115 exam 2

Definition of nonverbal communication

"...behaviors and characteristics that convey meaning without the use of words."

What is alexithymia?

-Alexithymia: personality construct, difficulty in registered in interpreting and registering emotional expressions, yours and other people's, relates to certain inborn abilities related to communicating emotion. -A personal trait limiting a person's ability to understand and describe emotions -Aspergers, some other forms of autism, etc.: much easier to train what the emotional content is, train in the nonverbal aspects because this is much more common to express than verbal

Artifacts

-An object or a visual feature of an environment with communicative value that reflect who we are and what we like -physical environments: house, office -oak desk inside an office vs. metal desk -color of our environments can exhibit signs, some environments can be more welcoming like classrooms

Are there gender differences in encoding, decoding, and expressing nonverbal communication?

-Encoding ability- women score higher -Decoding ability- women score higher -Expressivity- women score higher -Differs in which we are socialized to different cues, teach girls to be attentive to the emotions of others -even with one class in communication the scores even out, proving its not a biological thing, just a social thing -nonverbal expressiveness is not just in the women domain

Do males in same-sex friendships communicate differently than females in same-sex friendships?

-Face to face; women, friendship is engaged through conversation, engaged through dialog, disclosure, through talking to one another, women are socialized into this more Side to side; men, activity-based friendships -Cross-sex friendship is a mix of the two, somewhere right down the middle

What are Ekman's 6 universal facial expressions - how widespread are they?

-Fear, surprise, disgust, anger, happiness, sadness -universal in terms of expression, not universal in terms of what makes us feel that way as far as a reaction -eating a dog would make us feel disgusted in America but not people in other cultures -ELkman says that we can make over 5,000 expressions, by using muscles associated with eyes, brow, mouth, and cheeks.

What are FWB, and how have they been framed in our discipline?

-Friends with Benefits -FWB have been framed as a type of friendship but also as a "cover" for dating without commitment

Haptics

-Relating to the touch in how people communicate -What we show through touch: Intensity, duration, pressure, situation(contextual), relationship to person, body part, appropriateness -Compliance, liking, purchasing(tend to buy more things from someone who engages in brief touch and we tip them more), tipping(inappropriate touch make it much more likely to not like the person, tip them, buy things from them

What is emotional intelligence/competence?

-The ability to perceive and understand emotions, use emotions to facilitate thought, and manage emotions constructively -high emotional intelligence means someone is aware of their own emotions as well as the emotions of others, pay attention to their emotions when making decisions on how to act -Perceive and accurately express emotions -Use emotion to facilitate thought -Understand emotions -Manage emotions for growth

Influence others?

-creating credibility: communicate credibility through personal appearance, speaking loudly, quickly, expressively, with a good deal or pitch variation, use of eye contact and gestures to clarify the verbal message, making eye contact while talking -Promoting affiliation: More persuaded by people we like, NVC that enhance affiliation closeness and liking enhances our persuasive ability, through touch or mirroring each other's behaviors

What factors influence expressing emotion

-culture- geography and co-cultures -display rules -technology- computer technology, cant use facial expressions -emotional contagion -sex and gender -personality- agreeableness, extroversion, introversion -emotional intelligence

Form impressions?

-demographic impressions: we classify a person's demographic characteristics based on visual cues or vocal cues: age, Ethnicity, and biological sex -Sociocultural impressions: perceive socioeconomic status through personal appearance and wearing clothes that make you part of a certain group: sports or music

Express emotions?

-facial expressions of emotions: "wear" our emotions on our face -Vocal expressions of emotions: Tell how a person is feeling by how their voice sounds -also through eye behaviors, movement and touch but facial and vocal are most powerful

Physical Appearance

-how we communicate through our physical appearance -Halo Effect: the tendency to attribute positive qualities to physically attractive people -tend to make other attributions about a person based on physical attractiveness, find what we could do to adapt our own bodies and our own appearances, how you wanna appear to other people is a choice you're making about you're identity

How is nonverbal communication used to manage conversations?

-inviting conversation: personal space, physical appearance, and eye contact, more likely to initiate convo with people closer to you, people you find attractive, people that are making eye contact with you -maintaining conversation: gestures, eye contact, and turn-taking signals -ending conversations: change in eye behavior and posture, leaving-taking behaviors, break eye contact or turn our posture away from person

Conceal information?

-people use different NVC when lying and telling the truth -most common form of deception: smiling, telling the truth likely to use a genuine smile, lying likely to use a fake smile -certain vocal behaviors, particularly pitch of voice: telling truth vs. lying

What is social exchange theory? What does it predict?

-predicts that people seek to form and maintain relationships in which the benefits outweigh the costs -We maintain relationships in which our benefits outweigh our costs -we are engaged in calculations the whole time were in the relationship, says theres a specific outcome we get , usually we want outcomes that are a positive number, each pro and con have different weights

Chronemics

-way people use time -give or refuse to give our time to others is a message about how we feel about them -Way we use time indicates what we value: people, activities -Power: if you are in a position of power you will not be kept waiting, time for more powerful people seems to be valuable -p time, m time

Interaction primacy in NVC

-we read the nonverbal signals a person is sending before we do anything else with them -NVC precedes verbal actions -primary way we decode the message -NVC takes priority over verbal communicat

Trait model

-where emotional intelligence is thought to be an inborn part of our personality, so a person can't learn to be more emotionally intelligent -you either have it or you don't scenario) -Part of personality, behavioral disposition -got what you got, born with it, parameters you can grow it, but only can go so far

What is a main difference between men and women in same-sex friendships?

-women and men value different aspects of their friendships, women tend to place greater emphasis on conversational and emotional expressiveness where men's friendships focus on shared activities and interests -dont characterize all relationships, doesn't mean friendships are more important to either sex

What are two competing models of emotional intelligence?

1. trait model 2. ability model

Functions of NVC

Managing conversation form impressions/forming relationships expressing emotions maintaining relationships influencing others concealing information

Olfactics

how we communicate through smell- least studied -we communicate through our olfatics: -Memories (elicit emotions/reactions)-none of the rest are gonna bring as primary as the memory when bring back a scent, smell something and it brings about a memory or mood -Sexual attraction- person is sexual attractive or not in how they smell to you, drawn to people with different scents than our own: genetically normal kids

Nonverbal channels

*The various forms that nonverbal communication takes* -facial expressions, vocal characteristics, personal appearances, etc. -some rely on our sense of vision, or our sense of hearing, touch, smell to interpret the channels

How do friendships tend to change with developmental stage (personal growth)?

-Friendships differ at developmental level -Children, rarely enduring: friendships we have when were young are not lasting -Adolescence, central to social life (more than family)- 11 or 12, differentiation from our parents, what we are supposed to be doing, see ourselves as individuals, peer-based relationships are very compelling for us -Young adulthood, friendships are instrumental, supportive, recreational -Adulthood, desire without resources to maintain- romantic relationships become more important, desire friendships but we don't put much effort into them -Older adulthood, friendship key to satisfaction and health- often time don't have a lot of responsibilities to occupation or dependents, in good health people are ready to engage, friendship network grows again, people have more time to invest

Vocalics

-Inflection/Tone- Vocal fry- variation in its pitch, voices that have inflection are expressive, little inflection is monotone -articulation -pronunciation -pitch: how high or deep the voice sounds -Volume: volume of one's voice -Rate: how fast they are speaking, differ when they are unsure -Segregates/fillers- when do things like "umm" "uhh" before we get to what were trying to say, holds no symbolic weight -Accent -Silence: used to portray meaning in convos: Affiliation, revelation, judgment, mental activity

What is predicted outcome value theory? What does it predict?

-Is what we'll get out of the relationship worth the effort -if it is, we pursue a relationship, if it is not, we do not pursue a relationship -Predicting that we form relationships when we think the effort will be worth it -In an initial interaction between strangers, were tying to figure out what this person has to offer us- looking at it asking is it worth the effort to do this? -when we first communicate with others, we try to determine whether continued communication will be worth our effort -predict positive and negative outcomes for future interaction

What is emotional labor?

-Manufacturing/maintaining certain emotions as a part of your job -Emotional intelligence -Taxing emotional occupations

Oculesics

-Microexpressions- fraction of 1 sec, NVC through eyes are very quick -Civil inattention- politeness move, look up and look away to indicate we are giving each other space and boundaries -Pupil dilation- dark part of your eye gets bigger when you are attracted to someone, people are nicer to people when their pupils are larger, feel any kind of arousal, or even anxiety or fear -primary means of communicating identity -Attractiveness- eye contact used to signal attraction and how we infer someone is attracted to us -Six basic emotions

Turn-taking signals

-Nonverbal behavior that indicates when a person's speaking turn begins and ends -used in maintaining conversations -Might raise a finger when you have something to say and signals you aren't done with your speaking turn yet

How can alexithymia and some autism spectrum disorders influence emotional communication?

-Not everyone who has an autism spectrum disorder has alexithymia but they often are closely tied. -We can think about both alexithymia and autism spectrum disorders related to how they impact emotional communication. -influence how expressive we might be, how easily or if at all a person can interpret emotional communication -The example that was given in class was a clip from the tv show Parenthood. In the clip a boy with autism practices emotional communication through his non verbal ques!

What are over-benefited and under-benefited states? (Equity theory)

-Over-benefited- we are getting more rewards than costs compared to other person: we could feel guilty, asking what is wrong with this person if they're willing to give me all these benefits- relational rewards exceed costs -Under-benefited- you're the one thats doing much more in the relationship and getting much less rewards, you become resentful of them or the inputs you're putting in- relational costs outweigh benefits

Utilizing Emotions in Problem-solving

-People with high emotional intelligence use insight/creativity to solve problems or look for new options, people with low emotional intelligence use trial-and-error (Arefnasab, Zare, Babamahmoodi)) -Recognition of shared humanity, ability to connect are skills that open up more choices and possibilities for problem solving (Shapiro)

What kinds of things attract us? (attraction theory)

-Personal appearance: when we find someone attractive we are motivated to get to know that person, we value and appreciate attractiveness, we seek physically attractive mates -Proximity- if somebody is near you, you're more likely to be attracted then not, emotional and intellectual proximity, how often we interact with the person, more likely to maintain relationships with people we see more often -Similarity- we like people who are like ourselves, having stuff in common, we like be comfortable and familiar with people -Complementarity- tend to like what is complementary to us, attracted to people who are different then us if we see their differences as complementary: beneficial to ourselves because they provide a quality we lack

What are the components of emotions

-Physiological changes-has to do with bodily responses when experiencing emotions, increase in heart rate, sweating, etc; body has specific changes that accompany each emotion -Cognitive interpretations- step of interpretation, what does this mean?, trying to put some kind of framework around the thing we're noticing to make sense of it, label on what were feeling -Behavioral expression (verbal and nonverbal) -action tendencies: kinds of actions a particular emotion prompts us to take, feel scared causes us to withdraw or to defend ourselves, transcribed through our behaviors, aren't always gonna follow that behavior pattern -Influenced by society and culture- influenced by society's beliefs about how people should feel in that situation, dictate what were gonna do with those different emotions, Americans think eating dogs is disgusting, but not other cultures, whereas Americans eat other kinds of animals

Proxemics

-The study of spatial use in how to communicate, space we take is a message Hall's four spatial zones: People use four spatial zones when interacting with one another 1. Intimate Distance: 0-1.5 ft, zone we willingly occupy with only our closest and most intimate relationships 2. Personal Distance: 1.5-4 feet, friends and relatives that aren't closest or most intimate to us 3. Social Distance: 4-12 feet, with customers, casual acquaintances, and people we don't know very well 4. Public Distance: applies when someone is giving a speech in front of a large audience, 12-25 feet

What is equity theory? What does it predict?

-We want relationships in which our ratio of benefits and costs is equal to our partner's ratio- certain amount of rewards for every cost, feel good about this if your partner has the same relationship -predicts that a good relationship is one in which a persons ratio of costs and rewards is equal to their partners

Utilizing Emotions in Decision Making

-Work to separate unrelated emotions from the decision (carry-over of anxiety from other situations): do not carry over from other situations into the situation that is before us, if we can do this we have more abilities to problem solve in the moment -Be mindful of, name, and consider the emotions that are related to the decision

Maintain relationships?

-attraction and affiliation: many NVC sends messages of attraction also known as immediacy behaviors, in more powerful relationships NVC used to expression affection and love -Power and dominance: power is the potential to affect another person's behavior and dominance is the actual exercise of that potential- convey NVC messages about power and dominance or use artifacts as status symbols(diplomas) -Arousal and relaxation: Arousal is an increase in energy, experienced through positive emotions(excitement) or negative emotions(anxiety), Relaxation is when we feel decreased energy, also through positive emotion or negative emotion(depression)

Ability model

-says that emotional intelligence is an ability that we can learn and improve, so if you're not an emotionally intelligent person naturally, you can learn to be. -being able to deal with ideas instead of general events and applying it to a specific knowledge piece; it is a part of our overall emotional intelligence. -Not a new intelligence, but part of overall intelligence as ability to make abstractions, applied to a particular domain -Skill, something that we can learn, probably have a baseline level but you can learn and get better at this, area that can change, ability that we have that can approve

What do scripts have to do with verbal and nonverbal communication rules?

-scripts are rules for how a certain communication situation should go. We operate under these but we can break them. -Think of a script as "what are the preconceived notions for this communication? How is this supposed to go?"

What is emotional contagion?

-the tendency to mimic the emotional expressions of others -Emotions can be transferred from one person to another simply by proximity, even without conscious communication- not a lasting thing, maybe take some mood shift from that, short term thing- influences our desire to be interpersonally connected with people -Powerful effect, can draw us to or repel us from others

What type of communication climate characterizes work

-the traditional male business model -Time in office = commitment -Specific view of competence (competition, certainty) -women in the workforce quite close to pay of men, collaborative and nurturing are seen as values that are not desirable in the workplace -As women act assertive, they are seen as too aggressive -constrains how men can communicate -if we don't act according to this we are considered an outsider

What is uncertainty reduction theory? What does it predict?

-theory that suggests people are motivated to reduce their uncertainty about others -Uncertainty is unpleasant; we want to increase our certainty; make me feel more comfortable in knowing what role they play in our life -We reduce uncertainty by getting to know people; the more I know about you, the more I like you, doesn't mean we will like everything, but our level of comfortability goes up -The more our uncertainty about someone is reduced, the better we like that person -asking about the person, finding more about who that person is

Your own emotions

1. Awareness -"Name it to tame it" - Dan Siegel- put a label to what it is were feeling, that becomes more manageable -Track your emotions (Pacifica) many people don't track, we all wanna try to do this: self monitoring -tuning in to our own emotional states, could recognize our stomach ache as anxiety or having the flu -could recognize the emotional state you're feeling that has physical manifestations, if we are choosing to be aware, we are recognizing it and labeling the emotion 2. Control -we can do two things when postponing: 1. Reduce negative personalization and fear of rejection: how you feel you are being perceived with a spotlight on yourself, negative spotlight, increases our anxiety, lots of times very inaccurate 2.. Decrease arousal if you approach flooding, increase physical activity to stimulate positive neurochemical release: intense emotions, don't make good emotions, that one emotions overpowers us -not suppressing it, labeling the emotion and then postponing the emotional state because the context you're in isn't appropriate, needs to change contexts 3. Display(when you think it is appropriate to express your emotion with a person) -Use I statements to share messages with others- puts the other person on the defensive less -Engage in self-reflexivity on your nonverbal expression of emotion- asking yourself what you do with your body when you feel certain emotions

The Emotions of others:

1. Awareness(men not be reinforced in coding other expressions, but no difference in ability) -Challenge yourself to be mindful of the emotional/relational content in the message -Attend to oculesics and kinesics particularly: two primary ways we code emotions 2. Empathy -Engage in perspective-taking: feeling with another person -Ask questions (verbal/nonverbal/behavioral bidding - Gottman) 3. Ability to Manage -Stay in a zone of effectiveness, not reactivity or avoidance: trying to stay in a middle zone where we feel we are more effective, what do i do with these emotions now I know that you have? You wanna be in the emotion with them in some degree, but you don't wanna take that emotion on as your own -Consider permeability/ownership: how much do we wanna let in vs. how much do we wanna let out

What emotions are the most contagious?

1. Enthusiasm- really great to get momentary enthusiasm, but not a lasting thing, not gonna change you as a person 2. Depression- maybe clinically depressed, not just a mood, but makes you react to the world in a very unexcited way- cant catch clinical depression from another person, but you may feel a mood shift at that time-when you spend time with someone and start to mimic their emotions. For example, if you spend time with an extremely excited person, you are likely to start acting more excited as well.

What are two types of consensual romantic relationships at work that are detrimental to the organization

1. Hierarchical romances: person in power and person not, it is consensual but doesn't mean its good for workplace, people tend not to like it, genuine friendships between superiors and subordinates are hard to maintain, power difference between them introduces a task dimension that can complicate their relationship, especially b/t romantic relationships, not necessarily between superiors and subordinates 2. Utilitarian romances: people who want sexual relationships and thats all, people who are hooking up in workplace closet, consensual but still interfere with workplace satisfaction, one or both parties receive some kind of benefit from being in the workplace relationship

Six characteristics of nonverbal communication

1. Noverbal comm. is present in most interpersonal communication that we have 2. Nonverbals convey 65-70% of meaning- we are more likely to select the nonverbal messages, makes up nonverbal channels: various behavioral forms that nonverbal communication takes 3. Nonverbal signals have "interaction primacy" 4. Nonverbal comm. is the primary means of communicating emotion- emotional level is conveyed on the nonverbal dimension 5. Nonverbal comm. is meta-communicative- communicates about the communication, how you're supposed to be decoding and interpreting that communication 6. Nonverbal signals are multi-functional- depends on the situation in how the verbal is interacting with the nonverbal Interaction primacy of nonverbal communication- many different goals

What is the difference between primary and secondary emotions?

1. Primary emotions: Distinct emotional experiences not consisting of combining of other emotions -experience and express them fundamentally across cultures -6 universal facial expressions: joy, sadness, fear, anger, surprise and disgust -innate, born with the tendency to express emotions in a certain way 2. Secondary emotions: Emotions composed of combinations of primary emotions -jealousy: combination of anger, fear and sadness -remorse- mix of sadness and disgust -contempt- disgust and anger -awe: surprise and fear -doesnt mean they are less important

What are the two types of sexual harassment?

1. Quid pro quo: if you give me this thing, I will give you this thing: if you do a sexual act for a person in power, they will help you with your career 2. Hostile work environment: cannot preform adequately, feel intimated: having nude magazine in the workplace, making sexual jokes in the workplace -sexual harassment is communicative in nature whether it be verbal or nonverbal cues

Uses of nonverbal communication

1. Redundancy Duplicates the verbal message 2. Substitution Replaces the verbal message 3. Complementing Enhances, elaborates, or clarifies 4. Emphasis Adds intensity to certain words 5. Contradiction Mismatch between verbal & nonverbal messages- phatic communication: wanting to be socially appropriate when answering a question in a normal way, but using tone to say that they are actually not fine: "How are you today?"- a lot of times has to do with social appropriateness

What are Rawlins' six stages of friendships?

1. Role limited interaction: start by intersecting with somebody doing the same thing as you, something that is repeated that is not personal in nature 2. Friendly relations: doing something outside of that usual role, ask about their personal lives, not friends yet, may share personal stories or anecdotes, could be an invitation for friendship 3. Moves towards friendship: communicative aspect, and suggests an activity we could do together, communicating we would like more contact/disclosure with them, invitation towards progression of friendship, communication becomes more social and less bound by norms and rules 4. Nascent friendship: beginning of friendship, still getting to know each other, communication becomes more personal and less prescribed 5. Stabilized friendship: this person is my friend, labeled, person fits in the scheme of friendship to me, both consider friendship to be fully established, strong trust, may adjust their attitudes and opinions to be more in line with each other's 6. Waning friendship: dwindling away, don't break up with friends in most cases, fade away, less interacting and reciprocating

Verbal/nonverbal/vocal/nonvocal table

1. Verbal/Vocal communication: Spoken words 2. Nonverbal/vocal communication: Tone of voice, sighs, screams, vocal quality, pitch, loudness, etc. 3. Verbal/nonvocal communication: Written words 4. Nonverbal/nonvocal communication: Gestures, movement, appearance, facial expression, touch, etc.

What are dialectics specific to friendships?

1. Voluntary: have the choice to end friendships whenever, you're in it because choice, choose our friends and they choose us 2. Peer-based: usually happen with peers, common characteristic to have friendships with people of your same age, someone that stands close in power and status to oneself, doesn't mean its always this way 3. Rule-governed -similar to social contract to which both parties agree -implicit rules -expect certain things from that person and that person expects certain things from you -basic rules of friendship: Stand up for your friends and support them, offer resources to your friends, be enjoyable to be around, share common interests and viewpoints, provide help without being asked, trust, offer help, don't criticize, keep secrets, provide support, respect privacy, don't be jealous

Types of touch

1. affectionate- touch sharing affection between people, hugging, kissing, and handholding 2. Aggressive- Behaviors done to inflict physical harm -punching, kicking, slapping, stabbing 3. caregiving- tour used to communicate some form of care or service- doesn't necessarily reflect any affection or positive emotion to the person being touched, task-orientated, caregiving contexts, getting a massage, working with a personal trainer, etc. 4. Ritualistic- do this touch as part of a custom or tradition, shaking hands, doesn't convey any particular meaning, in other countries its kissing people on the cheeks 5. powerful/controlling- touch used to exert power over other people's behavior -we use to suggest certain courses of behavior like leading people in right direction or we use to protect people like helping someone walk -or we use to control people's behavior against their wishes: , cop holding someone against the ground, exercising power

What are the 3 views/models of emotional experience we discussed in class?

1. biological/instinctual view -Event > Physiological response > Emotion -Something happens to your body, your body reacts, and you have an emotional response -other two modes are more likely 2. Perceptual view Event > Cognitive interpretation > Emotion > Physiological response -the event happens, now you have to think about what this means, your emotion comes from this so you start having bodily reactions like smiling, heart rate going up)(perceptions before anything is even happening) 3. social/cognitive labeling view. See the "emotions overhead" -Event > Physiological response > Cognitive interpretation > Emotion -the event happens, you have the bodily responses, then you interpret what this means, getting to the emotion based off your interpretation -physiological part happens like a reflex, dictates the emotion here

High contact culture and low contact culture

1. high contact culture: -feel more comfortable to be physically close -value physical proximity and physical touch -doesnt mean they need alone time -italy, south and central america, south Europe, mid-east -warmer climates, less clothes 2. Low contact cultures: -more likely to be in Northern, colder climates -used to living far away from each other -prefer to not have as much psychical contact with other people -wear more clothing -U.S and Asia

What are two types of expectancy violations?

1. positivity expectation violation: doing more than you should, i.e. holding the door, being engaging in your vocalics; 2. negative expectancy violation: doing less than you should, i.e. letting the door shut in someone's face

What are the three main categories for emotions that Guerrero puts forth?

1. verbal 2. nonverbal 3. behavioral bidding

What is the difference between an emotion and a mood?

An emotion is the body's multidimensional response to any event that enhances or inhibits one's goals -body's response to a specific event -if you can identify the reason its probably an emotion A mood is a feeling, often prolonged, that has no identifiable cause -more persistent, lasting for days at a time

What five emotional display rules are reviewed in the textbook?

Groups norms for how emotions should be expressed 1. Intensification- feel a base-line level of this emotion but through your expression you are amping it up, more of the emotion than you actually experience, yet you feel that emotion already, just showing more of it 2. De-intensification- bring the emotion you feel down a notch, show a little bit of the emotion instead of the full level of emotion you feel 3. Simulation- emotional labor, gonna pretend that you feel something, don't feel any emotion in regards to something, its appropriate to express an emotion even though you have no emotional feeling 4. Inhibition- goal is to look like you're not feeling something, I have an emotion but I'm going to not express this, opposite of simulation, 911 operator, not helpful to express the emotion in that situation 5. Masking- feeling one emotion, but going to express it as a different one, best friend starts dating your ex and instead of expressing how you feel sad and betrayed, you're going to show anger because thats not as vulnerable

What is attraction theory and what are forms of attraction we have?

Most relationships begin with interpersonal attraction, any force that draws people together

What are comparison level and comparison level for alternatives? (Social exchange theory)

Outcome= rewards - costs -Comparison level: what do we think the relationship should be like, satisfaction in a relationship is predicted by a comparison level, if your expectation is low, you're gonna be more satisfied -Comparison level of alternatives: what are the other possibilities? what happens if I'm not in this relationship? Assessment of how good or bad their relationship is compared to other options

How does sexual tension show up in friendships

Sexual Tension : -Mutual Romance- most maintained relationship -Strictly Platonic- says they do not want a romantic relationship at all with the other person, potentially most stable, still maintained -One Partner Desires Romance/Other Does Not- i want this, the other person doesn't feel the attraction -One Partner Rejects Romance/Other Does Not- person takes it off the table, other person does not -O'Meara's challenges: 4 main challenges of friendship 1. Public presentation: cultural norms can be hard for friendships to overcome, 2.nemotional bond 3. inequality: difficult in friendships when we don't feel we are equal: men getting paid more 4. sexuality: we actually do feel attraction for friends, not all the time

Kinesics

The study of movement -Gesticulation: use of arm and hand movement to communicate: Gestures - Body orientation -Posture -Emblems- gesture that stands in for a word, "hello" wave -illustrators- illustrating something in addition to the verbal communication, putting hands certain amount apart to say how big something was -affect displays-what were doing with our face to indicate this is how I'm feeling internally, covering mouth when you're surprised -regulators- things we do to control the flow of comm, raising hand -adaptors- gestures we do that are for our own comfort, not meant to be communicative, but people often interpret them as so, scratching an itch

What are the four main areas of skills discussed in class regarding emotional intelligence?

Your own emotions The emotions of others Utilizing Emotions in decision making Utilizing emotions problem solving