1534 Act of Supremacy made the Anglican Church independent from the Catholic Church and established the British King as its leader.}

What held religious authority in Protestant belief?

The Bible {Explanation - Protestants believed the Bible should be the ultimate authority in faith.}

As a result of Martin Luther's exile:

The German people had a chance to read the Bible in their native language. {Explanation - Luther's supporters hid him in Wartburg Castle when he was in exile. It was here that he completed a translation of the Bible into German.}

According to Brahe, which body did the planets, aside from Earth, orbit?

The Sun {Explanation - Brahe suggested the planets orbited the sun which orbited the Earth. The Earth was still the center of the universe.}

Which BEST explains the shift in political power following the Reformation?

The clergy lost authority, while princes and nobles gained more for themselves. {Explanation - Due to the Reformation, the clergy lost authority, while princes and nobles gained more for themselves.}

How did the Protestant Reformation change life in Europe?

The family unit became the foundation of religion. {Explanation - Protestants believed families held the authority of educating and disciplining their children and their religious beliefs.}

According to the Roman Catholic Church, what did an individual need to go to Heaven?

The sacraments and good works {Explanation - Catholics before the Reformation believed salvation was dependent on the sacraments and good works of a person's life.}

Supplication against the Ordinaries 1532

The supplication was a treatise, not unlike Luther's 95 Theses, criticizing the Church's abuses. The Supplication mostly focused on the unjust prosecution of people accused of heresy, but it also condemned the Church's greed in demanding excessive court fees for these trials.

Based on the fact that Parliament passed the Acts of Annates in 1532, what can one conclude about how the British felt about the Catholic church?

They believed that the church made too much money off of England. {Explanation - The Acts and Annates of 1532 reduced the amount of money going from England to the Catholic Church. This shows that the British believed too much money was going to the church.}

How did Catholic leaders react to the Protestant movement in France?

They formed leagues to end the Protestant movement. {Explanation - Catholic leaders formed leagues, such as the Catholic League, to end the Protestant movement within France.}

What was life like for Protestants following the end of the Wars of Religion in France?

They gained some religious freedoms, but were forced to pay tithes and observe Catholic holy days. {Explanation - Following the Edict of Nantes, Protestants gained some religious freedoms but still had to pay tithes and observe Catholic holy days.}

Huguenots faced persecution because:

They were Protestants practicing in Catholic France. {Explanation - Huguenots were Calvinists (Protestants) living in France. They faced persecution as Protestants in Catholic France.}

According to Luther, how were the actions of the Roman Catholic Church in conflict with the Bible?

They were selling indulgences as payment for sins rather than requiring faith in Jesus. {Explanation - Luther's problem was with the Roman Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences, which were payments for sins.}

Why was the Council of Trent convened in 1545?

To respond to the Protestant Reformation {Explanation - Catholic church officials and other Catholics met at the Council of Trent to discuss the arguments presented by the Protestants.}

Act of Six Articles 1539

Transubstantiation The right to deny wine to common people during communion The celibacy of priests The vows of chastity The right to hold private masses The sacrament of confession

During a Roman Catholic mass, the transformation of the bread and wine into the actual body and blood of Christ is called_____.

Transubstantiation {Explanation - Transubstantiation is the belief that during the Eucharist the wine and bread offered by the Priest actually becomes the body and blood of Christ.}

Why might a woman support the changes that followed the Reformation?

Women were granted new rights, such as the right to divorce and remarry. {Explanation - After the Reformation, women were allowed to divorce and remarry.}

Treason Act 1534

act that said it was punishable by death to deny that the king was the sole head of the church

In the aftermath of Protestant and Catholic reforms, the Council of Trent met in order to _____.

define the doctrines of the Catholic church and answer Protestant arguments {Explanation - The Council of Trent was a council held to define the doctrines of the church in order to answer the arguments of the Protestants. It convened from December 13, 1545 to December 4, 1563.}

Act of Annates (1532)

greatly reduced the amount of Church income paid to Rome. This essentially reduced the money flowing from England to Rome from a torrent to a trickle

praemunire

the charge of obeying a foreign authority (e.g. the pope) over the king

The Great Bible (1539)

the first Bible to be specifically authorized for public use in English churches; first mass-produced English vernacular Bible

Martin Luther objected to the Catholic Church's use of indulgences, or _____.

the official forgiveness of sins for money {Explanation - Martin Luther objected to the Church's use of indulgences (which was an official forgiveness of sins) for money without ensuring the purchaser was sincerely repentant.}