1301 U.S. History Test #2

American Revolution War

(1775-1783) Up until this point it was the longest American war.

Battle of Trenton

(1776) A surprising and pivotal victory for General Washington and American forces in December 1776 that resulted in major British and Hessian losses.

Shays's Rebellion

(1786-1787) Storming of the Massachusetts federal arsenal in 1787 by Daniel Shays and 1,200 armed farmers seeking debt relief from the state legislature through issuance of paper currency and lower taxes.

Northwest Ordinance

(1787) Land policy for new western territories in the Ohio valley that established the terms and conditions for self-government and statehood while also banning slavery from the region.

Bank of the United States

(1791) National bank responsible for holding and transferring federal government funds, making business loans, and issuing a national currency.

Jay's Treaty

(1794) Agreement between Britain and the United States, negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay, that settled disputes over trade, prewar debts owed to British merchants, British-occupied forts in American territory, and the seizure of American ships and cargo.

Whiskey Rebellion

(1794) Violent protest by western Pennsylvania farmers against the federal excise tax on corn whiskey, put down by a federal army.

Alien and Sedition Acts

(1798) Four measures passed during the undeclared war with France that limited the freedoms of speech and press and restricted the liberty of non-citizens.

Marbury v. Madison

(1803) First Supreme Court decision to declare a federal law—the Judiciary Act of 1801—unconstitutional.

Louisiana Purchase

(1803) President Thomas Jefferson's purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of U.S. territory.

Lewis and Clark expedition

(1804) Led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, a mission to the Pacific coast commissioned for the purposes of scientific and geographical exploration.

Embargo Act

(1807) A law promoted by President Thomas Jefferson prohibiting American ships from leaving for foreign ports, in order to safeguard them from British and French attacks. This ban on American exports proved disastrous to the U.S. economy.

Treaty of Ghent

(1814) Agreement between Great Britain and the United States that ended the War of 1812, signed on December 24, 1814.

Renewed Alliances (War of 1812)

-Britain fears loss of Canada -encourages NA resist American expansion

American Strategy for the American Revolution War

-Dont lose -Fight a defensive war

Effects of War of 1812

-Second war for independence -Cultural change: patriotism - Political changes -Era of Good Feelings - Economic changes: American factory system

Whiskey Rebellion: -Who -What -When -Where -Why

-Who: Farmers -What: Tax Conflict -When: 1791 (late 1700's) -Where: Pennsylvania Front -Why: Dem. strength Constitution

XYZ Affair: -Who -What -When -Where -Why

-Who: France and U.S. -What: Diplomatic incident -When: 1797 (late 1700's) -Where: France/Parris -Why: Political Partisanship/ Ad. sed.

Commerce Compromise: -Who -What -When -Where -Why

-Who: North and South -What: Political compromise (Economic tax; agreement deal) -When: 1787 (late 1700's) -Where: Philadelphia -Why: Constitution created

Immediate causes of the American Revolution War

1. Battle of Lexington and Concord (Shot heard around the world) 2. Common Sense (best seller)- Told Americans what they wanted to hear (Author: Thomas Pain) 3. Declaration of Independence (Written by Thomas Jefferson)

Turning points of the American Revolution War

1. Battle of Saratoga- Treaty of Alliance, with France (made French believe America could win the war) 2. Battle of Yorktown- British surrender (ends the fighting)

Americas strengths for the American Revolution War

1. Colonies geographically large, difficult to conquer and control. 2. Americans know terrain. 3. Colonist better fighters and marksmen. 4. Self-sustaining agricultural base.

America's Response to the War of 1812

1. Embargo Act 1807 (peaceable coercion) 2. Non Intercourse Act 1808 3. Macon's Bill No. 2 1810

Short term causes of the American Revolution War

1. End of salutary neglect- Tax laws "taxation without representation" 2. Continental Congress- Organized resistance, boycotts. (Unified colonial government, organized political)

Key people of the American Revolution War

1. George Washington- Military leadership (Father of our country) 2. Benjamin Franklin- Diplomacy, Treaty of Alliance with France.

Long term cause of the American Revolution war

1. Mercantilism: Economically unfair 2. Salutary Neglect: Encourages self-sufficiency 3. Enlightenment: Liberal political ideas 4. Great Awakening: Democratic nature undermines authority. (natural rights) 5. French and Indian War: Establishes British Empire, alienates Americans. 6. Proclamation of 1763: Limits expansion, angers Americans. (Line in the sand)

Cultural change: patriotism

1. New symbols Star Spangled Banner Uncle Sam 2. Art & literature American romanticism frontier themes Webster's Dictionary Literature: Cooper, Whitman, Poe Art: Hudson River School landscapes

Americas weaknesses for the American Revolution War

1. No money- Issued paper currency, "Not worth a continental". 2. Poor political leadership- Continental congress ineffective. 3. Limited military supplies.

Economic changes: American factory system

1. Severs remaining ties to British manufacturing lengthy interruptions of trade belief in more balanced economy 2. Second Bank of the United States - 1816 Dem-Rep reverse Constitutional objections bank necessary to U.S. finances

Effects of the American Revolution

1. Treaty of Paris 2. Political change 3. Economic change 4. Social changes

Political changes -Era of Good Feelings

1. War ends hostilities between US & GB 2. Federalist Party dies New England's opposition to war - Hartford Convention trade & loans to Great Britain 3. "federalization" of the Democratic-Republicans stronger national government standing army, stronger navy protective tariff national bank

Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom

A Virginia law, drafted by Thomas Jefferson in 1777 and enacted in 1786, that guarantees freedom of, and from, religion.

Tecumseh's Indian Confederacy

A group of Native Americans under leadership of Shawnee leader Tecumseh and his prophet brother Tenskwatawa; its mission of fighting off American expansion was thwarted in the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811), when the confederacy fell apart.

Hartford Convention

A series of secret meetings in December 1814 and January 1815 at which New England Federalists protested American involvement in the War of 1812 and discussed several constitutional amendments, including limiting each president to one term, designed to weaken the dominant Republican Party.

Causes of War of 1812

A. Demand for neutral rights B. Desire for new lands in Florida and Canada C. Indian uprisings D. National honor: western "war hawks" - H. Clay, J. Calhoun

American Frontier: Indian Uprisings Effects (War of 1812)

America determined to drive Indians from frontier convinces war hawks to take Canada

Valley Forge

American military encampment near Philadelphia, where more than 3,500 soldiers deserted or died from cold and hunger in the winter of 1777-1778.

The Revolution did all of the following EXCEPT: A. Foster a spirit of social equality B. Lower property requirements for the vote C. Limit opportunities to acquire land in the West D. Encourage greater participation in politics E. Establish American independence

C. Limit opportunities to acquire land in the West

Which of the following was NOT part of the Northwest ordinance? A. Slavery was prohibited in the territory above the Ohio River B. State hood was allowed when a territory had a population of 60,000 people. C. Religious freedom was guaranteed in a "bill of rights" D. New states formed in the territory promised that Indian land would never be taken from them without their approval. E. Territorial governors were to be chosen by Congress.

C. Religious freedom was guaranteed in a "Bill of rights"

State Constitutions

Charters that define the relationship between the state government and local governments and individuals, also protecting their rights from violation by the national government.

The Federalist Papers

Collection of eighty-five essays, published widely in newspapers in 1787 and 1788, written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in support of adopting the proposed U.S. Constitution.

Federalism

Concept of dividing governmental authority between the national government and the states.

War of 1812

Conflict fought in North America and at sea between Great Britain and the United States, 1812-1815, over American shipping rights and British efforts to spur Indian attacks on American settlements. Canadians and Native Americans also fought in the war.

Most of the state constitutions adopted during the Revolution:

Contained bills of rights

Alliance with France

Critical diplomatic, military, and economic alliance between France and the newly independent United States, codified by the Treaty of Amity and Commerce and the Treaty of Alliance (1778).

Battles of Saratoga

Decisive defeat of 5,000 British troops under General John Burgoyne in several battles near Saratoga, New York, in October 1777; the American victory helped convince France to enter the war on the side of the Patriots.

In the case of Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court:

Declared a federal law unconstitutional

Republican Simplicity

Deliberate attitude of humility and frugality, as opposed to monarchial pomp and ceremony, adopted by Thomas Jefferson in his presidency

The news of Yorktown inspired the British to:

End the war

The Treaty of Ghent:

Ended the war

In its winter camp at Valley Forge, Washington's army was decimate by all of the following EXEPT:

Enemy attack

Battle of New Orleans, Battle of (1815)

Final major battle in the War of 1812, in which the Americans under General Andrew Jackson unexpectedly and decisively countered the British attempt to seize the port of New Orleans, Louisiana.

Bill of Rights

First ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1791 to guarantee individual rights and to help secure ratification of the Constitution by the states.

The American victory at Saratoga resulted in:

France's entry on the American side

Trade Restrictions on America France: ? Great Britain: ? Goals: ?

France: "Continental System" Great Britain: "Orders in Council" Goals: blockade Europe

The American victory at Yorktown would have been Impossible without:

French assistance

XYZ affair

French foreign minister Tallyrand's three anonymous agents demanded payments to stop French plundering of American ships in 1797; refusal to pay the bribe led to two years of sea war with France (1798-1800).

Lewis and Clark's expedition:

Gave the United States a claim to Oregon

Hessians

German mercenary soldiers who were paid by the royal government to fight alongside the British army.

ISSUE 2: VIEWS OF GOVERNMENT. Who believed that the government was trustworthy and capable of helping society?

Hamilton

ISSUE 4: NATIONAL DEBT. Who thought a national debt would build confidence in the nation?

Hamilton

ISSUE 7: URBAN VERSUS RURAL. Who favored urban growth?

Hamilton

On Christmas night 1776, Washington crossed the Delaware to defeat the:

Hessians

Jay's Treaty:

Infuriated Republicans for its concessions to the British

All of the following are true of the Louisiana Purchase EXCEPT:

It was clearly unconstitutional

The convention in Philadelphia Convention's most gifted political philosopher and one of its key figures was:

James Madison

ISSUE 3: THE NATURE OF THE CONSTITUTION. Who wanted the Constitution interpreted strictly to limit government?

Jefferson

ISSUE 5: THE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES. Who believed banks were dangerous?

Jefferson

ISSUE 6: MANUFACTURING VERSUS AGRICULTURE. Who thought commerce and manufacturing should not be promoted as much as agriculture?

Jefferson

ISSUE 8: FRANCE OR GREAT BRITAIN. Who thought the United States maintained its alliance with France?

Jefferson

ISSUE ONE: THE ABILITY OF THE COMMON MAN. Who believed the common people could be entrusted with political power?

Jefferson

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War; General Cornwallis along with over 7,000 British troops surrendered to George Washington at Yorktown, Virginia, on October 17, 1781.

In the early 1800's, the United States engaged in a naval conflict with:

North African pirates

Barbary Pirates

North Africans who waged war (1801-1805) on the United States after President Thomas Jefferson refused to pay tribute (a bribe) to protect American ships.

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the Constitution as an infringement on individual and states' rights, whose criticism led to the addition of a Bill of Rights to the document. Many anti-Federalists later joined Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican party.

Citizen-soldiers

Part-time nonprofessional soldiers, mostly poor farmers or recent immigrants who had been indentured servants, who played an important role in the Revolutionary War.

Republican Ideology

Political belief in representative democracy in which citizens govern themselves by electing representatives, or legislators, to make key decisions on the citizens' behalf.

Jeffersonian Republicans

Political party founded by Thomas Jefferson in opposition to the Federalist Party led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams; also known as the Democratic-Republican Party.

Election of 1800

Presidential election between Thomas Jefferson and John Adams; resulted in the first Democratic-Republican victory after the Federalist administrations of George Washington and John Adams.

At the Hartford Convention, delegates:

Proposed a series of constitutional amendments to limit Republican influence in government

The Sedition Act was aimed primarily at:

Republican newspaper editors

French Revolution

Revolutionary movement beginning in 1789 that overthrew the monarchy and transformed France into an unstable republic before Napoleon Bonaparte assumed power in 1799.

The Great Compromise:

Settled the question of political representation for Americans and the states

Jefferson's Embargo Act:

Sought to stop all American exports

The Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom marked the general trend away from:

State-supported churches

Separation of Powers

Strict division of the powers of government among three separate branches (executive, legislative, and judicial) which, in turn, check and balance each other.

New Leaders (War of 1812)

Tenskwatawa (religious) & Tecumseh (secular) unity to resist Americans

Articles of Confederation

The first form of government for the United States, ratified by the original thirteen states in 1781; weak in central authority, it was replaced by the U.S. Constitution in 1789.

Which of the following was NOT a power of the national government under the Articles of confederation?

The right to levy taxes on trade and commerce

After Shay's Rebellion:

There were numerous calls promoting a stronger central government

Who said, "We are all Republicans-we are all Federalists"?

Thomas Jefferson

In late December 1776, George Washington was able to reverse American fortunes by:

Winning battles at Trenton and Princeton

The Shawnee leader Tecumseh:

Worked to unite Indians in a vast confederacy

Madison's Virginia Plan:

Would create a two-house Congress

Battle of the Thames (War of 1812)

destroys confederacy

Macon's Bill No. 2 1810

reopened trade with G. Britain / France authorized prohibition of trade if neutral rights violated

violation of neutral rights

seize American sailors - impressment Chesapeake - Leopard in incident