101 Psychology Exam 2, 3, & 4

________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals. A.) Action potential B.) Depolarization C.) Hyperpolarization D.) Threshold of excitation

A.) Action potential

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________. A.) An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep. B.) A disruption in signals that regulate breathing, which are sent from the brain, cause periods of interrupted breathing. C.) An individual dreams she cannot breathe and wakes up in a panic. D.) Signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing are blocked in the hypothalamus.

A.) An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep.

A(n) ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship. A.) Confounding variable B.) Dependent variable C.) Control variable D.) Independent variable

A.) Confounding variable

An intelligence test yields the same results when administered on three separate occasions. However, the test's results are more strongly correlated with hours spent doing homework than they are with other standardized intelligence tests. This test has________ reliability and ________ validity. A.) High; low B.) Low; low C.) Low; high D.) High; high

A.) High; low

The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as ________. A.) Hormones B.) Proteins C.) Factors D.) Neurotransmitters

A.) Hormones

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting? A.) Hypothalamus B.) Substantia nigra C.) Thalamus D.) Broca's area

A.) Hypothalamus

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ____________. A.) Illusory Correlation B.) Correlation C.) Opinion D.) Fact

A.) Illusory correlation

Marlowe wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Marlowe is focused on the ________ content. A.) Latent B.) Circadian C.) Biological D.) Manifest

A.) Latent

Jennifer has been depressed for several months, and she decided to take an overdose of sleeping pills. After taking the pills, her breathing rate decreased dramatically, her heart slowed down, and her blood pressure decreased. Which brain structure is the drug acting on? A.) Medulla B.) Pons C.) Amygdala D.) Reticular formation

A.) Medulla

The ________ extends through the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. A.) Reticular formation B.) Medulla C.) Pons D.) Cerebellum

A.) Reticular formation

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________. A.) Autonomic; somatic nervous systems B.) Autonomic; sympathetic nervous systems C.) Central; peripheral nervous systems D.) Parasympathetic; sympathetic nervous systems

C.) Central; peripheral nervous systems

The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours. A.) Homeostatic B.) Pineal C.) Circadian D.) Meta

C.) Circadian

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness? A.) Dependent B.) Freudian C.) Evolutionary D.) Cognitive behavioral

C.) Evolutionary

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good hypothesis? A.) It is an if-then statement B.) It can be tested using empirical methods C.) It is complex D.) It is falsifiable

C.) It is complex.

_________ research studies the same groups of participants over time A.) Cross-sectional B.) Archival C.) Longitudinal D.) Correlation

C.) Longitudinal

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have ________. A.) Damage to his K-complex B.) REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) C.) Narcolepsy D.) A stroke

C.) Narcolepsy

Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes ________. A.) Experimenter bias B.) Participant bias C.) Placebo effect D.) Observer bias

C.) Placebo effect

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false? A.) Sleep deprivation can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. B.) Sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. C.) Sleep deprivation often results in a diagnosis of ADHD. D.) Sleep deprivation is associated with obesity.

C.) Sleep deprivation often results in a diagnosis of ADHD.

Who described the collective unconscious? A.) Rosalind Cartwright B.) John Hobson C.) Carl Jung D.) Sigmund Freud

C.) Carl Jung

One hundred introductory psychology students are surveyed about their intended majors. The results indicate that more women than men intend to pursue a psychology major, whereas more men than women intend to pursue a history major. What do these results indicate? A.) There is a relationship between gender and intended major. B.) Despite advances in feminism, there are still gender inequalities in post-secondary studies. C.) The research sample is invalid because men and women are not equally represented. D.) More women than men attend college.

A.) There is a relationship between gender and intended major.

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________. A.) Tolerance B.) Physical dependence C.) Psychological dependence D.) Withdrawal

A.) Tolerance

Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________. A.) Pulsing light; steady light B.) Darkness; light C.) Twilight; gloom D.) Light; darkness

B.) Darkness; light

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity. A.) Hallucinogen B.) Depressant C.) Antipsychotic D.) Stimulant

B.) Depressant

How many of the five stages of sleep are considered NREM sleep? A.) Three B.) Four C.) One D.) Two

B.) Four

When Brady is hot he sweats. When Brady is cold, he gets goose bumps on his skin so he will warm up more quickly. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve ________. A.) Internal-external stimulus B.) Homeostasis C.) Circadian rhythms D.) Heterostasis

B.) Homeostasis

In a resting state, sodium (Na+) is at a higher concentration outside the cell and potassium (K+) is more concentrated inside the cell. During an action potential, the sodium levels ________ inside the cell. A.) Stay the same B.) Increase C.) Increase only if potassium levels remain the same D.) Decrease

B.) Increase

________ (IRB) reviews research that is conducted using human participants. A.) Institutional Review Bureau B.) Institutional Review Board C.) Institutional Research Board D.) Institutional Research Bureau

B.) Institutional Review Board

Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content? A.) John Hobson B.) Sigmund Freud C.) Carl Jung D.) Rosalind Cartwright

B.) Sigmund Freud

________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail. A.) Case studies B.) Surveys C.) Archival research D.) University experiments

B.) Surveys

The space between two neurons is called the ________. A.) Vesicle B.) Synapse C.) Terminal button D.) Soma

B.) Synapse

The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system. A.) Axons; terminal buttons B.) Terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles C.) Dendrites; synaptic vesicles D.) Terminal buttons; transport proteins

B.) Terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

American researchers studying the effects of physical attractiveness on compliance wish to expand the cross-cultural generalizability of their findings to a Lebanese population. They travel to Lebanon and recruit local residents, whom the American researchers rate as attractive or unattractive, to act as experimental confederates. However, they are unable to replicate their research findings. What is a potential problem with this research? A.) The study may not be reliable due to differences in expectations for compliance between cultures. B.) The study may not be valid due to differences in standards of attractiveness between cultures. C.) Language barriers will prevent successful research from occurring. D.) Inter-rater reliability has not been assessed.

B.) The study may not be valid due to differences in standards of attractiveness between cultures.

Which of the following would be difficult to assess using empirical research? A.) Whether a baby is crying because he is sad, hungry, or in pain B.) Whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions C.) The abilities of non-human primates to use sign language D.) The reaction time for participants to indicate they heard a ball drop on a table

B.) Whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions

In order to assess whether view points on discriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age calmly for groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design? A.) Longitudinal research is time consuming B.) Recruitment could be a challenge because people of different ages are difficult to sample C.) Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age D.) Marijuana has already been decriminalized in some places

C.) Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________. A.) Sleeps more than 12 hours in a 24-hour period B.) Suffers from insomnia due to large amounts of debt C.) Suffers from chronic sleep deprivation D.) Falls asleep in the middle of the day

C.) Suffers from chronic sleep deprivation

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________. A.) Smoking contributes to lung cancer B.) Smoking causes lung cancer C.) There is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer D.) There is a predisposition toward both smoking and lung cancer

C.) There is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________. A.) Travel twice as fast down the axon B.) Be twice as strong C.) Undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration D.) Last twice as long

C.) Undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children? A.) They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with emotions. B.) They decrease neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. C.)They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. D.) They decrease neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with hyperactivity.

C.)They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control.

Selective serotonin re uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________. A.) Obsessive-compulsive disorder B.) Parkinson's disease C.) Schizophrenia D.) Depression

D.) Depression

Ethics need to be considered when ________ scientific research. A.) Designing and reviewing B.) Conducting and reviewing C.) Reviewing and publishing D.) Designing, conducting, and reviewing

D.) Designing, conducting, and reviewing

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions? A.) Quasi-experimental B.) Correlational C.) Survey D.) Experimental

D.) Experimental

The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________. A.) Slow; a short duration B.) Fast; a short duration C.) Slow; long lasting D.) Fast; long lasting

D.) Fast; long lasting

Parsons et al. are doing a study comparing differences in brain activity levels between patients with schizophrenia and controls with no psychological disorders. Their hypothesis requires a high level of detail and good detection of differences over time. Which of the following is the best brain imaging technique to use? A.) Positron emission tomography (PET) B.) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) C.) Computerized tomography (CT) scan D.) Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

D.) Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels. A.) Resting potential B.) Re-uptake C.) Synergy D.) Homeostasis

D.) Homeostasis

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury? A.) Frontal lobe injury causes people to be incapable of controlling their emotional impulses. B.) Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, but specific brain areas are not linked to specific behaviors. C.) Injury to the frontal lobe does not affect behavior. D.) Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

D.) Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

The ________ is the difference in charge between the intracellular and extracellular space of a neuron. A.) Intracellular fluid B.) Extracellular fluid C.) resting potential D.) Membrane potential

D.) Membrane potential

People who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to ________. A.) Only the right visual field B.) Neither visual field C.) Both visual fields D.) Only the left visual field

D.) Only the right visual field

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify? A.) Tolerance B.) Withdrawal C.) Physical dependence D.) Psychological dependence

D.) Psychological dependence

Jeremy has Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor skills. In addition to motor symptoms, Jeremy has noticed changes in his mood, and he feels the need to smoke more cigarettes than he used to. It is likely that Jeremy's ________ is producing less ________ than it needs to. A.) Motor cortex; dopamine B.) Substantia nigra; acetylcholine C.) Motor cortex; acetylcholine D.) Substantia nigra; dopamine

D.) Substantia nigra; dopamine

Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________. A.) Can be coerced into harming themselves and others by a skilled hypnotist B.) Usually do not have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are not in control of their own behaviors C.) Report no memory of the events that occurred during the period they were hypnotized D.) Usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

D.) Usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

The D.A.R.E. program is an example of ________. A.) A psychological research study that has helped shape public policy B.) A highly successful suicide intervention program C.) A highly successful drug use intervention program D.) Why empirical research is needed

D.) Why empirical research is needed

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep. A.) Non-REM B.) REM C.) NREM D.) Night terrors

REM