11, 14-16
family
(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera
Transcription
(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA
Translation
(genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm
Steps of evolution by natural selection
1. Overproduction 2. Variation 3. Natural Selection 4. Adaptation
On the Origin of Species
1859: Charles Darwin's book explained how various species evolve over time and only those with advantages can survive and reproduce
if an organisms DNA contains 20% adenine nucleotides, what % of its DNA is composed of guanine nucleotides
30%
If an organisms DNA contains 17% adenine nucleotides and 33% guanine nucleotides, what percentage of its DNA is composed of cytosine nucleotides?
33%
evolutionary tree
A branching diagram that reflects a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.
phylogentic tree
A branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships.
Genus
A classification grouping that consists of a number of similar, closely related species
sexual selection
A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates.
Population
A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area
Species
A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.
Clade
A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.
Which event was not involved in the Permian mass extinction
A large meteor impact
natural selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
Systematics
A scientific discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships.
Codon
A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid
vestigial structures
A structure that is present in an organism but no longer serves its original purpose
Domain
A taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
plate tectonics
A theory stating that the earth's surface is broken into plates that move.
geological timeline
A timeline based on the development of the earth's physical structure, and it's history.
complimentary base pairing
A, T, C, G
Select the choice that makes this sentence true.: _____ always pairs with ____ and ____ always pairs with ____
A,T G,C
Transcribe the following DNA strand T-A-C-G-C-T-A-A-T
A-U-G-C-G-A-U-U-A
the sequence of the RNA that would result from transcribing the DNA template strand pictured would be
AUGCGAUUA
4 nucleotides in DNA
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
4 nucleotides of RNA are
Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine
Cladistics
An approach to systematics in which organisms are placed into groups called clades based primarily on common descent.
What does it mean when it is said that humans and apes share a common decent?
Apes and humans descended from the same common ancestor
3 domains
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
As you hike up a mountain, you realize that the plants and animals present at the base are not the same as those at the top. This observation is the basis of
Biogeography
analogous structures
Body parts that share a common function, but not structure
Compare and contrast DNA and RNA
Both are nucleic acids and house information crucial to the cell. However, they are very different. DNA is a doubles stranded helix with deoxyribose for its sugar. It has the base thymine. RNA is single stranded and has uracil in place of thymine. Its sugar is ribose.
What characteristics do a bottleneck and founder effect have in common?
Both involve a decrease in a populations genetic diversity
Interpreting this figure, which of the following is a similarity between Lamarck's proposal for evolution and that of Darwin's? (Giraffes with arrows going down three spaces)
Both scenarios expose the giraffes to an environmental pressure (or challenge)
fossil record
Chronological collection of life's remains in sedimentary rock layers
DNA replication makes a _____ copy of the DNA strand, while transcription makes an _____ copy of the DNA strand
DNA RNA
_____ is an enzyme that helps produce the new daughter strand of DNA during DNA replication
DNA polymerase
Describe the process of DNA replication
DNA replications start at specific sites on the double helix where proteins that start the process attach to the DNA and the separate the strands. Replications then proceed in both directions. The DNA strands are synthesized and soon after DNA ligase links the pieces together in a single strand.
steps involved in gene expression
DNA to RNA to Protein dna transcribed in mRNA in the nucleus goes to ribosomes in the cytoplasm undergoes processing before being transcribed into protein
The central dogma of molecular biology states that the information contained within genes flows in which direction?
DNA to RNA to protein
Structure of DNA molecule
DNa contains a series of nucletides each consisting of a deoxyribose sugar, phospate and nitrogen based CTAG, two strands of nucleotides are arranged and twisted
Linnaean Classification System
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Darwin's study of fossils and biogeography contributed to natural selection
Earth is old, Living organisms are descended form extinct life forms living organisms evolve where they are living organisms adapt
Darwin
English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection
Members of two different species are never capable of mating.
False
THe genetic code in bacteria is different than the genetic code in animals and plants
False
The concept of artificial selection of traits by humans is centered on the environment creating certain traits
False
natural selection always produces organisms that are perfectly adapted to their environments
False
If a finch population with heritable, variable beak size and shape arrived on an island on which only large seeds were available as a source of food, describe the natural selection process that would follow.
Finches with larger beaks will more easily eat the large seeds and thus more likely to survive and produce offspring with similarly large beaks. The frequency of large beaks within the population will increase
The species of finches, tortoises, cacti, iguanas, and many others that are found on the Galapagos Islands are found nowhere else in the world. Which Physical attribute of these islands has NOT played a role in permitting such unique life forms to evolve?
Food is plentiful and diverse on every island
directional selection
Form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve
A ship carrying a group of madagascar lemurs with a set of rare eye color alleles wrecks off the coast of the maldive islands. They establish a colony of lemurs on the islands. This is an example of
Founder effect
Lamarck
French naturalist who proposed that evolution resulted from the inheritance of acquired characteristics (1744-1829) Zoologist example: giraffes stretched their necks to reach food and then longer necks were inherited by the next generation
scale
Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole, specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface.
bottleneck effect
Genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population, typically by a natural disaster, such that the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population.
G
Guanine
darwins ideas on speciation differed from lamarcks by which of the following
He said that species were suited to their environment through no effort /will of their own
WHich individual would be considered the fittest
Individual that has the greatest number of offspring
Why was it helpful to Darwin to learn that Lyell concluded the Earth is very old?
It meant that there was enough time for evolution to occur slowly
distruptive selection
Natural selection that favors individuals with either extreme of traits.
Earth formed during the_______ geologic Era
Precambrian Era
Fossils
Preserved remains of once-living organisms
convergent evolution
Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
Bacteria Domain
Prokaryotes, cell walls have peptidoglycan, can be autotrophic or heterotrophic
homologous structures
Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.
Biogeography
Study of past and present distribution of organisms
DNA is double stranded. For the DNA sequence below write the sequence that is on its complementary strand A-C-T-G-G-C-T-A-G-C-A-T
T-G-A-C-C-G-A-T-C-G-T-A
template strand
The DNA strand that provides the template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an mRNA transcript.
If a population lacks variation (fixed), no individual has any advantageous trait, and the environment changes for the worse. What will most likely happen to the population in terms of natural selection?
The entire population will go extinct
Phylogeny
The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species
The figure shown here represents stabilizing selection. What happens when an individual is produced that possesses a trait far away from the mean value?
The extreme individual will likely not survive and reproduce
Which of the following statements is true about the phylogenetic tree shown here
The green monkey and the rhesus monkey share a common ancestor with the gibbon and chimpanzee
inheritance of acquired characteristics
The hypothesis that organisms' bodies change during their lifetimes by use and disuse and that these changes are inherited by their offspring
continental drift
The hypothesis that states that the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations
DNA replication
The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.
Taxonomy
The scientific study of how living things are classified
Which of the following statements is true about the previous cladogram and the characters used to derive it
The snake and the lizard share a common ancestor that does not have the characters Internal or amniotic membrane in egg
T
Thymine
which is found in DNA, but not RNA
Thymine
Cladograms show the sequence of evolution of characters in a clade.
True
Convergent evolution gives rise to analogous structures in unrelated taxa
True
Part of Darwins theory of natural selection says that in a given population many more individuals are produced each generation than the environment can support
True
The study of biogeography helped Darwin formulate his ideas on natural selection
True
Two organisms present in the same genus are usually more closely related to each other than to organisms in other genera.
True
An adaptation may take generation to evolve in a population
Ture
U
Uracil
In the figure shown here, which of the following organisms would have the same shared derived traits (Line figure with Y< W< Z in a v pattern)
W,Y,Z
Why are Australian mammals all marsupial while mammals on other continents are mostly placental?
When the continents separated form one another, marsupials on Australia did not have the placental competitors that were present in the Americas
Which of the following statements is true about the phylogenetic tree shown here?
a combination of molecular data, fossil records, anatomical homologies show that the human is more closely related to the chimpanzee than to the green monkey
A clade includes which of the following?
a common ancestor and all its descendant species
WHich of the following examples is one of genetic drift
a forest fire kills all plant life south of a highway
Today, cheetahs show extreme genetic similarity. This is evidence of
a past bottleneck event
natural selection is the only process that results in
adaptation to an environment
A
adenine
Which of the following is required for natural selection according to Darwin
all of the above A)members of a population have heritable variations B)population produces more offspring than the environment can support C)individuals have favorable traits survive ans reproduce to greater extent D)Overtime the proportion of a favorable trait increases in the population and the population becomes adapted to the environment
Which of the following examples does not provide evidence of evolution
all of the above provide evidence a) organisms vary in traits B) Organisms struggle to exist C) Organisms differ in fitness D)Organisms adapt
Which of the following is not true of adaptation
an adaptation evolves quickly, because it is necessary for survival
Anatomically similar structures found in organisms that do not share a common ancestor but inhabit similar environments, such as bird wings and insect wings are called _______ structures Structures that have different functions but have some similarities due to common ancestry, such as bird wings and whale flippers are called ______ structures
analogous homologous
Similarities due to convergent evolution are called
analogy
homologous structures
are often shared by organisms in the same line of descent
All DNA molecules are double stranded. The process of the DNA replication begins with one double stranded DNA molecule, and ends with two double stranded molecules. The process of DNA replication is called semiconservative because
both of the resulting DNA molecules have one strand composed of new nucleotides and the other strand contains nucleotides from the original DNA molecule
Mutation
change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
Differences in DNA nucleotides between organisms
closely related indicate evolution occured explain phenotype differences are expected ALL OF THESE ARE CORRECT
genetic code
collection of codons of mRNA, each of which directs the incorporation of a particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis
The forelimbs of manatees, penguins, seals, and sea turtles are all flipper shaped. This is an example of ?
convergent evolution to a structure permitting movement in water
C
cytosine
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.
If the average leg size of a reptile continually got smaller through generations, this would be an example of
directional selection
The usage of the insecticide DDT to control mosquitos resulted in
directional selection to insecticide resistance in the insects
3 types of natural selection
directional, stabilizing, disruptive
In the figure shown here, flower color of a population is distributed in a bell shaped normal curve, If the white and yellow flower colors increase in frequency in the population, this would illustrate
disruptive selection
which of the following is most likely to lead to two distinct species?
disruptive selection
Eukarya Domain
domain consisting of all organisms that have a nucleus; includes protists, plants, fungi, and animals
Which of the following lists the levels of taxonomic classification in order from most inclusive to least inclusive
domain-kingdom-phylum-class-order
The sugar glider in Australia and the flying squirrel in North America are both small mammals with large expanses of loose skin between their fore-and -hind limbs allowing them to glide form tree to tree within their respective forest habitats. These two species are distantly related but are very similar in their overall appearance. Darwin's explanation for their similarity is that
each have adapted in very similar ways to similar habitats
mass extinction
event during which many species become extinct during a relatively short period of time
adaptive radiation
evolution from a common ancestor of many species adapted to diverse environments
Cuvier
father of paleontology believed species DO NOT CHANGE species come and go on fossil record due to catastrophic events
The reproductive success of an individual relative to other members of the population is known as ____
fitness
stablizing selection
form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end
A group of field mice cross a highway and join a new population of field mice on the other side, producing offspring with this population. This is an example of
gene flow
All of the genes and all of their associated alleles within a population represent the population's
gene pool
A fraction of the original green frog population survives to reproduce and generate the new population. If the survivors of the original population survived by chance, then this event is an example of
genetic drift
During a large hurricane, most of the happy faced spiders were killed. By chance, a small population of them survived the storm. After many generations they grew into a large population of happy faced spiders. This is an example of
genetic drift
founder effect
genetic drift that occurs after a small number of individuals colonize a new area
Pinus strobus is the scientific name for the white pine. Pinus is the
genus
Fitness
how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment
Phylum
in classification, a group of closely related classes
semi-conservative replication
in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new
phylogenetic tree
indicates common ancestors
Adaptation
inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival
The idea that acquired characteristics can be inherited is most closely associated with
lamarck
Kingdom
large taxonomic group, consisting of closely related phyla
The RNA type that is translated into a polypeptide is
mRNA
TRANSLATION: What is the amino acid sequence coded for in the following mRNA strand? You may use START / STOP A-U-G-C-C-U-A-A-U-U-A-G
met-pro-asn-stop
Evolutionary relationships between organisms are determined by
molecular evidence, anatomical homologies, and fossil records
Which of the following does not result in a decrease of genetic variation
mutation
nonrandom mating
occurs when the probability that two individuals in a population will mate is not the same for all possible pairs of individuals
which of the following is not an example of natural selection
on a tree, leaves that grow in the shade are larger than those that grow in the sun
Archaea Domain
one of two domains of prokaryotes, which are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
Which of the following is not thought to have contributed to the many mass extinction events that have occurred throughout Earths history
punctuated equilibrium
this figure represents
replication
A female peacock chooses a male as a mate based on his showy plumage and courtship dance. This is an example of
sexual selection
RNA
single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose
The effects of genetic drift are more significant in
small populations
In the figure shown here, flower color of the population is distributed in a bell shaped normal curve. If the pink flower color increases in frequency in the population, this would illustrate
stabilizing selection
Tiktaalik
supposed link between fish and tetrapods (vertebrates with four legs)
The RNA type that functions to transfer amino acids in the cytoplasm to the ribosome is called?
tRNA
In the figure here the letter W represents which of the following
the common ancestor for Y and Z
Speciation
the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.
transcription copies
the information from a gene into a RNA molecule
common ancestor
the most recent ancestral form or species from which two different species evolved
If a population recovers to its original population size after experiencing a bottleneck, which statement is correct regarding this population?
the recovered population shows less genetic diversity that the population prior to the bottleneck
Palentology
the scientific study of fossils
artifical selection
the selective breeding of organisms by humans for specific characteristics
Select the two characteristics below that describe RNA
the sugar is in the ribose is translated in the cytoplasm
DNA replication is called semiconservative because
the two resulting DNA molecules each have one new DNA strand and one old DNA strand from the original molecule
Which of the following would be considered analogous structures
the wings of a fly and the wings of a sparrow
In random mating
there is no influence on mate choice.
How many nucleotides are in a codon?
three
Which of the following processes does not occur in the nucleus
translation
