1.1.4 Blood Evidence

what are the 3 alleles for blood type?

A and B (dominant), and i (recessive)

all possible combinations for AB

AB

all possible combinations for a

Ai and AA

all possible combinations for b

Bi and BB

why is blood such a vital importance to life?

It circulates throughout our bodies and delivers essential substances like oxygen and nutrients to the body's cells.

hemoglobin

a protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen.

antibodies

a protein produced by B cells in the blood; works to impair pathogens. Also called an immunoglobulin.

ABO system

a system of four types (A, AB, B, and O) which human blood is classified into, based on the presence or absence of certain antigens.

antigens

anything that stimulates an immune response

platelets function

assists in blood clotting by other platelets and damaged epithelium.

universal recipient

blood type AB

universal donor

blood type O

what does ia and ib make?

blood type O+

you complete blood type testing and there is no agglutination with either anti-A or anti-B antibodies. What type of blood is present?

blood type o

function of plasma

carries waters, salts, and enzymes, takes nutrients , hormones, and proteins to parts of the body that needs them.

why does blood spatter have a certain shape?

depends on the surface tension, the direction, and the height that it was dropped at.

all possible combinations for o

ii

negative control

in an experiment, the group in which the conditions produce a negative outcome. Negative control groups help identify outside influences that were not accounted for when the procedure was created.

positive control

in an experiment, the group that the researcher expects to have a positive result, to show that the experimental setup was capable of producing results.

presumptive testing

is the initial testing that suggests a sample may be blood. These tests identify blood-based on the properties of hemoglobin a protein found inside red blood cells that transports oxygen.

what can the blood spatter pattern help us determine?

it can help investigators distinguish between an accident and foul play, and it can help them determine if a weapon caused the injury. A bloodstain pattern, or blood spatter, can even provide information about the location of the blood source (also called the point of origin).

WBC function

lack hemoglobin but have a nucleus and are active in the immune response, Lymphocytes, monocytes, nuetrocytes, eosinophilia, and basophils are leucocytes.

people with Type AB blood are considered the "universal recipient", meaning that if they are in need of blood, their bodies can accept blood of any other type. Why is this the case?

persons with Type AB blood produce neither anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

what are the four components of blood?

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

thrombocytes

platelets, A minute, colorless, anucleate disk-like body of mammalian blood that assists in blood clotting by adhering to other platelets and damaged epithelium.

what type of process do we use to decide the possible outcomes of a certain blood type?

punnet square

erythocytes

red blood cells, Hemoglobin-rich, red blood cells that transport oxygen through a body. Erythrocytes give the red color to vertebrate blood and do not have nuclei.

confirmatory testing

relies on other unique properties of blood, such as the proteins present on the surface of red blood cells called antigens(Figure 3). These tests confirm the presence of blood at a scene.

what does the clumping of the Rh factor indicate?

the blood type is positive

aggulation

the clumping of particles.

what is hemoglobin, and what is it's function?

the iron containing oxygen-transported metalloprotein in RBCs. Carries oxygen from the lungs or gills to the rest of the body

RBC function

transports oxygen through a body, Erythrocytes give the red color to vertebrate blood and do not have nuclei. Contains hemoglobin,

leukocytes

white blood cells, One of the many cells in the blood that lack hemoglobin but have a nucleus and are active in the immune response. Lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are leucocytes.