15&16 BIO SMARTBOOK
What method is most commonly used to modify desired traits in plants and animals?
Artificial selection
The peacock's tail is bright and showy and makes the male prone to predation. Why has natural selection not eliminated this trait from the population?
Because female peacocks choose to mate with males that have these ornate tails.
Identify all of the following lines of evidence for evolutionary change?
Biogeography, Fossil record, Vestigial structures, and Homologous structures
Calculate the homozygous recessive genotype frequency if the recessive allele frequency is 0.4.
0.16
Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what will the frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype be in the next generation if the frequency of the dominant allele in the current generation is 0.60?
0.36
It is estimated that a mutation occurs once in every _____ cell divisions.
100,000
Transitional fossils, such as Tiktaalik, exhibit features that are a combination of other animals, like fish and tetrapods. This unique type of of fossil provides a link in the fossil record in support of
Darwin's theory that all animals descended from a common ancestor.
What does p represent in the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
Frequency of the dominant allele
Which genotype is most prevalent in regions of Africa that have high rates of malaria?
HbAHbS
Which individuals have an advantage in an environment in which malaria is present?
HbAHbS
Which of the following are components of natural selection? (Select all that apply.)
Heritable variation, adaption, and reproductive success
Which allele combination will help maintain genetic diversity within the population?
Hh
Identify the genes that are responsible for the development of the body plan in animals.
Homeobox
directional selection
Increases the frequency of an extreme form of a trait.
stabilizing selection
Increases the frequency of an intermediate form of a trait.
Why did Darwin feel that variation was important?
It is required for natural selection to occur.
distruptive selection
Maintains high levels of two different forms of a trait.
Which of the following best describes Darwin's observations about the vegetation and the length of the necks of tortoises?
On islands that were dry and the vegetation was tall,tortoises had long necks.
Which of the following illustrates why Lamarck's hypothesis of inheritance of acquired characteristics is not an accepted theory?
People who visit tanning booths and have dark tans do not have babies with tanned skin
Which group of mammals were the last to evolve and diversify?
Placental
The Galapagos Islands are 965 km off the coast of ______.
South America
What is the longer necks of the Galapagos tortoises that lived on islands with sparse vegetation an example of?
That species can be modified by environmental differences
What information can be gained from homologous structures?
The evolutionary relatedness of two species
What did Darwin feel was important for natural selection to operate properly?
Variation within populations
The bottleneck effect is the loss of genetic diversity that can be caused by ______.
a natural disaster
A feature that increases the fitness of an organism due to how well it is suited to the organism(s) environment is a(n) _____.
adaptation
A trait that helps an organism be more suited to its environment is called a(n)
adaption
Natural selection favors the phenotype that is most _________.
adaptive
A gene pool includes all of the______of all of the genes of a species.
alleles
Gene flow causes microevolution by introducing new or rare _____ into a population.
alleles
Gene flow is the movement of_____between populations.
alleles
A structure that has a similar function in separate species but differs in anatomy and ancestry is called a(n)
analogous
Structures, on different species, that perform the same function but are not inherited from a common ancestor are called _____.
analogous
The evaluation of similar structures across species is called comparative _____.
anatomy
Vestigial structures are anatomical structures that apparently functioned in a(n) ______ but have lost most or all of their function in a(n) ______.
ancestor; descendant
Select the examples of homologous structures.
arms of monkeys and forelimbs of seals and forelimbs of birds, bats, and horses
The intentional breeding of certain organisms to produce a desirable outcome is called
artificial selection
A type of mating that occurs when individuals choose a mate with a preferred trait is called ______ mating.
assortative
Gonorrhea is becoming more difficult to treat because antibiotic resistance is developing in the ______ that causes gonorrhea.
bacterium
The naming system developed by Carolus Linnaeus (Carl van Linne) is known as the
binomial system of nomenclature.
The study of the geographical distribution of organisms is called
biogeography
The belief that change in organisms over time can be explained by a series of major extinction events followed by repopulation is called _____.
catastrophism
Carolus Linnaeus contributed to modern evolutionary thinking by way of his _____.
classification system
Taxonomy is the science of
classifying organisms
Into which field was Charles Darwin encouraged when he attended the School of Divinity at Christ's College and Cambridge?
clergyman
Sexual selection in males usually results in an increased ability to____for mates, whereas sexual selection in females usually involves____a mate with the best fitness.
compete, selecting
Territoriality relates to ______ behaviors.
defensive
Populations that have a structure in which higher-ranking animals have greater access to resources than lower-ranking animals are said to have _______ hierarchies.
dominance
In some populations, high-ranking individuals have greater access to resources which cause males or females to establish
dominance hierarchy
Biogeography can help explain
ecological change, the movement of continents, and the formation of volcanic islands
No mutations, no migration, random mating, no selection, and a large gene pool are required to maintain Hardy-Weinberg
equalilibrium
Genetic changes occurring in a species over generations, which lead to genetic and phenotypic differences, are collectively known as
evolution
What can genetic drift eventually lead to?
evolutionary change
A species that is currently in existence is known as ________.
extant
Extant is the opposite of
extinct
True or false: Most adaptations resulting from natural selection are perfectly suited to the environment.
false
The ability of an organism to produce surviving offspring, compared to the other members of a population is called
fitness
The ability to produce surviving offspring is called ______.
fitness
The reproductive success of an individual relative to other members of its population is called
fitness
Any past evidence of an organism that has been preserved in the Earth's crust is called a
fossil
Paleontology is the study of ______.
fossils
A type of genetic drift in which a small number of individuals form a new population away from the original one is called the ______.
founder effect
A type of genetic drift, in which a small population isolates itself from the main population, causing the gene frequencies to differ is known as the
founder effect
Which of the following are types of genetic drift?
founder effect and bottleneck effect
The percentage of each allele in a population's gene pool is referred to as an allele
frequency
Population genetics studies the diversity of a population at the level of the ________.
gene
A Canada goose leaving it's population in order to mate with a goose from another population is an example of _______ ________.
gene flow
The movement of alleles between populations is referred to as ______.
gene flow
All of the alleles of all of the genes in a population is known as the _______.
gene pool
The bottleneck effect is a type of ______.
genetic drift
When chance causes only certain members of a population to reproduce and pass on their alleles to the next generation it is called
genetic drift
If a scientist studies the diversity of genes in a population they are studying population
genetics
The inheritance of acquired characteristics does not occur because phenotypic changes that occur during an organism's life are not encoded in the individual's
genotype
In describing the inheritance of acquired characteristics, Lamarck used _____ as an example.
giraffe neck length
The hypothesis regarding sexual selection that states that females choose mates on the basis of traits that increase a male's chance of survival is called the _____ hypothesis.
good genes
Sickle-cell disease is caused by an abnormal form of ____ in red blood cells.
hemoglobin
The maintenance of genetic diversity of future generations is often maintained through the
heterozygote advantage
Individuals who have a genetic advantage that prevents them from dying from sickle-cell disease and malaria are said to have a _______ advantage.
heterozygous
Structures that are anatomically similar due to being inherited from a common ancestor are called
homologous structures
The heterozygote advantage means that the heterozygote for a trait has an advantage over the two
homozygotes
Evolution is changes
in the gene pool of populations from one generation to the next.
The allele frequency is ______.
the percentage of each allele in a population
Uniformitarianism is the belief that natural processes witnessed today are ______ that occurred in the past.
the same processes
The fossil of Tiktaalik, which exhibits fins, scales and gills along with a flat head and wristlike forelimb is much like a fish as well as a tetrapod. This type of fossil is an example of a
transitional fossils
True or false: Natural selection requires that some individuals in a population have greater reproductive success than other individuals.
true
The belief that geological forces act at a continuous, uniform rate is called _____.
uniformitarianism
Which of the following are conditions that a population must meet in order to maintain Hardy-Weinberg principle?
no selection, no mutation, no genetic drift, and no new members can join the population and no existing members can leave
Assortative mating is a type of ______ mating in which an individual is chosen because of a preferred trait.
nonrandom
When individuals mate based upon preferences it is known as
nonrandom mating
Mutations serve as a source of new genetic variation and are caused by changes to an organisms
nucleotide sequence
Darwin and Lyell, in opposition to the popular belief held at their time, believed that the Earth was very ______.
old
Which equation describes the genotype frequencies of a non-evolving population?
p2 + 2pq + q2
Baron Georges Cuvier founded the science of
paleotology
Lamarck proposed that offspring inherit _____ that their parents had acquired during their lifetime.
physical characteristics
If a trait is controlled by more than one gene, the trait is referred to as being ______.
polygenic
A trait that is controlled by many genes is said to be a
polygenic trait
A group of organisms of a single species living in the same geographic area is called a
population
All of the western blue birds living in a 100 hectare forest would be an example of a(n) ______.
population
An important difference between artificial selection and natural selection is that the result of natural selection is not _____.
predisered
According to Lamarck, if a dog has its tail removed and this serves to improve its hunting ability, it should
produce offspring without tails.
If a gene for a human protein is inserted into a bacteria, the bacteria will _____.
produce the protein for which the human gene codes
As opposed to most people of his time, Charles Darwin believed that the Earth was _____.
very old
Structures or organs that were thought to have been functional in an ancestor but are reduced and nonfunctional in a descendant are called
vestigial structures
The Galapagos Islands were formed as a result of
volcanic activity
Which individual proposed a similar concept of evolution as Darwin? (last name only)
wallace
The STD gonorrhea is becoming more difficult to treat due to the development of antibiotic
resistance
The reproductive potential of a species can be minimized due to limited environmental ______.
resources
The hypothesis regarding sexual selection that states that females choose mates on the basis of appearance is called the _____ hypothesis.
runaway
Male deer growing extremely large antlers that require excessive amounts of energy is due to _______ selection.
sexual
In some animals the males and females differ in size and other characteristics. This is referred to as ______.
sexual dimorphism
The adaptive changes in males and females that lead to an increased ability to secure a mate is called
sexual selection
An abnormal form of hemoglobin causes
sickle cell disease
Comparative anatomy is the study of _______ structures across species.
similar
The intermediate phenotype has the largest number of individuals present in _________ selection.
stabilizing
The intermediate phenotype is the favored phenotype in
stabilizing selection
The defensive behavior necessary to defend a territory is called
territoriality
The area a male lion defends against other males is called his ______.
territory
Sexual dimorphism means ______.
that females and males differ in size and other traits
Lamarck's proposed that inherited changes in an organism are brought about by _______.
the environment
Which field of study was Darwin most devoted to as a student?
nature
Chemical or physical agents that cause mutation are called
mutagens
The raw material for evolutionary change, which introduces new variations among members of a population is caused by _______.
mutation
Which of the following was offered as an explanation for the extinction of species due to worldwide disaster and followed by God creating new species to repopulate the world?
Catastrophism
Mutations serve as a source of new genetic variation and are caused by changes to an organisms_____sequence
DNA
Which of the following biochemical molecules function similarly in all living organisms?
DNA, RNA, and ATP
Darwin believed that all members of a population would not typically be able to survive, and therefore reproduce, due to _____.
limited environmental resources
Regions of Africa, in which populations have high frequencies of the sickle cell allele, will have high rates of _______ in their environments.
malaria
Sexual selection in _____ usually results in an increased ability to compete for mates, whereas sexual selection in _____ usually involves selecting a mate with the best fitness.
males and females
The alleles in nonrandom mating assort according to ______.
mating behavior
