11.8
the changes in population size, density, dispersion, and age structure are known as
population dynamics
Which of the following is not a major factor for rapid population increase over the last 200 years?
technology allowed people to spend less time on menial labor and more time raising families
the term demographic transition refers to
the declined in death rates following by decline in birth rates that occur when a country becomes industrialized
The factor which is probably least responsible for the rise in the incidence of bacterial diseases once controlled by antibiotics is
the increased amount of ultraviolet light because of the thinning ozone layer.
The optimum sustainable population is
the level that would allow most people to live in reasonable comfort and freedom without impairing the ability of the planet to sustain future generations.
In the demographic transition model, birth and death rates are high during
the preindustrial stage.
It has recently been estimated that the growth in world population has slowed in the past decade. Despite this trend, environmentalists remain concerned about the environmental impact of world population, principally because
the standard of living is increasing in many developed countries, leading to an increased per capita use of natural resources
some developing countries are caught in a demographic trap because
there is not enough financial capital
wolves controlling deer populations are an example of
top-down population control
the most useful measure of fertility for projecting future population change is the
total fertility rate
As a country goes through the demographic transition, the greatest rate of population growth takes place during which phase?
transitional
in the demographic transition model, death rates fall while birth rates remain high during the
transitional stage
A high infant mortality rate is most often associated with
undernutrition
The population change in a particular year can be calculated by
(births + immigration) - (deaths + emigration)
in 2007, the crude birth rate in the US was 14 and the death rate was 8. the percent annual natural increase for the US in 2005 was
.6%
if a population doubles in 70 years, it is showing ___% growth rate
1%
GDP includes I. Consumer Spending II. Investments III. Government Spending IV. Exports - Imports
I, II, III, and IV
Which of the following are your body's mechanisms for reducing the harmful effects of some chemicals? I. Break down, dilution, or excretion. II. Enzymes repair DNA damage. III. Fast cell reproduction to replace damaged cells.
I, II, and III
Which of the following is a true statement about replacement-level fertility?
It is greater in countries with high infant mortality rates than in countries with low infant mortality rates.
According to the theory of demographic transition, rapid growth occurs during phase
2
Of the 85,000 registered synthetic chemicals in commercial use, only ____ have been adequately tested to determine whether they are carcinogens, teratogens, or mutagens.
2%
The country of Sudan has an estimated annual growth rate of 2 percent. At this rate of growth, approximately how many years will it take for the population of Sudan double?
35 years
if the worlds population grew by 2% in 1998 and continued at that rate, how long would it take the earth's population to double?
35 years
The current global human population is about 7.1 billion and is growing at an annual rate of about 1.1 percent. If the world population were to grow at this rate for the next year, approximately how many people would be added?
7 x10^7
By the year 2050, world population is expected to approach 10 billion.If the current trends continue, which region of the world will most likely experience the majority of the growth?
Africa and Asia
populations increases when
CBR and immigration are greater than CDR and emigration
Within the US, socioeconomic differences have been linked to differences is infant mortality. Which subgroup within the US has the LOWEST infant mortality?
Caucasian
Which of the following is a true statement about the total fertility of a society?
The total fertility of a society decreases as the society progresses through the demographic transition.
Which of the following would decrease the likelihood of a couple having a child?
Women have many opportunities to participate in the work force.
Which of the following is most likely to indicate a rapidly growing population?
a high percentage of girls with less than a fifth grade educations
Which of the following implies the greatest built-in momentum for population growth?
a large number of people under age 15
which of the following implies the greatest built-in momentum for future population growth?
a large number of people under age 15
environmental resistance is enhanced by
a specialized niche
the total fertility rate in the US reached a peak
after WWII, in the mid 1950's
social factors affecting birth and fertility rates include
all of the above- religious beliefs, traditions and cultural norms, urbanization, levels of education for women, availability of private and public pension systems
k-strategists
are generally less adaptable to change than r-strategists
age structure diagrams
are useful for comparing one countries population with another
which of the following connections among population cycle, survival strategies, and survivorship curves would you most expect to see?
boom and bust, r-strategist, early loss
Which of the following connections among population cycle, survival strategies, and survivorship curves would you most expect to see?
boom-and-bust; r-strategist; early-loss
Which of these might a predator use to better enable it to catch its prey?
camouflage
You are an ecologist studying the population dynamics of an ecosystem. You observe that resources are not evenly distributed. You predict the population dispersion pattern is
clumped
the most common pattern of population dispersion found in nature is
clumped
Two species that have a high degree of niche overlap will
compete intensely
If a country with a high population growth rate quickly reduced its growth rate to 0%, its population would
continue to grow for many years, then level off.
Which of the following patterns would you expect to find for rabbits and coyotes in an undisturbed habitat?
cyclic
which of the following patterns would you expect to find for rabbits and coyotes in an undistutbed habitat
cyclic
The most critical factor in controlling human population growth is
decreasing the average number of births per woman.
Some predators feed preferentially on the most abundant prey. This type of predation is
density dependent
Which of the following best describes the Survivorship curve you would expect to find for a fish?
early loss
china's population control program does all of the following except
force sterilization upon its citizens
The four main types of hazards include all of the following except
global hazards
Rapidly growing countries have an age structure that
has a broad-based pyramid
a k-strategist generally
has populations in a S-shaped growth curve
density-dependent population controls include all of the following except
human destruction of habitat
The system responsible for defense against disease and harmful substances is the
immune system
which of the following is not one of the goals of the 1994 UN conference on population and development?
increase access to education, especially for boys
Death rates have declined because of
increased food supplies and improved sanitation and hygiene
world death rates have declined because of
increased food supply and improved sanitation and hygiene
in the demographic transition model, ZPG in a country is likely to occur during the
industrial stage
which of the following is an r-strategist?
insect
Two species of aster can be found in a field in New York, and they tend to flower at the same approximate time in early spring. When some ecology students decide to conduct an experiment in community dynamics, they selectively remove one species from the field by handpicking all plants of that species. When the one species is removed, the other species shows a significant increase in its population the next season. This study demonstrates
interspecific competition
you observe uniform dispersion in a species you are studying intensely. you predict that as you extend your work, you will find
intraspecific competition and evenly spread, scarce resources
You observe uniform dispersion in a species you are studying intensely. You predict that as you extend your work, you will find
intraspecific competition and evenly spread, scarce resources.
which of the following terms best describes the type of population change you would expect to find for a muskrat population in a state that has just outlawed trapping
irruptive
a r-strategist generally
is small and short-lived
Technology reliability would be least improved by careful
job rotation.
which of the following best describes the survivorship curve you would expect to find for a mountain gorilla
late loss
Women possess ____% of the world's land.
less than 1
Two useful indicators of overall health in a country or region are
life expectancy and infant mortality rate
Women tend to have fewer and healthier children when they
live in societies in which their individual rights are protected. have access to paying jobs outside the home. have access to education. have access to birth control.
Perhaps the most important feature of China's population control program that could be transferred to other countries is
localizing the program rather than forcing people to travel to distant centers.
indias family planning has yielded disappointing results for all of the following except
low TFR
what does not help to explain why the US has one of the highest infant mortality rates of developed countries? (except question)
malnutrition and high occurrence of infectious disease
Many sub-Saharan tribesmen of Africa regularly use the blood, milk, and fur of their livestock, without killing them. Based on this information alone we might classify this relationship as ____. However, the cattle actually derive an overall benefit because the herdsman also protect them from predators and help them find water and food. Therefore, this relationship should instead be classified as ____.
parasitism; mutualism
Hepatitis B is transmitted by all of the following ways except
pathogenic bacteria and protozoa.
which of the following terms best describes the type of population change you would expect to find for a monkey in an undisturbed section of the brazillian rain forest?
stable
At the current rate of growth, the Earth's human population will double in about 50 years. Which if the following is the LEAST viable strategy for ensuring adequate nutrition for a population of that size?
Doubling the area of arable land on a global basis
All of the following are general types of population change curves except a.explosive. b.stable. c.cyclic. d.irruptive. e.irregular.
Explosive
Ivory Coast and China are two developing nations. China has a much larger per capita ecological footprint than Ivory Coast. This is most likely due to I. China's much larger population II. China's growing dependence on fossil fuels to drive their economy III. Ivory Coast's dependence on small scale and subsistence agriculture IV. Ivory Coast's much smaller GDP
II and III only
Risk management involves trying to answer all of the following questions except
Is it morally responsible to develop this risk?
During which stage of demographic transition shown above does a population begin to experience an explosive increase in growth
Stage 2
Which of the following least characterizes U.S. immigration policy?
Over the past decade, efforts to deport illegal immigrants have weakened.
Two populations are approximately the same size. In population 'A' females begin having children at about age 16. In population 'B' they begin at about age 20. Which of the following should hold true?
Population 'A' should grow more quickly due to four more years of possible child bearing.
Several species of harmless kingsnakes (Lampropeltis spp) mimic the color patterns of venomous coral snakes (Micrurusfulvius), which serve as models. If avoidance were based solely on prior predator experience with the model, what do you predict would happen in areas where coral snakes were never present?
Predators would attack and eat kingsnakes.
In 1918, the highly potent virus that spread rapidly around the globe and killed between 20-50 million people within a few months was the
Spanish flu
Which of the following statements about Japan's population is false?
The aging of Japan's population has encouraged investment in automation and encouraged women to stay at home.
Which of the following infectious diseases is not among the four most deadly?
mumps
Countries undergoing rapid population decline may experience a rise in the proportion of the population
on social security. consuming a large fraction of medical services. who are older people can face labor shortages.
According to a 2000 study, at least ____ of all antibiotics used to treat humans are prescribed unnecessarily.
one-half
Which of the following factors leads to an increase in biotic potential?
optimal level of critical nutrients
in the demographic transition model, birth rates and death rates are high during the
pre-industrial stage
government attempts to reduce population growth have included all of the following except
providing needed health care and food allotments to those who have more than a certain number of children
Birth defects can be caused by
radiation. viruses. chemicals.
There are about 6.8 billion people in the world, and about 11.4 billion usable hectares. Currently, the population of the United States has an ecological footprint of about 9.0 hectares per person. If all people in the world were to live at the level of consumption found in the United States, the population of the world would have to ____ in order to support them.
reduce to about a fifth of current levels
Striving to meet the needs of a growing population, humans have also
reduced biodiversity. relied mostly on fossil fuels. introduced harmful species into communities.
biotic potential is determined by
reproductive age span
An important density-independent factor limiting population size is _____.
weather
Which of the following statements is not true? a. high population densities can help sexually reproducing individuals to find mates b. high density populations can shield individuals from predators c. high density populations can make large groups vulnerable to human predators d. close contact between members of a high density population can increase infectious disease e. when a population is genetically diverse, it makes that population more vulnerable to environmental resistance
when a population is genetically diverse, it makes that population more vulnerable to environmental resistance
The factor which is probably least responsible for the rise in the incidence of bacterial diseases once controlled by antibiotics is
who are older people.
which of the following would decrease the likelihood of a couple having a child?
women are given opportunities to participate in the work force
