11th College History Module 4 12- 14 quick study guide
What was the Union League, which began in the late 1860s
A powerful political club for grassroots Radical Republicans Beginning in the late 1860s, the Union League served as a powerful political club for grassroots Radical Republicans.
The Republican Party was least likely to be supported by which group
Anti-immigration nativists Republicans drew widespread support from antislavery Whigs, anti-Nebraska Democrats, and Free Soilers. The Know-Nothings were divided in allegiance. Only northern Know-Nothings switched parties to support Republicans; the southern half of the Know-Nothing Party stuck with Millard Fillmore, giving him 21 percent of the vote
Based on this map, at which position did Union troops repel Pickett's Charge in July 1863?
At Cemetery Ridge The Union army had a significant tactical advantage with its fortified positions on Cemetery Ridge, from where it repelled Pickett's Charge, with devastating consequences for the Confederacy.
What triggered the 1873 depression in the United States
Bankruptcy of the Northern Pacific Railroad Hopes for economic growth were dashed in 1873 by the sudden onset of a severe worldwide depression. In the United States, the initial panic was triggered by the bankruptcy of the Northern Pacific Railroad, backed by leading financier Jay Cooke.
This is a map of a plantation owned by the Barrow family in 1860 in central Georgia alongside the same land in 1881, after the Civil War. How did postwar sharecropping alter the lifestyle dynamics of blacks, according to this map?
Blacks spread out their domiciles. In the 1860 image, all the blacks lived close to each other in slave quarters. Sharecropping had the effect of spreading their homes.
What did the presidential candidates of 1876, Samuel B. Tilden and Rutherford B. Hayes, have in common?
Both supported the idea of southern home rule. New York governor Samuel J. Tilden was a Wall Street lawyer who favored home rule for the South. Hayes did, too, just more discreetly.
Prior to instituting a draft, the Union was able to recruit nearly 1,000,000 men to serve in the army in what way
By paying them a $600 cash bounty Counties and towns had to meet certain recruitment quotas, which they typically met by offering cash bounties of $600, the equivalent of $11,000 today.
Why did the discovery of gold in California affect the national debate on slavery
California sought statehood as a free state in 1850, which would have blocked slavery in the West. Well over 200,000 Americans migrated to California after gold was discovered in 1848. When California petitioned Congress for admission as a free state in 1850, southerners opposed the move because it would have broken the balance of fifteen slave states and fifteen free states in Congress
What institution did the Irish immigrants who arrived in the 1850s reinvigorate with their participation in it
Catholic Church Irish immigrants found support through the American Catholic Church, which soon became an Irish-dominated institution.
Chapter 12
Chapter 12
chapter 13
Chapter 13
chapter 14
Chapter 14
Which institutions were a central focus of African American culture in the Reconstruction South?
Churches Independent churches quickly became central community institutions, as blacks across the South left white-dominated congregations, where they had sat in segregated balconies, and built churches of their own.
American women played an important role in organizing the distribution of supplies and the staffing of field hospitals with nurses during the Civil War. One of these women, who later founded the American Red Cross, was
Clara Barton. Clara Barton was a Union nurse before she founded the American Red Cross.
Why were prisoner exchanges halted in 1863
Confederates refused to exchange African American prisoners. Confederates' refusal to exchange African American prisoners precipitated a new Union policy: suspending prisoner exchanges, which had taken place regularly since the war's start.
The Reconstruction-era Ku Klux Klan became virtually identical to which political party in most of the South?
Democrats In many towns, the Klan became virtually identical to the Democratic Party. Klan members, including Nathan Bedford Forrest, dominated Tennessee's delegation to the Democratic national convention of 1868.
What action by President Lincoln encouraged Jefferson Davis and the Confederate government to seize Fort Sumte
Dispatching a ship to resupply the fort's garrison When Lincoln dispatched an unarmed ship to resupply Fort Sumter, Jefferson Davis and his associates in the Provisional Government of the Confederate States decided to seize the fort.
What was the primary reason Republican governments across the South fell one by one to Democrats in the mid-1870s
Ex-Confederate politicians, using terrorism, silenced the black and Republican vote. Ex-Confederates terrorized Republicans, especially in districts with large proportions of black voters. Black political leaders were shot, hanged, beaten to death, and in one case even beheaded. Many Republicans, both black and white, went into hiding or fled for their lives. Southern Democrats called this violent process "Redemption"—a heroic name that still sticks today, even though this seizure of power was murderous and undemocratic.
Republicans in the South during Reconstruction emphasized what policies
Expanding and implementing public education Southern Republican governments viewed education as the foundation of a true democratic order. The new public education system that they created spread literacy to freed slaves and whites alike, including girls, who prior to the Civil War had little to no access to formalized education.
Why did some African Americans in the Reconstruction South resist the idea of desegregated schools
Fear for children's safety Although some black leaders pressed for desegregation, they were keenly aware of the backlash this was likely to provoke. Other blacks made it clear that they preferred their children to attend all-black schools, especially if they encountered hostile or condescending white teachers and classmates. Many had pragmatic concerns. Asked whether she wanted her boys to attend an integrated school, one woman in New Orleans said no: "I don't want my children to be pounded by dem white boys. I don't send them to school to fight, I send them to learn."
The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 brought trials of potential fugitive slaves to what types of courts
Federal To mollify slaveholders, who found it increasingly difficult to capture escaped fugitives in the North, the act set up special federal courts to determine the legal status of alleged runaways.
Which Reconstruction military district consisted of only one state, owing to the state's large relative population?
First The First Military District consisted of one state: Virginia.
What Union general was appointed commander of the Army of the Potomac in 1862 but was later dismissed by Lincoln because he lacked the stomach to commit his forces to battle
George B. McClellan The Union general who was appointed commander of the Army of the Potomac in 1862, but whom Lincoln dismissed because he lacked the stomach to commit his forces to heavy casualties, was George McClellan.
Who commanded the Union troops at the Battle of Gettysburg?
George G. Meade Meade became commander of the Army of the Potomac three days before the Battle of Gettysburg. His victory there over Robert E. Lee made him a national celebrity.
Why was Union general George McClellan expected to win at Antietam
He had an intelligence advantage, having seen a copy of Lee's orders. When the Confederate commander divided his force, sending Jackson to capture Harpers Ferry in West Virginia, a copy of Lee's orders fell into McClellan's hands. But the Union general again failed to exploit his advantage, delaying an attack against Lee's depleted army and thereby allowing it to secure a strong defensive position west of Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Maryland.
How did General Ulysses S. Grant solve the problem of warships being unable to move up the Mississippi so that he could successfully attack Forts Henry and Donelson
How did General Ulysses S. Grant solve the problem of warships being unable to move up the Mississippi so that he could successfully attack Forts Henry and Donelson
What was a result of General Ulysses S. Grant's campaign in Virginia in the spring and summer of 1864
It caused severe casualties for both armies but did not end the war. Grant's campaign caused huge casualties on both sides, but Lee's army managed to continue fighting. Despite taking heavier casualties than the Confederates, Grant's army continued with the campaign, and Lincoln refused to stop Grant.
Why did southerners object to the Confederate draft
It favored the rich. Southerners raised the cry of a "rich man's war and a poor man's fight" in response to draft exemptions for the owners of twenty or more slaves and those who could pay a $300 commutation fee.
What statement describes the actual change in the status of slaves in January 1863 as a result of the Emancipation Proclamation
It freed only slaves in states still in rebellion and did not change the status of a single slave. The Emancipation Proclamation did not free any slaves because it only affected those areas not under northern control. Slaves behind Union lines and in states occupied by northern troops were not freed, nor were slaves within the Union states.
What statement characterizes the federal government during the Civil War
It grew in power and centralized authority. The federal government grew more powerful during the war, expanding its powers to tax, drafting civilians into military service, regulating banking, and subsidizing private railroad construction.
Why was Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin so successful with readers
It highlighted the cruelty of slavery with heartrending power. Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin, conveyed the moral principles of abolitionism in heartrending personal situations by using the familiar literary trope of sentimental domesticity.
Which steps did the federal government take to wage total war
It supported the construction of railroads. During the Civil War, the Republican Congress implemented Henry Clay's program for a nationally financed transportation system. The most important element of this system was the expansion of the railroad network to the Pacific
Who signed a treaty with Mexico in 1853 readjusting the boundary between the United States and Mexico in view of a transcontinental railroad
James Gadsden James Gadsden negotiated a treaty with Mexico in 1853 readjusting the boundary between the United States and Mexico in view of a transcontinental railroad.
Who could be described as a moderate southerner on the issue of slavery in 1858, that is, one who strongly defended "southern rights" and demanded ironclad political or constitutional protections for slavery but did not advocate secession
Jefferson Davis Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was a moderate, one who strongly defended "southern rights" and demanded ironclad political or constitutional protections for slavery but did not advocate secession
Who could be described as a moderate southerner on the issue of slavery in 1858, that is, one who strongly defended "southern rights" and demanded ironclad political or constitutional protections for slavery but did not advocate secession
Jefferson Davis Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was a moderate, one who strongly defended "southern rights" and demanded ironclad political or constitutional protections for slavery but did not advocate secession.
Who was the first presidential candidate of the Republican Party
John C. Frémont John C. Frémont was the first Republican candidate for president; he lost in 1856.
Who was the first presidential candidate of the Republican Party?
John C. Frémont John C. Frémont was the first Republican candidate for president; he lost in 1856.
Which senator backed a last-ditch effort to forge a compromise between the North and the South in early 1861
John J. Crittenden A last-ditch effort to forge a compromise between the North and the South, backed by Senator Crittenden, sought to extend the line of the Missouri Compromise to the California border and to pass an amendment to protect slavery in the South.
What did the Confederacy rely upon to provide income to fund the war effort?
King Cotton Confederate leaders counted on King Cotton to provide the revenue to purchase clothes, boots, blankets, and weapons from abroad. They also counted on cotton as a diplomatic weapon that would persuade Britain and France, whose textile factories needed raw cotton, to grant the Confederacy diplomatic recognition.
How did cotton figure into Confederate hopes to secede from the United States and successfully form a new nation
Leaders felt that cotton would give them extraordinary economic and political leverage, eliciting likely aid from Britain and France. Known as "King Cotton diplomacy," many Confederate leaders believed that the demand for cotton would require the intervention of either Britain or France.
Nathan Bedford Forrest was best known during the Civil War for commanding southern troops that carried out what action
Massacring black Union troops at Fort Pillow Confederate general Forrest on April 12, 1864, led his troops to commit one of the war's worst atrocities, the massacre of unarmed black Union troops at Fort Pillow, Tennessee. Forrest's troops refused to take prisoners, instead shooting down black soldiers as they tried to surrender.
Race riots that occurred in 1866 in which of the following cities increased Republicans' determination to reform the South?
Memphis In Memphis in April 1866, when some black veterans celebrated the end of their army service by drinking, violence broke out. For three days, whites burned black neighborhoods, churches, and schools, raped several African American women, and killed dozens of black residents. These race riots increased Republican determination to reform the South.
By admitting the entirety of California as a free state and allowing for popular sovereignty to determine the status of slavery in Utah and New Mexico territories, the Compromise of 1850 effectively abrogated the continuation of what slavery compromise passed previously by Congress
Missouri Compromise The 1820 Missouri Compromise established a line—36°30? N—that would determine the legality of slavery. California goes both north and south of that line. Allowing for popular sovereignty to determine the status of slavery in Utah and New Mexico territories also undermined that line.
Following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, what was the most likely outcome in terms of the balance of free and slave states
More free than slave states were likely to be added to the Union. Given the fact that the Oregon and Minnesota territories were already organized as free and the sharp division between free and slave states in the East, which, if extended west, would mean that the Nebraska Territory and the northern half, at least, of the Utah Territory would become free areas, more free states than slave states were likely to join the Union in the future.
What did the Republican Party rename itself for the 1864 election
National Union Party To attract border-state and Democratic voters, the Republicans took a new name, the National Union Party.
In the 1860 presidential election, Abraham Lincoln won the electoral votes of all the northern states except for
New Jersey. Lincoln won every northern and western state except New Jersey, which went to Democrat Stephen Douglas.
Which country did filibusterer William Walker take over briefly in the 1850s to expand slavery
Nicaragua In 1856, after being hired as mercenaries to help a faction in a civil war in Nicaragua, Walker and 300 men overthrew the country's government and established their own (with some help from New York shipping magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt, who operated a U.S.-Nicaragua steamship line).
Which country did filibusterer William Walker take over briefly in the 1850s to expand slavery?
Nicaragua In 1856, after being hired as mercenaries to help a faction in a civil war in Nicaragua, Walker and 300 men overthrew the country's government and established their own (with some help from New York shipping magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt, who operated a U.S.-Nicaragua steamship line).
What caused the Democratic Party to split into northern and southern Democrats at the party's April 1860 convention
Northern Democrats rejected a proposal to protect slavery in the territories. Northern Democrats rejected a proposal by Jefferson Davis to protect slavery in the territories, prompting the delegates from eight southern states to walk out. The result was separate conventions and the nomination of two sectional Democratic candidates for president.
Approximately what portion of Mexico's territory was turned over to the United States per the terms of the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
One-third In 1848, President James K. Polk signed, and the Senate ratified, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, in which the United States agreed to pay Mexico $15 million in return for more than one-third of its territory.
How was John Brown's 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry similar to the 1856 beating of Charles Sumner?
Onlookers' reactions divided the nation even more than the acts. Rather than focus on the victims, onlookers' reactions divided the nation even more than the acts themselves. Few southerners worried about Sumner but instead lauded Brooks. After Harpers Ferry, southerners were shocked to find that a group of abolitionists — the "Secret Six" — had funded Brown's raid. They were equally outraged to read that northern churchbells tolled on the day of Brown's hanging.
By emphasizing that the Confederacy was fighting for the "sacred right of self-government," Jefferson Davis was equating Confederate goals with those of what group of people
Patriots Speaking as provisional president of the Confederacy in April 1861, Jefferson Davis identified the Confederate cause with that of Patriots in 1776: like their grandfathers, white southerners were fighting for the "sacred right of self-government."
What did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo stipulate?
Payment to Mexico of $15 million from the United States in return for vast tracts of land The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo gave $15 million to Mexico.
In response to federal passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, northern states passed what kinds of laws?
Personal liberty laws Members of northern state legislatures were incensed by the terms of the Fugitive Slave Act and enacted personal liberty laws that increased the legal rights of their residents, including accused fugitives.
In June 1864, the Union forces of Ulysses S. Grant laid siege to which important railroad center in Virginia
Petersburg In 1864, Grant's Union forces surrounded the town of Petersburg, Virginia. Grant besieged the town for almost a year, until Lee's surrender at Appomattox in April 1865.
The capture of which Virginia railroad center after a long siege in April 1865 led to the Union capture of Richmond
Petersburg In June 1864, Grant laid siege to Petersburg, an important railroad center near Richmond.
Why did the Democratic loser of the contested 1876 election, Samuel Tilden, urge Democratic House members to go along with the decision of the electoral commission
Republican candidate Hayes had indicated his willingness to offer substantial patronage to the South. Hayes had promised federal funds for education, internal improvements, and economic growth.
The 1857 Dred Scott decision was a major victory for which of the following groups?
Slaveholders In a single stroke, Chief Justice Taney had declared Republicans' proposals to restrict the expansion of slavery through legislation to be unconstitutional.
What traditionally southern legal argument did northerners ironically embrace to fight the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act in court
States' rights Assuming a states' rights stance to fight a federal law was traditionally a southern position, as evidenced by the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions as well as nullification.
Though he had served one term in the U.S. House of Representatives previously, Abraham Lincoln became a national name by debating whom seven times in 1858
Stephen Douglas Lincoln was the Republican challenger for Douglas's Senate seat in 1858. Lincoln lost that election, but his performance in the debates made him a champion for Republicans two years later
Though he had served one term in the U.S. House of Representatives previously, Abraham Lincoln became a national name by debating whom seven times in 1858
Stephen Douglas Lincoln was the Republican challenger for Douglas's Senate seat in 1858. Lincoln lost that election, but his performance in the debates made him a champion for Republicans two years later.
What factor made it important to Abraham Lincoln to keep Kentucky and Maryland in the Union
Strategic location Kentucky, with its 500-mile border on the Ohio River, was essential to the movement of troops and supplies. Maryland was vital to the Union's security because it bordered the nation's capital on three sides.
How was the U.S. government able to secure control of Maryland
Suspending habeas corpus When Maryland secessionists destroyed railroad bridges and telegraph lines, Lincoln ordered Union troops to occupy the state and arrest Confederate sympathizers, including legislators, releasing them only in November 1861, after Unionists had secured control of Maryland's government. Lincoln's actions provoked bitter debate over Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus—legal instruments used to protect people from arbitrary arrest.
Lincoln's famous "House Divided" speech was an attack on what event
The Dred Scott decision The prospect of slavery spreading into the North informed Lincoln's famous "House Divided" speech, in which he predicted that American society "cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. . . . It will become all one thing, or all the other."
Put the following engagements in chronological order from earliest to latest.
The Wilderness; Cold Harbor; Petersburg; Appomattox Court House The Wilderness occurred in May 1864, followed by Cold Harbor in June 1864. Afterwards, the Petersburg siege began. Once that ended, Richmond fell and Lee's army was chased to Appomattox Court House in April 1865
Why did the Grant administration's reaction to the depression that began in 1873 deepen resentment toward Washington Republicans
The administration rejected calls for providing relief for debt and unemployment. Grant's officials deepened public resentment toward their party when they rejected pleas to increase the money supply and provide relief from debt and unemployment.
Which of the following can be inferred from this political cartoon from the weekly magazine The Judge?
The artist sympathized with the anger and frustration of women. Although the harsh way in which the woman is drawn suggests that the artist did not see political activism as compatible with femininity, the racist images of African Americans and Asians suggest that the artist did not think blacks should have the vote if educated white middle-class women were left out.
Why did the upper age limit of the Confederate draft jump from thirty-five to forty-five in September 1862
The heavy casualties at Antietam highlighted the need for more manpower. The battle at Antietam was particularly bloody, killing about 5,000 Confederate and Union soldiers on the spot and another 3,000 who died of wounds thereafter. Lee's army of 50,000 had been outnumbered by the Army of the Potomac of 87,000 men. The Confederacy badly needed a broad draft.
Why did the Fugitive Slave Act prove to be the most controversial part of the Compromise of 1850
The new law denied people accused of being runaways of fundamental rights. The new Fugitive Slave Act placed the responsibility to determine the status of alleged fugitives in the hands of federal court officials but denied those accused of being runaways any opportunity to defend themselves from the charges.
Why did the economic troubles brought on by the Panic of 1873 hit southern governments particularly hard?
The southern economy had already been growing slowly before the downturn. The South's economy grew more slowly than Republicans had hoped during Reconstruction, and after 1873, growth screeched to a halt. State debts mounted rapidly, and as crushing interest on bonds fell due, public credit collapsed.
According to Abraham Lincoln, why was secession illegal
The union was "perpetual." Lincoln plausibly concluded that the absence of any reference to secession in the Constitution meant that the Union was a perpetual bond, and he vowed to "hold, occupy, and possess" federal property in the seceded states and "to collect duties and imposts" there.
Why were opponents of the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act given cause to assume corruption on the part of U.S. marshals in apprehending potential fugitive slaves
The verdict determined marshal's pay. U.S. marshals and clerks were paid $10 for each person remanded to slavery and only $5 when they set a captive free. Thus, marshals were given incentive to arrest any black person and to ensure that he or she was convicted.
Why are the Republican Reconstruction governments of the South categorized as reforming governments
They expanded education and health care. Republicans viewed education as the foundation of a true democratic order. By 1875, over half of black children were attending school in Mississippi, Florida, and South Carolina. In addition, they established hospitals and asylums for orphans and the disabled.
What impact did the California gold rush have on Native Americans there
They suffered brutally from the onslaught of fortune seekers. When the gold rush began in 1848, there were about 150,000 Indians in California; by 1861, there were only 30,000. As elsewhere in the Americas, European diseases took the lives of thousands. In California, white settlers also undertook systematic campaigns of extermination, and local political leaders did little to stop them. Thousands were sold into slavery as well.
Why were black Union soldiers and their officers at unique risk during the Civil War
They were at risk of execution for inciting servile insurrection. Furious Confederate officials vowed to treat black Union prisoners as runaway slaves and execute their officers for inciting slave rebellion.
Thaddeus Stevens advocated for freedmen to possess their own small plots of land in Reconstructed states, remarking, "Nothing will make men so industrious and moral as to let them feel that they are above want and are the owners of the soil which they till." Which principle from earlier in American history does this reference?
Thomas Jefferson's yeoman ideal Like Stevens, Jefferson felt that a small farmer who owned his land would be the ideal citizen for a republic because the farmer would be independent and thus moral.
Which provision was part of the Wade-Davis Bill of July 1864, the first congressional plan for Reconstruction
Those who had fought against the United States could not form new governments. The Wade-Davis Bill provided that new governments could only be formed by those who had never taken up arms against the North.
Secession came earliest in which states
Those with the highest concentration of slaves
Why was the Woman's Loyal National League founded in 1863
To bring recognition and voting rights for women through energetic war service In 1863, women's rights advocates founded the Woman's Loyal National League, hoping that energetic war service would bring recognition and voting rights.
After taking Atlanta, why did General William T. Sherman in 1864 "cut a swath through to the sea" instead of pursuing a retreating Confederate army northward into Tennessee
To demoralize Confederates in their own territory Sherman argued that his march would be "a demonstration to the world, foreign and domestic, that we have a power [Jefferson] Davis cannot resist. We are not only fighting hostile armies," Sherman wrote, "but a hostile people, and must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war." He left Atlanta in flames, and during his 300-mile March to the Sea his army consumed or demolished everything in its path
Why did President Franklin Pierce not pursue Cuban annexation in the mid-1850s
Too much political contention from northern Democrats, Free Soilers, and Whigs convinced Pierce to abandon plans. When the Ostend Manifesto was exposed, Whigs, northern Democrats, and Free Soilers all denounced it, calling it new evidence of southern "slave power" machinations. Pierce saw the political risks of supporting filibusters and withdrew his support for Quitman, who eventually cancelled his plan.
By the terms of what 1854 treaty did the United States receive fueling rights in Japan, ultimately opening up trade between the two nations
Treaty of Kanagawa In 1854, Commodore Matthew Perry succeeded in getting Japanese officials to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa, allowing U.S. ships to refuel at two ports.
What was the name of the only important manufacturing center in the South during the Civil War
Tredegar Iron Works Richmond, with its Tredegar Iron Works, served as an important manufacturing center.
What event led to a rapid decline in immigration after the surge of 1854-1855?
U.S. economic recession The economic recession that began in 1856 made the United States a much less attractive destination for immigrants.
President James Buchanan dispatched a small army against residents of what area for violating federal law in 1858
Utah In what became known as the Mormon War, Buchanan dispatched a small army to Utah in 1858.
President James Buchanan dispatched a small army against residents of what area for violating federal law in 1858?
Utah In what became known as the Mormon War, Buchanan dispatched a small army to Utah in 1858.
What was the most successful method in the North for countering the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act
Violence Violence seemed to work best. In October 1850, Boston abolitionists helped two slaves escape from Georgia slave catchers. Rioters in Syracuse, New York, broke into a courthouse, freed a fugitive and spirited him to Canada, then tried to charge the U.S. marshal with kidnapping. Abandoning nonviolence, Frederick Douglass declared that "the only w
In 1849, what group made up most of the migrants who came to California by land and sea to mine for gold
White men By the end of 1849, more than 80,000 people, mostly white men, had arrived in California to mine for gold.
Before ceding lands to the federal government in 1850, Texas originally contained parts of the present-day states of Oklahoma, New Mexico, Colorado, Kansas, and
Wyoming. Texas's original claim extended north to what is now southern Wyoming.
British manufacturers were able to undermine King Cotton diplomacy by
developing cotton in Egypt and India. British manufacturers had stockpiled cotton and began to develop new sources of the commodity in Egypt and India.
Andrew Johnson was the first U.S. president to be
impeached. Johnson was the first president to be impeached. This occurred in 1867.
The tactical thinking of Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman was similar in that both believed
in pressing Union advantages in men and material. Previous commanders were overly cautious. Grant and Sherman both believed in pressing Union advantages in men and material, despite the potential for heavy losses.
The Civil War marked the beginning of modern funeral practices with the introduction of
new embalming techniques. Embalmers devised a zinc fluoride liquid that preserved soldiers' bodies long enough to allow them to be shipped and buried at home. This innovation
In the South of the late 1800s, sharecroppers found themselves tied to the land and in debt to landlords and merchants in a system of forced labor known as
peonage. Sharecroppers found themselves tied to the land and in debt to landlords and merchants in a system of forced labor known as peonage.
The Republican program was similar to Henry Clay's American System in that it
supported internal improvements. Republicans created an integrated network of national banks and implemented Clay's program for a nationally financed transportation system, chartering the Union Pacific and Central Pacific companies to build a transcontinental railroad and granting them substantial land subsidies to complete the difficult work.