112 US Standards

What were the significant ideas and events of the administrations of Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge?

"Return to normalcy": ● phrase used in Harding's 1920s campaign - promoted deregulation (laissez faire), increased tariff, and isolationism. ● Policy continued under Coolidge. Teapot Dome: ● Most famous of the Harding "Ohio Gang" scandals that involved allowing private oil companies to pump from naval oil reserves ● Led to the imprisonment of the Secretary of Interior Albert Fall. Laissez-Faire: "hands-off" government ● Policy of deregulation of business ● Specified that the best policy of regulation was no regulation ● based on the ideas of Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations

What were Describe the steps taken by President Hoover to combat the economic depression?

"Rugged Individualism" ● refused to provide direct, immediate aid to farmers and the unemployed for fear of creating a dependency on the government - all policies followed the "trickle down" theory Reconstruction Finance Corporation ● provided government loans to businesses, banks, and state and local governments to promote recovery "Bonus Army" and Hoover's response ● WWI veterans were promised a bonus to be paid in 1945. When the depression hit they will demand their bonus early. They will march on Washington. Congress refuses to pay the bonus early. Hoover offers to pay for the return trip home for the veterans. Some stay and Hoover calls out the US Army to disperse the crowd. Two people die and Hoover is seen as heartless by the American public.

What are the consequences of American imperialism of the period?

Annexation of Hawaii- ● Extended U.S. territory into the Pacific - sugar trade, missionaries, seaport - linked the economies of the US and Hawaii ● Queen Liliuokalani- tried to establish a stronger monarchy; deposed in 1893 - McKinley Tariff- raised import rates on foreign sugar; Hawaiian planters were undersold in the American Market Spanish-Am War 1898 - ostensibly to free Cubans from harsh Spanish rule but also about American sugar interests ● General "Butcher" Weyler ● Jose Marti ● "Remember the Maine!" ● "splendid little war" (John Hay) that the U.S. won in less than 18 months ● showed deficiencies in our readiness for war ● Theodore Roosevelt - Asst Sec of Navy - gives orders to Commodore Dewey to steam into Manila Bay and U.S. captures the Philippines ● TR - also makes reputation in the Rough Riders ● Emphasizes need for a canal through Central Am to connect a two-ocean navy ● Platt Amendment - allows Cuba to maintain her independence but U.S. plays role of protector ● U.S. gains Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines from the war with Spain Military Occupation · Philippines - 1898 - 1904 war with rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo - one of ugliest chapters in U.S. history · Eventually U.S. will build RRs, schools, hospitals, infrastructure to improve the islands - W.H. Taft appointed "governor" of the island · Teller Amendment - promises independence to Philippines when U.S. determines their stability (Japan's aggressive actions complicate this plan) Panama Canal · TR determined to build isthmian canal · Passively assists Panamanians in gaining their independence from Colombia by strategically placing naval blockade · U.S. leases Canal Zone and begins construction in 1904 - finished in 1914 · Yellow Fever - Reed and Gorgas · Gen George Goethals - Chief Engineer · Considered a "modern marvel" Insular Cases · "Does the Constitution follow the flag?" question decided by Supreme Court - territories that the U.S. would eventually accept as states or permanent territories (Hawaii, Guam, Samoa) would have constitutional protections and privileges; otherwise, territories not to be annexed would be treated as protectorates (Philippines)

US 100 What was the causes and outcomes of the energy crisis of the 1970's?

Causes: ● The energy crisis of the 1970's resulted from substantial shortages both real and perceived in the supply of petroleum on the world market. ● A 1973 embargo by oil-rich Arab nations on shipping petroleum to the United States ● Political crisis brought on by the Arab and Israeli Yom Kippur War and the Iranian revolution saw a disruption of the petroleum supply to the west Outcomes: ● Stagflation ● High prices ● Fuel shortages

US 87 What were some events related to labor unions?

AFL-CIO Merger ● 1955 to combat anti-labor attitude of Congress ● American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations ● led by George Meany Taft-Hartley Act ● passed in 1947 as a reaction to large number of post-WWII labor strikes ● vetoed by Truman (as the "Slave Labor Bill") but overridden by Congress ● prohibited closed shops and severely limited union shops ● allowed the President to call for an 80 day "cooling off" period in labor/management disputes. Organized Crime Connection to Labor ● Estes Kefauver - TN Senator who in 1950 headed a Senate investigation committee into organized crime that uncovered ties between the mafia and some labor unions (Teamsters) - investigations led to the creation of the Senate Labor Rackets Committee in 1957 ● Robert Kennedy - served as chief counsel to the Senate Labor Rackets Committee and its investigation of the Teamsters Union - earned a reputation as a tough interrogator in his confrontations with Teamster leader Jimmy Hoffa ● Jimmy Hoffa - President of the Teamsters Union accused of ties with organized crime - later convicted of jury tampering and bribery and imprisoned - disappeared after his release from prison while involved in a fight to regain control of the Teamsters.

US 65 What was the impact of World War II on economic and social conditions for African Americans?

African-Americans in the military- Over a million African Americans served during the war to include for the first time African-American Officers and Fliers. The most famous being the Tuskegee Airman of Tuskegee University in Alabama. Fair Employment Practices - Started by the "Double V Campaign" it declare Victory Abroad and Victory at Home. The Fair Employment Practices Committee worked to prevent racial discrimination throughout the war. African-Americans in the workforce- During WW II, the West's African-American population grew substantiality. Mainly because African-Americans moved to work in defense industries especially Boeing in Seattle. This will rescue African-Americans from decades of menial employment. Truman integration of the troops- Truman issues Executive Order 9981 in 1948. The Korean War will be the first war with integrated troops.

What patterns of agricultural and industrial development as they relate to climate, use of natural resources, markets and trade, the growth of major urban areas.

Agricultural development and climateAgricultural development and climate— ● Major agricultural produce- cattle, corn, cotton, wheat, hogs, tobacco, fruit and vegetables ● Midwest continued to develop food crops and grains ● South - cotton and diverse produce (fruits and vegetables) ● West (TX and Plains) - cattle and grains ● Northwest - rainy climate - lumber and fruit crops ● California-truck farming (vegetables and fruits) Agricultural development's relation to markets & trade— ● Ranching>Cattle trails, railroad networks, connecting the supply of cattle in the West to the demand for beef in the East, etc. Industrial development and use of natural resources— ● Mining...(coal, iron, copper, etc.) ● Logging... Industrial development's relation to markets & trade— ● Advancements in communication and transportation technologies (telegraph, telephone, railroad networks, canals, etc.) ● Financiers (J.P. Morgan et al.), New York City, etc. Industrial development and the growth of major urban areas— ● New York ● Boston ● Pittsburgh/Philadelphia ● Chicago ● Detroit ● San Francisco Geography's relation to the growth of specialized industries—(emphasize location of the transportation network between natural resources, industrial centers, and consumer markets) ● Steel (Bessemer Process) ● Textiles-increased need for ready-made clothing (uniforms) boosted textile industries and the first sewing factories (includes mass produced shoes and boots) ● Automobiles-the bicycle inspired auto inventors. The first powered by electricity began in the 1890's. New England was the birthplace of the auto industry but by 1905 it had moved to Michigan.

What are the arguments of interventionists and non-interventionists of the period?

Alfred T Mahan -Influence of Sea Power on History - Basic Idea is that no country has been successful in maintaining its power without a strong Navy and mercantile system. Senator Albert Beveridge -Beveridge is known as one of the great American imperialists. He supported the annexation of the Philippines and along with Republican leader Henry Cabot Lodge, he campaigned for the construction of a new navy. Mark Twain - Originally a "red-hot imperialists", he later changed his views to opposition of "Imperialism" over the issues of the Philippines, and its annexation. Theodore Roosevelt - Spanish American War Rough Rider and Father of the Great White Fleet and sending it around the world. The Big Stick Theory, the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine and the taking of Panama and building of the canal.

US 54 What was the impact of American actions in foreign policy in the 1920's?

All examples of Isolationism Refusal to Join League of Nations ● Wilson vs. Lodge ○ Wilson in complete support of the League ○ Henry Cabot Lodge Support with reservations ○ Without the U.S. in the league it lacks power Washington Disarmament Conference ● 1921-22 (Harding and Sec of State Hughes) ● led to the 5 Power Naval Treaty, the 4 Power Treaty, and the 9 Power Treaty ● did not address small naval vessels Kellogg-Briand Pact ● 1928 (U.S. and France) ● 62 nations promised no offensive war - considered great step toward world peace ● looked good on paper but no way to enforce

What were the aims and negotiating roles of world leaders?

Allied Leaders: ● (FR) Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau - Aims - Weakening Germany to prevent any future aggression. Retribution for the destruction brought on France by the German invasion ● (GB) Prime Minister David Lloyd George - Aims - Germany as a future trading partner, to avoid a weakening of the British economy (did not favor harsh war reparation on Germany) ● (US) President Woodrow Wilson - Aims - Wilson's Fourteen Points concerned with rebuilding the European economy encouraging self-determination, promoting free trade, creating appropriate mandates for former colonies and the creation of a League of Nations to ensure future peace. U.S. rejection of the League of Nations ● Causes - - U.S. traditional sense of isolationism was very strong. - There were fears that membership could entangle the U.S. in future wars. - The fears of the economic cost of membership and the belief that the U.S. had gained its economic power through its traditional isolationism. - The fear that membership would cost the U.S. some of its sovereignty ● Effects - - Allowed harsh reparations imposed on Germany. - Severely weakened the effectiveness of the League of Nations. - Leads to the rise of totalitarian governments in Germany, Italy and Japan.

US 70 What was the American reaction and response to the Holocaust?

American reaction to the Holocaust— ● In August 1942, Dr. Gerhart Riegner, the representative of the World Jewish Congress in Geneva, Switzerland, learned what was going on from a German source. He asked American representatives in Switzerland to inform Rabbi Stephen Wise what was going on. The State Department decided not to pass along the information. Wise will eventually find out from others in Great Britain. He was asked to keep quiet until it could be found to be true. In November 1942 it was finally released. American newspapers will report the information but the information will be put on the back pages so many Americans did not realize what was going on. ● Bermuda Conference (April 1943)-American and British representatives will meet to come up with a rescue plan. However, very little will come out of this meeting. ● Treasury officials prepared a "Report to the Secretary on the Acquiescence of This Government in the Murder of the Jews." Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau presented the report to Roosevelt and requested that he establish a rescue agency. Finally, on January 22, 1944, the president issued Executive Order 9417, creating the War Refugee Board (WRB) ● The War Department repeatedly refused to bomb Nazi concentration camps or the railroads leading to them. But the WRB did successfully develop a number of rescue projects. Estimates indicate that the WRB may have saved as many as 200,000 Jews. ● The American PUBLIC did not fully discover the full extent until the camps were liberated. ● Nuremberg trials 1945-46 • Thousands of German officials were convicted of "crimes against humanity," with some officials being executed

US 73 What was the competition between the two "superpowers" of the United States and the Soviet Union?

Americanism vs. Communism The US and USSR become the first two "superpowers" in the areas of arms development, economics, and ideology. ● Arms Development - The United States develops the first atomic bomb in 1945. The Soviet Union will then follow suit and explode its first in 1949. After this America decides it needs a more powerful bomb. In 1952, American develops a hydrogen bomb. The Soviet Union will then develop its own hydrogen bomb. This competition continues to see who can build the most powerful bomb. ● Economic Dominance - The two nations increase their defense spending, trying to create a stronger military presence. This eventually led to trillion dollar deficits, bigger weapons, the space race and numerous treaties. ● Ideology- ○ Communism v. Capitalism ○ Democracy v. Dictatorship ○ Controlled v. Free Market ○ Human Rights ○ Equality v. Class ● NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization- Promise by the Western European Nations and the US to protect each other from attack, especially from the Soviet Union. ● SEATO - Like NATO, the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization held to protection of its members from Communist takeover, especially from Communist China. ● The Warsaw Pact - The Soviet Union's answer to NATO, the nation's behind the Iron Curtain promised protection from American or Republican ideals and invasion.

US 81 What was information, findings, and supporting evidence evaluating the impact of Vietnam on the home front?

Anti-War movement-Demonstrations began on a small scale with campus "teach-ins" in 1965 and gradually these protests grew. As the draft takes place thousands will flee to Canada and will burn their draft cards. Anti-war marches will spread across America. The movement will explode after the invasion of Cambodia. Riots at Kent State and Jackson State are significant. Lottery Draft- will take place between 1969-1972 and will cause a lot of resentment in America. It was based on your birthday as your birthday was given a number and then the numbers were drawn out. It was put in play to try to alleviate the disproportionate amount of certain groups fighting in the war. Role of Television and the Media-The Body Count- Each night the news broadcast would announce the number of casualties of the war. This was done to show Americans we were winning the war. The Vietnam War is the first war that the American public was shown footage of the war on the television. Many people believe the media sparked the lack of support. Prior to the TET offensive the media was showing American winning. The TET offensive came across as a victory for the Communist even though it was not.

US 67 What were the major developments in aviation?

Aviation - ● Radar-is going to be first used during this time period. The Royal Air Force used it. On December 7, 1941, an American radar station detected the Japanese planes approaching Pearl Harbor, but the U.S. military had little faith in the system and mistakenly assumed the signal came from a formation of American B-17s. ● B29-these will bombard Japanese cities as well as drop the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. ● Jet engine ● Aircraft Carrier-WW II is the first war that the carrier will play a significant role. They were the most important ship in Pacific Theater. Weaponry ● atomic bombs ● Incendiary bombs ● Tanks - First used WW I. WW II will see the establishment of the German Blitzkrieg "Lightning War" the use of Tanks as an offensive weapon not just as support for the infantry. Communications - ● The early German blitzkrieg, with tank and armored formations, placed a new order of importance on reliable radio communication. ● The need for communication between the homelands and many far-flung theatres of war gave rise to the need for improved long-range overseas communication systems. A system of radioteletypewriter relaying was devised, by which a radioteletypewriter operator in Washington, London, or other capitals could transmit directly by teleprinter to the commander in any theatre of war. ● Native American Code Talkers in both theaters of the war Medicine- ● Penicillin- Although it was not invented during the war it will be the first time it is mass produced. ● Medicines to fight against tropical diseases are also going to be critical for the United States to fight in the Pacific. ● The science and technology of blood transfusions were also perfected as was aviation medicine, which allowed people to fly safely at high altitudes for long periods. Studies of night vision, supplemental oxygen, even crash helmets and safety belts emerged from aviation medicine. American Industry- ● New materials and new uses for old materials appeared. Companies manufacturing consumer goods (such as silverware) converted to manufacture military goods (such as surgical instruments). Automobile factories re-tooled to make tanks and airplanes. These industrial modifications required rapid and creative engineering, transportation, and communications solutions ● Manhattan Project will take place in three cities: Los Alamos, NM, Oak Ridge, TN, and Hanford, Washington ● Major cities along the West Coast will house many major industries. For example, Boeing in Seattle.

US 83 What were multiple sources presented in different media and formats to explain the impact of the baby boom generation on the American economy and culture?

Baby Boom Generation- high birth rate in the years between 1945-1964 Media ● Baby boomers demand radio and television ● Consumers of music and movies ● Interested in news of the world and nation-- particularly because of the nuclear threats Entertainment ● Primary audience for rock music and "branches" like Motown, Acid Rock, Pop Sports Baby Boomers very accepting of integration in major sports ● Baseball- national pastime (Yankees tend to dominate-- Mantle, Maris, Ford) ● Football-- professional leagues becoming popular- Super Bowl ● Basketball- still primarily a college sport in the early years of this period. ● 1968 & 1972 Olympics-- dominated by Baby Boom aged athletes (Black Power Salute in Mexico City and Mark Spitz medals in 1972 Munich) Suburbia-See US.82 Education ● GI Bill ● Sputnik impact--National Defense Education Act ● Anti-War and pro-Civil Rights movements find homes on college campuses Counterculture ● Beatniks ● Hippies ● Drug Culture ● Flower power ● San Francisco as a Mecca PLUS- Anti-War Movement (Berkeley, Kent State) Environmental Activism-Ralph Nader

US 86 What was the emergence of a youth culture?

Beat movement ● reaction to conformity of 1950s ● members called Beatniks- centered in New York ● led by J.D. Salinger, Jack Kerouac, and Allen Ginsberg Music: ● 1930-1950 Swing (Big Band) music including Glenn Miller, Duke Ellington, Benny Miller, Tommy Dorsey ● 1940-1970 Rhythm and Blues music marketed to urban African Americans-performers included "Little Richard" Perriman, Fats Domino, Chuck Berry ● 1950s - Rock and Roll music developed from R&B, gospel, and country/western. ● Memphis Sun Studios and Stax Records ○ Home of "rock and roll"-strongly influenced by R&B-signed and promoted African American artists Elvis Presley ● King of Rock and Roll ● Helped make Rock and Roll music mainstream ● Emphasize divided public reaction -negative and positive- to him

How did the controversy that arose over the currency system in the late 1800's affect America?

California Gold Rush leads to further exploration in the West for other valuable minerals. The Comstock Lode- Largest discovery of silver in the nation, makes silver the hard currency of the West. Farmers v. Industrialists Hard Money vs. Soft Money The creation of the Fiat Currency Farmers vs. the Banks, Railroads, farm equipment monopolists, etc. Bimetallism Black Friday-The Grant Gold Crisis - Jay Gould and Jim Fisk and the cornering of the Gold Market in 1872. The Sherman Silver Purchase of 1890 - The requirement of the government by Congress and hard money politicians to buy a certain amount of silver each year to balance the gold standard. The Panic of 1893 (during Cleveland's presidency)-Similar to the Panic of 1873 it was marked by the collapse of railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing, resulting in a series of bank failures. Compounding market overbuilding and the railroad bubble was run on the gold supply. The newly re-elected President Cleveland (in his second non-consecutive term), repeals the Sherman Silver Act, and tried to get Congress to control tariffs. With the failure of foreign markets, Americans rushed their banks. This caused the Panic of '93 was the worst economic depression the United States had ever experienced at the time. William Jennings Bryan - Cross of Gold Speech delivered at the 1896 Democratic Convention that advocated bimetallism which would cause inflation and help farmers.

What were the causes of World War I in 1914 and the reasons for the declaration of United States neutrality?

Causes of World War I in 1914— ● Imperial & economic competition among European powers ● Military arms races among European powers ● System of military alliances and secret defense treaties among European powers ● Assassination of Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand Reasons for US declarations of neutrality— ● Initially, US did not believe either side threatened any vital American interests. - US sought normal trade relations with both sides - US neutrality was generally popular with the American public ● Wilson's idealism stressed international negotiation over war, thus Wilson favored peace over war. - Wilson was re-elected in 1916 on a "peace president" campaign and so had further incentives to keep the US out of the war

US 77 What were the causes, course, and consequences of the Korean War?

Causes of the Korean War ● Mainland China is a Communist nation under Mao Zedong after the American backed Nationalists lost power. ● North Korea receives the backing of Communist China to overrun South Korea and bring it under Communist control. ● The 38th Parallel - The war started when the North invaded the South crossing the 38th Parallel Course of the War- ● The United Nations will send troops to Korea (majority will be American). ● The United Nation and South Korean troops will be pushed to the Pusan Perimeter ● The Inchon Landing- In response to invasion of the South, American General Douglas MacArthur, creates an amphibious landing using American troops at the Korean town of Inchon and traps the North Korean Army. He then pushes the North Korean Army near the Chinese North Korean border. ● Communist China's Entry into the War - With the threat of the US & South Korean Army on their border and General MacArthur threatening nuclear war, the Chinese Army invades North Korea and pushes the US led forces back to the 38th Parallel. ● The firing of General MacArthur by President Truman - MacArthur publicly criticized the President's handling of the war and failure to use nuclear weapons against the Chinese. President Truman fires MacArthur and replaces him with General Matthew Ridgeway. ● A Stalemate occurs for a couple of years The Effects of the Korean War - ● The 38th Parallel becomes the Demilitarized Zone Line (DMZ). ● North Korea becomes a Communist dictatorship. ● The South will be Democratic and with US aid becomes industrialized and creates one of the largest GDP in the world.

US 80 What were the causes, course, and consequences of the Vietnam War?

Causes: ● Indochina, a French colony was occupied by the Japanese during WW II. Ho Chi Minh, a communist was supported by America against the Japanese. After the war, the French wanted the colony back and the Vietnamese people wanted self-determination. The Americans supported the French in a losing cause. ● The domino theory and the containment policy are going to lead us into this region. ● America will then support Diem in the South against the Communist. Diem, who is an ineffective leader will be eventually assassinated. ● Gulf of Tonkin incident-Two different incidents occur here involving the USS Maddox and North Vietnam. Geneva Accords(1954)- A way to unify Vietnam and restore peace in Indochina. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution-It was a joint resolution between LBJ and Congress in response to the Gulf of Tonkin incident. It gave the president broad military powers. It is actually written prior to the incident but the American public did not know this fact. Tet Offensive- Tet was the Vietnamese New Year and a cease-fire was called. However, the North launched a surprise attack on the South. Although it was a military failure for the North, it changed the tide of the American public sentiment to anti-war. Vietnamization- Nixon's peace plan in Vietnam Ho Chi Minh- Communist leader of the Vietcong in Vietnam Bombing of Cambodia- Nixon orders this bombing campaign to cut the supply lines. This will lead to the largest student protest in US history. Henry Kissinger- Secretary of State for a time period in the 1970's. He will be the architect of American foreign policy during the decade. Napalm- flammable gasoline bomb used during the war Agent Orange- chemical used to clear the jungles in Vietnam. Roles played by Presidents- ● Kennedy- increased advisors to Vietnam. He also created the Green Berets and the Navy Seals. ● Johnson- Vietnam conflict begins under Johnson and he increases our involvement. He uses the Gulf of Tonkin incident as his "smoking gun" to get troops into Vietnam without declaration of War. ● Nixon-escalated the War with the bombings of Ho Chi Minh trail and Cambodia. He used the end of the war "peace with honor" to help get him reelected.

What were the causes and consequences of the Dust Bowl of the 1930's?

Causes: poor agricultural practices (dry farming), years of sustained drought, winds, and planting on marginal lands Consequences: mass migration, public works programs, farm foreclosures, decreased crop productions, and worsening of the Great Depression

What were the changes in the social and economic status of women?

Changes in social status of women in 1920s— ● Changing ideal of marriage: - Women expected to share leisure activities together, to be "best friends," and to pursue mutual sexual satisfaction together ● Changing social opportunities: - Female college enrollments increased by 50 percent in 1920s Changes in economic status of women in 1920s— ● In the industrial sector, women were still often excluded from skilled positions, and often were paid less than men for the same work. ● Women began to dominate the fields of teaching, nursing, social work, and librarianship. ● More hired for office jobs ● A few women also became university professors & journalists, which were male-dominated in the 1920s Margaret Sanger— ● An early advocate of birth control and formal sex education, sparking huge controversies in the 1920s ● Founded the American Birth Control League in 1921, a predecessor of Planned Parenthood Flappers— ● Young, single middle-class women who broke many informal rules about expected behavior, such as: - wearing short dresses, - wearing sensuous red lipstick, - smoking & drinking in public ● The flappers broke informal social rules out of a desire for more independence, liberty, and equality Clerical and Office jobs— ● These types of jobs grew rapidly in the 1920s when corporations were growing fast. ● Women were often excluded from becoming office managers, accountants, or supervisors, but dominated the lower-level positions of secretaries, typists, filing clerks, bank tellers, and department store clerks. ● Office positions for women generally had better working conditions than industrial jobs, but the pay was still relatively low. The Rise of Women's colleges— ● Women had traditionally been excluded from or strictly limited in attending colleges ● Many women's colleges started as teacher-training institutions and gradually expanded ● Growing economic opportunities correlated with increased enrollment of women in colleges.

US 95 What was the Chicano Movement?

Chicano Movement (Cesar Chavez) - Beginning in the 1940's the movement encompassed a broad cross section of issues - restoration of land grants, farm workers rights, enhanced education, voting and political rights, and addressing perceived negative ethnic stereotypes American Indian Movement (Russell Means) - AIM founded in 1968 the focus was on spiritually leadership and sovereignty . As the organization grew it led protests to Washington D.C. (Trail of Broken Treaties) In 1973 AIM led a 71 day armed standoff with federal authorities at Wounded Knee, South Dakota Feminist Movement (Betty Friedan)- Also known as "Women's Liberation or Women's Lib began in the late 19th century a campaign for reforms on issues including reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, women's suffrage, sexual harassment and sexual violence

US 94 How did the civil rights and voting rights legislation change the nation?

Civil Rights Act of 1964 ● This act, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on July 2, 1964, prohibited discrimination in public places, provided for the integration of schools and other public facilities, and made employment discrimination illegal. This document was the most sweeping civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. Voting Rights Act of 1965 ● The act eliminated the so-called literacy tests that had disqualified minority voters. Civil Rights Act of 1968 ● The assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., generated the support needed to pass. The 1968 Fair Housing Act banned discrimination in the sale and rental of 80 percent of housing. It also contained anti-riot provisions and protected persons exercising specific rights--such as attending school or serving on a jury—as well as civil rights workers urging others to exercise these rights. It included the Indian Bill of Rights to extend constitutional protections to Native Americans not covered by the Bill of Rights. The 24th Amendment ● abolition of poll taxes

US 92 How did the significant events in the struggle to secure civil rights for African Americans affect the country?

Columbia Race Riots ● began in 1946 began with a fight between James Stephenson, an African American, and William Fleming a white store clerk ● Rumors persisted that the whites hanging out in the town square of Columbia were planning a lynching of Stephenson. ● Governor Jim Nance called out the National Guard and State Patrol to Columbia due to shooting of 4 Columbia police officers including the Chief of Police. ● after arresting 100 African Am citizens, two were killed and another injured by Columbia police. ● Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP defended the African Americans with only two being found guilty. ● Those Charges were eventually dropped. Tent Cities of Haywood and Fayette Counties (TN) ● (1959) African Americans protested exclusion from juries by organizing a voter registration campaign. Whites in both counties retaliated with evictions, firings, and economic embargoes forcing African Americans to live in "tent cities". ● The Justice Dept. brought an end to the situation in 1962 by winning a suit against the white businessmen and politicians. Influence of the Highlander Folk School and Civil Rights advocacy groups ● TN agency created to teach protest methods to labor organizers and civil rights activists ● Played a major role in the 1950s training students and others in civil disobedience techniques Integration of Clinton High School in Clinton, TN (1956) ● 12 African American students integrated all white Clinton HS-first school in TN to be integrated. ● Governor Frank Clements sent National Guard to stop rioting and enroll students in Clinton High School Integration of Central High School in Little Rock, AR ● When 9 African American students attempted to enroll at Central High School in Little Rock, Governor Orval Faubus sent the National Guard to keep the students from enrolling and forcing Eisenhower to send federal troops to enroll and protect the "Little Rock 9" ● 101st is the troops sent in to ensure the safety of the nine students Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955 ● Rosa Parks refusal to give up seat inspired boycott ● Boycott for 13 months-bus company gave in and opened seating ● Inspired "Freedom Riders" on trains and buses for interstate travel. Birmingham bombings 1963 ● KKK ● 16th street Baptist Church- bombing left 4 African American children dead ● Church was a frequent meeting place for civil rights organizers Freedom Rides ● organized by CORE and SNCC to force compliance with the Supreme Court's order to integrate interstate buses by refusing to segregate while riding on buses in southern states ● riders encountered the most violence in Alabama and Mississippi ● RFK's Justice Dept. sent federal marshals to protect the riders March on Washington ● organized by Dr. King to put pressure on Congress to pass the Civil Rights bill that the conservative coalition was blocking ● King addressed the crowd of 250,000 with his "I Have a Dream" speech. Sit-ins, marches, demonstrations, boycotts, Nashville sit-ins, Diane Nash ● All were examples of civil disobedience (non violence) promoted by King, CORE, and SNCC ● Greensboro, N.C. sit-in at the Woolworth's store lunch counter and Nashville sit-ins (organized and led by Diane Nash) at downtown stores' lunch counters brought national attention to the movement and encouraged others across the South Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr ● April 4, 1968 ● Went to Memphis, TN to offer support of Sanitation workers strike ● Lorraine Motel- Balcony is where he was shot ● "Mountaintop" Speech- last speech. ● James Earl Ray- Convicted in case but some doubted his guilt

US 75 What was the progression of American foreign policy?

Containment- stop the spread of Communism Massive retaliation- Eisenhower belief that no matter the size of the aggression that the response should be massive Brinkmanship-Eisenhower policy to do anything to the brink of war Domino Theory- Theory if one country falls to communism then others will follow Flexible Response-John F. Kennedy belief that the response to the aggression should fit the level of aggression.

US 97 How did the rise of social activism and the counterculture affect the nation?

Counterculture ● Beatniks ● Hippies ● Drug culture ● Anti-war protesters ● Flower power ● Timothy Leary ● "Turn on, Tune in, Drop out" ● San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury as a Mecca Generation Gap ● Baby boomer children growing up in 1960's/1970's ● Different values - civil rights, anti-war, drug use, sexual revolution Woodstock ● Music and Art Festivals in New York ● 3 days of "peace and music" ● "the 60s movement of peace and love and some higher cultural cause"

What is the suffrage for women. Who are its leaders? What were activities of suffragettes. When was the passage of the 19th Amendment. What role did Tennessee have in the suffrage effort?

Earliest Movements ● The Seneca Falls Conference-earliest womens' rights convention (1848) ● Women's work against slavery, prohibition and suffrage. Leaders of the Movement: ● Carrie Chapman Catt ● Alice Paul ● Susan B. Anthony ● Elizabeth Cady Stanton (Seneca Falls) ● Lucretia Mott (Seneca Falls) Activities: (3 attempts) ● The western voting movement (Wyoming is the first state to allow women the right to vote in State Elections), which leads to Individual States Movements ● Constitutional Amendments ● Supreme Court (14th amendment) The Role of Tennessee- Why the "Perfect 36"? TN was the 36th state to ratify the 19th amendment making it law. ● Anne Dallas Dudley-important organizer and lobbyist for the 19th amendment ● Harry Burn-young legislator whose vote change at the last minute pushed the ratification bill through the legislature. ● Josephine Pearson-ant suffragist leader in the state

What were the changes in the economy and culture of the United States as a result of expansion of credit, consumerism, and financial speculation?

Economic Changes ● Expansion of credit leads to increased consumer demand ● Increase in diversity and number of stock market investors ● Ponzi Schemes (FL bust) ● Increase in "Buying on Margin" ● Marketing techniques increase sales. ● growth of middle class Culture Changes ● Increases in disposable income (entertainment and leisure activities) ● Financial markets located in urban areas thereby attracting more citizens to these urban centers

What were the causes of the Great Depression?

Economic Cycle driven by Overextension of credit ● Credit buying became popular in the 1920's ● Homes, autos, appliances could be purchased on credit ● Middle class typically saved money, but in the 1920's the "get rich quick" mentality of the stock market infected the middle class--too much credit extended for stocks that were overvalued Overproduction in agriculture ● WWI raised demand for food from US farmers. ● Farmers cleared more land and invested in new equipment ● Post-War period of 1920's demand declined and food prices dropped Overproduction in Manufacturing/Industry ● New labor-saving appliances like washing machines, vacuum/automobiles/related industries to produce consumer goods- through most of the 1920's the market was high but as the decade ended, demand dropped ● Saturated American market--high tariff walls imposed by U.S. were countered by goods that the U.S. produced Laissez faire policies ● Republican Presidents of the 1920s - Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover ● Did not believe that government should interfere in business or help farmers ● Hoover- "rugged individualism" response to the Crash and the onset of the Depression Buying on margin ● Buying stocks on credit ● Popular with new middle class investors Excessive consumerism ● encouraged by the introduction of consumer credit and increase in advertising Rising unemployment ● evident by 1929 due to surplus created by overproduction in manufacturing and to high tariffs High tariffs ● Protective tariffs under Harding and Coolidge helped cause overproduction ● 1930 Hawley-Smoot Tariff -attempt to strengthen American manufacturing by raising rates to 60%-backfired when European nations raised their rates in retaliation and worsened the world-wide depression Crash of the stock market ● Triggered by overproduction and the extent of buying on margin and speculation ● Market crash triggered bank failures and bankrupted businesses

US 57 What was President Roosevelt's response to the rise of totalitarianism?

FDR's Quarantine Speech (1937) ● FDR's attempt to promote intervention by suggesting democracies join to isolate and stop totalitarian aggression - speech caused an increase in isolationism among the Am public. Four Freedoms Speech ● Annual Message to Congress (State of the Union) Jan 6th, 1941 ● stated the reason the US should get involved in WWII was to protect the universal freedoms of speech and worship and the freedom from want and fear. Atlantic Charter ● created by FDR and Churchill at the Atlantic Conference in 1941 prior to the U.S. entry into WWII. ● listed the goals for the post-war world Lend-Lease (1941) ● the U.S. could provide war materials to the Allied Powers-effectively ended U.S. neutrality policy

US 56 What were the reasons for and consequences of the rise of fascism and totalitarianism in Europe during the 1930's?

Fascism (created as a response to the economic and social problems caused by WWI including debt and reparations) ● Instituted in Italy by Benito Mussolini after WWI-promoted the glory and power of the state and race at the sacrifice of individual rights - used force to dispose of opposition (Black Shirts) - Promised to restore the glory of the old Roman Empire ● developed in Germany under the leadership of the Nazi Party and Adolf Hitler due to being saddled with unreasonable reparations from WWI. - used force to dispose opposition (Brown Shirts) - Promised to create a third German Empire (3rd Reich) that would last a thousand years Totalitarianism ● Government controls all aspects of economics, government (dictator) and society ● Growth in Europe in the 1920s & 30s under Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union), Mussolini, and Hitler.

US 79 What was the relationship between Cuba and United States?

Fidel Castro takes control of Cuba in 1959. The US relationship with Cuba ended with Castro nationalizing of all Cuban businesses and kicking out of American companies. This coupled with Castro's turn to the Soviet Union and Communism, now gave America a Communist nation 90 miles away from its border. This led America to the following actions during the years of 1959 to 1964: ● The Bay of Pigs Invasion- - Plan originally created under the Eisenhower administration - the CIA was given permission to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro's government. - With the election of John Kennedy the plan was approved and the training took place. - On April 17th 1961, the invasion took place with disastrous results, when the lack of air support gave Castro the edge in defeating the invading forces. - This made the US and Kennedy look weak and ineffective in dealing with a Communist nation 90 miles from our border. The Cuban Missile Crisis- - In October of 1962, U-2 air flights over Cuba showed nuclear missile sites being built in Cuba. - President Kennedy called for their immediate removal. - During a two week period in October, the US and the Soviet Union, came to the edge of nuclear warfare over whether the missile should be taken out. - The US imposed a blockade of Cuba. Eventually the Soviets turned around and promised to take the missiles out of Cuba. - America agrees to remove their missiles from Turkey

US 68 What was the importance of the establishment and the impact of the Fort Campbell base?

Fort Campbell, KY- As it became apparent to Army planners in the late 1930s that war was a very dangerous possibility, surveys were conducted to locate potential sites for mobilization and training camps should the Army need to rapidly expand. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor funds were authorized for the purchase of 105,000 acres of land at a cost of $4 million, and construction began two months later in March of 1942. The camp was ready for occupation in four short months. Over 21 million square feet of billets, warehouses, classrooms and motor pools were built at a cost of $35 million. Oak Ridge, TN ● Manhattan Project- to build an atomic weapon- Oak Ridge labs primary purpose to "enrich" uranium for weapons grade use ● "Secret" facility during the war ● Remains a major center for nuclear power production and research for federal government TVA ● 34 dams under the control of the TVA on the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers produce electric power and play a role in flood control, irrigation and navigation. TVA also serves several other purposes including reforestation, preservation of wildlife, production of fertilizer, and improved use of agricultural land. ● Cheapest rates for electricity in the nation. ALCOA ● Major supplier of aluminum for aircraft production during WWII Camp Forrest as POW Center ● The camp housed Italian and German POWs. Prisoners became laborers at Camp Forrest in the hospitals and on farms in the local community. Initially the camp held civilian detainees who were arrested at the outbreak of the war under a program called "Alien Enemy Control." Many of these internees were incarcerated without legal process.

US 62 What roles played significant actions in World War II?

Franklin Roosevelt- American President throughout most of the war. He will authorize the building of the atomic bomb. Winston Churchill- Prime Minister of Great Britain during most of the war. Joseph Stalin- leader of the Soviet Union during the war. More people will die under him than Hitler. Harry Truman- He becomes President after the death of FDR in 1945. It is his decision to drop the bomb. Adolph Hitler- Totalitarian leader of Germany. The "deathbed" of Hitler came at Stalingrad. Holocaust-"Final Solution" with the Jews Benito Mussolini-leader of Italy who will be thrown off the throne. At this point Italy will quit the war however fighting will occur in Italy up until weeks prior to the end of the war. Hideki Tojo- Prime Minister of Japan most of the WW II Dwight Eisenhower- Allied leader in the European Theater. North Africa and D-Day George Marshall- Chief of Staff during the war. He was the writer of the war plan Douglas MacArthur- principal American military leader in the Pacific theater of the war. He was most known for the Philippines and overseeing the Japanese surrender about the USS Missouri

US 52 By examining excerpts what can you learn about others point of view during the Great Depression?

Herbert Hoover's "Rugged Individualism"— ● Hoover campaigned for president by praising American's individualism and that people did not need the help of the government in economic affairs compared with European systems of "state socialism" Franklin Roosevelt's "First Inaugural Address"— ● Emphasized the need for direct government action, rather than relying on the private actions of citizens, to attack the Great Depression John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath ● Focused attention on the misery of Dust Bowl migrants leaving the Oklahoma for California

US 55 What were the reasons for and consequences of American actions in foreign policy during the 1930's?

Hoover-Stimson Note ● U.S. response to Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931-the U.S. would not recognize any territory taken by force. ● US scolded Japanese but strong isolationist sentiment in US prevented any stronger action and the League of Nations did not step in. Johnson Debt Default Act ● U.S. could not make any loans to countries that had defaulted on WWI debts Neutrality Acts of 1935 & 1937 ● U.S. reaction to growing aggression in Europe-prohibited selling weapons or making loans to warring nations or traveling on ships of warring nations and prohibited any assistance in the Spanish Civil War Neutrality Acts of 1939 ● U.S. response to the start of WWII in Europe - neutrality policy changed to allow weapons to be sold to warring nations that paid cash and provided transport (called "Cash and Carry" Act)

What impact did the Hayes-Tilden Presidential election of 1876 and the end of Reconstruction on African Americans have on America.

Impact of Hayes-Tilden Presidential election of 1876— ● The disputed election led to the Compromise of 1877 & the end of Reconstruction: - In exchange for support, Republican Hayes promised Southern Democrats to end the military occupation of the Reconstructed South ● Southern Democrats agreed to support Hayes' claim for the Presidency if he would support increased funding for Southern internal improvements and agree to end Reconstruction, thus guaranteeing home rule—meaning white control—in the South. Hayes became President and the Southern Democrats could reverse with impunity the gains that blacks had made during Reconstruction. Impact of the end of Reconstruction on African-Americans— ● Jim Crow Laws—segregation, based on white supremacist beliefs, legitimized by Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) court case ● Disenfranchisement methods - Grandfather Clause - Poll taxes - Sharecropping - Intimidation (violence, threats, Ku Klux Klan, lynching, etc.) ● Pap Singleton's efforts - Former Tennessee slave who supported Exodusters - Established African-American settlements in Kansas (Singleton Colonies); - Promoted black nationalism ● Exodusters - Former slaves who mass-migrated from the South to the west (Kansas) in efforts to escape Jim Crow laws and hate groups (KKK)

US 96 What was the impact of Johnson's Great Society programs?

Impact of LBJ's Great Society Programs— ● The Great Society reform program of the 1960s was the height of activist & interventionist federal government policy in US history. ● Johnson idolized Franklin Roosevelt and aimed to extend and surpass the New Deal's progressive and interventionist record ● The Great Society ultimately produced legislation affecting almost every area of American life ● The main goals of Johnson's Great Society were: a. Equality of opportunity b. Enrichment of urban life c. Restoring natural beauty ("beautification" programs) d. Improving education (Head Start) e. Ending poverty f. Racial Justice & Civil Rights (see Standard #94 above) Medicare— ● Greatly increased accessibility to health care for the elderly, providing hospitalization and medical insurance ● Passing the program was a victory over decades of opposition to "socialized medicine" ● A companion program, Medicaid, provided hospitalization coverage for the poor Urban Renewal— ● A new cabinet-level Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) was created to address the issue of revitalizing American urban life ● Many cities' mass-transit systems were created or updated as a result of these urban renewal projects War on Poverty— ● The "unconditional war" on poverty related to LBJ's desire to promote equal opportunity ● The aim of the various programs was to assist the poor in helping themselves, e.g.: a. remedial education b. job training c. nutrition & food-stamp programs d. supplemental incomes ● The "war on poverty" ultimately failed to achieve its stated goal of ending poverty in America ● Conservatives criticized the "war on poverty" for allegedly removing individual incentives to work hard to improve oneself and increasing the demand for relief programs

US 85 How did the television and mass media in the American home impact Politics and Economy?

Impact of Television and Mass Media ● Hollywood reflected values and fears of Cold War (Hollywood Ten and Army-McCarthy hearings) ● Increased Marketing drawing on ideas of consumerism and conspicuous consumption. ● Use of TV Political campaign ads. (Eisenhower first) ● Televised Presidential debates (Nixon v. Kennedy-1st) ● The Ed Sullivan Show and American Bandstand- Introduced Rock and Roll to Mainstream media and the American public. ● See US.83

US 63 What were the constitutional issues and impact of events on the United States home front?

Internment of Japanese Americans-After the attack on Pearl Harbor, people of Japanese descent were looked on with suspicion. FDR will issue Executive Order 9066 in 1942 to intern tens of thousands of American citizens of Japanese ancestry. These people will be relocated to camps located in several different states. There will also be a smaller amount of Italian and German descent citizens interned as well. Korematsu v. US- Korematsu refused to leave his home in San Diego and he was convicted. His case will reach the Supreme Court in 1944. The court upheld the conviction. Justice Hugo Black writing for the majority said, "Pressing public necessity," he wrote, "may sometimes justify the existence of such restrictions; racial antagonism never can." In 1988 Congress passed a Resolution and President Regan signed apologizing for the internment of the Japanese and offered a monetary settlement.

US 93 What were the explanations offered by various events?

MLK, Jr's ● April 16, 1963 "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" ● August 26, 1963 "I have a Dream" Malcolm X ● April 3rd, 1964 "The Ballot or the Bullet"

What are the causes and consequences of Gilded Age politics and economics?

Major Causes of Gilded Age- ● Civil War ● influx of Immigration ● rise of industrialization ● lack of government regulation 3rd Great Awakening Credit Mobilier - Union Pacific RR - sold stock to congressmen and used that to influence them to appropriate money for subsidizing the building of the RR - made profits by overcharging for materials and labor Whiskey Ring - a group of Republican politicians, including Orville Babcock, Grant's private secretary, in a conspiracy to siphon off federal tax revenues from whiskey taxes - the "ring" was uncovered and brought to light by Sec of Treasury, Benjamin Bristow Tammany Hall - headquarters of the Boss Tweed Ring, NYC's political machine - Tweed had a network of elected officials and ward bosses that worked incoming immigrants to set them up with housing and jobs so that in return they owed votes to put Tweed puppets in city positions where they could vote public works contracts to Tweed. Thomas Nast- Political cartoonist who is best known for for his exposing of Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall in the 1870's. Garfield - assassinated shortly after his inauguration by Charles Guiteau, a disappointed office-seeker. Showed the great flaws in the patronage system and spurred the Pendleton Act (civil service reform). Interstate Commerce Act - 1887 - established Interstate Commerce Commission, the first federal regulatory agency. Main purpose was to regulate the railroads in order to deter unfair practices like long/short haul rates and rebates/pools. Economic Disparity ● Robber Barons or Captains of Industry? ● Rockefeller and Carnegie ● Social Darwinism ● Conditions and wages for workers in factories Problems for farmers in late 1800's - include gold and silver issue / gouging by railroads / overproduction which leads to rise of Populism

What were the Major dedevelopments in Tennessee during the Reconstruction era, including the Constitutional Convention of 1870, the yellow fever epidemic of 1878, and the election of African-Americans to the General Assembly.

Major developments in Tennessee- ● First Confederate state to ratify the 14th Amendment ("no state shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law") Constitutional Convention of 1870- - Convention held in response to the requirement that all readmitted ex-Confederate States adopt new constitutions - New constitution adopted to explicit anti-slavery laws - poll taxes-enacted to prevent African Americans from voting - segregation- legal segregation Jim Crow laws Yellow Fever Epidemic - Yellow Fever impact- 1873 epidemic claimed 2,000 lives in Memphis. River traffic carried yellow fever up the Mississippi Valley; mosquitoes transmitted disease; area quarantines African-Americans in the General Assembly - Sampson W. Keeble- Nashville barber who became the first black citizen elected to the TN House of Representatives - A total of 13 will serve at different points between 1873-1888. It will be 1965 before another African-American will be elected.

What was the impact of the following events and people during World War I?

Major turning points of World War I— ● The Battle of the Marne (Sept. 1914) - France prevented Germany from capturing Paris at the Marne River ● The Race to the Sea (Oct./Nov. 1914) - After the German defeat at the Marne, they tried to outflank the Allies but failed. The result was stalemate and trench warfare across entire Western front ● Germany resumes Unrestricted Submarine Warfare in early 1917 - This action will bring the US into the war and help ensure German defeat ● Germany knocks Russia out of the war (late 1917/early 1918) - Allows Germany to focus all its energy on one last offensive in the West in 1918 - Russian defeat brings on the Russian Revolution ● German Spring Offensive of 1918 is defeated with American military help - The German military is now exhausted & incapable of any more offensive action - By November 1918, the addition of American military power leads Germany to seek a cessation in the war ● Armistice ends the fighting on November 11, 1918 Impact of trench warfare— ● Artillery and machine guns drove armies underground and into trenches ● In trenches, soldiers were exposed to harsh weather and disease (from rats, lice, dead bodies, lack of sanitation) ● The unique horrors of trench warfare led to "shell shock" and other psychological disorders among millions of soldiers Impact of new weapons and technologies— ● The machine gun and barbed wire made defensive warfare especially formidable ● Tanks and airplanes had vast military potential but their potential was only minimally exploited during the war ● Massed artillery shelling caused unprecedented casualties and drove armies underground and into trenches ● Poison gas artillery shells were fired on to enemy trenches (chlorine gas, mustard gas, etc.) Impact of Herbert Hoover— ● Engineered a rapid increase in production of foodstuffs and put in place an efficient distribution system delivering foodstuffs to millions of troops and European civilians. ● Just one of many civilian administrators who successfully & quickly transformed the American economy for wartime demands Impact of General John J. Pershing and the American Expeditionary Force— ● General Pershing commanded the American forces in France. ● The American Expeditionary Force was practically created "from scratch," drafted in 1917, and trained & equipped to fight by 1918 ● The American military contribution played a pivotal role in halting the German Spring Offensive of 1918: Germany's last offensive of the war Impact of the doughboys— ● More than a million American troops went over to France, with over 100,000 dying in France. Impact of Alvin C. York— ● Tennessee native who won the Medal of Honor for his heroism in World War I ● Without question the most famous "doughboy" to emerge from World War I

US 90 What were the roles of civil rights advocates?

Martin Luther King, Jr. ● Southern Christian Leadership Conference ● "I Have a Dream" speech ● greatest moral force in Civil Rights movement ● Assassinated in Memphis April 4, 1968 Malcolm X ● "by any means necessary" ● Black Muslim ● Radical separatist ● Moving towards more moderate non-violence when assassinated in 1964 Thurgood Marshall ● NAACP lawyer ● Major victory on May 17,1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ● 1967 first African- American Supreme Court justice Rosa Park ● NAACP officer ● took a seat in the front row of the "colored section" the bus filled and Ms. Parks was asked to give up her seat. Ms. Parks refused and was arrested. Sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott Stokely Carmichael ● Began with Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) but became more separatist and eventually led Black Panthers - associated with "Black Power" movement President John Kennedy ● Used his New Frontier to provide federal funding and power to promote civil rights programs ● Used federal troops to promote racial integration ● helped draft the 1964 Civil Rights Act Robert Kennedy ● He helps to get MLK Jr released from jail. This action helps to propel JFK into the White House. ● As Attorney General: used Justice Dept. and federal marshals to force racial integration (Freedom Riders, James Meredith) and helped draft the 1964 Civil Rights Act ● As Senator: achieved funding for major redevelopment projects for New York City, supported the 1965 Voting Rights Act and busing ● As presidential candidate: became the voice of the disaffected and impoverished ● publicly supported Cesar Chavez's fight for migrant workers President Lyndon Johnson ● "Great Society" ● Civil Rights Act of 1964 ○ Signed into law by Lyndon Johnson on July 2, 1964 ○ prohibited discrimination in public places, provided for the integration of schools and other public facilities and made employment discrimination illegal. ○ The most sweeping Civil Rights legislation since Reconstruction ● Civil Rights Act of 1968 ○ Assassination of Dr. MLK, JR generated needed support for passage. ○ 1968 Fair Housing Act banned discrimination in the sale and rental of 80% of housing. ○ Contained anti-riot provisions and protected persons exercising specific rights- Such as attending school or serving on a jury- as well as Civil Rights workers urging others to exercise these rights ○ It included the Indian Bill of Rights to extend constitutional protections to Native Americans not covered by the Bill of Rights. James Meredith (1962) ● African American student attempting to enroll at the University of Mississippi. ● admittance revoked by University following disclosure of his race ● JFK guaranteed his safety and enrollment. ● He was eventually allowed to enroll. Jim Lawson (1960) ● Worked with Diane Nash and the Nashville Sit ins ● Organized most of the Nashville sit ins

How did the rise of mass production techniques and new technologies affect the economy?

Mass Production ● Henry Ford introduced assembly line production based on scientific management principles. (time and motion) ● Increase in consumer demand due to advertising and introduction of consumer credit. ● Mass production of the automobile will see the rise of many other industries such as steel, petroleum, and glass. New Technologies ● Automobile - Model A & Model T - Affordability - Big multiplier industry replacing railroads ● Aircraft-Wright Brothers (turn of century) - Charles Lindbergh's transatlantic flight-NY to Paris (1927) ● Spread of Electricity - Oil and electricity replacing coal and steam power ● Labor Saving Appliances - Electric Vacuum Cleaner - Electric Washing Machine - Electric stove/oven - Electric Iron ● Food Processing/Purchasing - Piggly Wiggly- first Self-service department store concept applied to grocers by Clarence Saunders in Memphis, TN. - Caused stores to purchase and keep more foods and other products on hand. - Refrigeration in transport of perishable foods and storage at home.

US 84 What were the effects of technological developments?

Medicine: ● Polio vaccine by Jonas Salk ● Birth control ● EKGs ● Transplant surgery ● Preventive medicine Agriculture: ● increased mechanized power ● advances in plant and animal breeding ● inexpensive chemical fertilizers and pesticides - 1950s called the "pesticide era" Environmental ● Concerns from the growing use of pesticides (DDT banned) ● led to Rachel Carson's Silent Spring and the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970 Interstate Highway System ● Authorized in the 1956 by Eisenhower to provide for national defense and to promote trade and industry

US 66 What was the war's impact on the home front?

Movement to cities The movement to the cities increased during the war, as more jobs became available. Nearly 30 million people moved during the war. Bracero Program- The program was a series of laws and agreements between the United States and Mexico government. There was a high need for farm laborers and this program will allow Mexican farm workers to cross the border to come work the American farms. Production of War goods- The US economy shifted to a wartime economy. The US provided everything its Army, Navy and Air Corps could use or need. Financing & Buying War Bonds - The nation went into the role of deficit and increased defense spending. This was paid for by the raising of Liberty Bonds (as it had been in WWI). American's bought almost 186 billion dollars in bonds during the War. Rationing - Consumer rationing and price ceilings were put in place. The American public rationed everything from tires, bicycles, gasoline, shoes, food and many other items. People were given ration books that contained coupons for different products.

What textual evidence explains the significant roles played by muckrakers and progressive idealists, such as Robert La Follette, Theodore Roosevelt, Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, and Upton Sinclair?

Muckrakers-journalists who exposed worst excesses of robber barons and put the spotlight on worst outcomes of industrialization and urbanization ● Tarbell- A History of Standard Oil ● Steffens- The Shame of the Cities (political machines) ● Sinclair- The Jungle (meatpacking conditions) - Helped spur the Pure Food and Drug Act 1906 and Meat Inspection Act 1906 Robert LaFollette ● Republican Progressive governor/senator in Wisconsin ● Had a role in the split between the Progressive Republicans in 1912 Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt ● Republican Progressive governor of New York and eventually President of the United States. ● As president, used the "Square Deal" to promote progressive reform. (Trust regulation, railroad regulation, conservation, etc.)

What are the significant progressive achievements during the administration of Woodrow Wilson?

New Freedom-Wilson's approach to economic reform: Dismantling monopolies, reducing power of federal government, and favors competition of small business Underwood Tariff- lowered tariffs (income tax will take the place of lost revenue) Federal Reserve Act-divided nation into 12 FR districts with a governing board to determine interest rates and to control currency supply Clayton Anti-Trust Act-will strengthen anti-trust enforcement by creating the Federal Trade Commission which could issue "cease and desist" orders to companies engaged in monopolistic actions.

US 88 How did President Kennedy's New Frontier programs aim to improve education?

New Frontier programs: Education ● increased federal funding for scholarships, student loans, libraries, school lunch programs, physically disabled, vocational education, educational television ● Congress denied his proposal to provide federal funds to elementary and secondary Schools. Discrimination ● Voter Education Project added over 500,000 registered voters ● increased prosecutions under the Civil Rights Division of the Justice Dept. ● publicly supported banning the poll tax (24th Amendment in 1964) ● Executive Order to stop discrimination in federal hiring practices ● ICC made Jim Crow illegal in interstate transportation (influence of the Freedom Riders) Peace Corps ● Founded in 1961 it was originally a challenge issued to University of Michigan students by Kennedy when he was still a senator. ● The idea was that the participants would serve the cause of peace by serving their country worldwide. Space Race ● Yuri Gagarin- Soviet cosmonaut was first man in space ● Mercury Program resulted in Alan Shepard as first American in space and John Glenn as first Am to orbit the Earth ● JFK challenged NASA to put a man on the moon by the end of the 1960s (Neil Armstrong on July 29th, 1969)

US 98 What were significant achievements of the Nixon administration?

Nixon administration achievements— ● Domestic Achievements: 1. Supported the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (1970) 2. Supported quotas to increase minority access to skilled employment 3. Supported increased Social Security benefits Nixon's appeal to the "silent majority"— ● The "silent majority" was composed of northern blue-collar workers and southern whites, to whom Nixon appealed for support in the 1968 presidential election ● Nixon tried to appeal to this "silent majority" by portraying himself as a "law and order" candidate who would end the domestic upheavals of the mid-1960s Nixon's foreign policy successes— ● President Nixon participated in the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) with the Soviets in 1972 as part of the effort to temper the Cold War through diplomatic détente. ● Signed the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, helping to calm U.S.-Soviet tensions by curtailing the threat of nuclear weapons between the world's two superpowers. ● President Nixon was the first President to visit the People's Republic of China and Moscow ● Signed the Paris Peace Accords in 1973, ending U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.

US 78 What were multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats of the fears of Americans about nuclear holocaust and debates over the stockpiling and use of nuclear weapons?

Nuclear Stockpiling - the creating of more and more nuclear weapons and keeping supplies on hand to bring about mass destruction. The debate over using these weapons becomes a hot topic of discussion among "hawks" people who are for a wartime posture, and "doves", those who are opposed to this posture. Atomic Testing - The increase of testing will take place as the weapons become more technical numerous and dangerous. Civil Defense and Bomb Shelters - The US will increase spending and promote nuclear warfare education and awareness. There will be fallout shelters & bomb drills such as "duck & cover". These were suppose to help prepare Americans in case of a disaster. Mutually assured destruction - both the US and USSR use this as a policy to keep their hardliners in check. Sputnik - the first satellite into space launched by the Soviet Union. This created the Space Race. Eisenhower's warning- President Eisenhower's warns the people of the United States in his farewell address to the nation to beware the build up of the military- industrial complex. His reasons are that: ● we will become too dependent on defense spending. ● it will increase the national debt to a point of no return. ● the whole idea of using the military is not to be the aggressor but to stop Communism or any other hostile nation from becoming a threat to the US.

What are the significant progressive achievements during the administration of Theodore Roosevelt?

Square Deal Domestic program formed upon three basic ideas: ● conservation of natural resources ● control of corporations ● consumer protection. Conservation ● United States Forestry Service ● established 5 national parks ● Antiquities Act Control of Corporations ● known as "trust buster" ● regulate instead of dissolve ● Northern Securities Case Consumer Protection ● The Jungle" - Upton Sinclair book ● Pure Food and Drug Act ● Meat Inspection Act ● Child Labor Law

How did the attacks on civil liberties and racial and ethnic tensions affect America?

Palmer Raids- attempts by the department of Justice to deport radical leftists especially anarchists Immigration Quota Acts of 1920's-wanted to limit the number of immigrants from certain areas especially Southern and Eastern European countires. It favored immigrants from Northern and Western Europe. KKK- Rise of this group in the 1920s was a direct result of the increased immigrants especially those who were Jewish and Catholics. Ida B. Wells -African American newspaper editor and suffragist who was an early leader in Civil Rights and was anti-lynching crusader. Randolph Miller- relentless condemnation of racial segregation and civil rights restrictions was highlighted by his response to a 1905 Tennessee law segregating public transportation. Predating Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. by fifty years, Miller and other black leaders in Chattanooga launched a briefly successful boycott of the streetcars. Miller subsequently editorialized that year: "They have taken our part of the library; they have moved our school to the frog pond; they have passed the Jim Crow law; they have knocked us out of the jury box; they have played the devil generally; and what in thunder will they do no one knows." Sacco and Vanzetti- Italian American anarchists who were convicted of robbery and murder and executed on circumstantial evidence. Marcus Garvey and Garveyism- African American leader who called for a movement back to Africa and for African Americans to buy only from black owned businesses. Rise of the NAACP- Birth of a Nation movie, impact of the migration on the cities, WEB DuBois

US 89 What were court cases for the evolution of civil rights?

Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 ● ruling that "separate but equal" was a legal practice. Brown v. Board of Education 1954 ● Struck down "separate but equal" ● Thurgood Marshall - chief attorney for the Brown family ● Unanimous decision Gideon v. Wainwright 1963 ● Attorneys appointed for indigent people at taxpayer costs (Court appointed attorneys) Escobedo v. Illinois 1964 ● Criminal suspects have a right to an attorney during questioning Miranda v. Arizona 1966 ● "Miranda Rights" -- right to remain silent, right to an attorney (self-incrimination) Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) ● Court ruled on affirmative action by deciding race can be only one of many factors determining college admission, not the only factor ● originated when Allan Bakke (white) was refused admission to Univ. of Ca. Davis School of Medicine based on racial quotas and sued under his rights guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.

US 53 What multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media as in the political cartoons about the New Deal?

Political cartoon subjects should include- ● Idea of the New Deal as "alphabet soup" ● FDR as a "doctor" for the nation ● Socialistic aspects of the New Deal ● Farm programs of the New Deal ● FDR's attempt to revamp Supreme Court ● Any specific cartoons on New Deal programs like the WPA, CCC, TVA, FDIC, etc...

How did the rise of celebrities as icons of popular culture affect America?

Post World War I America saw a rise in celebrity icons in American popular culture through mass media and the greater availability of mass and personal transportation ● Babe Ruth - George Herman "Babe" Ruth Jr. Major League Baseball player known for his hitting power, hitting a home run record of 714 home runs ● Lou Gehrig - Henry Louis "Lou" Gehrig Major League Baseball first base player known for his hitting power a career batting average of .340 (Lou Gehrig disease) ● Jack Dempsey - William Harrison "Jack" Dempsey nicknamed the Manassa Mauler. Heavyweight Boxing Champion 1919-1926 (Boxing was biggest sport of the decade) ● Red Grange - Harold Edward "Red" Grange nicknamed "The Galloping Ghost" college and professional football player. Position of halfback University of Illinois and the Chicago Bears. His signing with the Chicago Bears legitimize the National Football League ● Bessie Smith - American blues singer nicknamed "The Empress of the Blues" one of the most popular female blues singer in the 1920's. A major influence on the jazz vocalists ● Billy Sunday - William Ashley "Billy" Sunday former National League Baseball player turned evangelist. One of the most celebrated and influential American evangelists in the first two decades of the 2oth century ● Charles Lindbergh - Charles Augustus Lindbergh "Lucky Lindy" American aviator, author, inventor, explorer and social activist. World fame for his solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean from New York to Paris in 1927. His infant son will be kidnapped and killed. After this incident he will disappear from the spotlight. He reappears during WW II.

US 82 What was the impact of prosperity and consumerism in the 1950s?

Prosperity ● money spent on the Cold War ● cheap, abundant petroleum ● increase in consumer demand ● growth of the auto industry (Big 3) ● new tech industries (space, television, and computer) ● teen spending ● failure of communism agricultural systems Consumerism ● High wages in defense industries ● Baby Boom families want houses, cars, appliances and luxuries ● Partially fueled by fears of imminent nuclear war ● Television-Cultural icons appear-people mimic what they see as perfect families. White Collar Jobs ● growth of corporate America (franchises and conglomerates)led to more service and office jobs Suburban ideal ● more commuting to work in cities ● 2 car garage ideal homes-ranch style ● begins "urban flight" leaving poorest in cities in decaying neighborhoods. ● William Levitt and Levittowns GI Bill ● Returning veterans could get government loans for college, homes, or business start ups ● provided unemployment benefits for a length of time while they looked for jobs ● provided more access to socio-economic advancement. Reliance on foreign oil ● V8 engines and interstates increased demand - beginning of large scale use of gasoline

How did the growth of radios and movies affect the world?

Radio ● First broadcast was 1920 Presidential election results on a station in PA ● Information and entertainment ● Soap operas, comedies, dramas, sporting events ● Advertising became a big business ● changed how families and neighbors "visited"- the radio became the center of attention and conversation. Film ● Information (newsreels), propaganda (WWI bond drives), entertainment ● silent movies and "talkies" (sound movies in 1927) ● The Great Train Robbery, Birth of a Nation(director D.W. Griffith) The Jazz Singer ● Charlie Chaplin, Gloria Swanson, Lon Chaney, Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, Al Jolson

How did the labor movement, including its leaders, major tactics, and the response of management and the government affect America?

Samuel Gompers- ● founder of the American Federation of Labor in 1886 as a federation of craft unions. Eugene Debs ● leader of the American Railway Union jailed for violating an injunction in the Pullman strike (In re Debs)-converted to socialism in prison and led the Socialist Party Haymarket Affair ● Chicago riot resulting from the McCormick strike and labor demand for an 8 hour workday - led to the downfall of the Knights of Labor Federation after the bombing of police during the rally held at Haymarket Square. Pullman Strike ● resulted from pay cuts due to the Panic of 1893 - backed by the American Railway Union and ended with the use of federal injunctions and the jailing of labor leaders. Coal Creek Labor Saga (TN)-1891 ● The Tennessee Mining Company asked miners in Coal Creek (Modern day Lake City) to abandon rights that were granted. ● When the miners refused, the TMC called on the Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Company to bring convict labor to work the mines. ● The miners then overran the stockade and sent the convicts back to Knoxville. ● This prompted a visit from Gov. John Buchanan and the Tennessee National Guard. ● Fighting consisted primarily of guerilla warfare. ● State militia ended the rebellion in August of 1892 Collective bargaining ● legal right of unions to negotiate with management-major goal of unions (including AFL) in late 1800s and early 1900s. Blacklisting ● union organizers/leaders banned from factories -used by management to discourage union activity Open v. closed shops ● Open shops hired union and non union workers (supported by "right to work" laws)while closed shops gave into union demands that only union workers be hired.

US 91 What were the roles of civil rights opponents?

Strom Thurmond ● Segregationist Senator from South Carolina - presidential candidate for the "Dixiecrats" in 1948 George Wallace ● Segregationist governor of Alabama - stood in the doors of the University of Alabama to make a statement against desegregation - presidential candidate in 1968 and again in 1972 - shot and crippled by an assassin Orval Faubus ● Segregationist governor of Arkansas- fought against the desegregation of Little Rock School District- used National Guard to keep students out Bull Connor ● Birmingham police chief who used dogs and high-powered water hoses on peaceful demonstrators KKK ● secret organization that used terrorist tactics - bombings of black schools and churches - violence against black and white activists in the South

What evidence from informational texts to compare and contrast Theodore Roosevelt's Big Stick diplomacy, William Taft's Dollar Diplomacy, and Woodrow Wilson's Moral Diplomacy?

TR Big Stick Diplomacy - "Speak softly and carry a big stick." As president, Roosevelt used "Big stick diplomacy" to expand executive power in handling international affairs transforming the U.S. into a world power. (example: The Great White Fleet) Taft's Dollar Diplomacy - Further U.S. aims through the use of U.S. economic power by guaranteeing loans to countries namely in Latin America and East Asia Wilson's Moral Diplomacy - U.S. economic and political aid given to countries with democratic and moral ideas that are inline with that of the U.S. This would strengthen the U.S. position particularly in Latin America and weaken non-democratic countries.

US 51 How did the TVA affect the economy and culture?

TVA - Tennessee Valley Authority - Government owned and operated public utility - Tennessee River Valley - brought electricity to rural areas - dams built to prevent flooding and provide hydroelectricity - Also several other purposes including reforestation, preservation of wildlife, production of fertilizer, jobs, and improved use of agricultural land - cheapest rates for electricity in the nation Norris Dam - First major project under the TVA - required the purchase of over 152,000 acres of land and the relocation of 2,841 families and 5,226 graves. Dale Hollow Lake - Formed by damming the Obey River above its juncture with the Cumberland River - like Norris Dam this resulted in the relocation of families and communities

US 61 What were the roles and sacrifices of individual American soldiers?

The American GI (the GI stands for Government Issue), was truly a citizen soldier. The US drafted nearly 20 million Americans into uniform effectively ending the Great Depression. This included the following groups: ● African Americans - Over a million African Americans served during the war to include for the first time African-American Officers and Fliers. The most famous being the Tuskegee Airman of Tuskegee University in Alabama.. ● Japanese Americans - Many were allowed to serve overseas (but only in Europe), the most famous being the 442nd Regimental Combat Team which was one of the most decorated units in the European Theater. ● The Native Americans- Nearly a quarter of a million natives served. The most famous were the Navajo wind talkers of the US Marine Corps. Their special language was undecipherable by the Japanese who could not break the code. ● American Women- 400,000 Women volunteered for military service. They were used in every category but combat. Even at that over 500 were killed in service to their country. ● The 101st Airborne - During World War II, it was renowned for its role in Operation Overlord—the D-Day landings starting 6 June 1944, in Normandy, France and action during the Battle of the Bulge around the city of Bastogne, Belgium.

What was the background of the Temperance Movement, the passage of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution and the Volstead Act?

The Background of the Temperance Movement ● Part of the Women's Argument - Based on three parts: - a. the destruction of the family - b. the association of alcohol with immigrants and their cultures and religion (a Progressive Idea) - c. the need to create a "dry" society for religious purposes.. ● This led to the passage of the 18th Amendment which banned the Sale and Transportation of Alcohol and the Volstead Act which dictated what could and could not be sold. ● This gives rise to illegal production of alcohol and the rise of Organized Crime becoming huge in the now illegal activity of "booze". - This made the average American a criminal if they were in the possession of alcoholic beverages and also created new terms such as: - bootlegging - illegal transporting of liquor - speakeasies - illegal saloons and gambling spots where liquor was served - racketeering - running illegal activities where alcohol could be served (i.e. gambling, prostitution, numbers running, etc. ). Repelled by the 21st Amendment to the Constitution, the only Amendment which over- turns another Amendment.

US 76 What were the causes and effects of the Red Scare that followed World War II?

The Causes: ● With the lost of China and North Korea to Communism, the American attitude toward Soviet aggression becomes the hottest issue in America. ● There was a movement in the US to bring back American pre-war values, and an association of anything that was Communist as being "evil". ● Finally this coupled with the McCarthy Hearings caused mass hysteria in the nation concerning the role of Communism. The Effects ● The US under Harry Truman responds to Communist aggression in Korea with an armed "Police Action" involving UN troops which turns into the Korean War. ● This leads to Americans seeing Communists or "Reds" everywhere at home. Joseph McCarthy- Junior Senator from Wisconsin who claims to have a list of 257 Communists in the State Department and fabricates documents and doctors files to make these charges stick. McCarthy's downfall comes when on National Television he accuses the Army of harboring Communists sympathizers and cannot make the allegations stick. He is soon censored and his name adds to a disgraceful chapter in our history. Blacklisting - The act of keeping people from working especially in Hollywood, because of alleged or supposed alliance or allegiance to the Communist party. The Hollywood Ten would go to Washington DC and try to end this. Alger Hiss - State Department Assistant who was found to be guilty of Espionage by the House Un-American Activities Committee. This led to the political rise of Richard Nixon, who was the Congressional Leader of HUAC and was able to prosecute Hiss for perjury before Congress. J. Edgar Hoover - Head of the Federal Bureau of Investigation who was in charge of rooting out Communist throughout the United States. Estes Kefauver- Senator from Tennessee who held hearings on organized crime and its connection to corruption in America. The Rosenbergs -were United States citizens convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage during a time of war, and executed. Their charges were related to the passing of information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. At the time of the case the evidence was circumstantial.

US 50What were the effects of and the controversies arising from New Deal economic policies?

The Effects and Controversies of the New Deal Economic Policies Though many of the New Deal Policy were seen as needed efforts to allow the nation to advance, the majority of them were not very effective in bringing the nation out of the Depression, because of they did not provide enough economic recovery. Socialists Leaders against the New Deal - These leaders believed FDR did not do enough under the New Deal to help the poor and elderly. ● Father Charles Coughlin - said the church could no longer continue to support the needy, that this should be a function of the government. ● Dr. Francis Townsend- radio commentator who said America needed to create a program for the elderly as well as the needy. ● Huey P. Long - Louisiana Governor and Senator who created the Share the Wealth Program, which would later go on to be the basis of the Social Security Program. Court Packing-FDR upset with the Supreme Court's decisions to declare some of the New Deal unconstitutional, tried to persuade Congress and the American people to allow him to raise the number of justices from 9 to 15. He wanted an additional justice for everyone over the age of 70. This was called a socialist move by the critics of FDR who saw this attempt to pack the court as making the Presidency akin to a dictatorship with Supreme Court approval.

What was the Harlem Renaissance?

The Harlem Renaissance ● The "Flowering of African American" literature, music, and art during the 1920's. The birth of "Jazz". ● Langston Hughes - the Poet Laureate of the Harlem Renaissance. ● Zora Neale Hurston - Harlem Renaissance Writer of "Their Eyes were Watching God". ● Louis Armstrong & Duke Ellington - Jazz & Blues Musicians. ● Bessie Smith - Blues Singer and Recording Artists. ● Examine literature pieces

What were the goals and achievements of the Progressive movement?

The Main Goals of the Progressive Era 1- Correct abuses in American Life (i.e. poverty/living conditions in the cities, harsh conditions created by industrialization). 2- reform the political process to empower the middle classes. 3. Promoting moral behavior Progressive Political Reforms Initiative - proposal of legislation by citizens · Referendum - vote by citizens on legislation (usually a "yes" or "no" vote) · Recall - dismissal from office by a vote of citizens · Secret Ballot (aka Australian ballot) · Direct Primary - adopted by most states so that voters registered to a political party could choose candidates for office Impact on citizen and government relationships ● 16th amendment-income tax ● 17th amendment-The Direct Election of Senators ● The 18th Amendment - Prohibition ● The 19th Amendment - Women's Right to Vote. ● The Federal Reserve Act - The division of 12 districts to determine interest rates, currency supplies, clearing houses, etc. ● The Protection of Workers Rights and birth of Labor Unions ● Working to end child labor ● Support of reforms such as the 8 hour day, minimum wages and safer working conditions.

US 69 What was the Manhattan Project?

The Manhattan Project— ● The code name for the military project for atomic-bomb research and development Why the bomb was needed ● The Japanese had demonstrated near-fanatical resistance, fighting to almost the last man on Pacific islands, committing mass suicide on Saipan and unleashing kamikaze attacks at Okinawa. Fire bombing had killed 100,000 in Tokyo with no discernible political effect. Only the atomic bomb could jolt Japan's leadership to surrender. ● With only two bombs ready (and a third on the way by late August 1945) it was too risky to "waste" one in a demonstration over an unpopulated area. ● An invasion of Japan would have caused casualties on both sides that could easily have exceeded the toll at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. ● The two targeted cities would have been firebombed anyway. ● Immediate use of the bomb convinced the world of its horror and prevented future use when nuclear stockpiles were far larger. ● The bomb's use impressed the Soviet Union and halted the war quickly enough that the USSR did not demand joint occupation of Japan. Why the bomb was unjustified ● Japan was ready to call it quits anyway. More than 60 of its cities had been destroyed by conventional bombing, the home islands were being blockaded by the American Navy, and the Soviet Union entered the war by attacking Japanese troops in Manchuria. ● American refusal to modify its "unconditional surrender" demand to allow the Japanese to keep their emperor needlessly prolonged Japan's resistance. ● A demonstration explosion over Tokyo harbor would have convinced Japan's leaders to quit without killing many people. ● Even if Hiroshima was necessary, the U.S. did not give enough time for word to filter out of its devastation before bombing Nagasaki. ● The bomb was used partly to justify the $2 billion spent on its development. ● The two cities were of limited military value. Civilians outnumbered troops in Hiroshima five or six to one. ● Japanese lives were sacrificed simply for power politics between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. ● Conventional firebombing would have caused as much significant damage without making the U.S. the first nation to use nuclear weapons.

US 74 What were containment policies?

The Marshall Plan - the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the American program to aid Europe, in which the United States gave economic support to help rebuild European economies after the end of WWII in order to prevent the spread of Soviet Communism The plan was in operation for four years beginning in April 1948.The goals of the United States were to rebuild a war-devastated region, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, and make Europe prosperous again. The Berlin Airlift- was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post-World War II Germany, , the USSR blocked the Western Allies' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Allied control. Their aim was to force the western powers to give up Berlin. In response, the Western Allies organized the Berlin airlift to carry supplies to the people in West Berlin. Over 200,000 flights (in the same planes used to drop bombs during the war) in one year, providing up to 4700 tons of supplies a day. The Truman Doctrine - A policy created by President Harry Truman in which the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent them from falling into the Soviet Sphere.

What was the Scopes Trial of 1925?

The Scopes Monkey Trial Held in Dayton, Tennessee in 1925, high school teacher, John Scopes was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act which made it unlawful to teach human evolution in any state-funded school. The trial publicized the Fundamentalist vs. Modernists views on creation which set modernist, who said evolution was consistent with religion, against fundamentalists who said the word of God as revealed in the Bible took priority over all human knowledge. The case was also sensationalized because of the two lawyers in the case, Clarence Darrow representing Scopes and the Modernists view and William Jennings Bryan who represented the State of Tennessee and the Fundamentalist and Creationist. The outcome was that Scopes was found guilty and fined 100.00 dollars. This was later thrown out on a technicality by a superior court. This disallowed a hearing by the Supreme Court. The legacy of this case is seen as both a theological contest and a trial on whether modern science regarding the idea of creationism or modernist should be taught in schools.

What textual evidence compares and contrast the ideas and philosophies of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois?

W.E.B. Dubois ● African Americans should strive to enter American society as full citizens-Higher education was desirable and obtainable (the "talented tenth"). ● African American should strive for social, political, and economic equality immediately. ● Founded NAACP Booker T. Washington ● African Americans should first learn vocations that would make them marketable and wait for political and social rights (Atlanta Compromise). ● Attain equality by becoming economically independent ● Founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.

US 60 What was the Explain United States and Allied wartime strategy and major events of the war?

Wartime Strategy of WWII With America's entrance into WWII, after Pearl Harbor on December 7th 1941, , the US sided with Great Britain and eventually the Soviet Union to defeat the nations of Japan, Germany and Italy (the Axis). The European Campaign - FDR & Churchill agreed the greatest threat to the world was Hitler, and therefore set about breaching the Atlantic Wall. ● American and British troops attack and took the countries of North Africa and then attacked Sicily and Italy. ● The attack on the North Atlantic Wall started on June 6th, 1944 - D-Day with the idea of pinching Hitler in between a Northern and Southern attack. At the same time, the Soviet Union had turn the tide of War at Stalingrad and moved in from the east. ● The German Army tried one great push in December of 1944, with a large tank attack which stalled near Bastogne in Belgium due to stubborn resistance by the American Army. (Battle of the Bulge and 101st significance) ● Hitler and his forces were finally defeated when the Soviets entered and took Berlin and the US and Great Britain took Western Germany in 1945. The Pacific Campaign - ● After Pearl Harbor the US Navy took almost six months to recover. In the meantime, the Japanese Imperial Army and Navy invaded and occupied all of the major Pacific Islands with the exception of Australia and New Zealand. ● They brutally conquered the last of the American Army in the Philippines in 1942, and forced the surrendered American Forces to march up the island of Bataan, in what was known as the "Bataan Death March". ● They also completed the conquest of China. ● The US then put into place a program of Island hopping pushing the Japanese back toward the Japanese mainland. ● The greatest battles from 1942-1945 in the Pacific took place at Midway ( an American Naval Victory), Guadalcanal, Saipan, and Iwo Jima (all American Marine Corps victories). ● Finally, in August 1945, the US dropped two Atomic Bombs on Japan. This coupled with the Soviet invasion of China from the west, ended WWII on September 2nd, 1945.

US 99 What was the Watergate scandal?

Watergate ● Scandal that brought down President Nixon ● Concerned break-in at Democratic National Headquarters at the Watergate Hotel office complex ● Controversy over how much President Nixon knew about the activities of the "plumbers' unit" ● Nixon will claim executive privilege ● He will resign from office before he can be impeached. Investigators - Media ● Woodward and Bernstein from Washington Post (Investigative journalism) ● Sam Ervin - Senate Committee United States v. Nixon ● crucial precedent in limiting the power of any U.S. president Ford's pardon of Nixon ● Ford efforts to end the Watergate Scandal and to restore faith in leaders ● Many American believed that Nixon had not committed a pardonable offense Legacy ● How Americans looks the U.S. government and politicians will forever change after Watergate. Distrust and cynicism will become a part of American culture.

US 64 How did the entry of large numbers of women into the workforce during World War II affect the war?

Women in the workforce ● Replaced men in industrial jobs - especially defense industries ● Rosie the Riveter ● Profound impact on social and economic roles of men and women Women in the Armed Forces- ● Almost 400,000 women served in and with the armed forces—a number that exceeded total male troop strength in 1939. They enlisted "for the duration plus six months" to free male soldiers for combat by filling jobs that matched women's "natural" abilities—clerical work and jobs requiring rote attention to detail and small motor skills. ● They served in the Army and Navy Nurse Corps, Women's Army Corps (WAC), and in the Navy (WAVES), Coast Guard (SPARs) and Marine Corps Women's Reserves. Although not officially members of the armed forces, Women Air force Service Pilots (WASPs) provided critical support for the war effort. ● Other women worked with the military through service with organizations such as the American Red Cross, the United Service Organizations (USO), and the Civil Air Patrol. ● Cornelia Fort-A Tennessean who will become the first female pilot in American history to die in active duty. Alcoa- need to add impact of women on the company

How were working conditions in industries?

Working conditions: ● long work day, unsafe/unsanitary conditions (mining, textile, meat packing, garment, iron and steel), low wages. ● textile and garment industries (sweatshops) more women labor used (Triangle Shirtwaist Fire in 1911). ● improved working conditions for women in new department stores, clerical jobs (typewriter), and new telephone industry ● Mass use of child labor in textile and mining industries(Breaker boys).

What did the New Deal programs impact?

Works Progress Administration (WPA)-"boondoggling" work for the unemployed (as critics put it) but most work was for community improvement-included work for unemployed artists, actors, and writers. Social Security-old age pensions, aid to the handicapped and disabled; unemployment insurance (still around today) Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)- government insures bank deposits-originally funded to $100,000-today $250,000-in response to bank failures and bank runs Securities and Exchange Commission- oversees brokerage firms and the NYSE. It requires companies to be honest in their disclosures of company worth. (still around today) Fair Labor Standards Act -set up minimum wage and maximum hours worked per week. Its goal was 40 cents and 40 hours. If industry was dangerous labor under the age of 16 was forbidden. Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)-would eliminate price-depressing surpluses by paying growers to reduce their crop acreage Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)-employed young men in open air camps across the country-part of their wages sent home to their families-kept many from the streets and juvenile delinquency Tennessee Valley Authority-government owned and operated public utility (TN River Valley)-brought electricity to rural areas-dams built to prevent flooding and hydroelectricity (still around today) Cumberland Homesteads- Near Crossville, TN the federal government bought about 10,000 acres of land and turned it into what was then known as "subsistence homestead." It consisted of 250 homes, a school, a park area, and a water tower and headquarters building. (state park today) Great Smokey Mountains National Park- This area had been discussed for many years to place a national park. It was however different from the western parks as this place was owned by farmers and different companies. Finally in the 1920's a bill was signed by President Coolidge to create the park. The first superintendent arrived in 1931 and the CCC provided a lot of work in developing it. It was finally dedicated in 1940 by FDR. (one of the most visited national parks in America)

US 71 What were the major outcomes of the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences?

Yalta Conference (February 1945) ● The second of three meetings. It was to discuss post-war Europe ● Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin meet at Black Sea resort city of Yalta in the Soviet Union ● Temporary division of Germany into four zones. (British, French, American, Soviets) ● "Free and unfettered" elections in Poland and other Soviet occupied Eastern European countries ● Stalin would join the United States in fight against Japan ● Big Three would meet again in April in San Francisco to develop the United Nations Potsdam Conference (July-August 1945) ● Big Three (Truman-US, Stalin-SU, Attlee Britain) meet in Potsdam, Germany ● Major question was how to handle Germany. ● The negotiators confirmed the status of a demilitarized and disarmed Germany under four zones of Allied occupation. ● One of the most controversial issues dealt with the German-Soviet-Polish borders and the expulsion of several million Germans from the disputed territories. In exchange for the territory it lost to the Soviet Union following the readjustment of the Soviet-Polish border, Poland received a portion of German territory and began to deport the German residents of the territories in question.

What is the difference between "old" and "new" immigrants and analyze the assimilation process.

● "Old" immigrants--From northern and western Europe (Irish, Germans, Scandinavians) - most assimilated easily (exceptions were Irish)-many moved west to obtain land for farming and helped create meatpacking and brewing industries in the Midwest ● "New" immigrants- from eastern and southern Europe (Poland, Hungary, Italy, Russia) and Asian (China and Japan) - did not assimilate easily- kept own languages, customs, traditions- lived in ethnic neighborhoods (enclaves) in the major cities and took work in factories and meat packing plants- high numbers were Catholic and Jewish ● "New" immigrants- caused an increase in nativism (American Protective Association) due to resentment by Americans because they represented competition for lowest-paying factory jobs; also faced prejudice for their religion, ethnicity, and city slums ● 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act prohibited all Chinese laborers-1st to be excluded by law ● Ellis Island-Entry into New York for European "new" immigrants ● Angel Island-Entry into San Francisco for Asian immigrants ● Jacob Riis-photojournalism (slum photographs) in How the Other Half Lives helped create interest in urban reform ● Jane Addams-settlement house (Hull House in Chicago) provided aid for immigrants and other urban poor and helped start a settlement house movement. ● Gentlemen's Agreement-1907- arranged by Teddy Roosevelt to limit immigration from Japan.

What did the movement of people from rural to urban areas do?

● "The New South" industries (textiles, iron & steel, furniture) led to more urban areas in the South. ● Mechanization on the Great Plains and the growing debt of Plains farmers caused many to leave farming and head to eastern urban areas. ● Continuing development of railroads added ease of movement.

How did multiple sources and diverse formats affect the American drivers market?

● 1 in 6 owned a car ● New freedom--Especially for young people and rural women. ● Rise in crime rate. ● Increase in suburban living.

What were the changing conditions for American Indians during this period?

● 1924 Indian Citizenship Act-granted citizenship to Native Americans and moved toward assimilation into the American culture. ● The Indian Reorganization Act-Allows Indians to re-establish their tribal organizations on Federal Reservation

What was the human toll of the Great Depression?

● 25% unemployment rate caused dislocation (hobos, "migrant mother", Okies and Arkies from the Dust Bowl on the Plains) Hoovervilles ● shanty towns of unemployed outside of towns and cities ● breadlines and soup kitchens

US 59 Who were the the Allied and Axis countries? Where the major theatres of the war?

● Allied Powers - Britain, France (until 1940), USSR, and U.S. ● Axis Powers - Japan, Italy, and Germany ● Major Theatres: - Pacific, Europe, North Africa

What impact did the Great Migration of African Americans have?

● Competition for jobs with "new immigrants" ● Need for housing and protection in the cities. ● Leaving the laws of "Jim Crow" in the South. ● Lack of rural jobs. ● Creation of racial problems in larger cities in the North.

What are the causes of American imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

● Expanding trade - drive for raw materials and new consumer markets - mainly in the Pacific and the Caribbean ● Extractive economies - U.S. interested in gaining natural resources from Latin Am/Caribbean nations, Hawaii, and the Philippines. Particularly applies to Hawaii where pineapple is major export - U.S. business interests help sponsor rebellions against monarchy - U.S. will annex in 1898 ● Idea of a superior Anglo-Saxon culture - Christianity and Democracy ● Yellow Journalism - Hearst and Pulitzer - sensationalism; push for expansion and agitation for war (especially the Maine)

What characteristics and impact did the Granger Movement and Populism have?

● Granger movement developed from the farmers' organization "The Grange" and its attempt to solve the major problems of farmers including unfair treatment by the railroads and grain elevator operators (other farm machinery monopolists), high interest rates, low money supply(based on gold). ● Granger laws allowed states to regulate railroads (originally upheld in Munn v. Illinois but then overturned in the Wabash case when the court ruled states could not regulate interstate commerce.) ● Interstate Commerce Act-1887- established Interstate Commerce Commission, first federal regulatory agency. Main purpose was to regulate railroads in order to deter unfair practices like long/short haul rates and rebates/pools. Populism- ● developed in the 1890s in reaction to economic domination by industrialists and to the National Farmers' Alliance's Ocala Platform which called for easier bank loans with lower interest rates, a graduated income tax, purchase of more silver to increase the money supply, the direct election of Senators (17th amendment in 1913), and regulation of public utilities. ● Broadened their base by including an 8 hour work day to attract wage earners. ● Created the Populist (People's Party) in 1892 - adopted the Ocala Platform as the Omaha Platform and ran James Weaver as presidential candidate. ● Party died out in 1896 with the Omaha Platform was adopted by the Democrats.

What was the emergence of the "Lost Generation" in American literature?

● Lost Generation-Name given to the group of writers in the post-WWI period whose themes expressed a strong sense of disillusionment with society- loss of ideas and sense of purpose - Ernest Hemingway- Introduced a tough, simplified style of writing that set a new literacy standard. Criticized the glorification of war. - F. Scott Fitzgerald- coined the term "Jazz Age" to describe the 1920s. Shows the negative side of the period's gaiety and freedom, portraying wealthy and attractive people leading imperiled lives in gilded surroundings

What are the similarities and differences between the ideologies of Social Darwinism and Social Gospel.

● Social Darwinism was used by the robber barons to justify their domination of industries by emphasizing "survival of the fittest" as applied to business, politics and sociology - promoted by Herbert Spencer ● Social gospel promoted using Christian ethics to solve social problems (3rd Great Awakening) -promoted by Josiah Strong as part of an international missionary movement ● Social Darwinism defended the status quo while Social Gospel promoted reform.

How did the rise of trusts and monopolies impact consumers and workers?

● Standard Oil-Rockefeller - 1st trust - created to avoid state anti-monopoly laws ● US Steel- Carnegie -Vertical integration led to domination of steel industry ● Trusts and monopolies made more products available and created jobs ("Captains of Industry") but also led to higher consumer prices, poor working conditions and wages, and great wealth for industrialists ("Robber Barons"). Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 ● made any business combination that hindered trade illegal - not often enforced until Roosevelt (Northern Securities Company in 1904) and courts often ruled in favor of trusts (E.C. Knight Co.) ● often used by trusts to break up labor unions and farm organizations until forbidden by the Clayton Anti-Trust Act in 1914

How did the growth and popularity of Blues Music in Memphis and the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville affect the music scene?

● The birth of the blues in Memphis Tennessee coincides with the recording of African American music from the Mississippi Delta area. Artists like Muddy Waters, and WC Handy who is considered the "Father of the Blues" will make Memphis the home of "the Blues". ● The Grand Ole Opry which was founded in 1925, and sponsored by the Life and Casualty Company of Nashville Tennessee broadcasted on the radio nationwide. It symbol and call letters WSM stands for "We Shield Millions". The Grand Ole Opry is the original home of country and western music, and is the longest running radio program in radio history.

What multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media as in the political cartoons showed others about America?

● Thomas Nast (Boss Tweed cartoons) ● Topics on Gilded Age ● Look at Standard US.4

US 72 What were the reasons for the founding of the United Nations?

● UN - United Nations - International organization set up in 1945 to prevent future conflict, and to encourage international cooperation in the resolution economic, political, social, and humanitarian problems ● Cordell Hull - Longest serving Secretary of State (1933-1944) Received Nobel Peace Prize for his role in establishing the United Nations, referred by some as the "father of the United Nations."

What were the reasons for American entry into World War I?

● Unrestricted submarine warfare - Lusitania, Sussex Pledge, Germany's situation that led her to resume unrestricted sub warfare - Wolf Packs - U Boats ● The Zimmerman Note - Coded German telegraph to Mexico intercepted by the U.S. that stated Mexico would receive some American land after the war if they allied with Germany; played a major role in changing American opinion ● Defense of Democracy - Wilsonian diplomacy - "We must make the world safe for democracy" - All allies were democracies (even Russia for a brief period after the Revolution) - Will lead Wilson to take the moral high ground and insist on promoting the Fourteen Points at the peace conference- particularly the League of Nations ● Economic Motivation - Profits from munitions-sales (majority came from Allies) - Provider of manufactured goods and food- U.S. is untouched physically by the war while Europe lay in ruins- will especially increase demand for food which will later cause overproduction problems for American farmers

What are the changes in American life that resulted from the inventions and innovations of business leaders and entrepreneurs?

● Vanderbilt - steamships and railroads ● Westinghouse - air brakes RR ● Carnegie - steel (horizontal consolidation). ● Pullman - palace cars ● Dupont - explosives and cellophane ● Bell - telephone ● Edison - electric light bulb, phonograph, motion picture camera ● JP Morgan- Banking and Investment (the growth of Wall Street) ● Rockefeller - Standard Oil (vertical consolidation) ● Swift and Armour - meat packing Changes in American life: ● Edison - Impact of electricity - increased number of hours in the work day, increased safety as it reduced the number of fires from gas and oil lamps, increased automation in factories ● Indoor plumbing - cleaner streets, less disease, sewer lines in the cities ● Bell - telephone-Communication became faster, breaking down barriers for rural families and decreasing their isolation; party lines caused privacy problems; increased safety; gave women more job opportunities ● Edison's invention of ticker tape which rapidly communicated stock prices - Wall Street culture ● Transportation - Railroads- -Rapid transport of goods and services Refrigerated cars meant the shipment of fresh fruits and vegetables across the country -Pullman Palace Cars - luxury travel -Time Zones - developed to standardize rail travel and reduce possibility of accidents

What were the political, economic, and social ramifications of World War I on the home front?

● Women - Took on exclusive male jobs - "Women jobs"- secretaries, nurses, and teachers - Military jobs- Red Cross, sale of bonds, victory gardens ● Minorities - Split opinion: support the war or not support racist government - Great Migration- mass movement of blacks from South to North - Remained disenfranchised ● Voluntary rationing - meatless, wheatless, and sweetless days - "gospel of the clean plate" ● the Creel Committee - Persuaded the nation's artist and advertising agencies to create thousands of paintings, posters, cartoons, and sculptures promoting the war. - Propaganda ● Schenck v. United States - "clear and present danger" - "protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting 'Fire!' in a theatre and causing panic." ● Opposition by conscientious objects - Espionage and Sedition Acts- A person could be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with war efforts or for saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or the war efforts. This act was aimed at socialist and labor leaders.

US 58 What were the reasons for American entry into World War II?

● abandonment of neutrality with the passage of the Lend Lease Act ● German attacks on U.S. ships transporting Lend Lease goods ● FDR's freezing of Japanese assets and embargo of war materials to Japan ● Japan's surprise attack on U.S. Pacific possessions on Dec. 7, 1941 with naval base at Pearl Harbor in Oahu as the major target. - Damage included all 8 battleships, many other ships, and aircraft. - Nearly 2000 Americans lost their lives. - Luckily, the aircraft carriers were out at sea at the time of the attack