040 HPL
84 You are preparing for a training flight with an instructor and cannot find your checklist. You should:
[A] Rely on the instructor to point out anything that you might have missed. [B] Take time to find the checklist at the risk of missing part of your airborne time. [C] Use a checklist for a different aircraft type. [D] Perform the checks from memory.
79 Which of the following attitudes and/or characteristics are not good communication and especially dangerous when flying?
[A] Respect for other peoples' opinions. [B] A highly developed sense of leadership. [C] All of the above. [D] Arrogance and aggressiveness.
56 The best preventative actions to take if someone is showing symptoms of Stroboscopic Effect is to:
[A] Sit the person in a sunny area. [B] Place the person in the shade and get them to close their eyes. [C] Give him a task to distract him. [D] Take no action, as the symptoms last for a short time only.
60 You are suffering from a cold with slightly blocked nose and sinuses and you have an aircraft booked to fly. Should you:
[A] Take a decongestant 1/2 an hour before flight? [B] Not fly? [C] Fly as normal? [D] Fly, but be sure to select only low rates of climb and descent?
53 If an aircraft accelerates, what do the otoliths indicate to the brain?
[A] That the aircraft is turning. [B] That the aircraft is pitching down. [C] That the aircraft is pitching up. [D] That the aircraft is climbing and turning.
37 Accommodation is the power of the lens to focus rays of light from near objects onto the Fovea. Accommodation is controlled by: [A] The Ciliary muscles. [B] The Retina. [C] The Iris. [D] The Rods and Cones.
[A] The Ciliary muscles.
51 Which of the following should a pilot primarily rely on if he becomes disorientated in instrument meteorological conditions?
[A] The aircraft's instruments. [B] His sense of balance. [C] Turning the head to recover from disorientation. [D] His sense of sight.
19 Which organ controls all other bodily functions? [A] The brain. [B] The lungs. [C] The heart. [D] The spinal cord.
[A] The brain.
7 At altitude, the volumetric proportion of oxygen in the atmosphere is: [A] Higher than at MSL. [B] Dependent on the actual altitude. [C] The same as at mean sea level (MSL). [D] Lower than at MSL.
[C] The same as at mean sea level (MSL).
36 Where is the blind spot? [A] On the Iris. [B] On the Fovea. [C] Where the optic nerve enters the Retina. [D] On the edge of the Lens.
[C] Where the optic nerve enters the Retina.
17 Approximately how long does it take a person to dissipate one unit of alcohol from the blood? [A] 5 hours. [B] 1/2 hour. [C] 12 hours. [D] 2 hours.
[D] 2 hours. On average, it takes about 1 hour for your body to break down 1 unit of alcohol.
23 Compared to a non-smoker, someone who smokes is likely to experience the effects of hypoxia at: [A] The same altitude. [B] Any altitude. [C] A higher altitude. [D] A lower altitude.
[D] A lower altitude.
21 A likely symptom, or likely symptoms, of Hypoxia might be: [A] Cyanosis. [B] Increased heart rate. [C] Formication. (kutina, "muurahaiset") [D] All answers are correct.
[D] All answers are correct.
24 The effects of Hypoxia can be increased by: [A] Increased temperature. [B] Increased altitude. [C] Alcohol. [D] All answers are correct.
[D] All answers are correct.
18 Enter into the following statement the most correct pair of gases from the options below. Hemoglobin in red blood cells is more readily attracted to ____ than ____. [A] Oxygen / Nitrogen. [B] Carbon Dioxide / Nitrogen. [C] Nitrogen / Oxygen. [D] Carbon Monoxide / Oxygen.
[D] Carbon Monoxide / Oxygen.
87 As a pilot, flying for long periods in hot summer temperatures increases the susceptibility of dehydration since the:
[A] Moist air at altitude helps retain the body's moisture. [B] Temperature decreases with altitude. [C] Temperature increases with altitude [D] Dry air at altitude tends to increase the rate of water loss from the body.
68 If a pilot is used to flying in relatively polluted hazy air and then flies in a very clear sky:
[A] Near objects may be mistaken for those further away. [B] Distant objects may appear further away than they are. [C] Distant objects may appear closer than they are. [D] Near objects may appear further away than they are.
3 Air in the atmosphere is made up of:
[A] Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), Carbon Dioxide (0.03%) and Hydrogen (1%). [B] Nitrogen (78 %), Oxygen (21%), Carbon Dioxide (0.03%) and Argon (1%). [C] Nitrogen (21%), Oxygen (0.03%), Carbon Dioxide (78%) and Argon (1%). [D] Nitrogen (1%), Oxygen (78%), Carbon Dioxide (21%) and Argon (0.03%).
57 If taking a course of drugs, is it advisable to pilot an aircraft?
[A] No, unless cleared by an Aviation Medicine Specialist. [B] Yes, provided that they are antibiotics, as these do not have side-effects. [C] Yes, provided that the drug is non-prescription. [D] No, you should never fly while taking any drugs.
82 An analogue display is generally better than a digital display for showing which sort of data?
[A] Numerical. [B] Qualitative. [C] Quantitative. [D] Subjective.
83 Which of the following occur when a pilot is sitting too high in a cockpit? a. Good downward outside view. b. Poor view of instruments. c. Upwards outside view obstructed.
[A] Only a). [B] a) and c) only. [C] a) and b) only. [D] a), b) and c).
12 The blood carries ____ around the body and removes ____ from the body with the exchange occurring in the ____. [A] Oxygen / Carbon Dioxide / Capillaries. [B] Carbon Dioxide / Oxygen / Capillaries. [C] Oxygen / Carbon Dioxide / Arteries. [D] Carbon / Dioxide / Oxygen Veins.
[A] Oxygen / Carbon Dioxide / Capillaries.
48 One of the main contributory factors to the onset of motion sickness is:
[A] Performing high g maneuvers. [B] The mismatch between visual and vestibular sensory inputs. [C] Stalling. [D] Rolling quickly into turns.
81 What are Stress Factors or Stressors?
[A] Pulse-rate inducers. [B] Events and circumstances which cause stress. [C] Circumstances or events which provoke any kind of reaction to the demands placed upon the human organism. [D] Measures of stress exhibited by a person.
89 What suggestion could you make to your pilot fellow who is experiencing motion sickness?
[A] Recommend taking medication to prevent motion sickness. [B] Avoid unnecessary head movement and to keep her/his eyes on a point outside the aircraft. [C] Recommend breathing into the paper bag. [D] Lower her/his head, shut her/his eyes, and take deep breaths.
66 Repeating information several times transfer it to long-term memory is called:
[A] Memory induction. [B] Prompting. [C] Chunking. [D] Rehearsing.
33 Empty Field Myopia is a condition where the eyes naturally focus at a distance of approximately: [A] 1 - 2 meters. [B] 20 - 500 meters. [C] Infinity. [D] At the horizon.
[A] 1 - 2 meters.
14 Brain cells that have been deprived of oxygen will start to die in: [A] 2 minutes. [B] 30 minutes. [C] 2 seconds. [D] 2 hours.
[A] 2 minutes.
46 The frequency band that a healthy young person can hear is:
[A] 20 - 20.000 cycles per second. [B] 500 - 15.000 cycles per second. [C] 80 - 20.000 cycles per second. [D] 70 - 15.000 cycles per second.
59 A pilot should not fly for at least how long after a local anesthetic?
[A] 24 hours. [B] 2 hours. [C] 12 hours. [D] 48 hours.
61 A pilot should not fly for at least how long after a general anesthetic?
[A] 24 hours. [B] 48 hours. [C] 12 hours. [D] 2 hours.
38 Dark adaptation takes about ____ for the Rods, and ____ for the Cones. [A] 30 minutes / 7 minutes. [B] 15 minutes / 20 minutes. [C] 25 minutes / 45 minutes. [D] 7 minutes / 30 minutes
[A] 30 minutes / 7 minutes.
67 It is generally accepted that the short-term memory can hold how many items and how long?
[A] 7 items for 10-20 seconds. [B] 15 items for 1-5 minutes. [C] 7 items for 5-10 minutes. [D] 4 items for 15 seconds.
70 Which of the following will give the illusion that the aircraft is too low during an approach?
[A] A brightly lit aerodrome in an otherwise dark area. [B] An up-sloping runway. [C] A narrower than normal runway. [D] A down-sloping runway.
29 Hypermetropia and Myopia are normally caused by: [A] A misshaped eye ball. [B] Badly fitting spectacles. [C] Eye strain. [D] Stress.
[A] A misshaped eye ball.
100 Rapid or extra deep breathing while using oxygen can cause a condition known as:
[A] Aerotitis. [B] Aerosinusitis. [C] Hypoxia. [D] Hyperventilation.
10 Blood pressure may be too high due to: [A] All answers are correct. [B] Stress. [C] Smoking. [D] Age.
[A] All answers are correct.
92 Hypoxia is the result of:
[A] All answers are correct. [B] Excessive nitrogen in the bloodstream. [C] Insufficient oxygen in the air. [D] Shortage of oxygen in the body.
62 Which of the following may cause fainting?
[A] All of the above. [B] A too rapid eye scan. [C] Over meticulous flight planning. [D] A sudden shock.
80 Which of the following are ways to help avoid stress in the cockpit?
[A] All of the above. [B] Modifying your pre-flight plan whenever you feel you are off-track or behind time. [C] Not allowing yourself to be rushed into acting before you are ready. [D] Having a cool drink at hand, at all times.
43 What is the most important sense for spatial orientation?
[A] All senses play their part in situation awareness. [B] Hearing and balance. [C] Sight. [D] "Seat of the pants".
95 Susceptibility to carbon monoxide poisoning increases as:
[A] Altitude decreases. [B] Altitude increases. [C] Airspeed increases. [D] Air pressure increases.
99 Which would most likely result in hyperventilation?
[A] An extremely slow rate of breathing and insufficient oxygen. [B] Emotional tension, anxiety, or fear. [C] Chain smoking. [D] The excessive consumption of alcohol.
52 The vestibular apparatus detects ____ acceleration:
[A] Angular. [B] Angular and linear. [C] Positive "g". [D] Linear.
72 You have planned to take a couple of friends on an air experience flight. On the day, the weather conditions are marginal and there is a strong cross-wind on the runway. As a competent assessor of risk, which of the following decisions should you take?
[A] Ask your friends if they are prepared to fly in the prevailing conditions, before assessing the situation yourself. [B] Proceed with the flight and treat it as an opportunity to practice flying in adverse conditions. [C] Get airborne as planned, as it is always wise to stick to your flight plan if you possibly can. [D] Reschedule the flight for another time, discounting the immediate disappointment to your friends.
40 When flying solo, a pilot who suspects he is suffering from spatial disorientation should:
[A] Blink rapidly several times. [B] Swallow hard, pinch the nostrils and blow down the nose to clear the Eustachian tube. [C] Believe the indications of his instruments. [D] Believe his somatosensory senses.
45 On what does the causes of noise induced hearing loss depend?
[A] Both the intensity and duration of the noise above 90 dbs. [B] Both the intensity and duration of the noise above 100 dbs. [C] The duration of the noise above 110 dbs. [D] The duration of the noise above 100 dbs.
54 Complete the following sentence. If your Eustachian tube is blocked and you cannot clear your ears, you should:
[A] Clear your nose with a nasal inhaler before flying. [B] Fly only as a passenger. [C] Ground yourself until the condition causing the blocking of the Eustachian tube has cleared up. [D] Proceed with your flight but ensure that you swallow hard frequently.
49 During straight and level flight any pronounced linear acceleration may produce sensation of the nose pitching up. In such a situation, the pilot should:
[A] Correct the pitching movement by moving the control column slightly forward. [B] Rely on information from the vestibular apparatus to maintain orientation. [C] Rely on his "seat of the pants" feeling to make any necessary correction. [D] Ignore vestibular information and believe what the instruments are indicating.
98 What is one effect smoking has on a pilot?
[A] Creates additional carbon dioxide gases in the body which often leads to hyperventilation. [B] An increased sense of well-being. [C] Increases body heat which, in turn, creates a demand for more oxygen. [D] Decreases night vision by 50 percent.
65 A false perception characterised by a distortion of real sensory stimuli is known as:
[A] Day-dreaming. [B] Mirage. [C] Boredom response. [D] Hallucination.
50 Loudness is measured in:
[A] Decibels. [B] Cycle per second. [C] Hertz. [D] Pascal´s.
5 If the atmospheric pressure decreases, the partial pressure of the oxygen in the atmosphere will: [A] Decrease. [B] Not be affected as it is independent of atmospheric pressure. [C] Increase. [D] Stay the same.
[A] Decrease.
90 In an unpressurised aircraft, at high altitudes the amount of oxygen that diffuses across the lung membranes into the blood is:
[A] Decreased because of the low partial pressure of oxygen. [B] Unchanged to that at sea level. [C] Decreased because of the lower temperatures. [D] Increased because of the high partial pressure of oxygen.
76 Good briefings are very important. Which of the following could be the result of a bad briefing?
[A] Decreased uncertainty. [B] Good transfer of knowledge. [C] Good understanding of information. [D] Increased uncertainty.
69 From the options below, choose the correct sequence of the various stages of the reasoning process.
[A] Detection, Perception, Decisions taken, Action, Feedback. [B] Perception, Action, Feedback, Detection, Decisions taken. [C] Detection, Feedback, Decisions taken, Action, Perception. [D] Detection, Perception, Decisions taken, Feedback, Action.
77 Complete the following statement. The most appropriate time for a pilot to give passengers an initial briefing on emergency procedures is:
[A] During a pre-flight safety briefing. [B] Just after take-off. [C] While waiting at the hold for take-off. [D] At the moment any emergency occurs; it is not necessary to worry them before that.
96 Carbon monoxide in an aircraft cabin is:
[A] Easily recognizable because of its peculiar odor. [B] Easily recognizable because of its peculiar color. [C] Difficult to recognize because of its odorless and colorless. [D] Easier to recognize when flying over 18,000 feet because the level of the oxygen decreases.
93 Which statement concerning hypoxia is true?
[A] Forcing oneself to concentrate on the flight instruments will help to overcome the effects of hypoxia. [B] Hypoxia is caused by nitrogen bubbles in the joints and bloodstream. [C] Tingling of the skin and a false sense of security may be symptoms of hypoxia. [D] Hypoxia is always easy to recognize.
44 Which of the following should a pilot primarily rely on if he becomes disorientated in Visual Meteorological Conditions?
[A] His sense of balance. [B] The aircraft's instruments. [C] His sense of sight. [D] Turning the head to recover from disorientation.
86 Which will always affect your ability to fly?
[A] Homeopathic drugs. [B] Antibiotics. [C] Strong prescription analgesics and antihistamines. [D] Over-the-counter analgesics and antihistamines.
97 Large accumulations of carbon monoxide in the human body result in:
[A] Hyperventilation. [B] Tightness across the forehead. [C] Loss of muscular power. [D] An increased sense of well-being.
25 You are taking a friend flying and are cruising at 6,000 ft. Your passenger begins suffering from a tingling sensation, dizziness and visual disorders and then becomes unconscious. Your passenger is probably suffering from: [A] Hyperventilation. [B] Angina. [C] Hypoxia. [D] Food poisoning.
[A] Hyperventilation. bc cruising at 6,000 ft.
75 Complete the following statement. If, as an inexperienced pilot, you are flying with someone of much greater experience, and you see him doing something you consider to be dangerous, you should:
[A] Ignore the situation because he obviously knows what he is doing. [B] Do nothing for the moment, but check the wisdom and correctness of his action by discussing it with an instructor after you have landed. [C] Immediately question his course of action. [D] Wait until the action or manoeuvre is completed, and then questions him.
42 When can a pilot experience the "leans"?
[A] In the climb. [B] In the descent. [C] In the climb or the descent. [D] In all flight conditions.
91 During a climb to 18,000 ft, the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere:
[A] Increases. [B] Remains the same. [C] Explodes. [D] Decreases.
74 Mental Overload usually:
[A] Leads to better performance. [B] Has no effect on performance. [C] Causes changes in the speed and accuracy of performance which vary from individual to individual. [D] Leads to degraded performance.
63 When compared to visual stimuli, auditory stimuli (noises) are:
[A] Less likely to attract attention and more likely to be responded to in error. [B] More likely to attract attention and more likely to be responded to in error. [C] Less likely to attract attention and less likely to be responded to in error. [D] More likely to attract at tention and less likely to be responded to in error.
41 What is noise induced hearing loss?
[A] Loss of hearing due to damage to the ossicles. [B] Loss of hearing due to damage to the vestibular apparatus. [C] Loss of hearing due to damage to the middle ear. [D] Loss of hearing due to damage to the cochlea.
71 As captain of an aircraft you will need to show good leadership skills. Which of the following is not one such skill?
[A] Maintaining good situational awareness. [B] Aggressive assertiveness. [C] Forward planning. [D] The art of delegation.
88 Motion sickness is caused by:
[A] The eyes working on to allocate the horizon when an aircraft is in constant movement. [B] Continued stimulation of the tiny portion of the inner ear which controls sense of balance. [C] Instability in the brain cells which affect balance and will generally be overcome with experience. [D] The movement of an aircraft causing the stomach to create an acid substance which causes the stomach lining to contract.
58 The ability of a pilot to withstand even moderate forces can be affected by:
[A] The maximum load limits of the aircraft. [B] Presbycusis. [C] All of the above. [D] Fatigue in the pilot.
78 Two pilots, both seated at the controls and qualified on type, have just commenced a flight when they experience an engine failure. Who should take control of the aircraft?
[A] The more experienced of the two. [B] The pilot in the left-hand seat. [C] The captain. [D] The pilot who, during the pre-flight briefing on emergencies, the captain agreed should take over control in such a situation.
94 Which occurs when climbing above 18,000 feet in an unpressurized aircraft without supplemental oxygen?
[A] The pressure in the middle ear becomes less than the atmospheric pressure in the cabin. [B] The oxygen pressure within the lungs cannot be maintained without an increase in inhaled oxygen pressure. [C] Gases trapped in the body contract and prevent nitrogen from escaping the bloodstream. [D] The oxygen pressure within the lungs remains the same.
64 If a pilot is approaching a runway much larger than that at his home airfield, what is his visual perception of the runway likely to be?
[A] The runway will appear further away than it actually is. [B] The runway will appear closer than it actually is. [C] A different approach path should be adopted. [D] Distances will be easy to judge.
55 While flying, the changes in outside air pressure can cause air trapped in the body cavities to expand and contract. This is known as Otic Barotrauma and it most likely to effect:
[A] The sinuses. [B] All of the above. [C] The teeth. [D] The middle ear.
85 If advice is needed concerning possible flight with an illness, a pilot should contact:
[A] Their family doctor. [B] The general practitioner. [C] An Aviation Medical Examiner. [D] The nearest hospital.
47 What is the purpose of the Eustachian tube?
[A] To pass sound waves across the middle ear to the auditory nerve. [B] To allow ambient pressure to equalise on both sides of the vestibular apparatus. [C] To allow ambient pressure to equalise on both sides of the ear drum. [D] To allow ambient pressure to equalise on the middle ear side of the ear drum.
73 When making a decision, will a pilot be influenced by previous experience?
[A] Yes, but only if the experience was bad. [B] Yes, past experience can play a part in decision-making. [C] Yes, but only if the experience is good. [D] No, each decision is unrelated.
9 After donating blood, what is the minimum time a pilot should wait before flying? [A] 2 hours. [B] 24 hours. [C] 48 hours. [D] 12 hours.
[B] 24 hours. The FAA's policy states "An airman who has donated 200cc. or greater blood for plasmapheresis or blood should not fly for at least 24 hours
15 Which gas regulate the rate and depth of breathing, depending on the levels at which the gas is present in the blood? [A] Oxygen. [B] Carbon Dioxide. (co2) [C] Nitrogen. [D] Carbon Monoxide.
[B] Carbon Dioxide. (co2)
6 In the international standard atmosphere (ISA), as altitude increases in the Troposphere, pressure: [A] Stays the same. [B] Decreases. [C] Also increases. [D] Will not be affected as pressure is independent of altitude.
[B] Decreases. 1 hpa = 30 feet
20 The condition whereby the body does not get enough oxygen to function correctly is known as: [A] Hyperventilation. [B] Hypoxia. [C] Hypotension. [D] Hyperglycemia.
[B] Hypoxia.
16 When a person is experiencing stress or fear, adrenaline is released into the blood stream causing immediate: [A] Loss of consciousness. [B] Increase in the pulse-rate. [C] Decrease in the pulse-rate. [D] Fatigue.
[B] Increase in the pulse-rate.
34 At night it is easier to focus on an object if you: [A] Look directly at it. [B] Look slightly to one side of it. [C] Look directly at it while holding your eyes open as wide as you can. [D] Look about 50 degrees either side of it.
[B] Look slightly to one side of it.
22 Above what altitude do pilots need to breath supplementary oxygen? [A] 2,000 ft. [B] 8,000 ft. [C] 10,000 ft. [D] 20,000 ft.
[C] 10,000 ft.
2 The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) sea-level pressure is equal to: [A] 1014.00 mb. [B] 1014.25 Hpa. [C] 1013.25 mb. [D] 50 inches of mercury.
[C] 1013.25 mb.
28 Color-blindness or, more accurately, color-defective vision, is caused by: [A] Defective functioning of the ciliary muscles. [B] A foreshortened eyeball. [C] A defect in the structure of the color-sensitive cones in the retina. [D] A defect in the lens tissue of the eye.
[C] A defect in the structure of the color-sensitive cones in the retina.
26 A likely symptom, or likely symptoms, of Hypoxia might be: [A] Unconsciousness. [B] Impaired (heikentynyt) judgment. [C] All answers are correct. [D] Tingling fingers and toes.
[C] All answers are correct.
39 The power of accommodation in an eye: [A] Is not affected by the degree of elasticity of the lens. [B] Is increased as the elasticity of the lens decreases. [C] Is decreased as the elasticity of the lens decreases. [D] Has nothing to do with the lens.
[C] Is decreased as the elasticity of the lens decreases.
27 For the pilot of an aircraft on a head-on collision course with a fast-moving jet, the image of the approaching jet will appear to grow in size in the following manner: [A] At a constant rate. [B] Very rapidly at first but then continue to grow at a constant rate. [C] Only slowly at first until just before impact when the image would grow in size very rapidly. [D] Rapidly initially, and then remain at a constant size until impact.
[C] Only slowly at first until just before impact when the image would grow in size very rapidly.
35 To lessen the danger of collision with an aircraft which might be in a pilot's blind spot and closing on a constant relative bearing, the pilot should: [A] Change heading by a few degrees every 10 minutes or so. [B] Roll the aircraft from right to left by a few degrees every 10 minutes or so. [C] Carry out periodic clearing turns. [D] Carry out a systematic look out at all times.
[D] Carry out a systematic look out at all times.
1 In the International Standard Atmosphere (ISA), as altitude increases in the troposphere, air density: [A] Also increases. [B] Will not be affected as air density is independent of altitude. [C] Stays the same. [D] Decreases.
[D] Decreases.
4 In the International Standard Atmosphere (ISA), as altitude increases in the Troposphere, temperature: [A] Stays the same. [B] Also increases. [C] Will not be affected as it is independent of altitude. [D] Decreases.
[D] Decreases.
8 Which gas, which is absorbed by the body during normal breathing, plays an important role in decompression sickness? [A] Carbon Monoxide. [B] Carbon Dioxide. [C] Oxygen. [D] Nitrogen.
[D] Nitrogen.
30 Hypermetropia is caused by a ____ eyeball and treated by a ____ whereas Myopia is caused by a ____ eyeball and treated with_____. [A] Lengthened / convex / shortened / concave. [B] Lengthened / concave / shortened / convex. [C] Shortened / concave / lengthened / convex. [D] Shortened / convex / lengthened / concave.
[D] Shortened / convex / lengthened / concave.
13 Which part of the nervous system usually controls breathing? [A] The Peripheral Nervous System. [B] All answers are correct. [C] The Central Nervous System. [D] The Autonomic Nervous System.
[D] The Autonomic Nervous System.
11 Which body system is responsible for distributing oxygen around the body? [A] The Nervous System. [B] The Oxidation System. [C] The Respiratory System. [D] The Circulatory System.
[D] The Circulatory System.
31 Which of the following organs of the body supplies the single most dependable source of sensory information? [A] The Neo-cortex. [B] The Ear. [C] The Nose. [D] The Eye.
[D] The Eye.
32 What is the component of the eye responsible for peripheral vision and sensitive to low light levels? [A] The Cones. [B] The Fovea. [C] The Retina. [D] The Rods.
[D] The Rods.
