1700 PLAB

A 34yo man was involved in a RTA and whilst in the ambulance his GCS deteriorated and RR increased from 30-48. What is the most appropriate management for this pt? a. IV fluid b. Needle thoracocentesis c. 100% oxygen d. Portable XR

100% oxygen.

A child was brought in to ED by his parents for taking his grand-dad's meds. There is an extra systole in the ECG. Which drug was taken? a. Digoxin b. Amitryptiline c. Atenolol d. Ramipril e. Bendroflumethiazide

A. Digoxin. [Both digoxin and amitryptiline can cause extrasystole].

A 40yo man complains of thirst and lethargy. His BP=140/90mmHg, corrected Ca2+=3.7mmol/l. What is the most appropriate management at this stage? a. IV fluids b. Prednisolone c. IV hydrocortisone d. Calcium prep

A. IV fluids. [Hypercalcemia is treated by IV fluids].

A 7yo boy presents with proptosis and periorbital edema. What is the immediate action that needs to be taken? a. IV morphine and immediate ophthalmoscopy b. IV morphine c. Observation only

A. IV morphine and immediate ophthalmoscopy.

A 30yo woman on OCP presents with dilated tortuous veins crossing her abdomen to join the tributaries to SVC. What is the single most likely cause? a. Intra-abdominal malignancy b. Ovarian cyst c. Fibroids d. Ascites e. DVT

A. Intra-abdominal malignancy.

A 64yo woman has difficulty moving her right shoulder on recovering from surgery of the posterior triangle of her neck. What is the single most appropriate option? a. Accessory nerve b. Glossopharyngeal nerve c. Hypoglossal nerve d. Vagus nerve e. Vestibule-cochlear nerve

A. Accessory nerve.

An 83yo elderly woman presented in the ED with cough, fever and sneezing. Tx was given but she became confused and again presented with above said symptoms. What is the cause of her condition? a. Aspiration due to confusion b. Alveolar damage due to drugs c. Drug toxicity d. Pneumothorax

A. Aspiration due to confusion.

A 57yo man presents with weight loss, tiredness, fever and abdominal discomfort. Exam: spleen palpable up to the umbilicus. Labs: WBC=127, Hgb=8.7, Plt=138. What is the most likely dx? a. CML b. AML c. CLL d. AML e. Polycythemia

A. CML. Points in favour of CML: i) Age 57 years ii) weight loss iii) abdominal discomfort iv) anaemia v) fever vi) marked splenomegaly.

A girl with hx of allergies visited a friend's farm. She got stridor, wheeze and erythematous rash. What is the most appropriate tx? a. 0.25ml IM adrenaline b. 0.25ml PO adrenaline c. 0.25ml IV adrenaline d. IV chlorpheneramine

A. 0.25 ml IM adrenaline [Presence of stridor and wheeze are suggestive of anaphylaxis and treatment option is IM adrenaline].

3yo child with severe diarrhea and vomiting, looks lethargic, has sunken eyes and a feeble cry. What is the choice of fluids? a. 0.9%NS b. 0.9%NS + 5%Dextrose c. 0.45%NS + 5%Dextrose d. 0.45%NS

A. 0.9% NS. [Patient has features of severe dehydration and should be resuscitated first and for resuscitation fluid of choice is 0.9% NS].

A man rescued from a building on fire presented with unconsciousness without any evidence of burns or external injury or soot. What would you do next? a. 100% oxyen inhalation b. 24% oxygen by mask c. Hyperbaric oxygen in a hyperbaric chamber d. Intubation e. Refer to specialist unit

A. 100% oxygen inhalation. [In CO poisoning 100% oxygen is the initial management and also there is a role of hyperbaric oxygen in a hyperbaric chamber].

A 53yo man with prv hx of COPD presents with breathlessness and purulent sputum. O2 stat=85% on air. ABG: PaO2=7.6, PaCOS=7. What is the appropriate management for his condition? a. 24% oxygen b. Mechanical ventilation c. 100% oxygen d. Nebulized salbutamol

A. 24% oxygen. [Patient has hypoxemia and hypercapnea (type2 respiratory failure). Hence he should be put on 24% oxygen. 100% oxygen will abolish hypoxic drive and worsen hypercapnea].

A 24yo lady who is 37wk pregnant was brought to the ED. Her husband says a few hours ago she complained of headache, visual disturbance and abdominal pain. On arrival at the ED she has a fit. What is the next appropriate management for this pt? a. 4g MgSO4 in 100ml 0.9%NS in 5mins b. 2g MgSO4 IV bolus c. 2g MgSO4 in 500ml NS in 1h d. 4g MgSO4 IV bolus e. 10mg diazepam in 500ml 0.9%NS in 1h

A. 4g MgSO4 in 100ml 0.9%NS in 5mins [NICE]. [Dx is eclumpsia].

A 27yo 34wk pregnant lady presents with headache, epigastric pain and vomiting. Exam: pulse=115, BP=145/95mmHg, proteinuria ++. She complains of visual disturbance. What is the best medication for the tx of the BP? a. 4g MgSO4 in 100ml 0.9%NS in 5mins b. 2g MgSO4 IV bolus c. 5mg hydralazine IV d. Methyldopa 500mg/8h PO e. No tx

A. 4g MgSO4 in 100ml 0.9%NS in 5mins. It is a wrong key. Correct key is E. No tx. [Here, question specifically asked for tx of BP. In case of BP of 145/95 mmHg no treatment for BP is needed. Ref: NICE guideline].

A 35yo man with T1DM is dehydrated with BP of 90/50mmHg. What is the single most appropriate initial inv? a. ABG b. CBC c. HbA1c d. LFT e. Serum Urea

A. ABG. [Dehydration with low BP points towards probable DKA. So from the given options ABG is the best response].

A 35yo man with T1DM is dehydrated with BP=90/50mmHg. What is the single most appropriate initial inv? a. ABG b. CBC c. HbA1c d. LFT e. BUE

A. ABG. [The likely dx is DKA. Among the given options ABG is the most appropriate inv. To demonstrate acidosis].

A white English man with a past hx of MI is a known HTN and DM. He is currently on aspirin, statin and metformin. What would you add to the tx? a. ACEi b. Diuretic c. Insulin d. Beta blocker e. CCB

A. ACEI.

46yo man, known case of chronic GN presents to OPD. He feels well. BP = 140/90mmHg. Urine dipstick: protein ++, blood ++ and serum creatinine=106mmol/L. Which medication can prevent the progression of this dx? a. ACEi b. Diuretics c. Cytotoxic meds d. Longterm antibiotics e. Steroids

A. ACEI. [renal impairment is delayed by ACEI].

A 68yo man with DM and HTN was noted to have cholesterol level of 3.4mmol/l. he was also noted to have microalbuminuria. What is the best drug to add to his regimen? a. ACEi b. Statin c. Amlodipine d. Biguanides

A. ACEI. [ACEI is renoprotective and prevents progress in albuminuria].

A 59yo man has shown a change in his mood and personality over a 9m period. He has subsequently developed difficulty with memory and conc, and then progressive fidgety movements of his limbs and facial musculature. By the time of medical assessment he has frank choreiform movements and a mini-mental state exam of 21/30. Other exam is normal. He was adopted and therefore no information on his famhx is available. He has 3 adult children (27, 30, 33) of whom the 2 youngest are asymptomatic. However, the oldest son has recently been inv by the neurology dept for slightly erratic behavior and fidgety restless movements of both legs. Based on the likely clinical dx, which one of the following genetic patterns is most likely? a. AD inheritance with anticipation b. AD with variable penetrance c. AR d. X-linked e. Mitochondrial disorder

A. AD inheritance with anticipation. [Patient is suffering from Huntingtons disease and that is autosomal dominant with anticipation which means a genetic disorder is passed on to the next generation, the symptoms of the genetic disorder become apparent at an earlier age with each generation].

A 5yo child presents with fever. He looks pale. His parents say he always feels tired. On exam: orchidomegaly & splenomegaly. Labs: WBC=1.7, Hgb=7.1, Plt=44. What is the dx? a. ALL b. CLL c. AML d. CML e. Hodgkins

A. ALL. [normally in ALL CBC shows raised WBC, low RBC and low platelet; but it is also possible to all cell lines to be depressed, as is the presented case].

A 5yo child was admitted with hx of feeling tired and lethargic all the time, bleeding gums and sore throat since the last 3months. Exam: hepatosplenomegaly. What is the most probable dx? a. ALL b. AML c. CML d. CLL e. Lymphoma

A. ALL. [Commonest leukemia in children is ALL. Bleeding gums (low platelet), feeling tired and lethargic, sorethroat, hepatosplenomegally all are well known features of ALL].

A pt came to the ED after he had banged his car quite a few times on reversing. He was complaining of seeing double while he tried to look back during the process of reversing the car, he also complains of double vision on looking at an outward gaze. Which nerve is involved? a. Abducent nerve b. Trochlear nerve c. Oculomotor nerve d. Optic nerve e. Trigeminal nerve

A. Abducent nerve. [Lateral rectus palsy].

A 30yo primigravida who is 30wks GA presents to the L&D with absent fetal movements. She also complains of severe headache, heartburn and seeing floaters before her eyes for the last few days. Exam: BP=170/110mmHg, urine protein=++++, rock hard uterus, no visible signs of fetal movements. Choose the single most likely dx? a. Abruption of placenta 2nd pre-eclampsia b. Antepartum hemorrhage c. Placenta previa d. Primary PPH e. IUFD f. Abruption of placenta due to trauma

A. Abruption of placenta 2nd pre-eclampsia. E. IUFD.

A 56yo alcoholic man who has increased the amount of alcohol he is using wants to attend his daughter's wedding that is in 2wks. He is now coming to you for help. How would you help him? a. Acamprosate b. Refer to clinical psychologist c. Refer to GP d. Despiramine e. Refer to community mental health support group.

A. Acamprosate. [If the patient stop alcohol without any supportive treatment there will occur withdrawal symptoms. For the presented situation Acamprosate can help by stopping alcohol without producing withdrawal symtoms (by restoring brain chemical derangement caused by alcohol which is responsible for withdrawal symptoms)].

A 60yo man presents with dysphagia and pain on swallowing both solids and liquids. A barium meal shows gross dilatation of the esophagus with a smooth narrowing at the lower end of the esophagus. What is the SINGLE most likely cause of dysphagia? a. Achalasia b. Myasthenia gravis c. Esophageal carcinoma d. Esophageal web e. Systemic sclerosis

A. Achalasia. [Dysphagia for both solid and liquid or prominently liquid suggest achalasia where dysphagia to solid suggest stricture. Also gross dilatation of oesophagus with smooth narrowing at lower end is seen in achalasia. In achalasia dysphagia is usually described as progressive].

A 32yo woman of 40wks gestation attends the antenatal day unit with sudden onset epigastric pain with nausea and vomiting. She is clinically jaundiced. Her biochemistry results show a raised bilirubin, abnormal liver enzymes, high uric acid and hypoglycemia. What's the most likely dx? a. Acute fatty liver of pregnancy b. Obstetric cholestasis c. Cholecystitis d. HELLP syndrome e. Acute hepatitis

A. Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy. [When jaundice is present in pregnancy, AFLP should be high on the differential. Pain, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, fever with elevated liver enzymes and bilirubin is clinically indicative of AFLP. Also can have elevated INR, TLC and hypoglycaemia.

A 26yo male has been operated for abdominal trauma and splenectomy was done. On the 3rd post-op day the pt developed acute abdominal pain and distention in the upper abdominal area with hypotension. On insertion of ryles tubes, 2L of coffee ground fluid was aspirated. What is the most probable dx? a. Acute gastric dilatation b. Reactionary hemorrhage c. Subphrenic abscess d. DVT e. Left lower lobe atelectasis

A. Acute gastric dilatation. [Acute gastric dilatation may be caused by: Hyperglycaemia, childbirth, abdominal injury, application of a spinal cast, rarely, after abdominal surgery when the stomach is in ileus and drink has been taken too soon. The abdomen is distended and tender. The patient complains of epigastric fullness, nausea, heaviness and heartburn. There is a succussion splash. The accumulation of fluid in the stomach may induce hypovolaemic shock. Reflux of gastric contents may cause an aspiration pneumonia].

The artery that supplies the ant right ventricular wall. What is the single most appropriate option? a. Acute marginal branch b. Left ant descending artery c. Coronary sinus d. Circumflex artery e. Right coronary artery

A. Acute marginal branch.

A 63yo man continues to experience chest pain and has a temp of 37.8C 2 days after an acute MI. His ECG shows widespread ST elevation with upward concavity. What is the single most likely explanation for the abnormal inv? a. Acute pericarditis b. Cardiac tamponade c. Atrial thrombus d. Left ventricular aneurysm e. Dressler syndrome

A. Acute pericarditis. [Chest pain, raised temperature and ECG findings of widespread ST elevation with upwards concavity is diagnostic of acute pericarditis particularly after MI].

A 29yo lady admitted with hx of repeated UTI now developed hematuria with loin pain. What is the most probable dx? a. Acute pyelonephritis b. Chronic pyelonephritis c. UTI d. Bladder stone

A. Acute pyelonephritis. [In a patient having hematuria and loin pain with history of repeated UTI suggest acute pyelonephritis].

A 34yo man has supra-orbital pain and tenderness and developed tenderness over the maxilla. He also has mild fever. What is the single likely cause for these symptoms? a. Acute sinusitis b. GCA c. Trigeminal neuralgia d. Maxillary carcinoma

A. Acute sinusitis. [There is supraorbital pain in frontal sinusitis and tenderness over maxilla in maxillary sinusitis. Also mild fever may present in acute sinusitis].

A pt was admitted with abdominal pain, diarrhea, pigmented palmar creases and buccal mucosa. What is the most probable dx? a. Addison's disease b. Cushing syndrome c. Pheochromocytoma d. Hyperthyroidism e. Hypoparathyroidism

A. Addison's disease. [Abdominal pain, diarrhea, pigmented palmar creases and buccal mucosa are well known features of addisons disease].

A 63 yo man with vague but persistent pain. On endoscopy: columnar epithelium was found to be pouched into muscularis. What is the dx? a. Adenocarcinoma b. Adenoma c. Peptic ulcer d. H. pylori infection

A. Adenocarcinoma.

A 54yo man comes with sudden onset of palpitations and breathlessness. His HR=164bpm. What is the single most appropriate tx in the acute phase? a. Adenosine b. Metaprolol c. Verapamil d. Amiodarone

A. Adenosine. [Common arrhythmias we encounter are AF, SVT, VT in exams. Here no suggestive feature for AF and SVT is the commonest presentation as in described case. So first we shall give adenosine to establish the diagnosis].

A 65yo male presents with dyspnea and palpitations. Exam: pulse=170bpm, BP=120/80mmHg. Carotid massage has been done as first instance. What is the next step of the management? a. Adenosine b. Amlodipine c. DC cardioversion d. Lidocaine e. Beta blocker

A. Adenosine. [The likely diagnosis is SVT. 1st vagal manoeuvres, if fails iv adenosine. • Vagal manoeuvres (carotid sinus massage, Valsalva manoeuvre) transiently increase AV block, and may unmask an underlying atrial rhythm. • If unsuccessful, give adenosine, which causes transient AV block; OHCM, 9th edition].

A 30yo woman has been feeling low and having difficulty in concentrating since her mother passed away 2m ago. She feels lethargic and tends to have breathlessness and tremors from time to time. What is the most likely dx? a. Adjustment disorder b. PTSD c. Panic disorder d. GAD e. Bereavement

A. Adjustment disorder. [When 2 months passed it is no more normal bereavement but major depression or adjustment disorder].

An 8yo boy has his tonsils and adenoids removed. On the 7th post-op day, he comes back to the ED with hemoptysis and fever. What is the most appropriate management? a. Admit for IV antibiotics b. Prescribe oral antibiotics and discharge c. Packing d. Surgery e. Reassurance

A. Admit for IV antibiotic. [Most secondary hemorrhage occurs due to infection which erodes a vessel. So patient should be admitted for IV antibiotics].

A woman is 16wk pregnant and she is worried about abnormal chromosomal anomaly in her child. What is the definitive inv at this stage? a. Amniocentesis b. CVS (Chorionic Villous Sampling) c. Parents karyotyping d. Coomb's test e. Pre-implantation genetic dx

A. Amniocentesis. [Amniocentesis is done between 14 to 16 weeks of gestation. CVS is done prior to 15 weeks. So the option is A. Amniocentesis].

An 18m boy has been brought to the ED because he has been refusing to move his left arm and crying more than usual for the past 24h. He has recently been looked after by his mother's new bf while she attended college. Assessment shows multiple bruises and a fx of the left humerus which is put in plaster. What is the single most appropriate next step? a. Admit under care of pediatrician b. Discharge with painkillers c. Follow up in fx clinic d. Follow up in pediatric OPD e. Follow up with GP

A. Admit under care of pediatrician. [This is NAI. So the child cannot be handover to the risk again and should be admitted to protect him from further injury done by mothers boyfriend while serial x-rays and relevant investigations done and asked for child protection unit's help].

A 36yo male dx with glioblastoma since last 5m has cerebral edema and is on dexamethasone. He has diarrhea and vomiting for the last 3days. He has been suffering from repeated falls today. What could be the possible cause for his falls? a. Adrenal insufficiency b. Dehydration c. Dexamethasone therapy d. Raised ICP

A. Adrenal insufficiency. [Prolonged dexamethason use suppresses adrenal axis and intercurrent illness can lead to adrenal insufficiency (addisonian crisis) in such cases].

What is the mode of spread of chicken pox? a. Airborne b. Close contact c. Fecal-oral d. Blood e. Vector

A. Airborne.

A 62yo man has multiple liver mets due to adenocarcinoma with an unknown primary. He is deeply jaundiced and has ascites with edema upto the buttocks. He is now drowsy and his family are worried that he is not drinking enough. His meds include: haloperidol 1.5mg, lactulose 10ml. Bloods taken 3d ago: electrolytes normal, urea=6.5mmol/l, creatinine=89mmol/l, calcium=2.04mmol/l, albumin=17g/L, total bilirubin=189mmol/l. What is the single most appropriate management of his fluid intake? a. Albumin infusion b. Crystalloids IV c. Crystalloids SC d. Fluids via NGT e. Fluids PO

A. Albumin infusion. [Here serum albumin is 17. So the patient developed ascites and oedema secondary to reduced plasma colloidal osmotic pressure. Albumin infusion can help rise the colloidal osmotic pressure and improve the patients condition].

A 62yo man who was admitted for surgery 3days ago suddenly becomes confused. His attn span is reduced. He is restless and physically aggressive and picks at his bed sheets. What single aspect of the pt's hx recovered in his notes is most likely to aid in making the dx? a. Alcohol consumption b. Head trauma c. Hx of anxiety d. Prescribed med e. Obvious cognitive impairment

A. Alcohol consumption. [abstinence from alcohol in the hospital lead to delirium tremens].

A female pt with HTN and serum K+=2.7mmol/l. which hormone would you be looking for? a. Aldosterone b. Cortisol c. Thyrotoxin d. Renin e. Testosterone

A. Aldosterone. [Hpt and hypokalemia is seen in hyperaldosteronism. So we should look for aldosterone].

After eating a cookie at a garden party, a child began to cough and went blue. The mother also noticed that there were swollen patches on the skin. What is the dx? a. Allergic reaction b. Aspiration of food c. Cyanotic heart disease d. Trachea-esophageal fistula e. Achalasia cardia

A. Allergic reaction.

A 54yo pt wakes up with right sided weakness. His current medication is bendroflumethiazide for HTN. Pulse=92bpm, BP=160/90mmHg. CT shows left cerebral infarct. What is the most appropriate tx? a. Alteplase b. Aspirin c. Clopidogrel d. Dipyridamole e. Simvastatin

A. Alteplase. It is a wrong key! Correct option is B. Aspirin. [In stroke window period to use alteplase is 4.5 hours. In the given history we can no way certain the time of stroke and we can not proceed for alteplase unless window period is confirmed. Hence we cannot give alteplase but Aspirin].

A 74yo man presents with sudden onset of with right sided weakness and slurred speech. He also has loss of sensation over the right side of the body and visual field defects. CT shows ischemic stroke. What is the most appropriate management? a. Alteplase b. Streptokinase c. Nimodipine d. Aspirin e. Labetolol

A. Alteplase. [Patient has acute onset of symptoms and time of onset is also known. So considering window period of 4.5 hours from onset of symptoms can be given alteplase].

A pt had a stroke. Now, there is left sided weakness and right side facial numbness. CT shows ischemic stroke. Which one would you prescribe? a. Alteplase b. Aspirin c. Clopidogrel d. Heparin e. Warfarin

A. Alteplase. [Some say CT detects ischaemic stroke beyond window period which is not correct and it is able to detect stroke much earlier and hence it's place is there in the treatment with alteplase].

A 72 yo man fell while shopping and hurt his knee. His vitals are fine. He speaks in a low voice and is very slow to give answers. What is the most probable dx? a. Alzheimers b. Vascular demetia c. TIA d. Pseudo-dementia e. Picks dementia

A. Alzheimers. Points in favour: i) age 72 yrs ii) fall iii) loss or slowness of speech. why not vascular? in vascular: i) confusion ii) disorientation iii)loss of vision why not pseudodementia? in pseudo i) onset is short and abrupt ii associated depression why not picks i) dementia and aphasia Why not TIA? In TIA complete resolution of symptom!! But here symptoms are persistent.

A 57yo man having HTN on oral anti-HTN. However, he is finding it difficult to mobilize as he feels dizzy whenever he tries to get up. What is the most appropriate inv for him? a. Ambulatory BP b. ECG c. MRI d. CXR e. CT

A. Ambulatory BP. [Ambulatory BP to document low BP as cause of presenting symptom. The case seems to be of postural hypotension and low BP as a result of given anti hypertensive].

A 4yo boy ingested his grandmother's medicine and has developed dilated pupil. What is the cause? a. Amitryptiline b. Paracetamol c. Iron d. Digoxin

A. Amitryptiline. [TCA causes mydriasis].

An 8yo girl has had left earache for 2d. The earache subsided about 2h ago with the onset of a purulent discharge which relieved the pain. Her temperature is 39.2C. What is the SINGLE most appropriate antibiotic? a. Amoxicillin b. Ciprofloxacin c. Clindamycin d. Erythromycin e. Flucloxacillin

A. Amoxicillin. [This is the picture of Acute Otitis Media which has led to tympanic membrane perforation. PO Amoxicillin for 7 days is the treatment of choice].

A 10yo boy presents with irritability, sudden onset of pain and discharge from the right ear. Which antibiotic would be the 1st line of tx? a. Amoxicillin b. Ciprofloxacillin c. Flucloxacillin d. Ceftazidime e. Benzyl penicillin

A. Amoxycillin. [For acute suppurative otitis media 1st line antibiotic in UK is Amoxycillin. Ref: patient.info].

A child had a patchy rash following tx for sore throat & cervical LN enlargement. Which is the most appropriate antibiotic? a. Ampicillin b. Erythromycin c. Cefuroxime d. Metronidazole e. Tetracycline

A. Ampicillin. [Infectious mononeucleosis can present with sorethroat and lymphadenothy like tonsillitis and if treated with ampicillin leads to eruption of patchy rashes].

A 62yo man has had ano-rectal pain aggravated by defecation for 3d. Rectal exam: purple, tender lump at the anal verge. Flexible aigmoidoscopy: normal rectal mucosa and hard feces. What is the best management strategy? a. Anal hematoma b. Anal fissure c. Rectal ca d. Diverticulitis e. Angiodysplasia

A. Anal hematoma.

A man presented with carcinoma of the bladder and has been working in factories. He wants to know what dye has caused it. What is the single most likely cause? a. Aniline b. Asbestos c. Latex d. Silica

A. Aniline. [Aniline dye is a well known cause of bladder cancer].

A 20yo girl with amenorrhea and BMI of 14 still thinks she has to lose weight. What is the most likely dx? a. Anorexia nervosa b. Bulimia nervosa c. OCD d. Depression e. Body dysmorphic disorder

A. Anorexia nervosa.

A 56yo man presents to the ED with chest pain. The following ECG was taken. What is the most likely dx? a. Anterior MI b. Inferior MI c. Lateral MI d. Posterior MI e. NSTEMI

A. Anterior MI. [Here ST elevation in L1, aVL, v2,v3,v4 and v5. So the diagnosis is anterior MI (as L1 and aVL and v2-v5, anterolateral would be more appropriate description)].

A 35yo woman has butterfly rash on her face and she suffers symmetrical joint pains on knee and elbow, ESR is raised. What is the most discriminative inv for dx? a. Anti DNA antibodies b. Anti Jo1 antibodies c. Anti nuclear antibodies d. Anti centromere antibodies e. Anti la antibodies

A. Anti DNA antibodies. [Anti DNA antibodies to diagnose SLE].

A 50yo woman complains of several months hx of weakness and difficulty climbing stairs. Exam: fissuring of the skin of her hands. CXR: pulmonary fibrosis. What is the single most likely positive antibody? a. Anti Jo1 b. Anti Scl 70 c. Anti Ro d. Anti dsDNA e. Anti centromere

A. Anti Jo1. [Anticentromere would be present in limited scleroderma and Anti-Scl 70 would be present in diffuse scleroderma. Anti-DSDNA would be positive in SLE, along with Anti-Ro. Anti-Ro is also positive in Sjogren's syndrome and scleroderma. This is a case of Polymyositis because none of the others would have the muscular weakness that is present in this case. The antibody of choice would be Anti Jo1 antibody].

A 32yo woman presents with malaise fatigue and fever. She complains about weight loss. Exam: malar rash with sparing of nasolabial fold can be seen. What is the most appropriate inv? a. Anti ds DNA b. Anti histone c. Anti centromere d. Anti Jo e. Anti Scl70

A. Anti ds DNA. [Features are suggestive of SLE. So most appropriate investigation from the given options is A. Anti ds DNA].

A 35yo lady presents with painful ulcers on her vulva, what is the appropriate inv which will lead to the dx? a. Anti-HSV antibodies b. Dark ground microscopy of the ulcer c. Treponema palladium antibody test d. Rapid plasma regain test e. VDRL

A. Anti-HSV antibodies. [Genital Herpes may be asymptomatic or may remain dormant for months or even years. When symptoms occur soon after a person is infected, they tend to be severe. They may start as multiple small blisters that eventually break open and produce raw, painful sores that scab and heal over within a few weeks. The blisters and sores may be accompanied by flu-like symptoms with fever and swollen lymph nodes. There are three major drugs commonly used to treat genital herpes symptoms: acyclovir (Zovirax), famciclovir (Famvir), and valacyclovir(Valtrex). These are all taken in pill form. Severe cases may be treated with the intravenous (IV) drug acyclovir].

A 78yo gentleman suddenly collapsed. His HR=120bpm, BP=70/40mmHg. Exam: pulsatile mass in abdomen. What is the most appropriate dx? a. Aortic aneurysm b. Mesenteric cyst c. Umbilical hernia

A. Aortic aneurism. [There is features of shock with pulse 120bpm and bp 70/40mmHg and sudden collapse of the patient with pulsatile mass in abdomen makes the likely diagnosis of ruptured aortic aneurism].

60yo man has had increasing pain in both buttocks, thighs and calves on walking for three months. He has also recently developed impotence. Femoral and distal pulses are absent in both limbs. What is the SINGLE most likely site of arterial obstruction? a. Aorto iliac b. External iliac c. Femoropopliteal d. Internal iliac e. Tibial

A. Aorto iliac. [saddle embolus; surgical intervention]. Patient is suufering from leriche's syndrome. Classic triad of: • Pain and claudication of buttock and thighs (pale cold leg) • Erectile dysfunction from aorto iliac occlusive disease • Absent femoral and distal pulse.

A mother presents her 6m son who is vocalizing. She has noticed that he doesn't respond to loud noises. His motor milestones are normal. What is the best management strategy? a. Arrange hearing test b. Assess development milestones c. Reassure d. Refer to speech therapist e. MRI brain

A. Arrange hearing test. [Normal motor milestones indicate normal development but unable to respond to loud noise at 6 months may indicate deafness].

A 70yo man presents with a punched out ulcer between his toes. He is a heavy drinker and smoker. Exam: ulcer is yellow and the foot turns red when dangling off the bed. What is the single most likely dx? a. Arterial ischemia ulcer b. Malignancy c. Neuropathic ulcer d. Pressure ulcer e. Venous stasis ulcer

A. Arterial ischemic ulcer.

A pregnant woman with longterm hx of osteoarthritis came to the antenatal clinic with complaints of restricted joint movement and severe pain in her affected joints. What is the choice of drug? a. Paracetamol b. Steroid c. NSAID d. Paracetamol+dihydrocoiene e. Pethadine

A. Paracetamol.

A woman became acutely SOB in the recovery bay and is coughing after GA. Auscultation: reduced air entry at the right lung base and diffuse wheeze. Observation: HR=88bpm, BP=112/76mmHg, temp=37.8C and sat=91% in air. Choose among the options which C-section complication has she developed? a. Aspiration pneumonitis b. Spontaneous pneumothorax c. Endometritis d. Pulmonary embolism e. Tension pneumothorax

A. Aspiration pneumonitis. [Diffuse wheeze and raised temperature favours the diagnosis of aspiration pneumonitis].

A 68yo pt wakes up with slurred speech and right sided weakness. CT shows cerebral infarct. What is the most appropriate tx? a. Aspirin b. Alteplase c. Warfarin d. Clopidogrel e. Dipyridamole

A. Aspirin. [The window period to administer alteplase is 4.5 hours. If we cannot certain this period we cannot proceed for alteplase].

A woman brought her husband saying she wants the 'thing' on his forehead removed. The husband is refusing tx saying it improves his thinking. What is the most appropriate next step? a. Assess his mental capacity to refuse tx b. Remove lesion c. Refer to ED d. Mini-mental state exam e. Refuse surgery and send pt back

A. Assess his mental capacity to refuse treatment.

A 56yo man who is hypertensive recently underwent a change in meds. 2days later he developed wheezing. Which drug can cause this? a. Atenolol b. Ramipril c. Bendroflumethiazide d. Verapamil e. Furosemide

A. Atenolol. [Beta blockers can precipitate asthma attacks].

A 76yo man suddenly collapsed and died. At post mortem exam, a retroperitoneal hematoma due to ruptured aortic aneurysm was noted. What is the most likely underlying cause of the aortic aneurysm? a. Atheroma b. Cystic medial necrosis c. Dissecting aneurysm d. Polyarteritis nodosa e. Syphilis

A. Atheroma.

A 38yo woman has delivered after an induced labor which lasted 26h. choose the single most likely predisposing factor for postpartum hemorrhage? a. Atonic uterus b. Cervical/vaginal trauma c. Rupture uterus d. Fibroid uterus e. Age of mother

A. Atonic uterus. [Prolonged labour is a risk factor for PPH secondary to atonic uterus].

The ECG of a 65yo shows absent P waves, narrow QRS complex, ventricular rate of 120bpm and irregular R-R interval. What is the most probable dx? a. A-fib b. A-flutter c. SVT d. Mobitz type 1 2nd degree heart block e. Sinus tachycardia

A. Atrial fibrillation. [In A-fibrillation fibrillatory f waves replaces p waves and R - R interval are irregular].

A 2yo child is brought by his mother. The mother had hearing impairment in her early childhood and is now concerned about the child. What inv would you do? a. Audiometry b. Distraction testing c. Scratch test d. Tuning fork

A. Audiometry. [Conditioned response audiometry 2-4 years, pure tone audio gram for greater than 5 years, less than 6 months otoacoustic emission or brainstem evoked response, distraction test for 6-18 months, OHCS ENT].

A 60yo diabetic pt on anti-diabetic medication developed diarrhea. What is the most likely cause for his diarrhea? a. Autonomic neuropathy b. Infective c. Celiac disease d. Crohns disease

A. Autonomic neuropathy.

A 46yo man who is a heavy drinker is brought to the ED in a drowsy state. He is responding vaguely to questions. Exam: nystagmus and hyperreflexia. MCV=103fl. What is the most likely cause for his cognitive impairment? a. B1 deficiency b. B12 deficiency c. Folate deficiency d. B6 deficiency e. Alcohol withdrawal

A. B1 deficiency. [Presence of confusion and nystagmus indicates Wernicke's encephalopathy caused by thiamin (vit. B1) deficiency].

A 61yo man underwent a surgery in which ileal resection had been done. He complains of fatigue, headache, and heart racing. Labs: MCV=108fL, Hgb=8.9g/dL. What is the most likely dx? a. Vit B12 def b. Iron def c. Folate def d. Hemolytic anemia e. Anemia of chronic disease

A. B12 deficiency. Vit B12 is absorbed mostly in ileum. [As ileal resection is done B12 is not absorbed leading to megaloblastic anaemia].

A 65yo man complains of hematuria, frequency, hesistancy and nocturia. He reports that on certain occasions he finds it difficult to control the urge to pass urine. Urine microscopy confirms the presence of blood but no other features. What is the most porbable dx? a. BPH b. Bladder ca c. Prostatic ca d. Pyelonephritis e. Prostatitis

A. BPH and C. Prostatic carcinoma. [There are no constitutional features of carcinoma. Bleeding is more common in BPH and occurs in a minority of cases and much less common in prostatic carcinoma. Features given are of prostatism only which favours the diagnosis of BPH].

A 2 month child with diarrhea and vomiting for 6 days is brought in looking lethargic. What is the appropriate initial inv? a. BUE b. Random blood sugar c. CBC d. CXR e. AXR

A. BUE. [Electrolyte imbalance should be checked in this baby presenting with diarrhea and vomiting for considerable time].

67yo builder presents with a persistent nodular lesion on upper part of pinna with some telangiectasia around the lesion. What is the dx? a. Basal cell b. Squamous cell c. Keratocanthoma d. Actinic keratosis e. Bowens disease

A. Basal cell ca. [Any ulcer which is located above the neck is always basal cell carcinoma until proven otherwise. Source: SAMSON notes].

A middle aged man complains of a node which has been growing on his nose for several months. Now it's firm with central depression. It is 0.6cm in size. What is the single most likely dx? a. Basal cell carcinoma b. Squamous cell carcinoma c. LN d. Melanoma e. Kaposi's sarcoma f. Keratoacanthoma g. Molluscum contagiosum

A. Basal cell carcinoma. [A pearly white umbilicated ulcer (with central depression) any where in the face with rolled edges / inverted edge is basal cell carcinoma. Any ulcer which is located above the neck is always basal cell carcinoma until proven otherwise. (Samson note)].

A 62yo farmer presents with a persistent firm irregular lesion on upper part of pinna which grew over the last few months. What is the most appropriate dx? a. Basal cell b. Squamous cell c. Keratocanthoma

A. Basal cell. [Any ulcer which is located above the neck is always basal cell carcinoma until proven otherwise. (samson note)].

An 89yo pt has lung cancer. His Na+=122mmol/l. What is the tx for this? a. Demeclocycline b. Vasopressin c. Restrict fluids d. Reassure

A. Demeclocycline and C. Restrict fluids. *both are correct!![• Asymptomatic chronic hyponatraemia fluid restriction is often sufficient if asymptomatic, although demeclocycline (ADH antagonist) may be required. Ref: OHCM, 9th edition, page 686].

An 80yo woman fell over at her nursing home. XR shows fx of radius with <10degree of dorsal angulation. What is the single most appropriate tx? a. Below elbow full plaster of paris b. Below elbow split plaster of paris c. Closed reduction of fx d. Elasticated support bandage e. Open reduction and internal fixation

A. Below elbow full plaster of paris. [Older people are less likely to go under closed reduction even if the dorsal angulation is not anatomic (like 20 degrees!). Less than 10 degree dorsal angulation does not require even closed reduction].

A 55yo man presents with swelling at the angle of the mandible which is progressively increasing in size and it's mobile for 6m. What is the most probable dx? a. Benign parotid b. Mandible tumor c. Tonsillar carcinoma

A. Benign parotid. [Mandibular tumour or tonsillar carcinoma would not be so mobile after such time period and Benig parotid is likely diagnosis].

A 62yo man dx with T2DM with BMI=33. Lifestyle modifications have failed to control blood sugar. Labs: urea=3.6mmol/l, creatinine=89mmol/l. what is the next appropriate management? a. Biguanide b. Sulfonylurea c. Insulin d. Glitazone e. Sulfonylurea receptor binder

A. Biguanide. [Patient is obese type 2 diabetic. So biguanide is the tx of choice].

A 54yo male pt DM with BMI=33 who has been treated using dietary control up till now presents to his GP with a fasting blood sugar of 14mmol/l and creatinine=90mmol/l. Urine shows glycosuria. No other abnormalities are found. What is the best next step in management? a. Biguanide b. Sulfonylurea c. Insulin d. Sugar free diet e. ACEi

A. Biguanide. [Patient is obese type2 diabetic with normal renal function for whom biguanide is the treatment of choice].

A 68yo lady with T2DM. Which drug should be prescribed? a. Biguanides b. Sulphonyl urea c. Insulin d. Lifestyle modifications

A. Biguanide. [This is an incomplete question and BMI is needed to decide whether biguanide or sulphonylurea be prescribed].

A 4m girl has severe FTT (Failure To Thrive) and increasing jaundice which was 1st noticed at 1wk of age. She has an enlarged liver and scratches on her skin. Her parents have been unable to seek medical care. What is the most likely dx? a. Biliary atresia b. G6PD deficiency c. Hep B d. Spherocytosis

A. Biliary atresia. [Increasing jaundice at this age with failure to thrive, enlarged liver and scratches (itching) indicate cholestatic jaundice likely from biliary atresia].

A 27yo man presents with symptoms characterized by alternating mood swings a/w flight of ideas, elation, over activity and disinhibition, or low mood with lack of energy and social withdrawal. What is the most probable dx? a. Bipolar affective disorder b. Dysthymia c. Mania d. Hypomania e. Cyclothymia

A. Bipolar affective disorder. [Flight of idea, elation, over activity and disinhibition are features of mania and low mood, lack of energy and social withdrawal are features of depression. Alternating mood swings with depression and mania are chracteristic of Bipolar disorder].

A 64 yo woman has been treated for breast cancer with tamoxifen. What other drug should be added to her tx regime? a. Bisphosphonates b. Calcium c. Vit D d. Calcitonin e. Phosphate binders

A. Bisphosphonates. [ bisohosphonates reduce the risk of bone metastasis in cancers and is normally taken as adjuvant therapy in many types of tumours including breast cancer. Plus it prevents bone resorption].

A 78yo woman presents with unilateral headache and pain on chewing. ESR=70mm/hr. She is on oral steroids. What is the appropriate additional therapy? a. Bisphosphonates b. HRT c. ACEi d. IFN e. IV steroids

A. Bisphosphonates. [Oral steroid can lead to decrease in bone mineral density. To overcome this Bisphosphonate can be administered].

A 78yo woman presents with unilateral headache and pain on chewing. ESR=70mm/hr. She is on oral steroids. What is the appropriate additional tx? a. Bisphosphonates b. HRT c. ACEi d. IFN e. IV steroids

A. Bisphosphonates. [The elderly lady with giant cell arteritis is getting high dose steroid which can lead to demineralization and osteopenia or osteoporosis. So to prevent this bisphosphonates are given].

A child born at 36wks developed difficulty in breathing with intercoastal recession and nasal flaring. His temp is normal but his mother had PROM 48h ago. What is the most likely inv that will lead to tx? a. Blood culture b. CXR c. Stool culture d. Sputum culture

A. Blood culture. (please see the attachment below where the last line mentions investigations is for sepsis). [Probable diagnosis is Neonatal Pneumonia as there is respiratory signs and history of PROM. In extremes of age pneumonia or sepsis may be with normal temperature or even there may be hypothermia. Here pneumonia is a part of sepsis and investigation is not CXR but blood culture!].

A 3yo boy presents with a 1d hx of being unwell. He appears shocked and has 3h old rash made up of urticarial and purpural spots. His RR=30bpm, sat=94%, temp=39C, capillary refill time=1s. Urine is clean on dipstick. What is the single inv most likely to lead to dx? a. Blood for C&S b. ESR c. CXR d. Urine for C&S e. CSF analysis

A. Blood for C&S. [Likely diagnosis is septicemia for which Blood culture is the investigation of choice].

An elderly pt who is known to have DM presents to the hospital with drowsiness, tremors and confusion. What inv should be done to help in further management? a. Blood sugar b. ECG c. Standing and lying BP d. Fasting blood sugar e. CT

A. Blood sugar.

A 55yo woman with breast ca which has spread to lung, liver and bone now presents with increasing constipation, weakness, thirst and anorexia for the past 3d. Her only medication is haloperidol for hiccoughs. Today she is disorientated and has left sided weakness. What is the most likely dx? a. Brain mets b. Hypercalcemia c. Liver failure

A. Brain mets. [The patient has clinical hypercalcemia, but the neurological features of disorientation and left sided weakness can only be explained with brain metastasis].

A 2d baby's mother is worried about the baby's hearing. Mother has a hx of conductive hearing loss. What is the most appropriate test? a. Brain stem evoked response b. CT c. Fork test d. MRI e. Reassure

A. Brain stem evoked response. [ABAER(brainstem auditory evoked response) test can help to diagnose hearing loss and nervous system disorders, especially in newborns, young children, and others who may not be able to participate in a standard hearing test].

A 72yo man is receiving chemotherapy for SCLC. He has his 4th tx 8 days ago. He has a cough with some green sputum but feels well. Temp=37.6C. Chest exam = few coarse crepitations in the right base. HR=92bpm. CBC: Hgb=12.5g/dL, WBC=1.1, Neutrophils=0.6, Plt=89. Sputum, urine and blood culture sent to microbiology. What is the most appropriate management? a. Broad spectrum antibiotics IV b. Broad spectrum antibiotics PO c. GCSF d. Postpone tx until bacteriology results available e. Reassure and send home

A. Broad spectrum antibiotics IV The diagnosis is lower respiratory tract infection. What is the treatment of low WBC count? GCSF subcutaneously. [it is the treatment of chemotherapy induced leucopenia]

An 82yo man has woken up with incoherent speech and difficulty in finding the right words. Exam: otherwise normal, good comprehension. Which anatomical site is most likely to be affected? a. Broca's area b. Wernicke's area c. Midbrain d. Parietal cortex e. Pons

A. Brocha's area. [A person with expressive aphasia will exhibit halting and effortful speech. Speech may only include important content words. Word comprehension is preserved. The person may still be understood, but sentences will not be grammatical. This contrasts with receptive or Wernicke's aphasia, which is distinguished by a patient's inability to comprehend language or speak with appropriately meaningful words though fluency may be preserved].

A 6m child presents with fever and cough. His mother has rushed him to the ED asking for help. Exam: temp=39C and the child is feeding poorly. Dx? a. Bronchiolitis b. Asthma c. Bronchitis

A. Bronchiolitis. [Management: 1. Oxygen inhalation 2. Nasogastric feeding. DON'T USE: i) bronchodilator ii) steroid iii) antibiotics routinely. [OHCS, 9th edition, page-160]

A 49yo man complains of fullness in his left ear, recurrent vomiting and tinnitus. What is the most appropriate med? a. Buccal prochlorperazine b. Oral chlorpheniramine c. Oral flupenphenazine d. Buccal midazolam e. IV rantidine

A. Buccal prochlorperazine. [Meniere's disease Dilatation of the endolymphatic spaces of the membranous labyrinth causes vertigo for ~12h with prostration, nausea/vomiting, a feeling of fullness in the ear; uni- or bilateral tinnitus, sensorineural deafness (eg fluctuating). Attacks occur in clusters (<20/month). Cause: A mystery! Electrocochleography; endolymphatic space MRI. Prochlorperazine as BuccastemR 3mg/8h PO (1st-line if vomiting) or betahistine 16mg/8h PO or chlorthalidone may help. Ref: OHCS, 9th edition, page 554].

A 56yo male pt presents with intermittent vertigo, tinnitus and hearing loss. What is the best drug tx for this pt? a. Buccal prochlorperazine b. Oral flupenphenazine c. TCA d. Gentamicin patch on the round window e. No med tx available

A. Buccal prochlorperazine. [Probable case of Menieres disease. Treated with prochlorperazine].

A 55yo man is having slow growing ascites. When we tap the peritoneal fluid the protein is <25 and it is clear and yellow. What could be the origin for ascites? a. Budd-Chiari b. Gastrinoma c. Hepatoma d. TB e. Pancreatitis

A. Budd-Chiari syndrome. [In gastrinoma there is no ascites! In hepatoma there will be exudative ascites as in TB and pancreatitis. Budd-Chiary syndrome causes transudative ascites and the likely option here].

A 65yo man with difficulty in swallowing presents with an aspiration pneumonia. He has a bovine cough and fasciculating tongue. Sometimes as he swallows food it comes back through his nose. Choose the single most likely cause of dysphagia from the given option? a. Bulbar palsy b. Esophageal carcinoma c. Pharyngeal pouch d. Pseudobulbar palsy e. Systemic sclerosis

A. Bulbar palsy. [Dysphagia, nasal regurgitation, fasciculating tongue these are features of bulbar palsi due to lower motor neuronal lesion of IX-XII nerves].

A thin 18yo girl has bilateral parotid swelling with thickened calluses on the dorsum of her hand. What is the single most likely dx? a. Bulimia nervosa b. C1 esterase deficiency c. Crohn's disease d. Mumps e. Sarcoidosis

A. Bulimia nervosa. [18 year thin girl, bilateral parotid swelling and thickened calluses on the knuckles from self induced vomiting are suggestive of Bulimia nervosa. Bulimia often is associated with bilaterak parotid swelling (parotid hypertrophy)].

An otherwise healthy 13yo boy presents with recurrent episodes of facial and tongue swelling and abdominal pain. His father has had similar episodes. What is the most likely dx? a. C1 esterase deficiency b. HIV c. Mumps d. Sarcoidosis e. Sjogren's syndrome

A. C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency. Hereditary angioedema. Acquired angeoedema usually manifest after the age of 40 yrs.

A middle aged woman has some weakness of hand after an injury. Which vertebra will be the lowest to be included on cervical XR to dx the injury? a. C7/T1 b. C8/T1 c. C5/C6 d. C6/C7

A. C7/T1.

A 40yo woman notices increasing lower abdominal distention with little/no pain. On examination, a lobulated cystic mass is felt and it seems to be arising from the pelvis. What is the most appropriate inv? a. CA 125 b. CA 153 c. CA 199 d. CEA e. AFP

A. CA 125. [Ovarian ca is the likely diagnosis for which tumour marker is CA 125].

An 8yo boy has longstanding asthma. He has admitted with a severe episode and is tired and drowsy. He has not improved on oxygen, inhaled B2 agonist and IV hydrocortisone. CXR shows bilateral hyperinflation. He is too breathless to use a peakflow meter and is O2 sat <90%. What is the single most appropriate inv? a. CBG b. CXR c. CT chest d. Pulse oximetry e. Spirometry

A. CBG. [It will point towards acidosis and indicate whether assisted ventilation is needed or not].

A 29yo teacher is involved in a tragic RTA. After that incident, he has been suffering from nightmares and avoided driving on the motorway. He has been dx with PTSD. What is the most appropriate management? a. CBT b. Diazepam c. Citalopram d. Dosalepin e. Olanzepin

A. CBT. [CBT is the treatment of choice in PTSD]

A nurse comes to you saying that she has recently developed the habit of washing her hands after every 15-20 mins. She is unable to conc on her work and takes longer than before to finish tasks as she must constantly wash her hands. What is the most appropriate management? a. CBT b. SSRI c. ECT d. Antipsychotics e. Desensitization

A. CBT. The diagnosis is OCD.

A 64yo male was admitted to the medical ward with complaint of diarrhea, abdominal pain and weight loss for few months. Exam: clubbing, perianal skin tags and abdominal tenderness. Colonscopy reveals transmural granulomatous inflammation involving ileocecal junction. He was dx with what? a. CD b. UC c. Bowel cancer d. Gastric cancer e. IBD

A. CD. [The given picture is typical of Crohn's disease].

A 53yo man presents complaining of weight loss, lethargy, increasing abdominal discomfort and gout for the past yr. Exam: spleen palpated 5cm below left costal margin, no fluid wave. CBC: Hgb=10.5g/dL, WBC=200 - 85% neutrophils, plts=100, Na+=140mmol/L, K+ 4mmol/L, create=151umol/L, urea=7mmol/L. Serum B12 increased. Philadelphia chromosome +ve. What is the most likely dx? a. CML b. CLL c. AML d. ALL e. Lymphoma

A. CML. Points in favour: i) wt loss ii) lethargy iii) abdominal discomfort iv) splenomegaly v) gout [Elevated uric acid and vitamin B12 levels are found in 25% of patients of CML]. A blood picture is suggestive and +ve Philadelphia chromosome is diagnostic.

A 52yo male presents with sudden complete loss of vision from right eye. He also had been complaining of right sided headaches which would come up more on chewing. On fundoscopy, the retina was pale and a cherry red spot could be seen in the macular region. What caused this vision loss? a. CRAO b. CRVO c. Branch RAO d. Branch RVO e. Circumciliary vein occlusion

A. CRAO. [Pale retina with cherry red spot in macular region is seen in CRAO].

A man has discharge from his left ear after a fight. Where is the discharge coming from? a. CSF b. Inner ear c. Outer ear d. Brain

A. CSF. [probable fracture base of skull].

A 14yo boy fell and hit his head in the playground school. He didn't lose consciousness. He has swelling and tenderness of the right cheek with a subconjuctival hemorrhage on his right eye. What is the most appropriate initial inv? a. CT brain b. EEG c. MRI d. Skull XR e. Facial XR

A. CT brain. [With the risk of basal fracture we should do CT scan to diagnose this. In present case CT is better than MRI. Skull X-rays are no longer recommended as first line investigation].

A pt was admitted to the ED after a head injury. When examined on arrival his GCS=15 and then at night his GCS deteriorated to 12. What investigation should be done? a. CT head b. XR skull c. IV mannitol d. Drill a burr hole e. Shift to OR

A. CT head. [Initial GCS 15 followed by later GCS 12 are suggestive of intracranial haemorrhage. So the best investigation to be done is CT head].

A 35yo man skidded on a wet road while riding his motorbike at a speed of 70mph. He has a large hematoma on temporal scalp, some bruises on chest wall and abdomen and a deformed thigh. GCS 11/15. High flow oxygen via mask given. Most immediate radiological inv required during initial resuscitation phase? a. CXR b. CT brain c. CT abdomen d. XR femur

A. CXR. [CXR may reveal possible chest structure trauma requiring urgent attention which may be life saving while brain lesion and fracture femur may be managed taking more time].

During a basketball match, one of the players suddenly collapsed to the ground with coughing and SOB. What is the inv of choice? a. CXR b. CT c. MRI d. V/Q scan e. CTPA

A. CXR. [Likely diagnosis is pneumothorax. So investigation of choice is CXR].

A middle aged male is feeling unwell after a recent MI. The recent ECG shows prolonged QRS complex and tented T wave. Na+=136mmol/l, K+=6.2mmol/l, urea=5mmol/l. What is the most appropriate management? a. Calcium gluconate b. Calcium resonium c. Calcium with vit D supplement d. Vit D e. Calcium

A. Calcium gluconate. [ECG change of prolonged QRS complex and tented T wave are suggestive of hyperkalaemia which is further supported by K+ level of 6.2 mmol/l. So to protect the heart from arrhythmia calcium gluconate should be given].

A 34yo alcoholic is found passed out in front of a local pub. The ambulance crew informs you that he was sweating when they found him and there were cans of cider lying empty around him. What is the initial stage of inv? a. Capillary blood sugar b. CT head c. MRI head d. ABG e. MCV

A. Capillary blood sugar. [Alcohol induced hypoglycemia can present as this case].

A 2yo girl prv well presents with a hx of vomiting and diarrhea for 4hrs. What is the most suitable indication for IV fluid administration? a. Capillary refill time >4s b. HR >90bpm c. Increased RR d. Stool >10x/d e. Weight of child = 10kgs

A. Capillary refill time >4s. [Capillary refill time >4s is sign of severe dehydration indicating need for IV fluid administration. Features of severe dehydration: i) abnormally sleepy or lethargic ii) sunken eyes iii) drinking poorly or not at all iv) reduced skin turgr > 2 seconds v) dry tongue and mucous membrane vi) absent tears vii) oliguria viii) hypotension ix) tachycardia x) prolonged capillary refill time xi) depressed anterior frontanelle].

A male pt presented with blood and mucus in stool. He has also noticed weight loss but has no hx of altered bowel habits. What is the dx? a. Carcinoma of cecum b. Carcinoma of descending colon c. Carcinoma of sigmoid colon d. Carcinoma of rectum

A. Carcinoma of cecum.

A 45yo manual worker presented with a 2h hx of chest pain radiating to his left arm. His ECG is normal. What is the single most appropriate inv? a. Cardiac enzymes b. CXR c. CT d. ECG e. V/Q scan

A. Cardiac enzymes.

An old woman having decreased vision can't see properly at night. She has changed her glasses quite a few times but to no effect. She has normal pupil and cornea. What is the most likely dx? a. Cataract b. Glaucoma c. Retinal detachment d. Iritis e. GCA

A. Cataract. [Age and normal pupil and cornea are suggestive of cataract. If it was glaucoma pupil would be a bit dilated and/or oval in shape].

A 28yo woman has been on tx for RA for 3yrs. She has gradual loss of vision in both eyes. Her IOP is normal. Red reflex is absent in both eyes. What is the single most likely dx? a. Cataract b. DM retinopathy c. Hypermetropia d. Macular degeneration e. HTN retinopathy

A. Cataract. [Prolonged use of steroid (here in RA) is a known cause of cataract]

A 24yo college student presents with nausea, vomiting, headache, neck stiffness and a fever of 38.4C. What is the most appropriate empirical antibiotic to be started? a. Ceftriaxone b. Penicillin c. Gentamicin d. Tazobactam e. Meropenem

A. Ceftriaxone. [Ceftriaxone is the drug of choice in hospital management. Probable dx is meningitis. [In OHCM-Cefotaxime <55yrs and Cefotaxime + Ampicillin if age >55yrs (pre-hospital)].

A 60yo woman presented with radial fx and had a colle's fx and supracondylar fx in the past. What inv is req to detect her possibility of having the same prb later? a. Dexa scan b. MRI c. Nuclear bone scan d. CT e. Bone biopsy

A. Dexa scan. [The likely cause of these multiple fracture is osteoporosis (post menopausal women) for which we should do Dexa scan to establish the diagnosis].

A 25yo woman is presenting with diarrhea and abdominal bloating over the last 4m. Exam: she has blistering rash over her elbows. Biochemistry: low serum albumin, calcium and folate conc. On jejunal biopsy, there is shortening of the villi and lymphocytosis. What is the most likely dx? a. Celiac disease b. Whipple's disease c. Crohn's disease d. Tropical sprue e. Giardiasis f. Cystic fibrosis

A. Celiac disease. [diarrhea, abdominal bloating, blistering skin rash over elbow (Dermatitis herpetiformis), low serum albumin, calcium and folate conc. Supported by shortening of villi and lymphocytosis on jejuna biopsy is classic presentation of celiac disease].

Titubation is a feature of disease involving the? a. Cerebellum b. Basal ganglia c. Corpus callosum d. Pons e. Temporal lobe f. Occipital lobe g. Optic chiasma h. 3rd ventricle i. Hypothalamus j. Pituitary gland

A. Cerebellum [Titubations (head/body nodding) mostly occur due to cerebellar lesions].

A 63yo male presents after having had a seizure. Exam: alert and oriented. Exam: inattention on the left side and hyperreflexia of the arm. What is the most probable dx? a. Cerebral tumor b. Pituitary adenoma c. Cerebellar abscess d. Huntington's chorea e. Parkinsonism

A. Cerebral tumour.

A 63yo man presents after having a seizure. Exam: alert, orientated, inattention on the left side and hyperreflexia of the arm. What is the most probable dx? a. Cerebral tumor b. Pituitary adenoma c. Cerebellar abscess d. Huntingtons chorea e. Parkinsonism

A. Cerebral tumour.

An 80yo man has a permanent catheter. Catheter specimen urine found lots of e-coli. What is the single most appropriate management as he wants to attend his daughter's wedding next week? a. Change the catheter b. Prolonged antibiotics c. Bladder wash d. Repeat MSU after wedding e. Reassure

A. Change the catheter.

A pt presents with progressive dyspnea. He complains of cough, wheeze and a table spoonful of mucopurulent sputum for the last 18m. Spirometry has been done. FEV1/FVC=2.3/3.6. After taking salbutamol, the ratio=2.4/3.7. What is the most likely dx? a. Chronic bronchitis b. Asthma c. Bronchiectasis d. Lung fibrosis e. Sarcoidosis

A. Chronic bronchitis. [Progressive dyspnoea, wheeze productive cough and the result of spirometry(prebronchodilatorFEV1/FVCratioof64%andpostbronchodilatorFEV1/FVC ratio of 65%] points towards the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis. Some may think of bronchiectasis! But in bronchiectasis there is copious purulent sputums (as cup full of sputum not table spoon full!!!)].

A pt presented with hx of swelling in the region of the sub-mandibular region, which became more prominent and painful on chewing. He also gave hx of sour taste in the mouth, the area is tender on palpation. Choose the most probable dx? a. Chronic recurrent sialadenitis b. Adenolymphoma c. Mikulicz's disease d. Adenoid cystic carcinoma e. Sub-mandibular abscess

A. Chronic recurrent sialadenitis. [pain, swelling, more pain on chewing, tenderness, and submandibular region suggests diagnosis of submandibular chronic recurrent sialadenitis, usually secondary to sialolithiasis or stricture].

A 35yo man presents with a headache that worsens on bending his head forward. What is the most likely dx? a. Chronic sinusitis b. SAH c. Migraine d. Cluster headache e. Tension headache

A. Chronic sinusitis.

A 65yo lady presents with a 6h hx of facial droop and weakness in the left side of her body. What single agent will she be prescribed for her whole life? a. Clopidogrel b. Altepase c. Aspirin d. Labetalol

A. Clopidogrel. [Ongoing symptoms are considered as stroke (unless completely resolved within 24 hours). Hence Clopidogrel is the answer here as they want life long!].

A 28yo woman who is 32 wks pregnant in her 3rd pregnancy is diagnosed as a case of placental abruption. After all the effective measures, she is still bleeding. What is the underlying pathology? a. Clotting factor problem b. Clauser's syndrome c. Platelet problem d. Succiturate lobe e. Villamentous insertion of placenta

A. Clotting factor problem.

A 16yo girl has been unwell for 5days with malaise, headache and dry cough. She has a few crackles in her chest. Her CXR shows patchy consolidation in the lower lobes. What is the single most likely causative organism? a. Cold agglutinins b. Gram -ve diplococci in sputum c. Gram +ve diplococcic in sputum d. Serology for legionella e. Sputum staining for mycobacterium TB

A. Cold agglutinins. [Mycoplasma pneumonia, a form of atypical bacterial pneumonia related to cold agglutinin disease].

A 40yo woman has had intermittent tension, dizziness and anxiety for 4months. Each episode usually resolves after a few hours. She said she takes alcohol to make her calm. She is in a loving relationship and has no probs at work or home. What is the next step in her management? a. Collateral info b. CT brain c. CBC d. LFT e. TFT

A. Collateral info. [Likely diagnosis is panic disorder. Collateral info from family, friends and other peers should be asked to find out the cause for her anxiety].

A 58yo pt presents with altered bowel habits and bleeding per rectum. Exam and sigmoidoscopy showed an ulcer. What is the single most likely dx? a. Colorectal carcinoma b. Celiac disease c. Crohns disease d. UC e. IBS

A. Colorectal carcinoma. [Age, altered bowel habits, bleeding per rectum and isolated ulcer on sigmoidoscopy suggest colorectal cancer].

A pt came with dyskaryosis to the OPD. She is a heavy smoker and alcoholic. Cervical smear shows abnormal cells. What is the best advice for her? a. Colposcopy b. Biopsy c. Endocervical sample d. Repeat after 4m e. None f. Cone biopsy

A. Colposcopy. [Patient with dyscariosis should go for colposcopy].

A 27yo man presents to the ED after an RTA where his foot was stuck under a truck for several hours. He now has swelling on the foot. Exam: foot tenderness, loss of sense in the space between the 3rd metatarsal and big toe and his dorsalis pedis is not felt. What is the most likely dx? a. Compartment syndrome b. Arterial rupture c. Arterial embolus d. DVT e. Fibular fx

A. Compartment syndrome. [Acute compartment syndrome occurs after a traumatic injury such as a car crash. The trauma causes a severe high pressure in the compartment which results in insufficient blood supply to muscles and nerves. Acute compartment syndrome is a medical emergency that requires surgery to correct. If untreated, the lack of blood supply leads to permanent muscle and nerve damage and can result in the loss of function of the limb].

A 27yo pt met with a RTA. While the NGT is passing, bowel sounds are heard in the chest. CXR shows NGT curled. What is the dx? a. Diaphragm rupture b. Aortic rupture c. Splenic rupture d. Bowel rupture e. Liver rupture

A. Diaphramatic rupture.

A 23yo man sprained his right ankle 6wks ago while playing football. He was tx with a below knew walking cast. On removal of the cast, the pt noted to have right foot drop. He has weakness of extensors of the ankle and toes and diminished pin prick sensation over the dorsum of the foot. The ankle jerk is present and plantar reflex is flexor. What is the most likely cause of the foot drop? a. Compression of common peroneal nerve b. Compression of the tibial nerve c. Compression of the S1 nerve root d. Rupture of Achilles tendom e. Tx of the medial collateral lig of the ankle

A. Compression of common peronial nerve. [Foot drop, weakness of extensors of the ankle and toes and diminished pin prick sensation over the dorsum is sugestive of compression of common peroneal nerve].

A 4wk girl has been dx of having breast milk jaundice. She is otherwise well. What is the single most appropriate management? a. Continue breastfeeding b. Exchange transfusion c. Increase fluid intake d. Phototherapy e. Stop breastfeeding

A. Continue breast feeding. If jaundice lasts past the first week of life in a breastfed baby who is otherwise healthy, the condition may be called "breast milk jaundice." Ans. 3. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia. Ans. 4. Cause of breast milk jaundice: factors in a mother's milk that help a baby absorb bilirubin from the intestine.

A 19yo man accuses his friend of making his right arm swing out at a stranger. What is the best term to describe his condition? a. Control b. Persecution c. Guilt d. Reference e. Grandeur

A. Control. [Delusion of control is a false belief that another person, group of people, or external force controls one's general thoughts, feelings, impulses, or behavior].

A 25yo girl saw a tragic RTA in which a young boy was killed. The night of the event she couldn't sleep and the day after she suddenly lost her vision. She was prv fine and there was no hx of medical or psychological prbs. What is the dx? a. Conversion b. Somatization c. PTSD d. Dissociation e. GAD

A. Conversion reaction. [Conversion reaction is sometimes applied to patients who present with neurological symptoms, such as numbness, blindness, paralysis, or fits, which are not consistent with a well-established organic cause, and which cause significant distress. It is thought that these symptoms arise in response to stressful situations affecting a patient's mental health].

A 10yo boy is clinically obese and the shortest in his class. He had a renal transplant last year and his mother is worried that he is being bullied. What is the most probable dx? a. Cushing's syndrome b. Congenital hypothyroidism c. Pseudocushing's syndrome d. Lawrence moon biedel syndrome e. Down's syndrome

A. Cushing's syndrome. [Renal transplant--> immune suppression is needed-> exogenous steroid--> cushing syndrome. short stature--> if steroids are used in early age then they cause premature fusion of growth plate/calcification].

After surgery a pt's left leg has become swollen and tender. The diameter of the calf has increased and passive movements cause pain. What is the most probable dx? a. DVT b. Lymphedema c. Peripheral vascular disease d. Hematoma e. Superficial thrombophlebitis

A. DVT. [Swelling, tenderness and enlarged calf diameter are features of DVT supported by positive Homan's test (pain on passive movement)].

A 15m child is due for his MMR vaccine. There is a fam hx of egg allergy. He is febrile with acute OM. What is the single most appropriate action? a. Defer immunization for 2wks b. Don't give vaccine c. Give half dose of vaccine d. Give paracetamol with future doses of the same vaccine e. Proceed with standard immunization schedule

A. Defer immunization for 2 wks.

A 37yo woman was admitted for femur fx repair after a RTA. On the 4th post-op day she became confused and starts picking on her bed sheets and complains of seeing spiders all over. What is the most likely dx? a. Delirium tremens b. Wernickes encephalopathy c. Korsakoffs psychosis d. Psychotic depression

A. Delerium tremens. [withdrawal of alcohol due to hospital admission lead to delirium tremens. Warnicke's encephalopathy has triad of i) mental confusion ii) abnormal eye movements & iii) unsteady gait. Korsakoff's syndrome cannot be diagnosed until the person has stopped drinking alcohol for several weeks, to enable the immediate symptoms of alcohol intoxication and withdrawal to subside. Features of Korsakoffs psychosis i) dementia, loss of short term memory ii) difficulty in acquiring new information or learning new skills iii) personality change iv) confabulation].

A 70yo lady presents with fever for 3d and confusion. There is no significant PMH. What is the most probable dx? a. Delirium b. Hypoglycemia c. Alzheimers d. DKA

A. Delirium. Delirium is an acute confusional state and declined cognitive function which involves changes in arousal (hyperactive, hypoactive or mixed), perceptual deficits, altered sleep-wake cycle, and psychotic features such as hallucinations and delusions.

An 83yo woman admitted with a chest infection becomes confused with impaired attention and poor concentration. She is restless and frightened. She is verbally abusive and has perceptual abnormalities. There is no significant prv psychiatric hx. What is the SINGLE most likely dx? a. Delirium b. Drug induced psychosis c. Lewy body dementia d. Multi-infarct dementia e. Psychotic depression

A. Delirium. [Delirium or Acute Confusional States happen in the elderly in response to stressors like acute infections and this is most likely brought on by the chest infection that has developed].

A man says his insides are rotting and nobody has buried him. Which term best describes his condition? a. Delusion of nihilism b. Delusion of guilt c. Delusion of persecution d. Incongruent affect e. Clang association

A. Delusion of nihilism.

A 19yo man presents for the 1st time with a firm and unshakable belief that he is being followed by terrorists who are plotting against him. What is the single best term for this man's condition? a. Delusion of persecution b. Delusion of grandeur c. Delusion of control d. Delusion of reference e. Delusion of nihilism

A. Delusion of persecution. [Delusions of persecution refer to false beliefs or perceptions in which a person believes that they are being treated with malicious intent, hostility, or harassment - despite significant evidence to suggest otherwise].

A 47yo man with hx of IHD complains of chest pain with SOB on exertion over the past few days. ECG normal, Echo= increased EF and decreased septal wall thickness. What is the most likely dx? a. Dilated CM b. Constrictive pericarditis c. Amyloidosis d. Subacute endocarditis

A. Dilated CM. [In dilated cardiomyopathy ejection fraction is decreased (but here increased which goes in favour of constrictive pericarditis). On the other hand decreased septal wall thickness favours the diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy. So it seems to be a bad recall!!].

A 63yo female with a hx of osteoporosis suddenly falls on her outstretched hand while shopping. XR shows fx at distal radius with backward shift of the distal fragment. What is the single most probable deformity? a. Dinner fork deformity b. Coxavara c. Mallet finger d. Cubitus valgus e. Garden spade deformity

A. Dinner fork deformity.

A 30yo man presents to the ED with difficulty breathing. He has returned from India. Exam: throat reveals grey membranes on the tonsils and uvula. He has mild pyrexia. What is the single most relevant dx? a. Diphtheria b. IM c. Acute follicular tonsillitis d. Scarlet fever e. Agranulocytosis

A. Diphtheria. [history of travel to india, grey membrane in tonsil and uvula, low grade fever, and dyspnoea support the diagnosis of diphtheria].

A couple has just finished their detox regime and wants a drug with a pharmacological action to serve as a deterrent when they take alcohol. What drug is the appropriate choice? a. Disulfiram b. Acamprosate c. Vitamin supplement d. Naloxone e. Naltrexone

A. Disulfiram. [Acramposate is not a deterrent (which keeps away from drinking by making it unpleasant) but Disulfirum!]

A neonate's CXR shows double bubble sign. Exam: low set ears, flat occiput. What is the most likely dx? a. Downs syndrome b. Fragile X syndrome c. Turner's syndrome d. DiGeorge syndrome

A. Down's syndrome. Double bubble sign indicate duodenal atresia.

A child has developed rash after the tx of penicillin. What will be the cause of rash? a. Drug reaction b. Kawasaki c. Inf Mono

A. Drug reaction.

An 18yo previously well student is in his 1st year at uni. He has been brought to the ED in an agitated, deluded and disoriented state. What is the most probable reason for his condition? a. Drug toxicity b. Delirium tremens c. Infection toxicity d. Electrolyte imbalance e. Head injury

A. Drug toxicity. [Young age and 1st yr in university is likely to point towards drug toxicity].

A child admitted with progressive muscle weakness and frequent falls. What is the most probable dx? a. Duchenne's MD b. Becker's MD c. Polymyositis d. Dermatomyositis e. Polymyalgia rheumatic

A. Duchenne's MD.

An 82yo male suddenly becomes unconscious and fell down. He recovered completely within minutes. What is the best inv you to to dx the case? a. ECG b. EEG c. Blood glucose level d. CT e. CXR

A. ECG. [Here sudden unconciuosness without any provocation, which makes arrhythmia the most likely cause; hence we should do ECG].

A 34yo woman presents 3 weeks after childbirth. She has had very low mood and has been suffering from lack of sleep. She also has thought of harming her little baby. What is the most appropriate management for this pt? a. ECT b. CBT c. IV haloperidol d. Paroxethine e. Amitryptiline

A. ECT. The diagnosis is post purtum psychosis. Points in favour: i) onset 3 weeks after childbirth ii) Depressive symptoms (very low mood, insomnia) iii) thought of harming her little baby.

A man post-cholecystectomy presented with jaundice, fever and dark urine. What is the most diagnostic inv? a. ERCP b. USG Abdomen c. CT Scan d. MRCP e. MRI

A. ERCP [Post operative US will not give good results. We shall not go for ercp first as it has complications like pancreatitis. Acceptable options are CT, MRI and MRCP among which most easiest and less time consuming but with very good test result is CT scan. So CT is most appropriate! But as the Question wants most diagnostic it is ERCP (though not practical)!!! The diagnosis here is choledocolithiasis with cholangitis].

A 62yo lady presents with right sided headache and loss of vision. What is the single most inv? a. ESR b. BUE c. CT head d. XR orbit e. IOP

A. ESR. [Elderly (age 62), rt sided headache and loss of vision are suggestive of temporal arteritis where elevated ESR is highly suggestive of this diagnosis].

An 18yo girl has been dx with anorexia nervosa and has mild depressive symptoms. She has cut down her food intake for the last 18m and exercises 2h everyday. Her BMI=15.5, BP=90/60mmHg. What would be the single most appropriate management? a. Refer to eating disorder clinic b. Refer to psychodynamic therapy c. Refer to acute medical team d. Prescribe antidepressant

A. Eating disorder unit. [Anorexia nervosa is moderate when BMI is 15-17.5 as in given case. In moderate anorexia (BMI 15- 17.5, no evidence of system failure) routine referral can be to the local community mental health team (CMHT)/adolescent unit or Eating Disorder Unit (EDU) if available. So the key is A. Eating disorder clinic]. OHCS, 9th edition, page-349.

A 35yo pt has been dx with schizophrenia. He mimics the doctors and attendants - doing the same physical actions as them. What symptom does this pt have? a. Echopraxia b. Echolalia c. Perseveration d. Apraxia e. Anosognosia

A. Echopraxia. [Echopraxia is the involuntary repetition or imitation of another person's actions. Similar to echolalia, which is the involuntary repetition of sounds and language. Echopraxia has long been recognized as a core feature of Tourette syndrome, and is considered a complex tic, but it also occurs in autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia and catatonia].

A 34yo woman who never had fits or high BP developed fits 6h after delivery of a term healthy child. What is the most likely dx? a. Eclampsia b. Preeclampsia c. Epilepsy d. Pulmonary embolism e. Pregnancy induced HTN

A. Eclampsia. [In eclampsia seizers occurs within 24 hours mostly and majority within 12 hours. Also single seizure doesn't support epilepsy strongly. So likely answer is A. Eclampsia].

A 32yo woman with prv hx of PID now presents with severe abdominal pain. Her LMP was 8wks ago. What is the most probable dx? a. Ectopic pregnancy b. Ovarian torsion c. Hematometrium d. Chronic PID e. Cholecystitis

A. Ectopic pregnancy. [PID is a risk factor for ectopic pregnancy].

An 18yo female has peri-orbital blisters. Some of them are crusted, others secreting pinkish fluid. What is the most likely dx? a. Shingles b. Chicken pox c. Varicella d. Rubella e. Measles

A. Shingles. [Here ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve is involved. Typically shingles are unilateral].

A man presents with scrotal swelling, the swelling is cystic and is non-tender. It is located in the upper pole of the posterior part of the testis. What is the most likely dx? a. Epididymal cyst b. Testicular ca c. Hydrocele d. Teratoma e. Testicular torsion

A. Epididymal cyst. [the location of upper pole of the posterior part of testis is the common site for epididymal pathology].

A 37yo lady strongly believes that a famous politician has been sending her flowers every day and is in love with her. However, this is not the case. What is the most likely dx? a. Erotomania b. Pyromania c. Kleptomania d. Trichotillomania e. Grandiosity

A. Erotomania. [Erotomania is a type of delusion in which the affected person believes that another person, usually a stranger, high-status or famous person, is in love with them]. Pyromania is an impulse control disorder in which individuals repeatedly fail to resist impulses to deliberately start fires, in order to relieve tension or for instant gratification. Kleptomania is the inability to refrain from the urge to steal items. Trichotillomania is an impulse disorder characterized by the compulsive urge to pull out one's hair, leading to noticeable hair loss and balding. Grandiosity refers to an unrealistic sense of superiority.

lady comes in severe liver disease and hematemesis. Her INR is >10. What should she be given? a. FFP b. Steroids c. Whole blood d. IV fluids e. Vit K

A. FFP.

A man had a soft mass on his mandible. Mass is freely mobile and has started growing progressively over the past 6m. The mass still moves freely. What is the best inv for this pt? a. FNAC b. CT c. XR d. MRI e. ESR

A. FNAC.

A 23yo female presented with a swelling of her neck that moved upwards on protrusion of tongue. What is the next appropriate inv? a. FNAC b. Punch biopsy c. Core biopsy d. MRI neck e. Radioactive thyroid scan

A. FNAC. [The diagnostic investigation is FNAC[Ref: wikipedia]. Then we palpate for thyroid tissue. If absent we do any one of following to confirm the absence of thyroid tissue: ultrasonography, CT scanning, thyroid scanning or MRI. If there is normal thyroid tissue we go for more aggressive Sistrunk's operation but if there is no normal thyroid tissue [in that case thyroglossal cyst itself is the only source of thyroid tissue] we do conservative surgery and preserve some portion of cyst with thyroid tissue].

A 68yo man awoke to find that he is unable to close his left eye and dribbling saliva from the left angle of his mouth. What is the single most appropriate option? a. Facial nerve b. Glossopharyngeal nerve c. Hypoglossal nerve d. Optic nerve e. Vagus nerve

A. Facial nerve. [Features are suggestive of left sided facial nerve palsy].

A 62yo man who has recently had flu-like illness has woken to find his speech altered. Movement of his eyelids and lips are weak on the right side. Exam: normal. Which anatomical site is most likely to be affected? a. Facial nerve b. Hypoglossal nerve c. Oculomotor nerve d. Trigeminal nerve e. Glossopharyngeal nerve

A. Facial nerve. [Viral infection is a common cause of facial nerve palsy].

An 8yo boy with a BMI=28 was admitted to a surgical ward following a MVC. He was found to have glycosuria. When he recovered from his injury the glycosuria resolved. What is the single most appropriate follow-up inv? a. Fasting blood glucose conc b. Glycosylated hemoglobin - HbA1c c. OGTT d. Random blood glucose conc e. Serum cortisol conc

A. Fasting blood glucose concentration. [The boy had glycosuria while treating in hospital following a MVC (motor vehical crush). It may be due to stress related cortisol release which later became nil as the boy recovered from trauma. But yet to certain that he is not diabetic fasting blood glucose concentration should be done in follow up visit].

A 4yo baby has generalized tonic-clonic seizure and fever of 39C. his mother informs you that this has happened 3-4x before. What is the most likely dx? a. Febrile convulsion b. Absence seizures c. Epilepsy d. Partial complex seizure

A. Febrile convulsion. [Points in favour: seizers in presence of high fever. Same previous illness indicate seizers during fever which goes against epilepsy. Though usually febrile convulsion dosen't tend to recur but it can recur as well. Epilepsy has no relation to fever but is due to pathology in brain].

A 16yo boy following a RTA was brought to the ED with a swelling and deformity in his right thigh. Exam: airway is patent and is found to have a pulseless leg. Which structure is involved in this fx? a. Femoral artery b. Posterior tibial artery c. Common peroneal nerve d. Dorsalis pedis

A. Femoral artery.

A 34yo man sustains a fx to shaft of femur after falling from the roof of his house. Exam: distal pulses are not palpable. Which vessel is damaged? a. Femoral artery b. Circumflex femoral artery c. Profunda femoris artery d. Popliteal artery e. Obturator artery f. Dorsalispedis artery

A. Femoral artery.

A 31yo woman presents with 7-10days following childbirth, with loss of feeling for the child, loss of appetite, sleep disturbance and intrusive and unpleasant thoughts of harming the baby. What is the best tx for this pt? a. Fluoxetine b. Haloperidol c. CBT d. Reassurance e. ECT

A. Fluoxetine. [The diagnosis is post-partum depression. Treatment is fluoxetine. The mode of treatment may be 1. Drugs like a) Antidepressant b) Antypsychotic or c) Mood stabilizers like lithium. If drug treatment fails then 2. ECT].

A female with T1DM would like to know about a deficiency of vitamins in pregnancy that can be harmful. A deficiency of which vitamin can lead to teratogenic effects in the child? a. Folic acid b. Vit B12 c. Thiamine d. Riboflavine. e. Pyridoxine

A. Folic acid. [Frequently associated with neural tube defect].

A child presents with clean wound, but he has never been immunized as his parents were worried about it. There is no contraindication to immunization, what is the best management? a. Full course of DTP b. 1 single injection DT c. 1 single injection DTP d. Only Ig e. Antibiotic

A. Full course of DTP.

Tip of the 9th costal cartilage. What is the single most appropriate landmark? a. Fundus of the gallbladder b. Deep inguinal ring c. Termination of the spinal cord d. Transpyloric plane e. Vena cava opening in the diaphragm

A. Fundus of the gallbladder.

A 67yo man presents to the ED with pain in his left groin. He suddenly collapses and his is not able to move or lift his leg. He is on alendronate. What is the dx? a. Fx of neck of femur b. Post hip dislocation c. Fx of shaft of femur d. Pelvic base fx e. Peripheral vascular disease

A. Fx neck of femur. [Use of alendronate indicates osteoporosis where fracture neck of femur is more common].

A 22yo Greek man presents with rapid anemia and jaundice following tx of malaria. He is noted to have Heinx bodies. Choose the single most likely cause from the given options? a. G6PD deficiency b. Anemia of chronic disease c. Pernicious anemia d. IDA e. Vit B12 deficiency

A. G6PD deficiency. [G6PD (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) deficiency exacerbated by administration of oxidant drugs (e.g., primaquine, dapsone, quinidine) can also result in Heinz bodies].

A 47yo man presents with proteinuria+, BP=160/95mmHg, small kidneys that have smooth renal pelvis. What is the most probable dx? a. GN b. Chronic pyelonephritis c. Unilateral renal artery stenosis d. Multiple myeloma e. ARF

A. GN. [In chr. Pyelonephritis US will demonstrate renal scarring and urinalysis will demonstrate pyuria which are absent here. In renal artery stenosis there will be considerable difference in kidney size from one another which is not found here. Here likely diagnosis is GN].

A 65yo has terminal cancer and his pain is relieved by a fentanyl patch but he now complains of shooting pain in his arm. Which of the following will add to his pain relief? a. Gabapentin b. Radiotherapy c. Amitryptiline d. Morphine

A. Gabapentin. [Shooting in the arm indicates neuropathic pain for which both amytriptiline and gabapentin can be used].

An 8wk baby boy is noted to be jaundiced. He is breast-feeding well and has gained 300g since birth. His stools are yellow and his urine is pale straw colored. What is the most likely dx? a. Galactosemia b. Biliary atresia c. G6PD deficiency d. Breast milk jaundice e. Congenital viral infection

A. Galactosemia. [Biliary atresia causes obstructive picture where stools are pale and urine becomes dark. Hemolytic disorder like G6PD or spherocytosis causes appearance of jaundice in 1st 24 hours. In breastmilk jaundice, jaundice develops in 2nd week. Also congenital viral infection (TORCH) occurs in 1st 24 hours. Here there is failure to thrive also. So likely cause in the presented case is Galactosemia].

A 23yo woman presents with offensive vaginal discharge. Vaginal pH=4.5. What is the most likely organism? a. Gardenella b. Trichomonas c. Candida d. Mycoplasma

A. Gardenella.

A 57yo man with blood group A complains of symptoms of vomiting, tiredness, weight loss and palpitations. Exam: hepatomegaly, ascites, palpable left supraclavicular mass. What is the most likely dx? a. Gastric carcinoma b. Colorectal carcinoma c. Peptic ulcer disease d. Atrophic gastritic e. Krukenburg tumor

A. Gastric carcinoma. [i) blood group A is associated with gastric cancer ii) vomiting, tiredness, weight loss are general features of gastric cancer iii) palpitation from anemia of cancer iv) hepatomegaly (metastasis) and ascites are late features of gastric cancer. v) palpable left supraclavicular mass- is Vershow's gland, has long been regarded as strongly indicative of gastric cancer].

An 8yo returned from Spain with severe pain in one ear. Exam: pus in auditory canal, tympanic membrane looks normal. What is the tx option? a. Gentamicin topical b. Amoxicillin PO c. Analgesia d. Amoxicillin IV

A. Gentamycin topical. Diagnosis is otitis externa.

A 15yo boy presents with testicular pain for 2days. There is no hx of trauma. Exam: temp=38.5C, right hemi-scrotum tenderness. What is the single most appropriate management? a. Give antibiotics b. Give analgesia c. Reassure d. US scrotum e. Exploratory surgery

A. Give antibiotics. The diagnosis is epididymo-orchitis. Points in favour: i) No history of trauma ii) testicular pain with fever points towards epididymo- orchitis.

A 33yo man has a temp=38.5C, cough and chest pain on the right side on inspiration. He also has purulent sputum. What is the most likely organism to cause pneumonia in this pt? a. Gram +ve diplococcic b. Coagulase +ve cocci c. PCP cold agglutinins d. AFB e. Gram -ve diplococcic

A. Gram +ve diplococci. [It is a case of community acquired pneumonia caused by streptococcus pneumoniae].

A pt with hepatocellular ca has raised levels of ferritin. What is the most probable cause? a. Hemochromatosis b. A1 antitrypsin def c. Cystic fibrosis

A. Haemochromatosis. [Hemochromatosis itself is a cause of hepatocellular carcinoma and associated with raised level of ferritin. Serum ferritin levels elevated higher than 200 mcg/L in premenopausal women and 300 mcg/L in men and postmenopausal women indicate primary iron overload due to hemochromatosis, especially when associated with high transferrin saturation and evidence of liver disease. Ferritin concentration higher than 1000 mcg/L suggests liver damage with fibrosis or cirrhosis].

A healthy 8yo boy had antibiotic tx for meningitis. Initially he wasn't resuscitated. What will be the outcome if he receives full tx? a. He will recover fully to his prv health b. He will have hearing impairment c. He will have brain abscess d. He will have encephalitis

A. He will recover fully to his prv health.

A young pt is complaining of vertigo whenever she moves sideways on the bed while lying supine. What would be the most appropriate next step? a. Head roll test b. Reassure c. Advice on posture d. Carotid Doppler e. CT

A. Head roll test. [this is a case of "benign paroxysmal positional vertigo" for which the diagnosis is made by head roll test].

A 72 yo man has been on warfarin for 2yrs because of past TIA and stroke. What is the most important complication that we should be careful with? a. Headache b. Osteoporosis c. Ear infection d. Limb ischemia e. Diarrhea

A. Headache is the correct key. [Headache is the warning sign of hemorrhagic stroke].

A 4yo boy presents with recurrent episodes of self limiting spontaneous bleeding. Coag test: PT normal, bleeding time normal, APTT prolonged, Factor VIII decreased. His father and uncle suffer from a similar illness. What is the most likely dx? a. Hemophilia A b. Hemophilia B c. Von willebrand's disease d. ITP e. TTP

A. Hemophilia A. [Prolonged APTT and decreased factor VIII points towards the diagnosis of Hemophilia A].

A young boy has a hx of epistaxis. CBC=normal, except APTT=47s. What is the most likely dx? a. Hemophilia b. ITP c. Sickle cell d. HUS e. Thalassaemia

A. Hemophilia. [A young boy with epistaxis and prolonged APTT is a probable case of hemophilia. Factor VIII and IX should be offerred to confirm the diagnosis].

A 30yo man presents with deep penetrating knife wound. He said he had TT when he left school. What will you do for him now? a. Human Ig only b. Human Ig and TT c. Full course of tetanus vaccine only d. Human Ig and full course of tetanus vaccine e. Antibiotic

A. Human Ig only refer uk green book

A 50 yo woman who was treated for breast cancer 3 yrs ago now presents with increase thirst and confusion. She has become drowsy now. What is the most likely metabolic abnormality? a. Hypercalcemia b. Hyperkalemia c. Hypoglycemia d. Hyperglycemia e. Hypocalcemia

A. Hypercalcemia. Increased thirst, confusion, drowsiness these are features of hypercalcemia. Any solid organ tumour can produce hypercalcemia. Here treated Ca breast is the probable cause of hypercalcemia.

A 34yo African-caribbean man with a hx of sarcoidosis has presented with bilateral kidney stones. What is the most likely cause for this pt's stones? a. Hypercalcemia b. Hyperuricemia c. Diet d. Recurrent UTIs e. Hyperparathyroidism

A. Hypercalcemia. Ans. 2. Hypercalcemia in sarcoidosis is due to the uncontrolled synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by macrophages. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 leads to an increased absorption of calcium in the intestine and to an increased resorption of calcium in the bone.

A 55yo man has weight loss, dyspnea and syncope. He smokes 20 cigarettes/day. Inv confirms squamous cell carcinoma in the left bronchus. What is the single most likely biochemical abnormality to be a/w the condition? a. Hypercalcemia b. Hyperkalemia c. Hypernatremia d. Hypocalcemia

A. Hypercalcemia. [Hypercalcemia is common in squamous cell carcinoma].

An elder man who has anorexia, prostate symptoms and HTN. There are small kidneys on US. What is the dx? a. Hypertensive renal disease b. Prostate ca c. BPH

A. Hyperensive renal disease. [Small kidneys suggest chronic renal failure and uremia here is the cause of anorexia. As elder he may have associated prostate symptoms from concomitant BPH].

A pt was admitted with erectile dysfunction, reduced facial hair and galactorrhea. What is the most probable dx? a. Hyperprolactinemia b. Cushing's syndrome c. Pheochromocytoma d. Hyperthyroidism e. Hypoparathyroidism

A. Hyperprolactinemia.

A 51yo man has become increasingly fatigued for the past 10m. PE: no abnormal findings. Labs: Hgb=9.2, Hct=27.9%, MCV=132fl, plt=242, WBC=7.59. Which of the following morphologic findings is most likely to be present on examination of his peripheral blood smear? a. Hypersegmented neutrophils b. Nucleated RBC c. Blasts d. Hypochromic, microcytic RBC e. Schistocytes

A. Hypersegmented neutrophils. [Only anemia with macrocytosis is with normal examination findings makes Megaloblastic aneamia to be most likely cause where PBF shows hypersegmented neutrophils].

A young woman who is a marathon runner comes with secondary amenorrhea. Inv: normal LH, FSH and estradiol, prolactin=600. What is the most likely dx? a. Hypothalamic amenorrhea b. Pregnancy c. PCOS d. Prolactinoma e. Anorexia

A. Hypothalamic amenorrhea. [Generally in hypothalamic amenorrhea there is slight low level of LH, FSH and Oestrogen and mild elavation of prolactin].

A 46yo woman has weight gain, sensitivity to cold, pulse=50bpm, heart is enlarged with murmur. What is the single most likely dx? a. Hypothyroidism b. Hyperthyroidism c. Cushing's syndrome d. Addison's disease e. Pheochromocytoma

A. Hypothyroidism. [The given symptoms are classic presentation of hypothyroidism].

A 65yo lady with T1DM for the last 20y comes with a tender lump near the anal opening. She says she also has a fever. What tx should she get? a. I&D + antibiotics b. IV antibiotics c. C&S of aspirate from swelling d. Painkillers e. Cautery of swelling

A. I&D + antibiotics.

A 10yo boy with lower abdominal pain for the last 10d presents with a hx of passing 6-8 loose stools. Temp=38.8C. He is tender in the right lower quadrant and has an anal fistula. Choose the single most likely cause of abdominal pain. a. IBD b. IBS c. Pyelonephritis d. Uretric calculus e. Gastroenteritis

A. IBD. [Likely diagnosis is crohn's disease which is often associated with perianal fistula formation].

A 12yo boy complains of acute development of purpura on the dependent areas of his body 2wks after a URTI. The purpura doesn't blanch on pressure, tests reveal: Hgb=12, plts=50, WBC=5. Bleeding time=10mins, APTT=40s, PT=1.02. What is the most likely dx? a. ITP b. TTP c. Von Willebrand's disease d. Hemophilia A e. Hemophilia B

A. ITP. [Isolated thrombocytopenia and H/O prior URTI with development of purpura on the dependent areas of the body favours the diagnosis of ITP. (In ITP BT is prolonged which is present here.)].

A 21yo female in her first pregnancy at 38wks was brought to the ED with generalized tonic clonic seizure. IV MgSO4 was given but fits was not controlled. She is having fits again. What is the single most imp immediate management of this pt? a. IV MgSO4 b. IV diazepam c. Immediate C-section d. IV phenytoin e. MgSO4 bolus f. IV lorezepam

A. IV MgSO4. It is a wrong key! Correct key is E. MgSO4 bolus. [Treat a first seizure with 4g magnesium sulfate in 100mL 0.9% saline IVI over 5min + maintenance IVI of 1g/h for 24h. Beware respiration. If recurrent seizure give 2g IVI magnesium sulfate over 5 min. Check tendon reflexes and respiratory rate every 15min. Stop magnesium sulfate IVI if respiratory rate <14/min or tendon reflex loss, or urine output <20mL/h. Have IV calcium gluconate ready in case of MgSO4 toxicity: 1g (10mL) over 10 min if respiratory depression. Use diazepam once if fits continue (eg 5-10mg slowly IV). If seizures continue, ventilate and consider other causes (consider CT scan). OHCS, 9th edition, page-49].

A 40yo woman presents with dysphagia. Exam: febrile with erythema and middle neck swelling. What is the best management strategy? a. IV antibiotics and drainage b. Antipyretics c. XR neck d. Endoscopic diverticulectomy e. I&D

A. IV antibiotics and drainage. [Neck abscess. Treated with IV antibiotics and drainage].

A 23yo lady presents with headache. Exam: photophobia and generalized rash that doesn't blanch on pressure. What must be done immediately? a. IV benzylpenicillin b. Isolate pt c. Gown and mask d. Blood culture

A. IV benzylpenicillin.

A 10yo boy presents with generalized swelling. This has been present for 4days and included swollen ankles and puffiness of the face. It started a few days after he had a mild cold with runny nose. His only PMH was eczema. Urine analysis: hematuria, proteinuria 10g/24h, creat 60umol/l and albumin=15g/l. What is the single most likely dx? a. IgA nephropathy b. HSP c. Minimal change nephropathy d. Wilson's disease e. Cardiac failure

A. IgA nephropathy. [10 yr old boy, history of URTI and hematuria points towards the diagnosis of IgA nephropathy. It may be present with proteinuria and generalized swelling. The important differentiating point from rapidly progressive GN is duration. IgA nephropathy <1o days (usually 4/5 days history of infection but in rapidly progressive GN history of infection for >10 days].

A 27yo presents with abdominal pain, bleeding, vomiting and diarrhea. Her LMP was 7wks ago. Exam: abdominal tenderness, BP=90/60mmHg. What is the next appropriate management? a. Immediate laparotomy b. Laparoscopy c. Salpingotomy d. Salpingectomy e. MTX

A. Immediate laparotomy. The diagnosis is ruptured ectopic pregnancy . In ruptured ectopic pregnancy if there is shock we should go for immediate laparotomy.

A 19yo boy comes to the ED with pain, swelling and tenderness 2cm distal to Lister's tubercle of radius. Exam: proximal pressure on the extended thumb and index finger is painful. XR: no fx. What is the next appropriate management for the pt? a. Immobilization with cast b. Repeat XR c. MRI d. Surgery e. None

A. Immobilization with cast. This is wrong key! Correct key is C. MRI. [Imaging: Request a dedicated 'scaphoid' series. If -ve, and fracture is suspected MRI has been shown to be sensitive and cost-eff ective. CT is an alternative. If neither is available, cast and re-x-ray in 2 weeks. Ref: OHCS, 9th edition, page-744].

A 44yo obese pt with findings: FBS=6mmol/l, OGTT=10mmol/l. What is the most likely dx? a. Impaired glucose tolerance b. Diabetes insipidus c. T1DM d. T2DM e. MODY

A. Impaired glucose tolerance. [Impaired glucose tolerance is 2-hours glucose level 140-199 mg/dl (7.8 to 11.0 mmol/l) on the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test].

A 49yo woman presents to the OPD. Her oral glucose test after 2h of glucose intake vs plasma level in 2 different tests are 6mmol/l and 10mmol/l. This situation can be categoraized as a. Impaired glucose tolerance b. Impaired fasting glucose c. T1DM d. T2DM e. Metabolic syndrome

A. Impaired glucose tolerance. [The WHO defines someone as having pre-diabetes if they have: • A fasting blood glucose of less than 7 mmol/L; AND • A blood glucose of 7.8 mmol/L or more but less than 11.1mmol/L after a two-hour oral glucose tolerance test].

A young boy presented with peri-oral blisters. Some of which are weeping and others are crusted. What is the single most appropriate dx? a. Impetigo b. Varicella zoster c. Shingles d. Scabies e. Herpes simplex

A. Impetigo. [Distribution of varicella zoster is centripetal (more in central area (trunk) and less in limbs and face. On the other hand if blisters are present mainly on face or limbs and/or described as golden, yellow or honey coloured crusts are impetigo].

Which of the following is true for tamoxifen? a. Increased incidence of endometrial carcinoma b. Increased risk of breast ca c. Increased risk of osteoporosis d. Increased risk of ovarian ca

A. Increased incidence of endometrial carcinoma.

An 11m baby had an apnea event. The parents are worried that if something like this happens in the future, how they are to deal. Advise them about infant CPR. a. Index and middle finger compression b. Compression with palm of one hand c. Compression with palm of two hands d. Compression with rescue breaths 30:2 e. Compression with rescue breaths 15:2

A. Index and middle finger compression.

A 24yo primigravida presents to the ED with a history of 8-week amenorrhoea followed by heavy vaginal bleeding and severe, crampy abdominal pain. Exam: HR=110/min and BP=120/80mmHg. The uterus is bulky. The cervix is dilated and there is active bleeding from the cervical os, but no tissue has been expelled. Which of the following is the most likely dx? a. Inevitable abortion b. Threatened Abortion c. Incomplete abortion d. Missed Abortion

A. Inevitable abortion. [when os is closed threatened and when os is opened inevitable abortion (No tissue has been expelled)].

A 16yo girl has had an enlarging mass in the right side of her neck for the last 6wks. She has had no other symptoms. She has a 2 x 2 cm enlarged LN in the anterior triangle of the neck with several smaller associated LN palpable. Oropharyngeal examination shows tonsillar membranes. What is the SINGLE most likely dx? a. Infectious mononucleosis b. Leukaemia c. Lymphoma d. Sarcoidosis e. Tuberculosis

A. Infectious mononucleosis. [Though in infectious mononucleosis lymph nodes are usually seen in posterior triangle but can be seen in whole body including anterior triangle also].

A 30yo lady complains of intermittent diarrhea, chronic abdominal and pelvic pain and tenesmus. Sometimes she notices blood in her stool. Select the most likely cause leading to her symptoms? a. Inflammatory bowel disease b. Diverticulosis c. Irritable bowel disease d. Adenomyosis e. UTI

A. Inflammatory bowel disease. [Tenesmus excludes diverticulitis, occasional blood in stool excludes irritable bowel disease. Features are not consistent with adenomyosis or UTI but suggestive of inflammatory bowel disease].

h after an appendectomy, a pt complains of a rapid HR and fever. He says there is also abdominal pain and pain in the shoulder area. What is happening to this pt? a. Intra-abdominal bleeding b. Anastomotic leak c. Sepsis d. Intestinal obstruction

A. Intra-abdominal bleeding.

A 56yo woman is known case of pernicious anemia. She refuses to take hydroxycobalamin IM as she is needle shy. She asks for oral medication. Why will oral meds be not effective? a. Intrinsic factor def b. Malabsorption c. Irritated gastric mucosa d. Lack of gastric acidity

A. Intrinsic factor def. [Vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed without intrinsic factor].

A pt is about to undergo elective surgery. Her Hgb=8.9g/dl and MCV=70. What is the best option for her? a. Inv and postpone the surgery b. Transfuse and proceed with surgery c. Transfuse and defer surgery d. Continue with surgery

A. Investigation and postpone the surgery. [For elective operation only proceed if Hb% > 10 g/dl. If Hb% < 10 g/dl then defer the operation and investigate first. If Hb% < 8 g/dl also must be transfused. Samson note].

A 30yo man comes with hx of early morning back pain and stiffness. Exam: red eyes. What is the single most appropriate option? a. Iris b. Ciliary body c. Cornea d. Conjunctivitis e. Sclera

A. Iris. [Young man with early morning back pain and stiffness is suggestive of seronegative arthritis likely ankylosing spondylitis where iritis is a common association].

A 17yo girl comes to see her GP after having unprotected sex 2d ago. She asks if her GP can explain to her how this prescribed procedure would work by helping her not to get pregnant. a. It helps to prevent implantation b. It helps in preventing or delaying ovulation c. It causes an early miscarriage d. It releases progesterone and stops ovulation e. It causes local enzymatic reaction

A. It helps to prevent implantation. Probably key is suggesting IUCD wich helps to prevent implantation and not the pills as both the available pill causes a delay in ovulation. [The time required for the egg to travel to the uterus and implant is usually between 7 and 10 days]. [There are two types of pill: 1. 1.5 mg of levonorgestrel pill. It should be taken within 72 hours (three days). It is thought to work mainly by preventing or delaying the release of an egg from your ovary, which normally happens each month (ovulation). 2. Ulipristal acetate (brand name ellaOne®) is a type of emergency contraceptive pill that was launched in the UK in 2009. It is taken as one single tablet. Take the pill as soon as possible after unprotected sex. The earlier you take the pill, the more effective it is. It can be taken up to 120 hours (five days) after having unprotected sex. It is a type of hormone which seems to work by stopping or delaying release of an egg (ovulation). IUCD prevent implantation. As she is sexually active hymen is ruptured and IUCD can be given to her. But with IUCD chance of ectopic pregnancy is much more!].

A 53yo female presents with an acute painful hot knee joint. She is a known case of RA. On examination, the knee is red, tender and swollen. The hamstring muscles are in spasm. Her temp is 38.5C and BP is 120/80mmHg. What is the SINGLE best next inv? a. Joint aspiration for cytology and culture and sensitivity b. Joint aspiration for positive birefrengent crystals c. Joint aspiration for negative birefrengent crystals d. Blood culture e. Serum uric acid

A. Joint aspiration for cytology and culture and sensitivity. [Any chronically arthritic joint is predisposed to infection. Moreover chronic use of steroid in Rh. arthritis is one of the important predisposing factor. In this age group likely organism is Staphylococcus. In younger age group Neisseria gonorrhea is more common].

A pt presents with purple papular lesions on his face and upper trunk measuring 1-2 cm across. They aren't painful or itchy. What is the single most likely dx? a. Kaposi's sarcoma b. Hairy leukoplakia c. Cryptosporidium d. CMV infection e. Cryptococcal infection

A. Kaposis sarcoma. [It is a spindle-cell tumour derived from capillary endothelial cells or from fibrous tissue, caused by human herpes virus. It presents as purple papules (1⁄2 to 1 cm) or plaques on skin and mucosa (any organ). It metastasizes to nodes. OHCM 9th edition, page 716].

n 8yo boy dx with asthma is on salbutamol and beclomethasone. However, he wakes up at night due to his symptoms. What is the next appropriate management? a. LABA b. High dose steroid c. Aminophylline d. Oral prednisolone e. Sodium cromoglycate

A. LABA. [Patient is in step2 with poor control. So next step is to add LABA and if still not controlled give high dose inhaled corticosteroids].

A 70yo pt presents with cough and SOB. He stopped smoking cigarettes 2yrs ago but has a 50yr smoking hx before quitting. CXR=consolidation and bilateral bihilar lymphadenopathy. What is the best inv for this pt? a. LN biopsy b. Pleural fluid cytology c. CT d. MRI e. US

A. LN biopsy. [likely diagnosis is lung cancer, so best investigation for this is LN biopsy].

A 49 yo pt presents with right hypochondriac pain. Inv show a big gallstone. What is the most appropriate management? a. Lap Cholecystectomy b. Reassure c. Low fat diet d. Ursodeoxycholic acid e. Emergency laparotomy

A. Lap Cholecystectomy. i) as symptomatic only reassurance is not appropriate ii) as big stone ursodeoxycholic acid is less effective iii) less invasive is preferred so laparoscopic rather than laparotomy.

A woman comes to the ED complaining of pain in the right side of the abdomen, she has 7wks amenorrhea. Her pregnancy test is +ve and US scan shows an empty uterus. What is the next step? a. Laparoscopy b. HCG measurements c. US d. Laparotomy e. Culdo-centhesis

A. Laparoscopy. [Surgery should be offered to those women who cannot return for follow-up after methotrexate or • Significant pain. • Adnexal mass ≥35 mm. • Fetal heartbeat visible on scan. • Serum hCG level ≥5000 IU/L. [If HCG >6000IU/L and an intrauterine gestational sac is not seen, ectopic pregnancy is very likely, as is the case if HCG 1000-1500IU/L and no sac is seen on transvaginal Ultrasound].

A 10yo girl presents with hoarseness of the voice. She is a known case of bronchial asthma and has been on oral steroids for a while. What is the most likely cause of hoarseness? a. Laryngeal candidiasis b. Infective tonsillitis c. Laryngeal edema d. Allergic drug reaction e. Ludwigs angina

A. Laryngeal candidiasis. Steroids predisposes to fungal infection.

A child playing with toys suddenly develops breathlessness and stridor. Which inv will lead to the dx? a. Laryngoscopy b. CXR c. Peak flow meter d. ABG

A. Laryngoscopy. [Breathlessness and stridor in a child playing with toy is most likely due to aspiration of foreign body (toy or part of toy) for which laryngoscopy should be done].

A 47yo man comes to the GP with a swelling in his left groin which disappears on lying down. The swelling was bluish in color and felt like a bag of worms. He also complains of a mass in the left loin along with hematuria occasionally. What could be the possible dx? a. Left sided RCC b. Varicosity 2nd to liver disease c. Testicular tumor d. UTI e. IVC obstruction

A. Left sided Renal cell carcinoma. Left sided varicocele. Most common secondary cause of left sided varicocele is RCC. Newly diagnosed varicocele over the age of 40yrs are very much suggestive of RCC. Varicocele is common on left side as left testicular veins drain to the left renal vein, while the right testicular vein drain directly into IVC.

A young man returns to his hostel and gets headache and lethargy. Now presents with fever. There are crepitations on the auscultation of lung. What is the most likely organism which would have caused his symptoms? a. Legionella pneumonia b. Mycoplasma c. Staphylococcus d. Streptococcus

A. Legionella pneumonia. [Legionella is common in hostel, hotel, hospital, nursing home where it spread through their water system, aircondition etc.].

A 37yo male pt who recently returned back to UK from UAE attends the OPD with complaint of dry cough, breathlessness and anorexia. According to him he had flu like symptoms a week ago. He is slightly confused. Inv: lymphopenia & decreased Na+. CXR: bi-basal consolidation. What is the single most likely causative organism? a. Legionella b. Chlamydia pneumonia c. PCP d. Viral pneumonia e. Chlamydia psitacci

A. Legionella. [H/O travel (staying in AC and watersystem of hotel), lymphopenia, decreased Na+, bi-basal consolidation are well known features of legionnaires disease].

A 71 yo man presents with coarse tremor. He is on some meds. Which one can be the reason for the tremor? a. Lithium b. Diazepam c. Fluoxetine d. Imipramine e. Haloperidol

A. Lithium. Actually in therapeutic dose lithium causes fine tremor but in toxic dose it causes coarse tremor. So the probable answer is lithium.

A lady, post-colostomy closure after 4days comes with fluctuating small swelling in the stoma. What is the management option for her? a. Local exploration b. Exploratory laparotomy c. Open laparotomy d. Reassure

A. Local exploration.

A pt is on loop diuretics. What effect do loop diuretics produce? a. Low Na+, low K+ b. Low Na+, normal K+ c. Normal Na+, normal K+ d. High Na+, low K+ e. High Na+, high K+

A. Low Na+, Low K+. [Loop diuretics causes hyponatremia and hypokalemia].

A 2yo male pt was brought by his mother with a swelling in the right side of his neck extending from the angle of the mouth to the middle 1/3 of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The swelling was on the anterolateral side of the sternocleidomastoid and was brilliantly transilluminant. What is the likely dx? a. Lymphangioma b. Branchial cyst c. Thyroglossal cyst d. Ranula e. Thyroid swelling

A. Lymphangioma. [Both lymphangioma and brancheal cyst are lateral neck mass. 90% of lymphangioma occur in children less than 2 yrs. Brancheal cyst usually does not transilluminate whereas lymphangioma usually transilluminate brilliantly].

A lady with breast cancer has undergone axillary LN clearance. She develops arm swelling after being stung by a bee. What is the most likely mechanism responsible for the swelling? a. Lymphedema b. Cellulitis c. Hypersensitivity reaction d. DVT e. Fluid retention

A. Lymphoedema. Reason is compromised lymphatic drainage of arm due to axillary LN clearance. So if there is any inflammation or selling, lymph drainage is compromised further giving rise to swelling of limb of that operated side.

A 25yo man presented with painless cervical lymphadenopathy with lethargy, night sweats and itching. What is the single most likely causative factor? a. Lymphoma b. Polycythemia c. IDA d. Uremia e. Drug induced

A. Lymphoma. [Cervical lymphadenopathy, lethargy, night sweats and itching are well known features of lymphoma].

A pt with celiac disease from birth, now as an adult presented with some abdominal symptoms. The biopsy shows infiltration of the gastric epithelium by lymphocytes. What is the most likely dx? a. Lymphoma b. Diverticular disease c. Lynch syndrome d. Gastric TB e. Peritoneal tumor

A. Lymphoma. [Coeliac disease leads to an increased risk of both adenocarcinoma and lymphoma of gut].

A 40yo man collapsed at home and died. The GPs report says he suffered from T2DM and BMI=35. What is the most likely cause of death? a. MI b. DM c. HF d. PE e. Renal failure

A. MI. In diabetics MI become painless when the patient develop autonomic neuropathy (till there is no autonomic neuropathy diabetic patients will feel MI pain). In this case the disease was unnoticed as it was a painless attack.

A 58yo T1DM on anti-HTN therapy for 13yrs developed central chest pain for 45 mins while driving a/w cold sweating and dyspnea. What is the single most appropriate dx? a. MI b. Pericarditis c. Pulmonary embolism d. Costochondritis e. Pneumothorax

A. MI. [In pericarditis pain is aggravated by inspiration or lying flat and relieved by leaning forward. Pericardial rub may present and there may be fever. In pneumothorax pain is not central but pleuritic. Pulmonary embolism=dyspnoea and pleuritic chest pain. In costrochondritis localized pain/tenderness at the costochondral junction enhanced by motion, coughing, or sneezing. The given picture of central chest pain for 45 minutes (more than 30 minutes), sweating and dyspnoea with major risk factor of DM and Htn suggest the diagnosis of MI].

A 70 yo man presents with balance difficulties, vomiting and nausea. Which of the following is the best inv? a. MRI cerebellum b. CT cerebellum c. Skull XR d. LP e. Blood culture

A. MRI cerebellum. [Balance difficulties, vomitin and nausea suggests cerebellar lesion. In posterior fossa lesion MRI is preferred].

A 50yo man presents to the ED with acute back pain radiating down to his legs. Pain which is usually relieved by lying down and exacerbated by long walks and prolong sitting. What inv would be the best option? a. MRI b. CT spine c. XR spine d. Dual energy XR abruptiometry e. Serum paraprotein electrophoresis

A. MRI. [Back pain radiating to leg, pain releaved by lying down and exacerbated by long walk and prolonged sitting are characteristic of lumber (intervertebral) disc disease].

A 37yo woman presents with fatigue. Exam: angular stomatitis, no koilonychea. Choose the single cell type you will find on the blood film. a. Macrocytes b. Microcytes c. Granulocytes wthout blast cells d. Blast cells

A. Macrocytes. The cause here is VIT. B12 or folate deficiency. Points in favour of Vit. B12 or folate deficiency: i) fatigue (anaemia) ii) angular stomatitis (can be seen in Vit. B12 or folate deficiency) iii) absence of koilonychea is against IDA.

A 75yo man with declining vision, cornea and pupils are normal, fundus shows obscured margins. What is the single most likely dx? a. Macular degeneration b. HTN retinopathy c. MS d. DM background e. Proliferative DM retinopathy

A. Macular degeneration. [In a 75yrs old man with normal cornea and pupils and papilloedema suggests macular degeneration].

An 84yo woman with drusen and yellow spots in the center of retina. What is the single most likely dx? a. Macular degeneration b. HTN retinopathy c. MS d. DM background e. Proliferative DM retinopathy

A. Macular degeneration. [In early disease, the macula shows yellowish-colored subretinal deposits called "drusen"].

2h after an appendectomy, a pt complains of a rapid HR and fever. He says there is also abdominal pain and pain in the shoulder area. What is the first step in the management? a. Maintain IV access and give IV fluids b. Start IV antibiotics c. Insert NGT for intestinal decompression d. Cross match blood e. Emergency exploratory laparotomy

A. Maintain IV access and give IV fluids. [Features given are of internal bleeding! So maintain iv access and giving iv fluid is the first step in management of this patient].

A 34yo man had a cold 2d back. He now presents with right sided facial pain. What is the single most likely dx? a. Maxillary sinus b. Ethmoid sinus c. Septal hematoma d. Septal abscess e. Allergic rhinitis

A. Maxillary sinus. [Probably maxillary sinusitis was intended to say].

3yo child has a high temp for 4 days and he had not seen a doctor. Then mother notices rashes on buccal mucosa and some around the mouth. What is the most appropriate dx? a. Measles b. Roseola infectiosum c. Rubella d. Chicken pox e. Impetigo

A. Measles! [As the rash developed after 4 days fever the dx is measles!].

A 48yo woman presents with left-sided severe headache. She also has a red, watering eye and complains of seeing colored haloes in her vision. What is the most appropriate next step? a. Measure IOP b. Relieve pain with aspirin c. 100% oxygen d. CT e. Relieve pain with sumatriptan

A. Measure IOP. [Probable case of angle closure glaucoma requiring measurement of IOP to establish the diagnosis].

A pt with regular episodes of SNHL, vertigo and tinnitus lasting >30min. Neurological exam=normal. What is the likely dx? a. Meniere's disease b. Acoustic neuroma c. Otosclerosis d. Benign positional vertigo e. Labrynthitis

A. Meniere's disease. [SNHL vertigo andtinnitus lasting 30 minutes are consistent with Meniers disease. Here attacks are episodic that is symptoms resolves but hearing loss is progressive. In acoustic neuroma hearing loss is not episodic. Otosclerosis also not episodic and conductive type. Benign positional vertigo, no hearing loss and vertigo with sharp posture change. Unilateral loss of vestibular function and hearing associated with nausea and vomiting which is preceded by viral infection].

A 26yo young man presents with hx of passing loose stools for the past 2m. He says his stools contain blood and mucus and are a/w abdominal pain. He undergoes a colonscopy after which he was started on tx. What is the most appropriate tx for his condition? a. Mesalazine b. Corticosteroids c. Infliximab d. Cyclosporine

A. Mesalazine. [Features and tx after colonoscopy suggests dx of ulcerative colitis for which initial treatment option is mesalazine].

A man presents with inoperable carcinoma and back pain. His pain has been well controlled with morphine but he develops vomiting. Morphine was stopped and he was started on metoclopramide and fentanyl patches. He then develops neck stiffness and fever. What is the cause of these symptoms? a. Metoclopramide b. Fentanyl c. Morphine d. Meningitis e. Metastasis

A. Metoclopramide. [Extrapyramidal effects like neck stiffness is common side effect of metoclopramide and also there may occur rise of temperature].

A 66yo man has the following ECG. What is the most appropriate next step in management? a. Metoprolol b. Digoxin c. Carotid sinus massage d. Adenosine e. Amiodarone.

A. Metoprolol. [P waves are replaced by fibrillatory f-waves. Irregular R-R intervals. Dx atrial fibrillation].

A young man has diarrhea, loss of weight and flatulence for 3 days. What is the most imp tx? a. Metronidazole b. Fluconazole c. Vancomycin d. Amoxicillin

A. Metronidazole. [An incomplete question!!]

A pregnant lady at her 39wk GA present with eclampsia. Soon after her arrival in the labour suit, IV MgSO4 and IV hydralazine has been prescribed. The pt then develops another fit in the hosp and maintenance dose of MgSO4 has been started. What is your next step in management? a. Mg SO4 bolus b. Delivery of baby c. MgSO4 loading dose d. Diazepam

A. MgSO4 bolus.

A 60yo woman is admitted to the hospital after a fall. She is noted to have poor eye contact. When asked how she is feeling, she admits to feeling low in mood and losing enjoyment in all her usual hobbies. She has also found it difficult to concentrate, feels that she is not good at anything, feels guilty over minor issues and feels very negative about the future. What is the most likely dx? a. Mild depression b. Moderate depression c. Severe depression d. Psychosis e. Seasonal depression

A. Mild depression. [Mild depression: i)Low mood ii) Anhedonia iii) Guilt iv) Hopelessness v) Worthlessness vi) Inability to concentrate].

A 28yo lady presents with dyspareunia and dysmenorrhea. She is very obese. She now wants reversible contraceptive method. Which of the following will be most suitable for her? a. Mirena b. COCP c. POP d. Copper T e. Barrier method

A. Mirena.

A 75yo man presents with back pain. Inv: plasma cells are found. What is the most probable dx? a. Multiple myeloma b. AS c. Disc prolapse d. Leukemia e. Myelofibrosis

A. Multiple myeloma. [H/O back pain with presence of plasma cells on inv. Are highly suggestive of Multiple myeloma].

A child living with this stepfather is brought by the mother with multiple bruises, fever and fractures. What do you suspect? a. NAI b. Malnutrition c. Thrombocytopenia d. HIV

A. NAI. [H/O living with stepfather, multiple bruises, fever and fractures are suggestive of NAI].

You are the HO in the hospital and the lab report of a pt shows glucose=4mmol/l, K+=5.2mmol/l, Na+129mmol/l. what is the most appropriate management? a. NS 0.9% b. NS 0.45% c. NS 0.9% and insulin d. Insulin e. Dextrose

A. NS 0.9% [Here there is significant hyponatremia with mild hyperkalemia. Glucose is in lower normal level. Insulin can shift K+ in cells but this mild hyperkalemia does not need this treatment at this level. More over in lower blood glucose insulin may cause hypoglycemia. So the best management option is A. NS 0.9% which will correct the electrolyte imbalance (including K+ level by renal handling)].

A pt with an acute gout attack came to the ED. What drug should be given to relieve symptoms? a. NSAIDs b. Allopurinol c. Ibuprofen

A. NSAIDs. [Oral NSAIDs commenced immediately and continue for 1 - 2 weeks; Colchicine can be effective alternative but is slower to work than NSAIDs. Intra articular corticosteroids are highly effective in acute gouty monoarthritis.

A 72yo woman who is taking loop diuretics is suffering from palpitations and muscle weakness. What is the electrolyte imbalance found? a. Na+ 130mmol/l, K+ 2.5mmol/l b. Na+ 130mmol/l, K+ 5.5mmol/l c. Na+ 140mmol/l, K+ 4.5mmol/l d. Na+ 150mmol/l, K+ 3.5mmol/l e. None

A. Na+ 130mmol/l, K+ 2.5mmol/l. [Loop diuretic causes hypokalemia and hyponatremia].

A 60yo woman has tiredness. She has noticed that her skin looks permenantly tanned and she describes dizziness on standing up. What is the single most likely electrolyte pattern to be found? a. Na+=120mmol/L, K+=5.9mmol/L b. Na+=125mmol/L, K+=2.9mmol/L c. Na+=140mmol/L, K+=4.5mmol/L d. Na+=150mmol/L, K+=3.5mmol/L e. Na+=150mmol/L, K+=5.9mmol/L

A. Na+=120mmol/L, K+=5.9mmol/L. [Tanned skin (hyperpigmentation) and postural hypotension in a tired women points towards Addison's disease where hyponatremia and hyperkalemia is seen].

A pt presents with skin pigmentation, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain and postural hypotension. What electrolyte abnormality is likely to occur? a. Na+=130, K+=6.5 b. Na+=130, K+=2.5 c. Na+=13, K+=6.0 d. Na+=140, K+=8 e. Na+=130, K+=1.5

A. Na+=130, K+=6.5. [In Addison's disease there is low Na+, low Cl-, low CO2 and raised K+].

A 62yo man presents with cough, breathlessness and wheeze. 24% O2, salbutamol and hydrocortisone were given. The symptoms haven't improved and so nebulized bronchodilator was repeated and IV aminophylline was given. ABG: pH=7.31, RR=32. What is the next appropriate management? a. Nasal IPPV b. Intubation and ventilation c. LABA d. Toxapram e. Amoxicillin PO

A. Nasal IPPV. [Here given case is COPD has following indications of Nasal IPPV i) Tachypnea (>24 breaths/min) and ii) Hypercapnic respiratory acidosis (pH range 7.10-7.35)].

A 31yo man has epistaxis 10 days following polypectomy. What is the most likely dx? a. Nasal infection b. Coagulation disorder c. Carcinoma

A. Nasal infection. [Infection is one of the most important cause of secondary hemorrhage].

A 29yo man with hx of asthma comes with post nasal discharge and bilateral painless nasal blockage. What is the single most likely dx? a. Nasal polyp b. Septal hematoma c. Septal abscess d. Atopic rhinitis e. Allergic rhinitis

A. Nasal polyp.

A 60yo man with a long hx of smoking and alcohol presents with nasal obstruction, epistaxis, diplopia, otalgia and conductive deafness. What is the single most likely dx? a. Nasopharyngeal ca b. Pharyngeal ca c. Sinus squamous cell ca d. Squamous cell laryngeal ca e. Hypopharyngeal tumor

A. Nasopharyngeal ca. [Nasal obstruction, epistaxis are features with cranial nerve palsy diplopia due to 6th nerve, (also 5th and 12th cranial nerves are frequently affected. otalgia and conductive deafness from local extension as mentioned can occur].

A 13yo girl complains of a 2d hx of hoarseness of voice a/w dry cough. She feels feverish. On direct laryngoscopy, her vocal cords are grossly edematous. What is the single most appropriate inv? a. None req b. Sputum for AFB c. Laryngoscopy d. Bronchoscopy e. XR cervical spine

A. None required. [Dx is laryngitis].

A 22yo man reports a 2d hx of hoarseness of voice. He denies any weight loss but he has been smoking for 4yrs. What is the single most appropriate inv? a. None b. Laryngoscopy c. Bronchoscopy d. BAL e. CXR

A. None. [If horseness is of >3 weeks in man >50 yrs and smoker and heavy drinker to rule out cancer do CXR and\or laryngoscopy- NICE guideline].

A 4yo has earache and fever. Has taken paracetamol several times. Now it's noticed that he increases the TV volume. His preschool hearing test shows symmetric loss of 40db. What is the most likely dx? a. OM with effusion b. Otitis externa c. Cholesteatoma d. CSOM e. Tonsillitis

A. OM with effusion. This is a wrong key. Correct key is B. Otitis externa. [The childs preschool hearing loss and increasing the tv volume suggests that he has OM with effusion but present earache and fever points towards the diagnosis of otitis externa].

A 17yo senior school girl with complain of prolonged irregular menstrual period and heavy blood losses. What is the most appropriate tx for her? a. Mefenemic acid b. COCP c. POP d. IUCD e. Mirena

B. COCP. [In irregular period: COCP except the contraindications for it and in that case POP should be used].

A pt, a small child presented with URTI and later developed fever, earache and tympanic membrane is dull. What is the likely dx? a. OM b. OE c. Glue ear d. Perforation of the tympanic membrane e. Referred ear ache

A. OM. [Fever, earache and dull tympanic membrane following urti are pointing the diagnosis of acute otitis media].

A 45yo man with colon cancer now develops increased thirst, increased frequency in urination and weight loss. His fasting blood glucose=9mmol/L. what is the most appropriate management? a. Oral hypoglycemic b. Insulin long acting c. Short acting insulin before meal d. IV insulin e. Subcutaneous insulin

A. Oral hypoglycemic. [Increased thirst and increased frequency in urination along with weight loss is suggestive of DM supported by fasting blood glucose of 9 mmol/L. At the age of 45 most likely type of diabetes is NIDDM or type 2 DM which is treated by oral hypoglycemic agents].

A 65yo lady who is on thiazide suffers from falls in the morning. What is the cause for her symptoms? a. Orthostatic hypotension b. TIA c. Epilepsy

A. Orthostatic hypotensin. [Thiazide diuretic is associated with orthostatic hypotension].

A child presents with blue marks on the sclera, short stature and heart murmur. What is the dx? a. Osteogenesis imperfecta b. Hypopituitarism c. VSD d. Achondrogenesis e. Dwarfism

A. Osteogenesis imperfecta.

A 15yo male noticed swelling on the left knee following a fall while playing. The swelling has not subsided in spite of rest and analgesia. Exam: full knee movement with slight tenderness. He has painless palpable mass in left inguinal region. What is the most probable dx? a. Osteosarcoma b. Ewing's sarcoma c. Chondrosarcoma d. Lymphangiosarcoma e. Osteodosteoma

A. Osteosarcoma. [Both occurs in children and young adults but the occurrence of painful symptom during playing is usually a feature of osteosarcoma. In case of osteosarcoma teenagers who are active in sports often complain of pain in the lower femur, or immediately below the knee. If the tumor is large, it can present as overt localised swelling. Sometimes a sudden fracture is the first symptom, because affected bone is not as strong as normal bone and may fracture abnormally with minor trauma].

A 24yo lady with BMI=30 complains of facial hair growth and hx of amenorrhea. FSH=10.9, prolactin=400IU, estradiol=177.8mmol/l, progesterone=normal, LH=33.2. What is the most probable dx? a. PCOS b. Pregnancy c. Cushing's disease d. CAH e. POF

A. PCOS. [Clinical features (obesity, hirsutism, amenorrhea etc.)are consistent with PCOS. We know in PCOS LH:FSH ratio is 2:1 or 3:1. Here LH is 33.2 and FSH is 10.9 which also supports diagnosis of PCOS].

An obese lady presents with primary amenorrhea. She has high LH, normal FSH and slightly high prolactin levels. Choose the single most likely dx? a. PCOS b. POF c. Hypothyroidism d. Pregnancy e. Primary obesity

A. PCOS. [High LH, high or normal FSH with slight rise in prolactin levels in an obese lady is suggestive of PCOS].

A 28yo man presents with a maculopapular rash over his trunk and palms. He also has numerous mouth ulcers. He had a penile ulcer which healed 2wks ago. What will you do to confirm the dx? a. PCR for treponemal and non-treponemal antibiodies b. Dark ground microscopy from mouth ulcer c. Blood culture for treponema d. Dengue fever

A. PCR for treponomal and non-treponemal antibodies. [Non treponemal antibody test if positive indicate that there may be syphilis and it is not confirmatory alone. That is why treponemal antibody test should also be done to confirm it. On the other hand resolved disease may show negative treponemal test which is confirmed by positive non-treponemal test].

A baby born at 34 weeks with a heart murmur is kept in the incubator for almost 4 weeks. There is no murmur at discharge. What is the likely cause of this murmur? a. PDA b. TOF c. Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva d. Aorto-pulmonary septal defect e. AVM

A. PDA. As it is more common in premature baby! Management: indomethacin closes the connection in the majority of cases if associated with another congenital heart defect amenable to surgery then prostaglandin E1 is useful to keep the duct open until after surgical repair.

A 35yo lady who has been using IUCD for one year now complains of pelvic pain and heavy painful periods. Select the most likely cause leading to her symptoms? a. PID b. Endometriosis c. Adenomyosis d. Fibroids e. Asherman syndrome

A. PID. The given picture may have D/D of PID or fibroid. As IUCD is a risk factor for PID, it is the most likely diagnosis of given picture. Menorrhagia for fibroids are usually painless].

A 20yo young lady comes to the GP for advice regarding cervical ca. she is worried as her mother past away because of this. She would like to know what is the best method of contraception in her case? a. POP b. Barrier method c. IUCD d. COCP e. IUS

A. POP. Probably wrong key! Correct key should be B. Barrier method! [spermatozoa itself acts as a carcinogen!!! So barrier method is the best protection from the given option!!].

A 48yo lady presents with itching, excoriations, redness, bloody discharge and ulceration around her nipple. What is the most likely dx? a. Paget's disease of the breast b. Fibrocystic dysplasia c. Breast abscess d. Duct papilloma e. Eczema

A. Paget's disease of the breast.

A 60yo man brought to the ED with fx hip, he is deaf and has bilateral pedal edema. What is the single most probable dx? a. Paget's disease b. Osteoporotic fx vertebra c. Secondary d. Multiple myeloma e. Spondylosis

A. Paget's disease. [H/O deafness and evidence of heartfailure like pedal edema favours the diagnosis of Paget's disease].

A 23yo single male was brought to Emergency exhausted and frightened. His father tells you that his son, who was previously healthy, had, for no apparent reason, a sudden attack of fear, dizziness, sweating, palpitations and the feeling that his heart is going to stop beating. The symptoms started to decrease gradually after about 10 minutes. Which is the most likely dx? a. Panic attack b. Delirious state c. Alcohol withdrawal phenomena d. Social phobia

A. Panic attack. [a sudden feeling of acute and disabling anxiety; often fear of death].

A 25 yo woman has been feeling anxious and nervous for the last few months. She also complains of palpitations and tremors. Her symptoms last for a few minutes and are very hard to control. She tells you that taking alcohol initially helped her relieve her symptoms but now this effect is wearing off and she has her symptoms even after drinking alcohol. What is the dx? a. Panic disorder b. Depression c. OCD d. Alcohol addiction e. GAD

A. Panic disorder.

A child with a hx of asthma is brought to ED with a cut on knee and sprained on her left wrist. Which is the best analgesic for her? a. Paracetamol b. NSAIDs c. Cocodemol d. Ibuprofen

A. Paracetamol. [NSAIDs including ibuprofen can precipitate asthma and Cocodamol is also advised to avoid in asthma (due to its codeine content). So paracetamol is the best option here].

A pregnant woman presents with knee pain on movements. The pain becomes worse at the end of the day. Radiology shows decreased joint space. Labs: CRP=12. What is the 1st line med? a. Paracetamol b. NSAIDs c. Oral steroid d. Intra articular steroid e. DMARDs

A. Paracetamol. [Pain on movement, pain worse at end of day and decreased joint space are characteristic of osteoarthritis supported by no significant raise in inflammatory marker (CRP=12). 1st line medicine is paracetamol].

A 56 yo lady with lung cancer presents with urinary retention, postural hypotension, diminished reflexes and sluggish pupillary reaction. What is the most likely explanation for her symptoms? a. Paraneoplastic syndrome b. Progression of lung cancer c. Brain metastasis d. Hyponatremia e. Spinal cord compression

A. Paraneoplastic syndrome. [Features given are well known features of autonomic neuropathy which can be a result of paraneoplastic syndrome].

A 35yo woman presents with a swelling in the neck. The swelling has increased in size gradually over the last two years and the patient feels she has difficulty with breathing. Exam: mass measures 8cm by 10 cm, soft and not warm to touch. It moves with deglutition. Which is the most appropriate management of this mass? a. Partial thyroidectomy b. Oral thyroxine c. Oral propylthiouracil d. Excision biopsy

A. Partial thyroidectomy. [Gradually increased swelling in the neck which moves with deglutition is thyroid enlargement and as it is causing pressure symptom like difficulty in breathing a partial thyroidectomy should be performed].

A 38yo man presents with acute infection of skin in the leg. Dx of cellutitis has been made. What meds should be prescribed? a. Penicillin + Flucloxacillin b. Metronidazole + erythromycin c. Vancomycin + metronidazole d. Ceftriaxone + terbinafine e. Ceftriaxone + flucloxacillin

A. Penicillin + Flucloxacillin. [Cellulitis is usually caused by bacteria, such as staphylococci or streptococci that are commonly present on the skin. So Penicillin + Flucloxacillin should be given].

A primigravida in the 17th week of her symptomless gestation is found, on US, to have evidence of placental tissue covering the cervical os. By the end of her pregnancy she is likely to develop? a. Placental migration b. Uterine myoma c. Uterine rupture d. Choriocarcinoma e. Chorangioma f. Vasa previa g. Subplacental abruption placenta h. Subchorionic abruption placenta i. Placenta accrete j. Placenta previa

A. Placental migration. [In 90% of pregnancies, an initial low lying placenta will be pulled upwards by the growing uterus and assume a normal position in the upper segment. This phenomenon is referred to as Migration].

A 60 yo man has a pathological rib fx. He also complains of recurrent infection. BMA is done. Labs: Ca2+ = 3.9mmol/L and ALP = 127u/L. what type of cell would be found in abdundance in the marrow smear? a. Plasma cell b. Myeloid cell c. Bence-jones protein d. Megakaryocytes e. Reticulocytes

A. Plasma cell. The diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Points in favour: i) age 60 yrs ii) pathological rib fracture (from metastases) iii) recurrent infection (due to B cell dysfunction (manifested as hypogammaglobulinemia), numerical and functional abnormalities of T cells, and dysfunction of natural killer cells), iv) raised calcium level.

A 68yo male presented with swelling in the lower pole of the parotid gland for the last 10yrs. Exam: firm in consistency. What's the most probable dx? a. Pleomorphic adenoma b. Adenolymphoma c. Mikulicz's disease d. Parotiditis e. Frey's syndrome

A. Pleomorphic adenoma. [Pleomorphic adenoma (most common) - also called benign mixed tumour: is the most common tumour of the parotid gland and causes over a third of submandibular tumours. They are slow-growing and asymptomatic, having a malignant potentiality].

A 40yo pt came to OPD with complaint of fever, pleuritic chest pain, productive cough and painful vesicles around the lips. Exam: temp=38C. He has a hx of splenectomy last yr. What is the single most likely causative organism? a. Pneumococcal pneumonia b. Staphylococcus c. Klebsiella d. Streptococcus e. Chlamydia psitacci

A. Pneumococcal pneumonia. [painful vesicles around the lips is well known association of pneumococcal pneumonia. Also pleuritic chest pain and productive cough are present in pneumococcal pneumonia].

A 32yo man presented with painless hematuria. He is hypertensive but the rest of the exam is unremarkable. What is the most likely dx? a. Polycystic kidneys b. Ca bladder c. Ca prostate d. TTP e. HUS

A. Polycystic kidneys. [Painless haematuria at an younger age with hypertension is suggestive of polycystic kidney disease. Renal ultrasound is used to diagnose the condition].

A 70yo man presented with muscle weakness and inability to climb the stairs. Inv: CPK raised, ESR 15. What is the most likely dx? a. Polymyositis b. Polymyalgia rheumatic c. Reactive arthritis d. RS e. Duchenne's MD

A. Polymyositis. [Proximal muscle weakness (inability to climb the stairs) and raised CPK points towards polymyositis].

A 68yo man presents with muscle weakness. He is not able to climb stairs. He also complains of mild breathlessness. He says that he sometimes feels difficulty in swallowing food. Labs: ALP=216, AST=49, ALT=43, CK=417, ESR=16. What is the most likely dx? a. Polymyositis b. Polymyalgia rheumatic c. Muscular dystrophy d. Esophageal carcinoma e. Osteoarthritis

A. Polymyositis. [Proxymal myopathy (not able to climb stairs), mild breathlessness (involvement of thoracic muscles or interstitial lung disease), dysphagia due to involvement of the oropharyngeal striated muscles and upper oesophagus)and raised CK suggests the diagnosis of Polymyositis].

A 32yo man develops hematuria 2wks after a sore throat. What is the dx? a. Post infection nephritis b. IgA nephropathy c. Membranous nephritis d. Glomerulonephritis

A. Post infection nephritis. [Hematuria 2 wks after sorethroat indicate post infection nephritis while hematuria after few days of sorethroat indicate IgA nephropathy].

A 35yo female attempts suicide 10x. There is no hx of psychiatric problems and all neurological exams are normal. What is the best tx? a. Problem focused tx b. CBT c. Antipsychotic d. Antidepressant e. ECT

A. Problem focused tx. [patient is not psychotic and with normal neurology! So she may getting some problem in family life, finance, job or somewhere like this which she is not able to cope with and that is leading to her suicidal thoughts].

A pt underwent hip surgery. Later he presents with SOB and chest pain. What is the dx? a. Pulmonary embolism b. MI c. Tension pneumothorax d. Fat embolism e. None

A. Pulmonary embolism.

A 74yo lady called an ambulance for an acute chest pain. She has a hx of DM and HTN, and is a heavy smoker. Paramedics mentioned that she was overweight and recently immobile because of a hip pain. She collapsed and died in the ambulance. What is the most likely cause of death? a. Pulmonary embolism b. MI c. Stroke d. Cardiac arrhythmia e. Cardiac failure

A. Pulmonary embolism. [Immobilisation for hip pain is the clincher of pulmonary embolism here].

A 6wk child is brought in with vomiting, constipation and decreased serum K+. What is the dx? a. Pyloric stenosis b. Duodenal atresia c. Hirschsprung disease d. Achalasia cardia e. Tracheo-esophageal fistula

A. Pyloric stenosis. [why not duodenal atresia? Pyloric stenosis is much more commoner than duodenal atresia; in duodenal atresia the vomitus should contain bile, which is not the case in pyloric stenosis].

A pt was lying down on the operating table in a position with his arms hanging down for 3 hours. Soon after he woke up, he complains of numbness and weakness in that hand and has limited wrist movement/wrist drop and sensory loss over dorsum of that hand, weakness of extension of the fingers and loss of sensation at the web of the thumb. What structure is likely to be damaged? a. Radial nerve b. Median nerve c. Ulnar nerve d. Axillary nerve e. Suprascapular nerve

A. Radial nerve. [Here arm hanging down compressing the radial nerve at the spiral groove is the cause of given scenario].

A 75yo war veteran complains of loss of appetite and says he has lost weight over the past few months. He says that he has passed some blood in his urine, however, he had no pain. A recent report shows that PSA >5.5ng/ml. how will you manage this pt? a. Radical prostatectomy b. TURP c. Cryosurgery d. Brachytherapy e. Irradiation

A. Radical prostatectomy. This answer is controversial. [Though PSA is a bit higher than normal it is not confirmatory of carcinoma! But loss of appetite and weight loss are highly suggestive of cancer in this 75yrs old man. Active Surveillance is offered first for Low Gleason score. esp at age of 75. and any other treatment depending on extension of tumor will be offered after excluding mets].

A pt on HTN drugs develops hyperkalemia. Which anti-HTN is likely to cause it? a. Ramipril b. Lorsartan c. Thiazide d. Nifedipine e. Furosemide

A. Ramipril. [Both ramipril and losartan can cause hyperkalemia].

A 6wk baby has a blue mark near coccyx since birth. His mother is worried. What would you do? a. Reassure b. Coag profile c. Karyotyping d. Skeletal survey e. CT

A. Reassure. [This is a benign condition known as "Mongolian spot" or "Mongolian blue". Mongolian spot refers to a macular blue-gray pigmentation usually on the sacral area of healthy infants. Mongolian spot is usually present at birth or appears within the first weeks of life. Mongolian spot typically disappears spontaneously within 4 years but can persist for life].

A 16yo girl is admitted after taking a paracetamol OD 4 h ago. She has consumed large amounts of alcohol. Her plasma paracetamol conc is just below the conc that would suggest tx. What should be the tx option for her? a. Refer to psychiatry ward b. Refer to medical ward c. N-acetylcystine d. Serum plasma paracetamol e. No further investigation

A. Refer to psychiatry ward. [Short term acute alcohol consumption causes enzyme inhibition as in present case and even then paracetamol level is under tx level. So the patients drug level is in safe side but simultaneous drug overdose and alcohol consumption needs psychiatric evaluation and hence the option here is A].

A teenage girl who was 'fine' until her boyfriend said he didn't want the relationship anymore. She took 10 tablets of paracetamol in front of his mother after taking alcohol. What should you do? a. Refer to psychiatry b. Counselling c. GP to sort out family issues d. Return to work to relieve her anger

A. Refer to psychiatry. [1o tablets of paracetamol is not a life threatening toxic dose and simultaneous drug overdose and alcohol consumption needs psychiatric evaluation].

A 20yo student came to the OPD with complains of headache, malaise, dry cough, joint pain and vomiting. Exam: temp=39C. CXR: patchy consolidation. What is the single most likely causative organism? a. Pneumococcal pneumonia b. Mycoplasma c. Klebsiella d. Streptococcus e. PCP

B. Mycoplasma.

A child with T1DM who is not compliant with meds and eats a lot. He thinks that he is short in his class. He is not happy. What would you do next? a. Refer to psychologist b. Refer to pediatrician c. Refer to GP d. Refer to social services e. Change type of insulin

A. Refer to psychologist. [Not compliant with medicine, eating a lot, thinking of being short and being unhappy these are psychological issues. So he should be referred to psychologist].

A 35yo male typist who suffered a scaphoid fx was treated with a scaphoid cast. After 2wks when the cast was removed for a review XR, it was found that he had problems in moving the thumb, index and middle fingers. What would you suggest as the management for the recent prb? a. Release of flexor retinaculum b. Release of common flexor sheath c. Release of palmar sheath d. Ulnar nerve release e. Fasciotomy

A. Release of flexor retinaculum. [Now case of carpal tunnel syndrome (median nerve compression)].

A man undergoes a pneumonectomy. After surgery, invs show hyponatremia. What could be the cause of the biochemical change? a. Removal of hormonally active tumor b. Excess dextrose c. Excess colloid d. Excessive K+ e. Hemodilution

A. Removal of harmonically active tumour. [Ectopic ACTH secreting tumour causes hypernatremia and body's homeostatic mechanism try to lower the level of high sodium and do a lesser degree though sodium remains in hypernatremic level or even it may be normal (this question does not mention any preoperative hypernatremia). Removal of that tumour results in negative sodium balance for time being which results hyponatremia while gradually it tends to rise again to normal level].

A man developed intense pain after using the end of a pencil to scratch his inner ear. He took out the pencil from his ear and realized the end of the pencil with the rubber part is still stuck in his ear. What is the most appropriate management? a. Remove with a hook b. Instill olive oil c. Remove GA d. Remove with magnet instrument e. Do syringing

A. Remove with a hook. [Place a hook behind the object and pull it out].

A pt had inflammatory changes on cervical smear. There is no vaginal discharge, no pelvic pain and no fever. What is the next step? a. Repeat smear in 6m b. Take swab c. Treat with antibiotics d. Colposcopy e. Cone biopsy

A. Repeat smear in 6 months. [Ref: Samson notes].

A primipara at fullterm in labor has passed show and the cervix is 3cm dilated. What is the single most appropriate management for her labor? a. Repeat vaginal examination in 4h b. CTG c. IV syntocin drip d. Repeat vaginal examination in 2h e. Induction of labour

A. Repeat vaginal examination in 4h.

A child is dx with VUR. What would you tell his parents? a. Requires antibiotic prophylaxis b. Most will require surgery c. Most will have kidney scarring by 5yo d. Nothing can be done e. Reassure

A. Require antibiotic prophylaxis. [Practically it is established that majority of VUR will cure with time with prophylactic antibiotics and need no surgery! Only a minority needs surgery].

A 7yo school boy has been dx with meningococcal meningitis. What is the advice for schoolmates and staff? a. Rifampicin for the whole class and family b. Rifampicin for the whole school and family c. Meningococcal vaccine for the family d. Benzylpenicillin e. IV cefotaxime

A. Rifampicin for the whole class and family. [In contacts of meningococcal meningitis chemoprophylaxis is given with Rifampicin].

Pregnant lady had her antenatal screening for HIV and Hep B. what more antenatal inf should she be screened for? a. Rubella and syphilis b. Toxoplasma and rubella c. Syphilis toxoplasma d. Hep C & E e. Hep A & C

A. Rubella and syphilis.

A 65yo man presents with dyspnea 3d after an MI. On auscultation he has a pansystolic murmur at the apex radiating to the axilla. What is the most likely dx? a. Ruptured papillary muscle b. Ventricular aneurysm c. Pericarditis d. Pericardial effusion e. VSD

A. Ruptured papillary muscle. [Pansystolic murmur in apex radiating to axilla may be due to mitral regurgitation secondary to papillary muscle rupture].

A 51yo man had a MI a few days ago. He developed breathlessness. Echo was done and showed a pansystolic murmur. What can be the cause of this symptom? a. Ruptured papillary muscle b. Acute pericarditis c. Dresslers syndrome d. Malignant VT e. Ventricular aneurysm

A. Ruptured papillary muscle. [Papillary muscle rupture causes mitral regurgitation causing pancystolic murmur leading to features of heart failure like breathlessness].

A 42yo female had sudden severe headache and vomiting. She took paracetamol and then collapsed. What is the most likely dx? a. SAH b. Viral encephalitis c. Meningitis d. Anaphylaxis

A. SAH. [Sudden headache, vomiting, collapse are suggestive of SAH].

A 28yo man presents with a 2h hx of rapid palpitations. He feels a little light headed but is otherwise well. Exam: pulse=170bpm and regular, BP=100/68mmHg. He has had 2 similar episodes in the past. What is the most likely rhythm disturbance? a. SVT b. VF c. VT d. V-ectopics e. A-fib

A. SVT. [Palpitation, light headedness with a tachycardia of 170bpm that is regular are most likely a SVT].

A young man develops itching worse at night and following bathing. Exam: greysish white linear rash can be seen on the wrist and periumbilical area. What is the dx? a. Scabies b. Polycythemia c. Urticarial d. Atopic eczema e. Lichen planus

A. Scabies.

A 78yo male, DM and HTN, had a fall and since then is unable to walk. He presents with deformity and tenderness over the right hip area. XR=fx of femur neck. What is the single most associated nerve injury? a. Sciatic nerve b. Gluteal nerve c. Lateral peroneal nerve d. Tibial nerve e. Femoral nerve

A. Sciatic nerve. [Sciatic nerve injury though may occur but may not be very common!]

A 65yo man has incurable bronchial cancer. He is unable to cough up his secretions. This is leading to a distressing cough. Which of the following drugs is most likely to help him? a. Scopolamine b. Xanomeline c. Aceclidine d. Pilocarpine e. Cevimiline

A. Scopolamine. [Any secretory condition of lung is reduced and improved with scopolamine].

A 39yo woman presents with symptoms recurring annually characterized by depressed mood, being socially withdrawn hypersomnia, lack of enjoyment in life, last for several months. What is the most likely dx? a. Seasonal Affective Disorder b. Mod depression c. Dysthymia d. GAD e. Bipolar disorder

A. Seasonal Affective Disorder. [Depression associated with late autumn and winter and thought to be caused by a lack of light].

A 63yo lady with a BMI=32 comes to the ED with complaints of pigmentation on her legs. Exam: dilated veins could be seen on the lateral side of her ankle. Which of the following is involved? a. Short saphenous vein b. Long saphenous vein c. Deep venous system d. Popliteal veins e. Saphano-femoral junction

A. Short saphenous vein. [short saphenous vein travels lateral aspect of ankle while great or long saphenous vein travels medial aspect of ankle].

A woman complaining of diarrhea, abdominal pain and fatigue. All the tests are found to be normal. What is the cause? a. Somatization b. Conversion c. Hypochondriasis

A. Somatization. [Somatization disorder is patients presenting with any physical symptom and frequent medical visits in spite of negative investigations].

A 34yo IVDA (intravenous drug addict) presents with a 4m hx of productive cough. He has lost 10kgs. What is the single most appropriate inv? a. Sputum for AFB b. Laryngoscopy c. Bronchoscopy d. CT neck e. CXR

A. Sputum for AFB. [In IVDA immunity becomes low and easily gets infected with TB].

What is the pathological change in Barret's esophagitis? a. Squamous to columnar epithelium b. Columnar to squamous epithelium c. Dysplasia d. Metaplasia e. Hyperplasia

A. Squamous to columner epithelium.

A lady developed breast abscess after delivery. What is the most likely organism? a. Staph aureus b. Staph albus c. GBS d. Strep pyogenes e. Strep faecalis

A. Staphylococcus aureus.

A 68yo woman presents to the ED with confusion. Temp=39.3C and productive cough. Sputum is rusty colored after 2 days. CXR shows right lower lobe consolidation. What is the most likely organism? a. Streptococcus pneumonia b. Staphylococcus aureus c. Coxiella burnetti d. Mycoplasma pneumonia

A. Streptococcus pneumonia. [Typical presentation of streptococcal pneumonia].

A woman prv in good health presents with sudden onset of severe occipital headache and vomiting. Her only physical sign on exam is a stiff neck. Choose the most likely dx. a. Subarachnoid hemorrhage b. Subdural hematoma c. Cerebellar hemorrhage d. Migraine e. Cerebral embolus

A. Subarachnoid hemorrhage. [Sudden onset severe occipital headache and vomiting with stiffness makes the likely diagnosis to be subarachnoid hemorrhage].

A 40yo woman suddenly collapsed and died. At the post-mortem autopsy, it was found that there a bleed from a berry aneurysm from the circle of Willis. In which space did the bleeding occur? a. Subarachnoid b. Subdural c. Extradural d. Subparietal e. Brain ventricles

A. Subarachnoid.

A 14yo boy presents with recurrent abdominal pain, malaise and weight loss over 6m. Exam: vague mass is felt in RIF. Colonoscopy shows transmural inflammation and granulomata. What is the most appropriate management? a. Sulfasalazine b. Paracetamol c. Metronidazole d. Ibuprofen

A. Sulfasalazine. [Drug of 1st preference is Steroids, then immunosuppressants, then amynosalicylates (such as sulfasalazine). Metronidazole is used if there is infective complications like infected perianal fistula Ref: patient.info].

A child complains of RIF pain and diarrhea. On colonoscopy, granular transmural ulcers are seen near the ileo-cecal junction. What should be the management? a. Sulfasalazine b. Paracetamol c. Ibuprofen d. Metronidazole

A. Sulfasalazine. [Pain in RIF, diarrhea, granular transmural ulcers near the ileo-cecal junction points towards the diagnosis of Crohn's diseas (predominantly ileo-cecal type)].

A young anxious mother of a 10m boy comes to you and requests a test for CF. What is the most appropriate inv? a. Sweat test b. Heel prick test c. Breath test d. CXR

A. Sweat test. [The sweat test measures the concentration of chloride that is excreted in sweat. It is used to screen for cystic fibrosis (CF). Due to defective chloride channels, the concentration of chloride in sweat is elevated in individuals with cystic fibrosis].

A 29yo woman presents with lid lag, lid retraction and diplopia. What is the most appropriate next step? a. TFT b. Tensilon test c. Fundoscopy d. Autoantibodies e. EMG

A. TFT. [Features are suggestive of Grave's disease hence TFT].

A 12yo child with episodes of sudden bluish discoloration and brief loss of consciousness. Exam: clubbing, central cyanosis, systolic thrill with systolic ejection murmur in 2nd left ICS. What is the most probable dx? a. TOF b. ASD c. VSD d. PDA e. CoA

A. TOF. [TOF usually does not become symptomatic at birth or early infancy and given features (central cyanosis and clubbing with murmur of right ventricular outflow obstruction i.e. ejection systolic murmur in 2nd left ICS) are well known features of TOF]. [Tetralogy of fallot = 1. VSD + 2. Overriding of the aorta + Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction + Right ventricular hypertrophy]

A pt taking doxycycline complains of nausea, indigestion, abdominal pain and vomiting. What will you advise? a. Take it after meals b. Take it before meals c. Stop the drug d. Take antiacids e. Take antiemetic

A. Take it after meal.

A 23yo man has been stabbed in the back and has SOB. The trachea is not deviated, he has engorged neck veins and absent breath sounds on the right. What is the most appropriate dx? a. Tension pneumothorax b. Cardiac tamponade c. Simple pneumothorax d. Hemothorax e. Pleural effusion

A. Tension pneumothorax. Points in favour: i) Stab wound in the back ii) SOB iii) Engorged neck vein iv) Absent breath sound. These features are common for both hemothorax and tension pneumothorax and tracheal deviation is common to both! But chance of tension pneumothorax is more in stab wond and no tracheal deviation is controversial. This is probability of bad recall!!

A 35yo man with painless left testicular enlargement for the past 6m which is increasing in size and 3x larger than the right side. There is no tenderness or redness. What is the most likely dx? a. Testicular tumor b. Hydrocele c. Epididymal cyst d. Epididymo-orchitis e. Reassure

A. Testicular tumour. Doubtful key!! May be Hydrocele.

A man on antipsychotic meds develops features of retinitis pigmentosa. Which drug is most likely to cause these symptoms? a. Thioridazine b. Haloperidol c. Chlorpromazine d. Risperidone

A. Thioridazine. [Thioridazine and other antipsychotics (neuroleptics, dopaminergic antagonists) can cause degenerative retinopathies with histological, electrophysiological and symptomatological features similar to those of primary retinitis pigmentosa].

A 64yo man who was exposed to asbestos for 40yrs presents with weight loss and chest pain. The dx of mesothelioma has been made. He develops SOB and XR=pleural effusion. What is the most appropriate management? a. Thoracocenthesis b. Chest drain c. Radiation therapy d. Pneumonectomy e. Chemotherapy

A. Thoracocentasis. [As mesothelioma responds very poor to chemotherapy and life expentancy is also very poor Thoracocentasis is the appropriate procedure to improve patients distress (when it becomes more resistant then chest drain)].

A 24yo 18wk pregnant lady presents with pain in her lower abdomen for the last 24h. She had painless vaginal bleeding. Exam: abdomen is tender, os is closed. What is the most probable dx? a. Threatened miscarriage b. Inevitable miscarriage c. Incomplete miscarriage d. Missed miscarriage e. Spontaneous miscarriage

A. Threatened miscarriage. [gestational age 18 weeks, lower abdominal pain, tender abdomen, closed os and painless vaginal bleeding indicates threatened abortion].

A 28yo shipyard worker was admitted for pain in calf while at work which has been increasing over the last 3m. There is no hx of HTN or DM but he is a smoker. Exam: loss of posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis pulsation along with a non-healing ulcer at the base of the right 1st MTP joint. What is the most probably dx? a. Thromboangitis obliterans b. Sciatica c. DVT d. Baker's cyst e. Embolus

A. Thromboangitis obliterans. Ans. 2. i) young age ii) smoker iii) pain in cuff iv) loss of posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis pulsation v) non-healing ulcer at the base of the right 1st MTP joint all are suggestive of Buerger's disease.

A middle aged man with a lump in front of his neck which moves up while he's swallowing. US shows a mass replacing the left lobe of thyroid. And spread to the sternocleidomastoid and adjacent muscles. What is the most probable dx? a. Thyroid ca b. Pharyngeal pouch c. Bronchus ca d. Thyroid cyst e. Larynx ca

A. Thyroid Ca.

Which of the following is NOT a physiological change during pregnancy? a. Tidal volume 500ml b. RBC vol 1.64L c. Cardiac output 6.5L/min d. Uterus weight 1.1kg e. ESR up by 4x

A. Tidal volume 500 ml.

A 72yo male who is a regular smoker has come to the ED with complaints of loss of weight and loss of appetite. He also complains of odynophagia. Exam: actively bleeding ulcer on right tonsil. What is the most appropriate dx? a. Tonsillar ca b. Vincent's angina c. Irritant ingestion d. Paracoccidiodmycosis e. Herpes simplex infection

A. Tonsillar ca.

A 78yo nursing home resident is revived due to the development of an intensely itchy rash. Exam: white linear lesions are seen on the wrists and elbows and red papules are present on the penis. What is the most appropriate management? a. Topical permethrin b. Referral to GUM clinic c. Topical betnovate d. Topical ketoconazole e. Topical selenium sulphidehyosine

A. Topical permathrine. [The intensely itchy rash, scratch marks and burrows on wrist and elbow red papules on penis are suggestive of scabies. Topical permethrine are used to treat it].

A 6m infant has breast milk jaundice. He is otherwise feeding well and is not dehydrated. What would his LFTs look like? a. Total bilirubin:40, conjugated bilirubin<5% b. Total bilirubin:300, conjugated bilirubin 85% c. Total bilirubin:500, conjugated bilirubin>85% d. Total bilirubin:400, conjugated bilirubin<85%

A. Total bilirubin:40, conjugated bilirubin<5%. [Brest milk jaundice is characterized by indirect hyperbilirubinemia].

A 42yo woman who smokes 20 cigarettes/d presents with complains of heavy bleeding and prolonged menstrual period. What is the most appropriate tx for her? a. Tranexemic acid b. COCP c. Mefenemic acid d. IUCD e. Norethisterone

A. Tranexemic acid.

A lady came for OBGYN assessment unit with hx of 8wk pregnancy and bleeding per vagina for last 2 days. On bimanual exam, uterus =8wks in size. On speculum exam, cervical os is closed. How do you confirm the viability of the fetus? a. Transvaginal US b. Serum BHCG c. Urinary BHCG d. Abdominal US e. Per speculum exam

A. Transvaginal US. [Viability of the fetus is better assessed with transvaginal US. TVU can be done throught pregnancy. It should be avoided once the membrane is ruptured to avoid chance of fetal infection].

A 42yo woman with a PMH of severe headache treated in the ED presents with signs and symptoms of renal failure. She has been seen by her GP for HTN and abdominal pain with OP inv pending. Which inv is most likely to lead to a dx? a. US KUB b. CT brain c. IVU d. Renal artery Doppler e. Renal biopsy

A. US KUB. [Hypertension, abdominal pain and features of renal failure indicates the diagnosis of ADPKD for which the diagnosis is best made by US KUB].

A 55yo man has had severe pain in the right hypochondrium for 24h. The pain comes in waves and is accompanied by nausea. Nothing seems to relieve the pain. He feels hot and sweaty but has normal temp. What is the most appropriate next inv? a. US Abdomen b. ERCP c. MRCP d. Serum amylase e. UGI endoscopy

A. US abdomen. The diagnosis is biliary colic. Points in favour- i) severe right hypochondrial pain. ii) colicky nature of the pain (comes in waves) iii) nausea iv) absence of fever iv) absence of jaundice. [OHCM, 9th edition, page-637].

A 60yo man presents with severe colicky pain from his right flank radiating to his groin. His urinalysis reveals trace blood cells. What is the single most discrimatory inv? a. US abdomen b. XR KUB c. Colonoscopy d. Upper GI endoscopy e. Laproscopy

A. US abdomen. [Features are of ureteric colic. X-ray KUB may miss radiolucent stones so US abdomen is the discriminatory inv].

A child presents with increasing jaundice and pale stools. Choose the most appropriate test? a. US abdomen b. Sweat test c. TFT d. LFT e. Endomyseal antibodies

A. US abdomen. [This is a picture suggestive of obstructive jaundice. LFT can give clue like much raised bilirubin, AST and ALT not that high and raised alkaline phosphatase but still USG is diagnostic in case of obstructive jaundice].

A pt came to the ED with severe lower abdominal pain. Vitals: BP=125/85mmHg, Temp=38.9C. Exam: abdomen rigid, very uncomfortable during par vaginal. She gave a past hx of PID 3 years ago which was successfully treated with antibiotics. What is the appropriate inv? a. US b. Abdomen XR c. CT d. High vaginal e. Endocervical swab

A. US. [Patient had previous PID. Current symptoms of severe cervical motion tenderness with significant rise of temperature is very much suggestive of pelvic abscess].

A 27yo man presents with abdominal pain. He says his urine is dark. Exam: BP=160/105mmHg. What is the most appropriate inv? a. US b. Renal biopsy c. CT d. Urine protein e. Urine microscopy

A. US. [Abdominal pain, Dark urine (hematuria) and hypertension suggests ADPKD. The sensitivity of ultrasonography for ADPKD1 is 99% for at-risk patients older than 20 years].

A young lady who is 28wks pregnant presents with vaginal bleeding. She has lost about 200ml of blood. Exam: uterus is tender. Resuscitation has been done. What is the most imp inv to establish the dx? a. US b. CT c. D-dimer d. Clotting profile e. None

A. US. [Antepartum hemorrhage. Most important investigation to establish the dx is US].

A 2yo child presents with severe vomiting. Exam: mass felt in abdomen. What inv is most appropriate? a. US b. XR c. CT d. CBC

A. US. [The question is incomplete and is not suitable for further discussion with such little info].

A 29yo at 38wks GA presents with a 2h hx of constant abdominal pain. She then passes 100ml of blood per vagina. What is the next appropriate inv? a. USS b. CTG c. Clotting screen d. Hgb e. Kleihauer Betke test

A. USS. [Ultrasonogram scan can detect placental abrubtion and fetal heart beat as well. So it is the preferred key over CTG].

A 75yo alcoholic presents with a mass up to umbilicus, urinary dribbling, incontinence, and clothes smelling of ammonia. What is the next step in management? a. Urethral catheter b. Suprapubic catheter c. Antibiotics d. Condom catheter e. Nephrostomy

A. Urethral catheter. Alcohol consumption [Alcoholism can cause urinary retention but it is a less common cause of retention].

A young boy has acute scrotal pain for a few hours. Exam: one testis is very painful to touch. He had this kind of pain before but it was mild and resolved itself within 30mins. What would you do next? a. Urgent exploration b. US c. Antibiotics d. IV fluids e. Doppler US

A. Urgent exploration. [As sudden onset of severe pain likely diagnosis is torsion of testis. (infection takes a more prolonged course). Next step is urgent exploration].

A child was admitted with fever, generalized skin lesion, some of them are weeping lesions and some of them are crusted. What is the most probable dx? a. Varicella b. Impetigo c. Drug reaction d. Contact dermatitis e. Scabies

A. Varicella. [Please consider dx of impetigo if specifically mention honey (or yellow or golden) coloured lesion or distribution described to be on face and limbs predominately. Otherwise consider chickenpox. Though key is impetigo here, it is wrong key. Likely correct option here is varicella].

A 70yo man presents with a fluctuant swelling of the scrotum which feels like worms when he is standing but regresses when he lies down. What is the most probable dx? a. Varicocele b. Hematocele c. Testicular ca d. Epidydimal cyst e. Saphena varix

A. Varicocele. [Fluctuant swelling of the scrotum which feels like worms are suggestive of varicocele].

A 78yo man is depressed after his wife's death. He has been neglecting himself. His son found him in a miserable state when he went to visit. The son can't deal with his father. What is the appropriate management? a. Voluntary admission to psychiatry ward b. Hand over to social worker c. Request son to move in with father d. Send pt to care home

A. Voluntary admission to psychiatry ward. [This is much too a controversial question!! Patient is neglecting himself and is in a measerable state. His son can't deal with the patient! So it seems impossible for care home staff to deal with him and social worker as well. If son move in with father will be of no benefit as he can not deal with the patient. So voluntary admission to psychiatry ward is the only option to which we can look but still with doubt as whether he is able to understand or give consent for voluntary admission. Even though A seems to be the likely option!!]

A 64yo man has presented to the ED with a stroke. CT shows no hemorrhage. ECG shows atrial fib. He has been thrombolysed and he's awaiting discharge. What prophylactic regimen is best for him? a. Warfarin b. Heparin c. Aspirin d. Statins e. Beta blockers

A. Warfarine. [Atrial fibrillation: post stroke- following a stroke or TIA warfarine should be given as the anticoagulant of choice. NICE guideline].

A woman 5 days post-op for bilateral salphingo-oopherectomy and abdominal hysterectomy has developed abdominal pain and vomiting a/w abdominal distension and can't pass gas. No bowel sounds heard, although well hydrated. What is the most appropriate next step? a. XR abdomen b. Exploratory laparoscopy c. CT d. USG e. Barium enema

A. X-ray abdomen. The diagnosis is paralytic ileas. Causes of paralytic ileus: i) electrolyte imbalance ii) gastroenteritis iii) appendicitis iv) pancreatitis v) surgical complications and vi) certain drugs. Management of paralytic ileus: i) nil by mouth ii) nasogastric suction to alleviate the distension and remove the obstruction.

A 24yo woman has 8wk amenorrhea, right sided pelvic pain and vaginal bleeding. She is apyrexial. Peritonism is elicited in the RIF. Vaginal exam reveals right sided cervical excitation. What is the most probable dx? a. Ectopic pregnancy b. Salpingitis c. Endometriosis d. Ovarian torsion e. Ovarian tumor

A. [Salpingitis, Endometriosis, overian torsions do not associated with amenorrhoea. In ovarian tumour three main features are i) increased abdominal size and persistent bloating (not bloating that comes and goes) ii) persistent pelvic and abdominal pain iii) difficulty eating and feeling full quickly, or feeling nauseous. Patient with pelvic pain and vaginal bleeding, peritonism and cervical exitation obviously points towards Ectopic pregnancy].

A 37yo female working as a healthcare assistant in a nursing home comes to the ED with complaints of severe itching all over her body. On asking she replies that she had applied cream on the body of a resident in the nursing home who had similar itches. What is the mechanism of itching? a. Allergic reaction b. Inflammation of keratinocytes c. Allergic reaction developed due to use of topical steroid creams d. Subcutaneous bleeding e. None

A. allergic reaction.

A 7yo is brought by his mother who says that he was well at birth but has been suffering from repeated chest and GI infections since then. She also says that he is not growing well for this age. What is the likely condition of this child? a. CF b. SCID c. Primary Tcell immunodeficiency d. Primary Bcell immunodeficiency e. Malabsorption

A. cystic fibrosis. CF involved in production of sweat, respiratory mucous, digestive fluid and mucous. These secretion becomes thick than normal predisposing to lung and GI infections since birth.

A 5month child can't speak but makes sounds. She can hold things with palm, not fingers. Can't sit independently but can hold her hand and sit when propped up against pillows. How's the childs development? a. Normal b. Delayed speech c. Delayed sitting d. Delayed motor development

A. normal

A 24yo pt presented with anaphylactic shock. What would be the dose of adrenaline? a. 0.5ml of 1:1000 b. 0.5ml of 1:10000 c. 1ml of 1:500 d. 5ml of 1:1000 e. 0.05ml of 1:100

A. o.5 ml of 1:1000. [in cardiac arrest 1 ml of 1:1000 iv].

A 75yo man presents with Bell's palsy. His PMH is significant for late onset asthma and heart failure. He also reports to have consulted his GP for generalized rash prv. CXR: multiple soft shadows and CBC: eosinophilia. What is the single most likely positive antibody? a. P ANCA b. C ANCA c. Anti Ro d. Anti DS DNA e. Anti centromere

A. p-ANCA. [The dx is Charg Strauss Syndrome (CSS). There are six criteria for dx of CSS: 1. Asthma (wheezing, expiratory rhonchi). 2. Eosinophilia of more than 10% in peripheral blood. 3. Paranasal sinusitis. 4. Pulmonary infiltrates (may be transient). 5. Histological confirmation of vasculitis with extravascular eosinophils. 6. Mononeuritis multiplex or polyneuropathy.

A 51yo woman complains of difficulty swallowing and also reddish dots on her skin. A pic of her hand is seen. What is the most appropriate term for the condition you would expect to see? a. Sclerodactyly b. RA c. Swan neck deformity d. Polydactyly e. Ulnar deformity

A. sclerodactyly. [Patient is suffering from crest syndrome, sclerodactyly its one of the features].

A 5m baby present with recurrent vomiting. Mother noticed some of the vomitus is blood stained. Choose the single most likely inv? a. Upper GI endoscopy b. Barium meal c. US d. Colonoscopy e. CT abdomen

A. upper GI endoscopy.

A new born baby is borught with pansystolic murmur at sternal border but the baby is not cyanosed. What is the dx? a. VSD b. ASD c. TOF d. PDA

A. ventricular septal defect. [Pancystolic murmur in sternal border without cyanosis is indicative of VSD].

A 54yo man has recently been dx with moderate depression. He has hx of MI and is suffering from insomnia. What is the drug of choice for him? a. Citalopram b. Lofepramine c. ECT d. Haloperidol e. Diazepam

A.Citalopram. [Sertraline is the drug of choice in post MI as citalopram may be a risk factor for precipitating torsades-de-pointes. But if sertraline is not in option second choice is citalopram and where SSRIs are not suitable next choice is mirtazapine].

A 4yo girl has had a temp=38.5C for 2days and has not wanted to eat her food. Yesterday she developed a sore throat and small, painful ulcers inside her mouth. Today she has small blisters on the palms of her hands and soles of her feet which are painful but not itchy. What is the SINGLE most likely underlying cause? a. Coxsackie virus b. Herpes simplex virus c. Staphylococcus aureus d. Streptococcus pneumonia e. Varicella zoster virus

A: coxsakie virus Patient is suffering from HFMD (Hand,Foot and Mouth Disease) • HFMD is due to an infection that usually causes a typical illness, including a typical rash. It is most commonly caused by the Coxsackie A16 virus • HFMD most commonly affects children under 10 years of age • This might include a high temperature (fever). After this, a sore throat commonly occurs, quickly followed by small spots that develop inside the mouth. These soon progress into small mouth ulcers • In many cases, spots also develop on the skin. This is typically a day or so after the mouth ulcers develop. The spots are small lumps that are a few millimetres in diameter and usually appear on the hands and feet, they are not usually itchy but sometimes they can be a little bit sore. Treatment: • There is no treatment that will take away the virus

A 4yo boy has the sudden onset of bone pain. He begins experiencing bleeding of his gums and frequent bloody noses. His mother takes him to his pediatrician. Exam: he is pale and has numerous petechiae over his body, with lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. He has WBC=100,000mm and numerous circulating blast cells. He is admitted to the hospital. A bone marrow biopsy=35% blast cells. Which of the following is most likely? a. Mantle cell lymphoma b. Infectious lymphocytosis c. Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia d. CML e. CLL f. Burkitt lymphoma g. ALL h. Mycosis fungoides i. Hairy cell leukemia j. AML

AML. [THIS IS AN ACUTE EMERGENCY IN AML. Leukostatsis causing bone pain. Other s/s are suggestive of AML short Hx, wbc 100000, petechiae, with lymphadenopathy, very high blast cell count and hepatosplenomegaly].

A 20yo lady is suffering from fever and loss of appetite. She has been dx with toxoplasmosis. What is the tx? a. Pyrimethamine b. Pyrimethamine + sulfadiazine c. Clindamycin d. Spiramycin e. Trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole

B. Pyrimethamine + sulfadiazine.

The dx cells of Hodgkin disease are: a. T-cells b. R-S cells c. B-cells d. Macrophages e. Auer rods

B. R-S cells. [Diagnostic cell in Hodgkins disease is Reed-Sternberg cells].

A known DM was admitted with sudden LOC. What is the initial inv? a. CT scan b. RBS c. MRI d. ECG e. ABG

B. RBS. [In unconsciousness in diabetics, first hypoglycemia should be excluded by doing RBS].

A 30yo woman has PID which was treated with metronidazole and cephalosporin. It is getting worse. What is the next best inv? a. Endocervical swab b. US c. Laparotomy d. High vaginal swab

B. US. [Probable tubo-ovarian abscess].

A 30yo schizophrenic female attacks her mother believing that aliens have replaced her with an exact double. What condition is she suffering from? a. Capgras syndrome b. Ganser syndrome c. Todd syndrome d. Fregoli syndrome e. Cotard syndrome

Ans. Capgras Syndrome. [Capgras syndrome is an irrational belief that a familiar person or place has been replaced by a duplicate. Ganser syndrome is a fictitious disorder in which a patient deliberately acts as if he has a physical or mental illness when he doesn't have it. Todd syndrome/Alice In Wonderland syndrome/Lilliputian syndrome is a disorienting neurological condition affecting human perception of size, shape and time. Fregoli syndrome is a delusion of doubles, a delusional belief that different ppl are infact a single person in disguise or change appearance. Cotard's syndrome/Nihilistic delusions is 'walking corpse syndrome', the person think they are dead or that one of their organs has stopped functioning].

A 67yo man presents with palpitations. ECG shows an irregular rhythm and HR=140bpm. He is otherwise stable, BP=124/80mmHg. What is the most appropriate management? a. Bisoprolol b. ACEi c. Ramipril d. Digoxin

Ans. The key is A. Bisoprolol. [In acute AF (<48h) if stable rate control by verapamil 40-120mg/8hourly po or bisoprolol 2.5-5mg/d po. In chronic AF (>48h) rate control with beta-blocker or rate limiting CCB; OHCM, 9th edition, page-124].

INR:Normal, APTT:Elevated, Thrombin time:Elevated, Plt count:Normal, Bleeding time: Normal. A likely aetiology is? a. Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia b. Heparin c. Sézary cell leukaemia d. Pelger-Hüet anomaly e. von Willebrand's disease f. Haemophilia g. HIV infection h. DIC i. Acanthocytosis j. Vit K deficiency

Ans: Heparin

A 65yo woman complaining of symptoms suggestive of Raynaud's phenomenon and difficulty in swallowing. Exam: painful lesions on her finger tips and facial telangiectasis. What is the single most likely positive antibody? a. Anti Jo1 b. Anti Scl 70 c. Anti Ro d. Anti ds DNA e. Anti centromere

Anti-Centromere (E) Reason: Anti-centromere antibody would be present in CREST syndrome which is also called Limited scleroderma. Features of given case are consistent with CREST syndrome and hence the answer is E. Anti centromere antibody].

A man presents with outward deviation of his right eye and diplopia. Which nerve is affected? a. Left trochlear b. Left oculomotor c. Right trochlear d. Right abducens e. Right oculomotor

As in oculomotor nerve lesion there is ipsilateral symptoms so the correct answer is E. Right oculomotor.

A 46yo woman has gained weight. She has sensitivity to cold. Her pulse = regular at 50bpm and heart=enlarged. What is the single most likely underlying mechanism for this condition a. Autoimmune b. Degenerative c. Congenital d. Infective e. Nutritional

Autoimmune hypothyroidism. [The most common cause of hypothyroidism in UK is autoimmune hypothyroidism. In developing countries it is often nutritional (iodine deficiency).The diagnosis is autoimmune hypothyroidism (in hypothyroidism heart is often gets enlarged)].

A 4yo boy presents with fever, severe ear ache, vomiting and anorexia. He also has mod tonsillitis. Exam: tympanic membrane bulging. He came to the GP a few days ago and was dx with URTI. What is the most appropriate dx? a. OE b. Acute OM c. Serous otitis d. Chronic suppurative OM e. Mastoiditis

B. Acute OM. [High fever, severe earache, vomiting, bulging tympanic membrane and H/O associated URTI is highly suggestive of acute OM].

A 26yo lady came with abdominal pain, vaginal discharge and low grade fever. What is the most likely dx? a. HELLP syndrome b. Acute PID c. Ectopic pregnancy d. Appendicitis

B. Acute PID.

A 32yo woman presents with hx of lower abdominal pain and vaginal discharge. She had her menses 4wk ago. She has a temp of 38.6C. What is the most suitable dx? a. Acute appendicitis b. Acute PID c. Endometriosis d. Ectopic pregnancy e. UTI

B. Acute PID. [Fever, lower abdominal pain and vaginal discharge are features of PID].

A 15yo girl was admitted with anemia, chest infection and thrombocytopenia. She was treated and her symptoms had regressed. She was brought again with fever and the same symptoms a few days later. She also seems to have features of meningitis. What is the most likely dx? a. AML b. ALL c. Aplastic anemia d. CML e. CLL

B. ALL. [The age supports the diagnosis of ALL along with the given picture. Same picture can happen in aplastic anaemia but there is not a single factor mentioned in favour of it. So ALL can be taken as best option in the given scenario].

In lyme disease, which complication is most likely to lead to collapse? a. Dilated CM b. AV block c. Mild encephalitis d. Meningitis e. Myocarditis

B. AV block.

A 23yo woman with painless vaginal bleeding at 36wks pregnancy otherwise seems to be normal. What should be done next step? a. Vaginal US b. Abdominal US c. Vaginal exam d. Reassurance

B. Abdominal US. This is a wrong key. The correct key is A. Vaginal US.[Painless vaginal bleeding at 36 weeks indicates the diagnosis of placenta previa, which can be better evaluated by vaginal US].

DM man feels hot, painful lump near the anal region. What is the most probable dx? a. Anal fissure b. Abscess c. Hematoma d. Wart e. External hemorrhoids

B. Abscess. [DM patients are much prone to infection].

A 45yo man has undergone detox and now wants a drug to stop him from craving alcohol. What med would be that drug of choice? a. Disulfiram b. Acamprosate c. Thiamine d. Naloxone e. Diazepam

B. Acamprosate. [Disulfirum is a deterrent which does not reduce craving. Acramposate by restoring deranged brain chemical reduces craving].

A 60yo is on tx for IHD, HTN and hyperlipidemia. During the night he complains of wheeze and SOB. Which of the following meds is responsible for that? a. Amlodipine b. Atenolol c. Ramipril d. Simvastatin e. Bendroflumethiazide

B. Atenolol. [Asthma can be precipitated by beta blockers].

A man presents with muffled hearing and feeling of pressure in ear with tinnitus and vertigo. He also complains of double vision when looking to the right. What is the most appropriate dx? a. Meniere's disease b. Acoustic neuroma c. Acute labyrinthytis d. Meningioma e. Otosclerosis

B. Acoustic neuroma. Hearing loss, feeling of pressure in the ear with tinnitus, vertigo and involvement of cranial nerve i.e. right abducent nerve are suggestive of acoustic neuroma.

A 1yo child is brought to ED. He woke up in the middle of the night crying severely. What initial measure should be taken for this child? a. Refer to surgeon b. Discharge with advice c. Analgesia d. Antibiotic

C. Analgesia.

A 34yo woman is referred to the endocrine clinic with a hx of thyrotoxicosis. At her 1st appointment she is found to have a smooth goiter, lid lag and bilateral exophthalmos with puffy eyelids and conjunctival injection. She wants to discuss the tx of her thyroid prb as she is keen to become pregnant. What is the most likely tx you would advise? a. 18m of carbimazole alone b. 18m of PTU alone c. A combo od anti-thyroid drug and thyroxine d. Radioactive iodine e. Thyroidectomy

B. 18m of PTU alone. Ans. 2. Other drug option i.e Carbimazole is teratogenic [can cause i) spina bifida ii) cardiovascular malformations, hypospadius etc] if become pregnant. PTU is on the other hand relatively safe in pregnancy.

Healthy parents have 2 children, a child with CF and a healthy child. They want to have another child. What are the chances of that child being a carrier? a. 1:4 b. 1:2 c. 2:3 d. 1:8 e. 1:16

B. 1:2. [As the parents have a child with cystic fibrosis and they are healthy both of them are carrier. It is an autosomal recessive disease where if both parents are carrier mode of inheritence is as follows: Chance of being healthy child 1:4, Chance of being diseased 1:4 and chance of being carrier 1:2].

A 39yo woman will undergo tubal sterilization and she wants to know the failure rate of this type of sterilization. a. 1:50 b. 1:200 c. 1:500 d. 1:1000 e. 1:5000

B. 1:200.

A 2yo boy presented with gradual swelling of feet and poor feeding. He has gained weight and has dark urine. What is the single most appropriate inv? a. Serum albumin (2nd) b. 24h urinary protein (1st) c. Serum calcium d. BUE e. Serum glucose

B. 24 hr urinary protein. [A case of nephritic syndrome. So the single most appropriate investigation from the given options is 24 hour urinary protein].

A woman presents with hx of falls, becomes pale and clumsy. She is hypertensive and takes atenolol, bendroflumethiazide and amlodipine. What inv is needed? a. 24h ECG b. 24h BP monitoring c. ECG d. Echo e. CT head

B. 24h BP monitoring. [All these drugs (particularly prolonged use of thiazide and amlodipine) are well established cause of postural hypotension. So 24 hour BP monitoring should be done].

A 32yo lady complains that she hears everyone saying that she is an evil person. What type of hallucinations is she suffering from? a. 2nd person auditory hallucinations b. 3rd person auditory hallucinations c. Echo de la pense d. Gedankenlautwerden

B. 3rd person auditory hallucinations. [Third person hallucinations are auditory hallucinations in which patients hear voices talking about themselves, referring to them in the third person, for example "he is an evil person".].

A 42yo woman reports to the surgeon that she is worried about a lump that she feels the right breast. The surgeon observes a 2 cm by 3 cm mass in the right lower quadrant of the breast. There are no associated skin changes and the mass has limited mobility. There is no discharge from the nipple. There is no axillary lymph node enlargement. Examination of the left breast and axilla was completely normal. A mammogram report suggests the presence of microcalcifications. Which is the most appropriate next step in the management of this pt? a. Observation for one year and repeat the mammography b. A needle-guided biopsy of the breast c. Excision biopsy of the breast d. Partial mastectomy

B. A needle-guided biopsy of the breast.

A 67yo female presents with balance prbs. Exam: nystagmus on left lateral gaze, a loss of the left corneal reflex and reduced hearing in the left ear. What is the most likely dx? a. Meniere's disease b. Acoustic neuroma c. Cerebral abscess d. Pituitary tumor e. Gentamicin

B. Acoustic neuroma. [nystagmus, loss of corneal reflex, hearing loss, balance problem are well known feature of acoustic neuroma].

A pt with sudden severe eye pain, red eye, visual blurring, acuity of only finger counting, nausea, vomiting with a shallow ant chamber that is hazy on shining a torch. What is the dx? a. CRVO b. Acute closed angle glaucoma c. Uveitis d. Iritis e. Open angle glaucoma

B. Acute closed angle glaucoma. [Sudden severe eye pain, red eye, visual blurring, acuity of only finger counting, nausea, vomiting, shallow anterior chamber that is hazy on shining torch are all classic presentation of acute closed angle glaucoma].

A 40yo man has pain, redness and swelling over the nasal end of his right lower eyelid. The eye is watery with some purulent discharge. The redness extends on to the nasal peri-orbital area and mucoid discharge can be expressed from the lacrimal punctum. What is the single most appropriate clinical dx? a. Acute conjunctivitis b. Acute dacrocystitis c. Acut iritis d. Retrobulbar neuritis e. Scleritis

B. Acute dacrocystitis.

A 5yo child complains of sore throat and earache. He is pyrexial. Exam: tonsils enlarged and hyperemic, exudes pus when pressed upon. What is the single most relevant dx? a. IM b. Acute follicular tonsillitis c. Scarlet fever d. Agranulocytosis e. Acute OM

B. Acute follicular tonsillitis. [Tonsillitis is usually caused by a viral infection or, less commonly, a bacterial infection. The given case is a bacterial tonsillitis (probably caused by group A streptococcus). There are four main signs that tonsillitis is caused by a bacterial infection rather than a viral infection. They are: • a high temperature • white pus-filled spots on the tonsils • no cough • swollen and tender lymph nodes (glands).

A pt presented with jaundice, fever and upper abdominal pain within 24h after removal of gallstone by ERCP. The cholangiography was done and it was patent. What is the possible cause of his complaints? a. Biliary infection b. Acute pancreatitis c. Perforation

B. Acute pancreatitis. [Though biliary infection is possible but acute pancreatitis is more common complication of ERCP and absence of any obstruction (stone or tumour which helps biliary infection to occur) makes cholangitis less likely].

A 32yo woman of 38wks gestation complains of feeling unwell with fever, rigors and abdominal pains. The pain was initially located in the abdomen and was a/w urinary freq and dysuria. The pain has now become more generalized specifically radiating to the right loin. She says that she has felt occasional uterine tightening. CTG is reassuring. Select the most likely dx? a. Acute fatty liver of pregnancy b. Acute pyelonephritis c. Roung ligament stretching d. Cholecystitis e. UTI

B. Acute pyelonephritis. [Fever, rigor, abdominal pain a/w frequency and dysurea and radiation to the rt loin suggests rt sided pyelonephritis].

A 24yo woman known to be suffering from panic disorder presents to the hospital with tingling and numbness in her fingers. ABG: pH=7.52, PCO2=2.2kPa, PO2=11kPa, Bicarb=20. What is the most likely condition? a. Acute metabolic alkalosis b. Acute resp alkalosis c. Compensated resp alkalosis d. Compensated metabolic acidosis e. Acute metabolic acidosis

B. Acute respiratory alkalosis. [In panic attack there occurs hyperventilation which causes washout of CO2 and leads to acute respiratory alkalosis resulting in raised pH >7.45 (here 7.52), low PCO2 (here 2.2 kPa) with compensatory decrease in HCO3 (here 20meq/l)].

A 28yo man presents with rapid pounding in the chest. He is completely conscious throughout. The ECG was taken (SVT). What is the 1st med to be used to manage this condition? a. Amiodarone b. Adenosine c. Lidocaine d. Verapamil e. Metoprolol

B. Adenosine. [Management of SVT: i) vagal manoeuvres (carotid sinus message, valsalva manoeuvre) transiently increase AV-block, and unmask the underlying atrial rhythm. If unsuccessful then the first medicine used in SVT is adenosine, which causes transient AV block and works by i) transiently slowing ventricles to show the underlying atrial rhythm ii) cardioverting a junctional tachycardia to sinus rhythm. OHCM].

A 7yo boy presents with his mother to GP surgery. His mother describes he had presented this since 3wks ago. He had not experienced any trauma. No other symptoms a/w the condition. Exam: non tender swollen ankles bilaterally. There is no rash or lesion. He is otherwise well. Which single test would be the best as an initial assessment? a. Plasma electrolytes b. Albumin c. Total serum protein d. Anti-streptolysin

B. Albumin. [Likely cause of ankle oedema from hypoalbuminema].

A 22yo woman with longstanding constipation has severe ano-rectal pain on defecation. Rectal exam: impossible due to pain and spasm. What is the most probable dx? a. Anal hematoma b. Anal fissure c. Anal abscess d. Protalgia fugax e. Hemorrhoids

B. Anal fissure.

A 75yo man on digoxin develops weakness in the right upper and lower limbs which resolves within a few hours. What is the most definitive inv for this condition? a. Carotid Doppler b. Angiography c. CT head d. Digoxin level

B. Angiography. Probably wrong key! Correct key is C. CT head. [Patient on digoxin means he is being yreated for atrial fibrillation with heart failure and the cause of tia is cardiac in origine! So carotid dopplar or carotid angiography is not the answer. Again for tia investigation of choice is MRI (if not available CT) NICE guideline. So for this question definitove investigation is CT scan.].

A young boy fell on his outstretched hand and has presented with pain around the elbow. He has absent radial pulse on the affected hand. What is the most likely dx? a. Dislocated elbow b. Angulated supracondylar fx c. Undisplaced fx of radial head d. Posterior dislocation of shoulder

B. Angulated supracondyllar fx. [Damage or occlusion of the bracheal artery is the cause of absent radial pulse. Often closed reduction results in restoration of normal anatomy and correction of occlusion of bracheal artery and establishes circulation again but in few instances open reduction is required to fix the occluded artery].

A 24yo primigravida who is 30wk pregnant presents to the labor ward with a hx of constant abdominal pain for the last few hours. She also gives a hx of having lost a cupful of fresh blood per vagina before the pain started. Abdominal exam: irritable uterus, CTG=reactive. Choose the single most likely dx? a. Abruption of placenta 2nd to pre-eclampsia b. Antepartum hemorrhage c. Placenta previa d. Vasa previa e. Revealed hemorrhage

B. Antepartum haemorrhage. [Though presentation indicates abruption placenta but abrutio placenta 2nd to pre-eclampsia can't be the option as no features are suggestive of pre-eclampsia here. So better option is B. Antepartum hemorrhage which also includes abruption placenta. Only bleeding cannot indicate whether it is concealed, mixed or revealed].

A 3yo child who looks wasted on examination has a hx of diarrhea on and off. The mother describes the stool as bulky, frothy and difficult to flush. What is the single inv most likely to lead to dx? a. Sweat chloride test b. Anti-endomysial antibodies c. LFT d. US abdomen e. TFT

B. Anti-endomysial antibody The diagnosis is celiac disease. [It is not cystic fibrosis as lung problem is most commonly seen in cystic fibrosis along with GI problem like indigestion].

A 9yo child presented with a rash on his skin which didn't respond to antibacterial ointment. What med should be added next? a. Corticosteroid b. Antifungal c. Emollient d. Permethrin e. Coal tar

B. Antifungal. [If a lesion is suspected to be infected should be given antibiotic. but if no response next step is to add an antifungal].

A guy who has several convictions and has been imprisoned several times, breaks up with his family and doesn't contact his children. What type of personality disorder is this? a. Borderline b. Antisocial c. Schizotypal d. Schizoid e. Criminal

B. Antisocial. [Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for, or violation of, the rights of others. There may be an impoverished moral sense or conscience and a history of crime, legal problems, and impulsive and aggressive behavior].

A pt presents with a mask face. He also has gait prbs. Which class of drug is causing this? a. Anti-depressant b. Anti-psychotic c. Anti-HTN

B. Anty-psychotic. [Anti-psychotics by reducing dopamine can precipitate or induce parkinsonism].

A 50yo lady presents to ED with sudden severe chest pain radiating to both shoulder and accompanying SOB. Exam: cold peripheries and paraparesis. What is the single most appropriate dx? a. MI b. Aortic dissection c. Pulmonary embolism d. Good pastures syndrome e. Motor neuron disease

B. Aortic dissection. [Cold peripheries due to reduced blood flow to dista parts of dissection and reduced perfusion of nerves resulted in paraparesis. Usual management for type A dissection is surgery and for type B is conservative].

A 64yo man presents with a hx of left sided hemiparesis and slurred speech. He was absolutely fine 6h after the episode. What is the most appropriate prophylactic regimen? a. Aspirin 300mg for 2 weeks followed by aspirin 75mg b. Aspirin 300mg for 2 weeks followed by aspirin 75mg and dipyridamole 200mg c. Clopidogrel 75mg d. Dipyridamole 200mg e. Aspirin 300mg for 2 weeks

B. Aspirin 300mg for 2 weeks followed by aspirin 75mg and dipyridamole 200mg.

A 76yo woman presents with deep stroke 6h ago. What would the immediate tx be? a. Aspirin 75mg b. Aspirin 300mg c. Streptokinase d. IV heparin e. Dipyridamole 200mg

B. Aspirin 300mg.

A 32yo female who has had 3 prv miscarriages in the 1st trimester now comes with vaginal bleeding at 8wks. US reveals a viable fetus. What would be the most appropriate definitive management? a. Admit b. Aspirin c. Bed rest 2 weeks d. Cervical cerclage e. No tx

B. Aspirin. [Early miscarriage is more common in antiphospholipid syndrome and treated with heparin or aspirin when become pregnant].

A 32yo woman has a hx of spontaneous abortions at 6wks, 12wks, and 20wks. She is now keen to conceive again. Which of the following would you prescribe for the next pregnancy? a. MgSO4 b. Aspirin c. Warfarin d. Mefenemic acid e. Heparin

B. Aspirin. [Patient of antiphospholipid syndrome had 3 fetal losses and no thromboembolic event and now wants to be pregnant. In such case prophylactic treatment with low dose aspirin is indicated].

A mother presents with her 12m daughter. The child has no meaningful words, is unable to sit unaided and can't play with her toys. She doesn't laugh and has poor interaction with her siblings. What is the best management strategy? a. Arrange hearing test b. Assess developmental milestones c. Reassure d. Refer to speech therapist e. MRI brain

B. Assess developmental milestones. [At 12 month one word should be said clearly, in 8 months child can sit independently, smiles at 2 months and plays with toys since early infancy. So she needs to assess developmental milestones].

A 20yo student attends the OPD with complaint of breathlessness on and off, cough and sputum. His sleep is disturbed and skin is very dry in flexural areas of the body. Exam: tachypnea, hyperresonant percussion and wheezing on auscultation. What is the most likely dx? a. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis b. Asthma c. Wegener's granulomatosis d. COPD e. Cystic fibrosis

B. Asthma. Ans. 2. Diagnostic criteria of asthma: i) Airway hyper-responsiveness to certain stimuli ii) Recurrent variable airflow limitation usually reversible iii) presents as wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and cough.

A 32yo female has a hx of SOB and fever. Pre-broncho-dilation test was done and it was 2/3.5 and post-bronchodilator was 3/3.7. The pt was dx of eczema and TB. What is the possible dx? a. COPD b. Asthma c. Pneumonia d. Bronchiectasis

B. Asthma. [Here post bronchodilator value is >80% which excludes COPD and reversibility is >23% which is diagnostic of asthma].

ECG of an 80yo pt of ICH shows saw-tooth like waves, QRS complex of 80ms duration, ventricular rate=150/min and regular R-R interval. What is the most porbable dx? a. Atrial fib b. Atrial flutter c. SVT d. Mobitz type1 second degree heart block e. Sinus tachycardia

B. Atrial flutter. [Saw-tooth like waves, normal QRS complex of 80 ms (normal range 70- 100 ms), ventricular rate of 150/min and regular R-R interval is diagnostic of atrial flutter].

The ECG of an 80yo pt of IHD shows sawtooth like waves, QRS complex of 80ms, ventricular rate of 150bpm and regular R-R interval. What is the most probable dx? a. A-fib b. A-flutter c. SVT d. Mobitz type 1 2nd degree heart block e. Sinus tachycardia

B. Atrial flutter. [Sawtoothlike waves and regular R-R interval are diagnostic of atrial flutter].

A 45yo lady has 10m hx of SOB. She is found to have irregularly irregular pulse and loud P2 with fixed splitting and ejection systolic murmur in left 2nd ICS. What is the probable dx? a. TOF b. ASD c. VSD d. PDA e. CoA

B. Atrial septal defect. Diagnosis is ASD with atrial fibrillation. [i) atrial fibrillation = irregularly irregular pulse. ii) ASD = SOB, fixed splitting with loud P2, ESM in pulmonary area]. This picture is typical. One should not misdiagnose SOB, ESM in pulmonary area and loud P2 as pulmonary hypertension (though in elderly this can develop with ASD).

A 68yo woman presents with post-coital bleeding following her first episode of sexual intercourse in 10yrs. What is the single most likely cause that has led to post-coital bleeding? a. Endometrial ca b. Atrophic vaginitis c. Endometrial polyp d. Cervical ca e. Cervical ectropion

B. Atrophic vaginitis.

A 3yo girl presents with complains of sudden right facial weakness and numbness and pain around her ear. There are no symptoms. What is the most appropriate dx? a. SAH b. Bell's palsy c. Stroke d. TIA e. Subdural hemorrhage

B. Bell's palsy.

A 76yo is treated with HTN. He suffers from pain and redness at the MTP joint of his right big toe. Which of the following anti-HTN cause this symptoms? a. Losartan b. Bendroflumethiazide c. Ramipril d. Bisoprolol e. Verapamil

B. Bendroflumethiazide Diagnosis is acute gout. Thiazide diuretics may cause hyperuricemia and thus cause or precipitate gout.

A 45yo man had recently started taking anti-HTN therapy. 6m later his RBS=14mmol/l. Which single drug is most likely to have caused this? a. Amlodipine b. Bendroflumethiazide c. Doxazosin d. Lorsartan e. Ramipril

B. Bendroflumethiazide. [High blood sugar is a well known side effect of bendroflumethiazide].

A 59yo pt has been dx with HTN. His BP has been >160/90mmHg on 3 separate occasions. His biochemical profile is as follows: Na+=145mmol/l, K+=6.2mmol/l, creatinine=112umol/l, urea=5.7mmol/l. What is the most appropriate anti-HTN drug for him? a. Amlodipine b. Bendroflumethiazide c. Ramipril d. Lorsartan e. Propranolol

B. Bendroflumethiazide. [Thiazide reduces Na+ and K+ level. So in this picture of upper normal Na+ with hyperkalemia thiazide seems to be appropriate].

A 50yo man presented with increased breathlessness at rest. He is currently on furosemide, digoxin and isosorbide mononitrate. What drug is going to help him? a. Ramipril b. Bendroflumethiazide c. Atenolol d. Amlodipine e. Diltiazem

B. Bendroflumethiazide. [This is a case of diuretic resistance. Heart failure represents the most common clinical situation in which diuretic resistance is observed. In mild CHF, diuretic resistance is not commonly encountered, as long as renal function is preserved. However, in moderate and severe CHF patients, diuretic resistance occurs more frequently and often becomes a clinical problem. In diuretic resistance another diuretic is added to get optimal or desirable result. As patient is still in heart failure and pulmonary edema with the usage of loop diuretic...a thiazide diuretic could be added with loop when response is inadequate. This will reduce the volume overload and improve breathing].

A 45yo male complains of tremors in hands. Exam: tremors are absent at rest but present when arms are held outstretched and persist on movement. What is the most probable dx? a. Parkinsonism b. Benign essential tremor c. Cerebellar disease d. Liver failure e. Stroke

B. Benign essential tremor. [Tremors absent at rest and present on outstretched hand and persist on movement are benign essential tremor].

A 29yo lady came to the ED with complaints of palpitations that have been there for the past 4 days and also feeling warmer than usual. Exam: HR=154bpm, irregular rhythm. What is the tx for her condition? a. Amiadarone b. Beta blockers c. Adenosine d. Verapamil e. Flecainide

B. Beta blockers [the probable arrhythymia is AF secondary to thyrotoxicosis. So to rapid control the symptoms of thyrotoxicosis Beta blocker should be used which will improve the arrythmia]

In OGTT what is the glucose venous plasma level 2h after glucose intake which indicates impaired glucose tolerance? a. >11.1mmol/l b. Between 7.8-11.0mmol/l c. Between 8.0-10.9mmol/l d. Between 10.0-11.0mmol/l e. Between 7.1-11.0mmol/l

B. Between 7.8-11.0mmol/l.

A 6wk formula fed baby boy is found at the child health surveillance to be deeply jaundiced. His weight gain is poor and his stools are pale. What is the most likely dx? a. Galactosemia b. Biliary atresia c. G6PD deficiency d. Rh incompatibility e. Congenital viral infection

B. Biliary atresia. [Deep jaundice at 6th week with pale stools suggests obstructive jaundice. So most likely diagnosis here is biliary atresia].

A 79 yo lady who is otherwise well recently started abdominal pain. She is afebrile and complains that she passed air bubbles during urination. A urethral catheter showed fecal leakage in the urinary bag. What is the likely pathology? a. Diuretics b. CD c. Rectosigmoid tumor d. Large bowel perforation e. UC

B. CD. [debate came that Crohn's disease cannot occur in 79 yrs but this is not the case! "Crohn's disease can occur at any age, but is most frequently diagnosed in people ages 15 - 35. About 10% of patients are children under age 18". [http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/crohns- disease/risk-factors.html]. So I think it can occur in this age also and the feature like fistula is a common association of CD].

A 28yo business executive presents at the GP asking for some help because she has been arguing with her boyfriend frequently. She is worried about her weight, and she thinks she may be fat. She has been on a diet and lost 7 kgs in the last 2 months on purpose. She is eating less. She used to do a lot of exercise. Now she says she's feeling down, has some insomnia and feels tired and without energy. She has not showed up at work. She is worried because recently she got a loan to buy a luxury car. She can't be fired. She complains about her low mood. She thinks this is weird because she used to be extremely productive. She used to work showing an excellent performance at the office. She even received compliments from her boss. How, she says her boyfriend is angry because her apartment is a chaos. Usually she spends a lot of time cleaning it, even upto 3 AM. She liked it to be perfect, but not it's a mess. On exam: BMI=23, no other signs. What is the most probably dx? a. Anorexia nervosa b. Bipolar disease c. Binge eating disorder d. Hyperthyroidism e. Schizophrenia

B. Bipolar disorder. [Now she is depressed but before hypomanic which makes the likely dx of bipolar disorder].

A man with prosthetic heart valve underwent hemicolectomy and after some days complains of left hypochondriac pain, fever and has a systolic murmur. What is the next inv to ascertain the cause of HF? a. CT b. Blood culture c. ECG d. MRI e. Radioactive thyroid scan

B. Blood culture. The diagnosis is infective endocarditis. Fever + new murmur = endocarditis until proven otherwise. Important risk factors: dermatitis, IV injections, renal failure, organ transplantation, DM, post operative wond. Risk factors for abnormal valves: aortic or mitral valve disease, tricuspid valve in IV drug users, prosthetic valves.

A 29yo male brought to ED in unconscious state. There is no significant past hx. Which of the following should be done as the initial inv? a. CT b. Blood glucose c. ABG d. MRI e. CBC

B. Blood glucose.

A 5wk breast fed baby whose birth weight was 3.5kg and is now 4.5kg is thriving well but is deeply jaundiced. What is the most likely dx? a. Galactosemia b. Breast milk jaundice c. Thalassemia d. Sickle cell disease e. Congenital storage disorder

B. Breast milk jaundice. [Breast milk jaundice is a type of neonatal jaundice associated with breastfeeding. It is characterized by indirect hyperbilirubinemia, presents in the first or second week of life, and can persist for as long as 12 weeks before spontaneous resolution. There is normal thrive and weight gain. In galactosemia there will be lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea and failure to thrive].

A 70yo man admits to asbestos exposure 20yrs ago and has attempted to quit smoking. He has noted weight loss and hoarseness of voice. Choose the single most likely type of cancer a.w risk factors present. a. Basal cell carcinoma b. Bronchial carcinoma c. Esophageal carcinoma d. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma e. Oral carcinoma

B. Bronchial carcinoma. [Asbestos exposure is a risk factor for lung cancer and also has a synergistic effect with cigarette smoke. Horseness can be from involvement of recurrent laryngeal nerve]. Conditions related to asbestos exposure: i) Pleural plaques (after a latent period of 20-40 yrs) ii) Pleural thickening iii) Asbestosis (latent period is typically 15-30 yrs) iv) Mesothelioma (prognosis is very poor) v) Lung cancer.

A man with chronic cough presents with copious purulent sputum. What is the single most dx? a. Bronchitis b. Bronchiectasis c. COPD d. Pneumonia e. Emphysema

B. Bronchiectasis.

A 45yo chronic smoker attends the OPD with complaints of persistent cough and copious amount of purulent sputum. He had hx of measles in the past. Exam: finger clubbing and inspiratory crepitations on auscultation. What is the single most likely dx/ a. Interstitial lung disease b. Bronchiectasis c. Asthma d. COPD e. Sarcoidosis

B. Bronchiectasis. [Persistent cough with copious purulent sputum and finger clubbing points towards the diagnosis of bronchiectasis. Severe lung infections such as tuberculosis (TB), whooping cough, pneumonia or measles can damage the airways at the time of infection. Bronchiectasis may then develop (WHO)].

A 25yo man presents with hx of breathlessness. A transthoracic echo reveals a patent foramen ovale. What diagnostic inv would you do for a patent foramen ovale? a. Transesophageal echo b. Bubble echo c. Transthoracic echo d. ECG

B. Bubble echo. [Bubble echo is actually extension of transoesophageal echo in that here additional bubbles are added during transoesophageal echo to get better visualization of foramen ovale].

A 67yo man presents with a hx of increasing confusion and drowsiness. He had a fall 2wk ago. CT head reveals a chronic subdural hematoma. What is the best management for this pt? a. Craniotomy b. Burr hole drainage c. Conservative management d. Excision and biopsy

B. Burr hole drainage.

A 75yo man presents with ARF. He has been troubled by recurrent epistaxis but over the last 3wks he reports to have coughed up blood too. What is the single most likely positive antibody? a. P ANCA b. C ANCA c. Anti Ro d. Anti DS DNA e. Anti centromere

B. C ANCA. [ARF and recurrent epistaxis and hemoptysis suggests Wegener's granulomatosis for which C ANCA is most specific].

A 60yo lady with a hx of HTN and suffering from RA since the last 10y now presents with hot, swollen and tender knee joint. What inv would you do for her? a. XR b. C&S of joint aspirate c. US d. MRI e. CT

B. C&S of joint aspirate. [RA itself is a risk factor for joint infection and there are possibilities to increase the chance of septic arthritis with the use of probable steroid which lowers immunity and further facilitates infection of joints for which C&S of joint aspirate should be done].

A lady with fam hx of ovarian carcinoma has a pelvis US that fails to reveal any abnormality. What is the single most appropriate inv? a. Pelvic CT b. CA 125 c. CA 153 d. Laparoscopy e. MRI

B. CA 125

A pt with thought disorder washes hands 6x each time he uses the toilet. What is the best management? a. Psychodynamic therapy b. CBT c. Antipsychotics d. Refer to dermatology e. Reassure

B. CBT. [For OCD CBT is the 1st treatment of choice and if fails comes drugs]. Ans. 2. The diagnosis is obsessive compulsive disorder.

A 32yo homosexual comes with hx of weight loss. Fundoscopy reveals retinal hemorrhages. What is the single most appropriate option? a. Mycobacterium avium b. CMV c. Hemophilus influenze d. NHL e. Pneumocystic jerovici

B. CMV. [Weight loss in a homosexual is likely to be due to AIDS and CMV retinopathy with retinal hemorrhage is a recognized association].

A 32 yo woman suffers an episode of severe occipital headache with vomiting and loss of consciousness. She is brought to the hospital where she is found to be conscious and completely alert. Exam: normal pulse & BP. No abnormal neurological signs. What is the next step in management? a. Admission for observation b. CT brain c. MRI head d. Reassurance and discharge e. XR skull

B. CT brain. [basilar migraine can cause severe headache and LOC. But there occurs no neurological deficit and on recovering from unconsciousness becomes completely alert. But to diagnose basilar migraine there should at least history of two migraine attacks with aura. As here diagnostic criteria of basilar migraine is not fulfilled we can not discharge the patient without neuroimaging like CT or MRI].

A young adult presents to the ED after a motorcycle crash. The pt has bruises around the left orbital area. GCS=13, examination notes alcoholic breath. Shortly afterwards, his GCS drops to 7. What is the single most important initial assessment test? a. MRI brain b. CT brain c. CXR d. CT angio brain e. Head XR

B. CT brain. [Likely cause is epidural hematoma].

An employer sent his worker to the ED after having hit his head on a machine. Exam: normal. What is the single most likely inv you would do? a. Skull XR b. CT head c. MRI head d. Reassure

B. CT head.

A 54yo pt 7 days after a total hip replacement presents with acute onset breathlessness and raised JVP. Which of the following inv will be most helpful in leading to a dx? a. CXR b. CTPA c. V/Q scan d. D-Dimer e. Doppler US of legs

B. CTPA. The patient has a +ve two level PE Wells score (if it was negative we should do D-Dimer) and there is no renal impairment or history suggestive of allergy to contrast media (if these present we should have go for VQ scan) the investigation of choice is PTCA. NICE guideline.

A 68yo man has had malaise for 5 days and fever for 2 days. He has cough and there is dullness to percussion at the left lung base. What is the single most appropriate inv? a. Bronchoscopy b. CXR c. CT d. MRI e. V/Q scan

B. CXR. [Given presentation is suggestive of pneumonia for which investigation of choice is CXR].

A tall thin young man has sudden pain in the chest and becomes breathless while crying. What is the single most appropriate inv? a. Cardiac enzymes b. CXR c. CT d. ECG e. V/Q scan

B. CXR. [tall thin young men are particularly prone to develop pneumothorax. Sudden pain and breathlessness in this young man are highly suggestive of pneumothorax. So investigation of choice is CXR].

A man brought into the ED after being stabbed in the chest. Chest is bilaterally clear with muffled heart sounds. BP is 60/nil. Pulse is 120bpm. JVP raised. What is the most likely dx? a. Pulmonary embolism b. Cardiac tamponade c. Pericardial effusion d. Hemothorax e. Pneumothorax

B. Cardiac tamponade. [chest is clear, so there is no pneumothorax or pleural effusion. Muffled heart sound is due to fluid in pericardial space, low BP from reduced chamber expansion due to pericardial fluid's pressure and restricted right heart expansion causes raised JVP].

A 58yo man suddenly becomes shocked several days after suffering an acute ant MI. His CXR shows a large globular-shaped heart and clear lung fields. What is the single most likely explanation for the abnormal inv? a. Acute pericarditis b. Cardiac tamponade c. Atrial thrombus d. Left ventricular aneurysm e. Dressler syndrome

B. Cardiac tamponade. [Shock in a post MI patient with globular heart on X-ray and clear lung field indicate Cardiac tamponade].

A 30yo man is suffering from fever, rash and photophobia. Doctors are suspecting he is suffering from meningitis. Which is the best medication for this condition? a. Ampicilling b. Cefotaxime c. Tetracycline d. Acyclovir e. Dexamethasone

B. Cefotaxime. [The patient is getting probable meningococcal meningitis. Before confirming the diagnosis suggested treatment is, where the organism is unknown: • <55yrs: cefotaxime 2g/6h slow IV. • >55yrs: cefotaxime as above + ampicillin 2g IV/4h (for Listeria). So in given case Cefotaxime is the option. Ref: OHCM, 9th edition, page 832].

5yo child came from Ghana 6wks ago. 2d ago he developed fever, vomiting and neck stiffness. He had taken malaria prophylaxis and had no rash. What is the dx? a. Cerebral abscess b. Cerebral malaria c. Meningococcal meningitis d. SAH e. Cerebral tumor f. Pneumonia

B. Cerebral malaria. [Incubation period of malaria is 7 - 30 days. Malaria prophylaxis cannot give confirmed protection and there is often failure of prophylaxis. Fever, vomiting, neck stiffness are consistent with cerebral malaria].

A 25yo woman presented to her GP on a routine check up. Upon vaginal exam, she was fine except for finding of cervical ectropion which was painless but mild contact bleeding on touch. What is the next management? a. Endometrial ablation b. Cervical smear (2nd line) c. Colposcopy d. Antibiotics (1st line) e. Vaginal US f. Pack with gauze and leave to dry

B. Cervical smear. [Before antibiotic we have to take swab]. Cervical smear is a screaning service which follows its own schedule and can not be done unless it is due or overdue. As the Lady is of 25 years and has ectropion and contact bleeding smear is the best option here as in UK 1st smear is offered at 25 yrs.

A 34yo housemaid presents with headaches in the back of her head for several days and pain on flexing her neck. What is the most likely cause? a. Subdural hemorrhage b. Cervical spondylosis c. Subarachnoid hemorrhage d. Meningitis e. Cluster headache

B. Cervical spondylosis. [Headache in the back of head and pain on flexing neck is early feature of cervical spondylosis which gradually progress to later symptoms like radiculopathies due to root compression in arms and hands].

A 25yo woman with T1DM has delivered a baby weighing 4.5kg. Her uterus is well contracted. Choose the single most likely predisposing factor for PPH from the options? a. Atonic uterus b. Cervical/vaginal trauma c. Retained POC d. Large placental site e. Rupture uterus

B. Cervical/vaginal trauma The baby is a big baby. If patient's uterus was not well contracted we would fear of atonic uterus! But as uterus is well contracted it is not atonic uterus. Rather most likely cause is trauma dring delivery of this big baby.

A 28yo woman has delivered with rotational forceps after an 8h labor and 3h second stage. Choose the single most likely predisposing factor for PPH for this pt? a. Atonic uterus b. Cervical/vaginal trauma c. Retained product d. Preterm labor e. Uterine infection

B. Cervical/vaginal trauma. [complication of forceps delivery].

A 74yo female presents with headache and neck stiffness to the ED. Following a LP the pt was started on IV ceftriaxone. CSF culture = listeria monocytogenes. What is the appropriate tx? a. Add IV amoxicillin b. Change to IV amoxicillin + gentamicin c. Add IV ciprofloxacin d. Add IV co-amoxiclav e. Continue IV ceftriaxone as mono-therapy

B. Change to IV amoxicillin + gentamycin. [From the given option B is the most acceptable. However Ampicillin + gentamycin is the drug combination of choice].

A pt with vesicles in the maxillary divison of trigeminal nerve. Which area of mucus membrane will be involved? a. Palate b. Cheek c. Cornea d. Conjunctiva

B. Cheek. [It also involve soft palate but not hard palate. So cheek is more complete answer than palate].

5th ICS in the ant axillary line. What is the single most appropriate landmark? a. Apex beat b. Chest drain insertion c. Stellate ganglion d. Transpyloric plane e. Vena cava opening into the diaphragm

B. Chest drain insertion.

A retired ship worker has pleural effusion and pleural thickening on right side with bilateral lung shadowing. What would you do to improve his symptoms? a. Aspiration b. Chest drain c. Chemotherapy d. Diuretic

B. Chest drain. [Respond to chemotherapy and life expectancy is poor in mesothelioma. To improve symptoms chest drain should be undertaken].

A 47yo man has a temp of 39C and is delirious. He has developed blisters mainly on his trunk, which appeared a few hours ago. He is well and not on any medications. He last travelled 5 months ago to Italy. Which of the following is the most likely dx? a. Shingles b. Chicken pox c. Pemphigoid d. Bullous pemphigus

B. Chicken pox. [Adults more commonly develop a more generalized brain inflammation ("encephalitis") whose symptoms may include delirium and seizures. Incubation period of chicken-pox is 10-21 days. So this travel history is not significant].

A 54yo man with alcohol dependence has tremor and sweating 3days into a hosp admission for a fx femur. He is apprehensive and fearful. What is the single most appropriate tx? a. Acamprossate b. Chlordiazepoxide c. Lorazepam d. Lofexidine e. Procyclidine

B. Chlordiazepoxide. C. Lorazepam is also correct key! [According to NICE 1st line treatment is oral lorazepam and if symptom persists or oral medication is declined, give parenteral lorazepam, haloperidol or olanzapine. According to OHCM 1st line treatment is chlordiazepoxide. Chlordiazepoxide should only be used at the lowest possible dose and for a maximum of up to four weeks. This will reduce the risks of developing tolerance, dependence and withdrawal].

77yo publican was admitted for an appendectomy. Post-op he becomes confused, agitated and starts to pick at things. He is then given an IV drug which settles this confusion. Which of the following drugs was given for his confusion? a. Diazepam b. Chlordiazepoxide c. Thiamine d. Vit B

B. Chlordiazepoxide. [Patient is alcoholic. On admission abstinence from alcohol caused this withdrawal symptom. Agitation, confusion and pick at things are suggestive of delirium tremens which is treated with Chlordiazepoxide].

A 78yo retired teacher was admitted for a hernioplasty procedure. After the operation he became agitated, aggressive and confused. What is the most appropriate management? a. Diazepam b. Chlordiazepoxide c. Vit B d. Clozapine e. Thiamine

B. Chlordiazepoxide. [Probable delirium tremens].

A 35yo IVDA (Intra Venous Drug Abuser) on penicillin and flucloxacillin for cellulitis now presents with jaundice, pale stools and dark urine. What is the single most likely dx? a. Hep A b. Cholestatic jaundice c. Chronic active hepatitis d. Primary biliary cirrhosis e. Hep B

B. Cholestatic jaundice. [Flucloxacillin can cause cholestatic jaundice].

A 32yo woman P3 of 39wks gestation reports having spontaneous ROM 4days ago. She didn't attend the delivery suite as she knew that would happen and had already decided on a home birth. Today she feels very hot and sweaty. She thought that she was starting to have labour pains but she describes the pain as more constant. Exam: uterus is tender throughout. Blood tests show raised CRP and WBC. Select the most likely dx? a. Round ligament stretching b. Chorioamnionitis c. Uterine rupture d. Labor e. DIC

B. Chorioamnionitis. [Prolonged rupture of membrane can lead to chorioamnionitis].

A 30yo man and wife present to the reproductive endocrine clinic because of infertility. The man is tall, has bilateral gynecomastia. Examination of the testes reveals bilateral small, firm testes. Which of the following inv is most helpful in dx? a. CT of pituitary b. Chromosomal analysis c. Measure of serum gonadotropins d. Measure of serum testosterone

B. Chromosomal analysis. The diagnosis is Klinefelter's syndrome. (xxy) The points in favour are: i) Infertility ii) Tall stature iii) Bilateral gynaecomastia iv) Bilateral small firm testes.

A 45yo woman presents with easy fatigability, even on no exertion, chronic headaches and body aches and severe physical and mental exhaustion. She has no underlying conditions and all inv are non- conclusive. What is the most likely dx? a. Somatization b. Chronic fatigure syndrome c. Polymyalgia rheumatic d. GCA e. Depression

B. Chronic fatigue syndrome. [Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) causes persistent fatigue (exhaustion) that affects everyday life and doesn't go away with sleep or rest].

A 60yo smoker presents with cramp-like pain in the calves relived by rest and non-healing ulcers. Exam: cold extremities with lack of hair around the ankles, absent distal pulses. What is the most probable dx? a. Intermittent claudication b. Chronic ischemia of the limbs c. Buerger's disease d. DVT e. DM

B. Chronic ischaemia of the limb. Intermittent claudication is a symptom not diagnosis. It is not buerger's disease as buerger occur in more younger heavy smoker (before the age of 50yrs), It is not DVT as dvt pain or tenderness is not of an intermittent claudication pattern. Again in DM there is no intermittent claudication.

A 34yo primigravida who is 16wk GA comes for routine antenatal check up. Her BP=160/100mmHg. She has a hx of repeated childhood UTI. What is the most likely cause of her high BP? a. Essential HTN b. Chronic pyelonephritis c. Acute pyelonephritis d. Pre-eclampsia e. Chronic UTI

B. Chronic pyelonephritis. [35% of childhood UTI is associated with VUR and many of them develop renal scarring and chronic pyelonephritis causing hypertension].

A 55yo male presents to the ED after an RTA with breathlessness, engorged neck veins and a dull percussion note on the right side of his chest. Exam: pulse=140bpm, BP=80/50mmHg. What is the most likely dx? a. Hemothorax b. Hemopneumothorax c. Tension pneumothorax d. Simple pneumothorax

B. Hemopneumothorax.

A 10yo girl has been referred for assessment of hearing as she is finding difficulty in hearing her teacher in the class. Her hearing tests show: BC normal, symmetrical AC threshold reduced bilaterally, weber test shows no lateralization. What is the single most likely dx? a. Chronic perforation of tympanic membrane b. Chronic secretory OM with effusion c. Congenital sensorineural deficit d. Otosclerosis e. Presbycusis

B. Chronic secretory OM with effusion.

A 35yo man has been given a dx of allergic rhinitis and asthma. Exam: peripheral neuropathy with tingling and numbness in a 'glove and stocking' distribution. Skin elsions are present in the form of tender subcutaneous nodules. The pt is responding well to corticosteroids. What is the single most appropriate dx? a. AS b. Churg-strauss syndrome c. Crytogenic organizing d. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis e. Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia

B. Churg-strauss syndrome. [The American College of Rheumatology has identified six criteria for the diagnosis of CSS:[3] • Asthma (wheezing, expiratory rhonchi). • Eosinophilia of more than 10% in peripheral blood. • Paranasal sinusitis. • Pulmonary infiltrates (may be transient). • Histological confirmation of vasculitis with extravascular eosinophils. • Mononeuritis multiplex or polyneuropathy. The presence of four out of six of these features has a high specificity and sensitivity for the diagnosis of CSS].

A 75yo man has been attending the clinic for lower urinary tract symptoms. His mood is very low and he says he feels unhappy, anxious and unable to sleep. He has been dx with moderate depression. What tx would be most effective for this pt? a. Amitriptyline b. Citalopram c. CBT d. Dosulepin e. Diazepam

B. Citalopram. [Mild depression = CBT, Moderate depression = Antidepressant, Severe depression & Psychotic depression = ECT, Amitryptiline and Dosulepine causes urinary retention (which is comperatively less in citalopram) so not suitable in a patient with lower urinary symptoms. Hence Citalopram is the preferred option].

A 2yo girl has frequency, urgency and burning micturition. She has some supra pubic tenderness. Which one of the following is the most appropriate initial inv? a. Supra pubic aspiration of urine for C&S b. Clean catch of urine for C&S c. USG d. IVU e. MCUG

B. Clean catch of urine for C&S. [The features are consistent with lower UTI for which clean catch of urine for c&s should be done].

A 4yo girl is taken by her mother to the ED and complains of feeling unwell, urinary urgency and temp=39C. What is the single next best inv? a. Catheter catch of urine b. Clean catch of urine c. US d. IVU e. Suprapubic catch of urine

B. Clean catch of urine. [The clinical features described are consistent with urinary tract infection for which clean catch of urine is the next best investigation.

A young man who was held by the police was punched while in custody. He is now cyanosed and unresponsive. What is the 1st thing you would do? a. IV fluids b. Clear airway c. Turn pt and put in recovery position d. Give 100% oxygen e. Intubate and ventilate

B. Clear airway. [ABC protocol].

A boy with a hx of recurrent swollen tender joints on both knees and elbows and not able to participate in sports. What is the inv of choice to dx? a. RF/ASO titre b. Clotting factor c. ESR

B. Clotting factor. [Haemarthrosis causing disability].

An old alcoholic presents with cough, fever, bilateral cavitating consolidation. What is the most probable cause? a. Gram +ve diplococcic b. Coagulase +ve cocci c. Gram -ve cocci d. AFB e. Coagulase -ve cocci

B. Coagulase +ve cocci. [The picture is of pneumonia and bilateral cavitating consolidation favours staphylococcus as the causative agent]. Ans. 2. Name of organism is Staphylococcus aureus. [Both coagulase positive and coagulase negative cocci are staphylococci. Gram positive diplococcic is pneumococcus and gram negative nisseria, moraxella catarrhalis and hemophilus influenza. For AFB there should be low grade evening fever with night sweats, weight loss, anorexia etc].

A 3yo child brought by his mother. Exam: bruises on the buttocks. Mother also gives hx of runny nose 2wks ago. What is the single most appropriate next action? a. Check child protection register b. Coag profile c. Skeletal survey d. Continue regular child care e. Inform police

B. Coagulation profile. [Likely diagnosis is HSP in which coagulation profile will show significant increase in D-dimer concentration. An activation of coagulation including hyperfibrinolysis secondary to the endothelial damage is a typical feature of the common types of HSP].

A young college student is found in his dorm unconscious. He has tachyarrhythmia and high fever. He also seems to be bleeding from his nose, which on examination shows a perforated nasal septum. What is the most likely dx? a. Marijuana OD b. Cocaine OD c. Heroin OD d. Alcohol OD e. CO poisoning

B. Cocaine overdose. Points in favour: i) Tachyrhythmia ii) High fever iii) perforated nasal septum iv) unconsciousness Other findings of cocaine toxicity: i) Psychiatric: anxiety, paranoia ii) Tachypnoea iii) Increased energy and talking rapidly iv) Dilated pupils. Also: [rhabdomyolysis, metabolic acidosis, convulsion].

A 20yo boy is brought by his parents suspecting that he has taken some drug. He is agitated, irritated and can't sleep. Exam: perforated nasal septum. Which of the following is the most likely to be responsible for his symptoms? a. Heroine b. Cocaine c. Ecstasy/MDMA/amphetamine d. Alcohol e. Opioids

B. Cocaine. [drug abuse with perforated nasal septum indicates cocaine abuse].

A 60yo man presents with weight loss and Hgb=6. Hx reveals that he has abdominal pain and diarrhea for the past 6m. What is the most appropriate inv? a. Barium enema b. Colonoscopy c. Sigmoidoscopy

B. Colonoscopy. [Likely diagnosis is IBD. So Colonoscopy should be done].

A 16yo girl came to the sexual clinic. She complains of painful and heavy bleeding. She says she doesn't a regular cycle. What is the most appropriate management? a. Mini pill b. Combined pill c. IUS d. Anti-prostoglandins e. Anti-fibrinolytics

B. Combined pill.

A man is very depressed and miserable after his wife's death. He sees no point in living now that his wife is not around and apologises for his existence. He refuses any help offered. His son has brought him to the ED. The son can't deal with the father any more. What is the most appropriate next step? a. Voluntary admission to psychiatry ward b. Compulsory admission under MHA c. Refer to social services d. Alternate housing e. ECT

B. Compulsory admission under MHA. [This patient is refusing any help offered! And his son cannot deal with him anymore! In this situation voluntary admission to psychiatry ward is not possible and the option of choice is "compulsory admission under MHA". The point here is the man has felt himself in danger by self neglect].

A newborn that is electively intubated at birth and is due for surgery 48h after birth. The condition was suspected on antenatal US on CXR. What is the most likely dx? a. CF b. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia c. Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation d. RDS e. Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency

B. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

A 45yo man presented to his GP with vague symptoms of headache, proximal muscle weakness and nocturia. Test results show him to be severely HTN (230/130mmHg) and hypokalemic. What is the most probable dx? a. Addison's disease b. Conn's disease c. Familial hyperaldosteronism d. Cushing's disease e. Cushing's syndrome

B. Conn's disease. [High BP is often the only presentation of Conn's syndrome. Loss of K+ in urine leads to hypokalemia which in turn causes muscle weakness and polyuria particularly nocturia].

A 43yo woman has been feeling lethargic and tired. Her BP=160/90mmHg. Bloods: Na+=140mmol/L, K+=3.1mmol/L. What is the most likely dx? a. Cushing's syndrome b. Conn's syndrome c. Hyperparathyroidism d. Renal disease e. Pheochromocytoma

B. Conn's syndrome. [Here potassium is < 3.5, sodium is at its high normal and hypertension is present!!! so no confusion that it is conn's syndrome!! Cushing's syndrome is a D/D but it has typical clinical feature which is usually described if the question is for cushing's syndrome. below is picture reference of conn's syndrome from patient.info. It can also be cushing's syndrome! So if we like to be sure we have to know aldosterone and rennin level. i) Renin low, aldosterone high- Conn's syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism) ii) Renin low, aldosterone low- Cushing's syndrome iii) Renin high, aldosterone high- Renovascular disease (secondary hyperaldosteronism)].

A 56yo woman who is depressed after her husband died of cancer 3m ago was given amitryptaline. Her sleep has improved and she now wants to stop medication but she still speaks about her husband. How would you manage her? a. CBT b. Continue amitryptaline c. Psychoanalysis d. Bereavement counselling e. Antipsychotic

B. Continue amitriptyline. [depression is important feature of bereavement. Patient may pass sleepless nights. As this patients sleep has improved it indicate she has good response to antidepressant and as she still speaks about her husband there is chance to deterioration of her depression if antidepressant is stopped. For depressive episodes antidepressants should be continued for at least 6-9 months].

A 67yo man being managed for a malignancy develops neutropenic fever. He has been commenced on Ticarcillin, Tazobactam and Gentamicin. He has also recently commenced on Meropenem but on the 3rd day his temp still remains >39C. 2 blood tests and urine cultures show no organism. Inv: Hgb=104g/dl, WBC=<0.5, Plt=15. What will you do next? a. Continue IV antibiotics and add oral antifungals b. Continue antibiotics and add IV antifungals c. Stop antibiotics d. Continue only present antibiotics

B. Continue antibiotics and add IV antifungals. [If judicial antibiotic fail to control fever next step is to add antifungal agents].

A 67yo man has deteriorating vision in his left eye. He has longstanding COPD and is on multiple drug therapy. What single medication is likely to cause this visual deterioration? a. B2 agonist b. Corticosteroid c. Diuretic d. Theophylline

B. Corticosteroid. Prolonged corticosteroids [also topical i.e. eye drop] can cause cataract.

A 36yo pregnant woman comes for evaluation with her husband. Her husband has been complaining of morning sickness, easy fatiguability and even intermittent abdominal pain. What is the husband suffering from? a. Ganser syndrome b. Couvade syndrome c. Pseudo-psychosis d. Stockholm syndrome e. Paris syndrome

B. Couvade syndrome. [Cauvade syndrome, also called sympathetic pregnancy, is a proposed condition in which a partner experiences some of the same symptoms and behavior of an expectant mother].

Which virus is transmitted by the fecal-oral route? a. Hep C b. Coxsackie virus c. Dengue d. None of the above

B. Coxsackie virus.

A 36yo pt came with diarrhea, bleeding, weight loss and fistula. What is the single most likely dx? a. Celiac disease b. Crohns disease c. UC d. IBS

B. Crohns disease.

A 36yo woman presented with massive bleeding from multiple sites. Lab: fibrin degradation products: +++, plt=30, bleeding time=prolonged, PT=prolonged, APTT=prolonged. What is the most likely dx? a. Hemophilia b. DIC c. ITP d. Factor V leiden e. Warfarin

B. DIC.

A 29yo woman had just delivered a still born vaginally, following a major placental abruption. Choose the single most likely predisposing factor for developing PPH in this lady? a. Retained product b. DIC c. Fibroid uterus d. Uterine infection e. Large placental site

B. DIC. Pregnancy itself is a risk factor for DIC. Placental abruption is a more common cause of DIC. Other causes of pregnancy related DIC are: eclampsia, retention of a dead fetus, amniotic fluid embolism, retained placenta or bacterial sepsis.

A 39yo woman in her 36th week GA with acute abdominal pain is rushed for immediate delivery. Her report: BP=110/60mmHg, Hgb=low, bilirubin=22, AST=35, Plt=60, APTT=60, PT=30, Fibrinogen=0.6. What is the cause? a. Pregnancy induced hypertension b. DIC c. HELLP syndrome d. Acute fatty live e. Obstetric cholestasis

B. DIC. [It is not HELLP syndrome as liver enzyme is not elevated. Acute abdominal pain may indicate concealed abruption placenta which may lead to DIC].

An alcoholic 56yo man had ascetic fluid analysis done which was found to be yellow color. What is the most appropriate cause? a. Alcoholic hepatitis b. Decompensated cirrhosis c. TB peritonitis d. Pyogenic peritonitis e. Neoplasm

B. Decompansated cirrhosis. Ans. 2. If the patient experiences any of the serious problems described below his disease has progressed from compensated cirrhosis to decompensated cirrhosis: i) Bleeding varices (internal bleeding) ii) Ascites (fluid in the belly) iii) Encephalopathy (confusion) iv) Jaundice (yellowing of eyes and skin).

72yo woman who had a repair of strangulated femoral hernia 2 days ago becomes noisy, aggressive and confused. She is febrile, CBC normal apart from raised MCV. What is the most likely dx? a. Electrolyte imbalance b. Delirium tremens c. Wernicke's encephalopathy d. Infection toxicity e. Hypoglycemia

B. Delirium tremens. [Electrolyte imbalance may cause confusion but not aggressiveness; infection toxicity will cause high fever, low BP, rash etc which are absent here (fever here is hyperthermia of delirium tremens). Abstinance from alcohol in the hospital caused delirium tremens (chronic alcoholism is supported by high MCV) here].

An alcoholic who has completely given up drinking hears voices. What is the most appropriate tx? a. Olanzapine b. Diazepam c. Acamprosate d. Disulfiram e. Haloperidol

B. Diazepam. [A case of delirium tremens. Treated with benzodiazepines like chlordiazepoxide or diazepam].

A young man who has no PMH presented with jaundice, low Hgb, retics 8% and other indices WNL but occasional spherocytes were seen on blood film. What is the single most appropriate inv? a. G6PD enzyme assay b. Direct coombs test c. Repeat blood film d. Indirect coombs test e. BMA

B. Direct Coombs test. [The direct Coombs test, is used to determine whether the cause of hemolytic anemia, is due to antibodies attached to RBCs which are seen in autoimmune-related hemolytic anemia].

A 34yo man was walking along the country side when an insect bit him. After which he started to complain of an annular rash spreading upwards. a. Penicillin PO b. Doxycycline PO c. Flucloxacillin PO d. Gentamicin PO e. Ciprofloxacin PO f. Antihistamine PO g. Antihistamine IV h. Corticosteroid IV i. Corticosteroid IM j. Adrenaline IM k. Adrenaline IV l. Atropine IV m. Reassurance

B. Doxycycline PO. [Described rash is erythema migrans which is characteristic skin lesion seen in lyme disease. Lyme disease is treated with Doxycycline].

A 33yo man presents with an itchy scaly annular rash on his thigh after a walk in the park. Which of the following drugs will treat his condition? a. Erythromycin b. Doxycycline c. Penicillin d. Amoxicillin

B. Doxycycline. [Itchy scaly annular rash after a walk in the park indicates erythema migrans caused by the spirochete Borrelia Burgdorferi transmitted by bite of pinhead- sized ixodes ticks leading to lyme disease].

A lady presents with itching around the breast and greenish foul smelling discharge from the nipple. She had a similar episode before. What is the most likely dx? a. Duct papilloma b. Duct ectasia c. Breast abscess d. Periductal mastitis e. Mammary duct fistula

B. Duct ectasia. [Duct ectasia of the breast or mammary duct ectasia or plasma cell mastitis is a condition in which the lactiferous duct becomes blocked or clogged. This is the most common cause of greenish discharge. Mammary duct ectasia can mimic breast cancer. It is a disorder of peri- or post-menopausal age].

A 32yo man has been to Thailand and returned with cervical lymphadenopathy and fever. What is he most likely suffering from? a. HIV b. EBV c. Typhoid d. Measles

B. EBV. [Cervical lymphadenopathy mentioned in question which occurs in EBV infection. In ARS (acute retroviral syndrome) or primary HIV infection there is generalized lymphadenopathy].

A 45yo woman has had severe epigastric and right hypochondrial pain for a few hours. She has a normal CBC, serum ALP is raised, normal transaminase. 3 months ago she had a cholecystectomy done. What is the most appropriate inv? a. US abdomen b. ERCP c. MRCP d. CT abdomen e. Upper GI endoscopy

B. ERCP. It is probably a wrong key and correct key should be C. MRCP. [Post operative US of abdomen does not give good result for hepatobiliary system. ERCP is invasive procedure and it has its considerable complications like cholangitis, injury, pancreatitis etc. Among given options MRCP is most appropriate. We shall go for ERCP after making the dx confirm. For this MRCP is preferred. If the question asks which is the "DEFINITIVE" or the "MOST DIAGNOSTIC" then the option will be ERCP]. choledocolithiasis.

A 23yo man presents with severe pain in the right flank radiating to his groin. He is rolling about on the floor. An IVU confirms a stone in the ureter which is 8mm in size. Which tx modality will be most effective? a. Fluids and alpha blockers b. ESWL c. CCB d. Dormier basket e. PCNL

B. ESWL. [Though for 8 mm stone we can use medical expulsive therapy but for this patient with agonizing pain "most effective" therapy seems to be ESWL].

A 75yo man collapsed while walking in his garden. He recovered fully within 30 mins with BP 110/80 mmHg and regular pulse of 70bpm. He has a systolic murmur on examination. His activities have been reduced lately which he attributes to old age. What is the definitive diagnostic inv that will assist you with his condition? a. ECG b. Echo c. 24h ECG monitoring d. 24h BP monitoring e. Prv CIN

B. Echo. [Aortic stenosis - more likely in elderly. And hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - less likely in this age, presentation may be in an earlier age].

A man after MI presented with sudden breathlessness and dyspnea. Exam: scattered pansystolic murmur all over the precordium. What is the next inv that will lead to dx? a. ECG b. Echo c. CT d. Blood culture e. CXR

B. Echo. [Sudden breathlessness and dyspnea suggest mitral regurgitation secondary to papillary muscle rupture but on the otherhand pansystolic murmur all over the precordium suggest VSD! However in either case required investigation is echo].

A 52yo man with hx of ant MI 3 wks ago developed sudden onset of dyspnea. Exam: BP=100/60mmHg, pulse=100bpm, SaO2=88%, chest=bilateral crackles. Which inv would you do to find the underlying cause? a. CXR b. Echo c. D-dimer d. Radionucleotide lung scan e. Troponin

B. Echo. [The question does not want to know the features of pulmonary oedema rather it is clearly mentioned "which investigation would you do to find out the UNDERLYING CAUSE". As in this patient sudden papillary muscle rupture or VSD may be the likely cause (ventricular aneurism may take a more slower course) so echo seems to be more logical approach].

A pt complains of SOB, wheeze, cough and nocturnal waking. He has dry scaly shin with rashes that are itchy. What is the single most likely dx? a. Scabies b. Eczema c. Rheumatism d. Dermatitis e. Psoriasis

B. Eczema. [Asthma may be associated with atopy].

A 70yo hypertensive white british man on thiazide diuretics needs a 2nd drug to control his BP. Which one of the following is the best choice for him? a. Amlodipine (CCB) b. Enapril (ACEi) c. Propranolol (BB) d. Increase dose of diuretic e. Prazocin (Alpha blocker)

B. Enalapril. [In patients >55 yrs CCB. If CCB not suitable (oedema, heart failure) thiazide is preferred. In patients <55yrs ACEI or ARB. Now if patient is on CCB or Thiazide 2nd drug should be added it should be one of ACEI or ARB and not one from CCB or Thiazide].

A 65yo presents with dyspareunia after sex. She in menopause. She complains of bleeding after sex. What is the most probably dx? a. Cervical ca b. Endometrial ca c. Ovarian ca d. Breast ca e. Vaginal ca

B. Endometrial carcinoma. [Any post menopausal bleeding if associated with pain lower abdomen (may be even in the form of dyspareunia) is endometrial carcinoma unless proven otherwise. (even painless vaginal bleeding in post menopausal women is highly suspicious!)].

A 2yo with atrophy of the buttocks, distended abdomen with frequent offensive smelly stool. Choose the single most likely inv? a. Upper GI endoscopy b. Endomyseal/alpha glidin antibody c. Sweat test d. Colonscopy e. Stool culture

B. Endomyseal/alphagliadin antibody. [Atrophy of buttock due to fat malabsorption and distended abdomen (sometimes with everted umbilicus) with frequent offensive smelly stools are seen in coeliac disease. Hence endomyseal/alpha gliadin antibody should be done].

A pt is at term and labor. The head has been delivered and you suspect shoulder dystocia. What is the single most appropriate action? a. C-section b. Episiotomy c. External rotation d. Fetal scalp blood sample e. Instrumental delivery

B. Episiotomy.

A 7yo girl has been treated with penicillin after sore throat, fever and cough. Then she develops skin rash and itching. What is the most probable dx? a. Erythema nodosum b. Erythema multiforme c. SJS d. Erythema marginatum e. Erythema gangernosum

B. Erythema multiforme. Common drugs causing erythma multiforme are: antibiotics (including, sulphonamides, penicillin), anticonvulsants (phenytoin,barbiturates), aspirin, antituberculoids, and allopurinol.

A pt from Africa comes with nodular patch on the shin which is reddish brown. What is the most probable dx? a. Lupus vulgaris b. Erythema nodosum c. Pyoderma gangrenosum d. Erythema marginatum e. Solar keratosis

B. Erythema nodosum. [Causes of erythema nodosum: MOST COMMON CAUSES- i) streptococcal infection ii) sarcoidosis. Other causes- tuberculosis, mycoplasma pneumonia, infectious mononucleosis, drugs- sulfa related drug, OCP, oestrogen; Behcet's disease, CD, UC; lymphoma, leukemia and some others].

A 34yo man with MS has taken an OD of 100 tablets of paracetamol with intent to end his life. He has been brought to the ED for tx but is refusing all intervention. a. Assessment b. Evaluate pt's capacity to refuse tx c. Establish if pt has a prv mental illness

B. Evaluate patients capacity to refuse treatment.

A 25yo male presents with fever and pain in the right lower thigh of 1m duration. Exam: lower third of his thigh is red, hot and tender. The XR showed new bone formation. What is the most probable dx? a. Osteosarcomoa b. Ewing's sarcoma c. Tuberculus arthritis d. Exotosis e. Fibrosarcoma

B. Ewing's sarcoma.

A 7yo girl is brought by her mother with bright red staining of her underpants. She also gives a hx that her daughter recently started taking horse riding lessons. What is the single most appropriate next action? Local exam Exam under GA Continue regular child care Inform child protection services Coag profile

B. Exam under GA.

A 73yo woman has lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. She feels well but has had recurrent chest infections recently. Choose the single most likely blood film findings? a. Atypical lymphocytes b. Excess of mature lymphocytes c. Plasma cells d. Multiple immature granulocytes with blast cells e. Numerous blast cells

B. Excess of mature lymphocytes. [Dx is CLL. Age of patient (usually above 50 yrs), lymhadenopathy and splenomegaly, appearance of lymphocytes (mature lymphocytes - but functionally not normal). Repeated chest infection points towards abnormal function of lymphocytes against infection].

A 3yo child has been brought with facial lacerations. On examination he has some cuts over his right cheek and under the eye. The GCS on initial evaluation is 15. What is the appropriate next inv? a. Skull XR b. Facial XR c. CT scan d. MRI e. Observation

B. Facial X-ray. [Normal GCS makes intracranial lesion less likely. As there is facial injury to exclude any facial bone fracture we can do facial X-ray].

A 2m baby develops a life-threatening anemia. Blood tests show a normal serum iron, ferritin and TIBC. Hemoglobin electrophoresis reveals a markedly decreased Hemoglobin A content and an increased hemoglobin F content. This baby's anemia is likely to be secondary to? a. Failure of alpha chain production b. Failure of beta chain production c. Deficiency d. Lead poisoning of B12 e. IDA f. Presence of hemoglobin S g. Presence of hemoglobin M h. Deficiency of folate i. Bone marrow failure j. Inability to manufacture heme

B. Failure of beta chain production.

A 67yo woman has presented with hard, irregular, poorly defined 5cm lump in her right breast. She has a bruise on the surface and there is no discharge. What is the most likely dx? a. Fibroadenosis b. Fat necrosis c. Fibroadenoma d. Duct ectasia e. Ca breast

B. Fat necrosis. Ans. 2. Fat necrosis usually occurs following trauma or surgery. Given case is a fat necrosis of breast as there is no discharge and there is a bruise indicating prior trauma

A man was operated for colorectal ca. His pain is relieved with morphine 60mg bd PO but now he can't swallow medications. What will be the next regimen of analgesic administration? a. Oxycodone b. Fentanyl patch c. Morphine 60mg IV/d d. Morphine 240mg IV/d

B. Fentanyl patch. [Here S/C morphine 1/2 the dose of oral can be given (not present in option) or I/V morphine 1/3rd the oral dose can be given. Here I/V doses are not appropriate so we should go for B. Fentanyl patch as required morphine dose is known].

A 29yo female at 28wks GA presents to you with complains of hard stools and constipation for last 2wks. CTG shows fetal tachycardia. What is the single most appropriate tx? a. Oral laxatives b. Fiber diet c. Phosphate enema d. Lactulose e. Reassure

B. Fiber diet. [Changes to diet and lifestyle are often recommended as the first treatment for constipation. It includes high fiber diet and plenty of fluid, regular exercise etc.].

A 27yo lady has had an uncomplicated pregnancy so far. She came to the hospital 2h ago after her water broke. The midwife is looking at her now. She has regular contractions. P.V exam revealed 2cm dilated cervix. Vital signs are normal. What stage of labour is she in? a. Second stage b. First stage c. Latent stage d. Third stage e. Active phase

B. First stage starts with softening of cervix with start of opening of cervix and ends when cevix is fully dilated (i.e. 10 cm dilated).

A child presents with eczema. She was given two creams by the GP - emollient and steroid. What advice would you give her regarding application of the cream? a. Sparingly use both the cream b. First use emollient, then steroid c. Apply steroid then emollient d. Mix emollient & steroid before use e. Emollient at night with steroid

B. First use emollient, then steroid. [emollient 30 minutes before steroid].

A 65yo man presents with painless hematuria, IVU is normal, prostate is mildly enlarged with mild frequency. What is the most appropriate next step? a. US Abdomen b. Flexible cystoscopy c. MRI d. Nuclear imaging e. PSA

B. Flexible cystoscopy. [Painless hematuria in an elderly (here 65 years old man) indicates carcinoma bladder for which flexible cystoscopy is done. Here BEP is not advanced to cause hemorrhage. There is mild enlargement of prostate and mild symptoms of prostration and hemorrhage is unlikely at this initial stage of BEP which makes Bladder cancer as the likely cause of painless hematuria. It is also less likely to be prostate cancer as symptoms of prostration are mild (indicates disease is not advanced). Moreover bleeding in cancer prostate is much more less common].

A 32yo miner is rescued after being trapped under a fallwn rock for 4h. After applying a bladder catether, 15-20ml of reddish brown urine was obtained. HR=120bpm, SBP=100mmHg. What would be the next appropriate step? a. Dopamine IV b. Fluid challenge c. Furosemide IV d. 20% Mannitol IV e. Antibiotics

B. Fluid challenge. [The diagnosis is rhabdomyolysis. So IV fluid is the next appropriate step].

A 6yo child presents with hx of recurrent jaundice. Between the episodes he is totally fine. Mother gives hx of jaundice being brought about by ongoing infections. What is the most likely dx? a. Hereditary spherocytosis b. G6PD deficiency c. Thalassemia d. Sickle cell disease e. Congenital storage disorder

B. G6PD deficiency. [There are some precipitating factors of hemolysis causing jaundice in patients with G6PD deficiency among which infection is a recognized one].

A 30yo woman has experienced restlessness, muscle tension and sleep disturbance on most days over the last 6m. She worries excessively about a number of everyday events and activities and is unable to control these feelings which are impairing her ability to hold down her job. What is the most likely dx? a. Panic disorder b. GAD c. Pheochromocytoma d. Acute stress disorder e. Social phobia

B. GAD. [In GAD patient is worried about different number of events every day. Almost everything triggers the anxiety].

A 50yo lady has been suffering from chronic RA and is on methotraxate and naproxen. Her CBC shows microcytic anemia. What is the most likely cause? a. Anemia of chronic disease b. GI hemorrhage c. Menorrhagia

B. GI hemorrhage. [Anemia of chronic disease is mostly normocytic and methotrexate causes folate deficiency which may lead to macrocytosis. So for this microcytic anemia NSAIDs induced GI hemorrhage is the most likely cause].

A 28yo male complains of severe pain while trying to grasp any object. It started since he participated in skiing and had a fall and caught his thumb in the matting. Exam: rupture of the ulnar collateral ligament of MCP joint of the thumb. What is the single most probable deformity? a. Dinner fork deformity b. Game keeper thumb c. Mallet finger d. Gun stock deformity e. Garden spade deformity

B. Game keeper thumb. [Gamekeeper's thumb is an insufficiency of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint of the thumb].

A 75yo Japanese woman reports repeated episodes of vomiting of undigested food mixed with blood. She has lost 5 kgs in weight over the last one month. Clinical exam: shows a frail woman with mild conjuctival palor. Exam: non-tender slightly mobile mass in the epigastric region. Which is the most likely dx? a. Colon cancer b. Gastric cancer c. Gall bladder cancer d. Oesophageal cancer

B. Gastric cancer. [Non-tender mass in epigastrium, conjunctival pallor (anemia), weight loss, vomiting of undigested food mixed with blood due to pyloric obstruction by cancer mass and particularly Japanese (highest incidence of gastric cancer due to taking smoked fish) are almost diagnostic of gastric cancer].

A 28yo man with recent onset of dyspepsia after eating spicy food and alcohol consumption. H. pylori fecal antigen was negative. He returns after 1m with similar symptoms despite being given omeprazole 40mg. What is the single best initial inv? a. Hydrogen breath test b. Gastroscopy c. Barium meal d. None

B. Gastroscopy.

7yo girl with allergy became acutely unwell while visiting a friend's house and has been brought immediately to the ED. She is fully conscious but has got stridor, wheeze and erythematous rash. She is receiving oxygen. What is the single immediate management? a. Check airway patency and prepare intubation b. Give 0.25ml in 1000U epinephrine IM c. Give 10mg chlorphearamine IM d. Give 50ml hydrocortisone IM e. Obtain secure IV access

B. Give 0.25ml in 1000U epinephrine IM. [Stridor is one of the indication of IM epinephrine in anaphylaxis].

A 6yo fell on outstretched hand while playing. He feels tender at the elbow but otherwise well. What is the most likely dx? a. Spiral fx b. Green stick fx c. Compound fx d. Supracondylar fx e. Pulled elbow

B. Green stick fracture.

A 45yo male with epigastric discomfort has been given triple therapy. He has now returned after 4wks of epigastric discomfort. What inv would you do for him? a. ECG b. H.pylori breath test c. Endoscopy and biopsy d. US

B. H. pylori breath test.

A lady presents with hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause. What is the tx option? a. Raloxifen b. HRT c. Bisphosphonate d. COCP e. Topical estrogen

B. HRT

A pt with flame shaped hemorrhage on long term tx with nifedipine. What is the single most likely dx? a. Macular degeneration b. HTN retinopathy c. MS d. DM background e. Proliferative DM retinopathy f. SLE

B. HTN retinopathy. [Stages of hypertensive retinopathy: 1. Grade 1: 2. Grade 2: 3. Grade 3: 4. Grade 4: Silver wiring 1 + AV nipping 2 + flame shaped hemorrhage 3 + optic disc edema + macular star].

A 10yo girl presents with pallor and features of renal failure. She has hematuria as well as proteinuria. The serum urea and creat are elevated. These symptoms started after an episode of bloody diarrhea 4days ago. What is the most probable dx? a. TTP b. HUS c. ITP d. HSP e. ARF

B. HUS. [Most cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome develop in children after two to 14 days of diarrhea often bloody, due to infection with a certain strain of E. coli. Features may be i) abdominal pain, ii) pale skin, iii) hematuria and proteinuria, iv) features of renal failure like- nausea/vomiting, swelling of face, hand, feet or entire body etc. v) elevated urea and creatinine etc.].

A 27yo female who had a RTA 7m back now complaints of attacks of sudden onset rotational vertigo which comes on with sharp movements of the head and neck. Which of the following would be most helpful? a. Caloric testing b. Hallpikes maneuver c. Gutenbergers test d. Meniere's test e. Otoscopy

B. Hallpikes maneuver. [Vertigo which comes on with sharp movement of the head and neck points towards the diagnosis of benign positional vertigo which can be demonstrated by Hallpikes maneuver].

A 5yo boy has cough and swelling at the knee after falling on the ground with rashes on the buttocks which are non-blanching. PT=13, APTT=71, Hgb=11, WBC=8, Plt=200. Choose the most likely dx? a. NAI b. Hemophilia c. HSP d. Osler weber reindu syndrome e. Von-Willebrand disease

B. Hemophilia. This is a controversial key! Correct key should be E. Von-Willebrand disease. [Likely D/D may be B or C! in von willebrands disease usually there is no hemarthrosis (except in type 3) and in hemophilia no nonblanching rash (there may bruising). isolated rise in APTT is highly suggestive of hemophilia (given case). This is an ill defined question and only likely diagnosis may be type 3 von willebrands disease].

A 16yo teenager was brought to the ED after being stabbed on the upper right side of his back. Erect CXR revealed homogenous opacity on the lower right lung, trachea was centrally placed. What is the most probable explanation for the XR findings? a. Pneumothorax b. Hemothorax c. Pneumonia d. Tension pneumothorax e. Empyema

B. Hemothorax. [In blunt trauma there may be hemo-pneumothorax but in sharp wound like stabbing there may occur only hemothorax].

A mother got infected with Hep B during pregnancy. Her child is born and she is worried about the risk of infection to the baby with Hep B. What would you give to the baby? a. Hep B Ig only b. Hep B full vaccine and Ig c. Hep B vaccine only once d. Nothing until immune status is checked e. Hep B vaccine once and Ig

B. Hepatitis B full vaccine and Ig.

A 21yo girl looking unkempt, agitated, malnourished and nervous came to the hospital asking for painkillers for her abdominal pain. She is sweating, shivering and complains of joint pain. What can be the substance misuse here? a. Alcohol b. Heroin c. Cocaine d. LSD e. Ecstasy

B. Heroin. [agitation, nervousness, abdominal cramp, sweating, shivering and piloerection, arthralgia these are features of heroin withdrawal].

A 22yo lady has been unwell for some time. She came to the hospital with complaints of fever and painful vesicles in her left ear. What is the most probable dx? a. Acne b. Herpes zoster c. Chicken pox d. Insect bite e. Cellulitis

B. Herpes Zoster. [This is a case of Herpes zoster oticus and if facial nerve is also involved then it is called Ramsay Hunt syndrome].

A 7yo boy is brought by his mother. There are multiple perioral and forehead vesicles. Some vesicles are crusted and some are not. The face is hot. What is the most likely dx? a. Varicella zoster b. Herpes zoster c. Fungal infection d. Impetigo e. Psoriasis

B. Herpes zoster.

A lady presents with abdominal pain, dysuria, dyspareunia and vaginal discharge. What si your next step? a. Laparoscopy b. High vaginal swab c. Hysteroscopy d. Laparotomy e. US

B. High vaginal swab. [Probable diagnosis is PID].

A 50yo man with a known hx of stroke. He can't remember anything about his life. What is the single most likely defect? a. Homonymous hemianopia b. Homonymous upper quadrantanopia c. Bitemporal hemianopia d. Binasal hemianopia e. Homonymous lower quadrantanopia

B. Homonymous upper quadrantanopia. [Memory processing occur in temporal lobe. So as the patient lost memory his temporal lobe is involved. We know temporal lobe lesion causes "homonymous upper quadrantanopia" which is the key here!]

A schizophrenic pt hears people only when he is about to fall asleep. What is the most likely dx? a. Hypnopompic hallucinations b. Hyponogogic hallucinations c. Hippocampal hallucinations d. Delirious hallucinations e. Auditory hallucinations

B. Hypnogogic hallucinations.

A 68yo man who is a known case of liver cirrhosis has developed ascites. What is the mechanism for the development of ascites? a. Portal HTN b. Hypoalbuminemia c. Congestive heart failure d. Liver failure

B. Hypoalbuminemia. [Portal hypertension is more specific for ascites in liver disease while hypoalbuminemia is cause for more generalized cause of ascites like in all of the following causes like portal hypertension, nephrotic syndrome, hypoalbuminemia, protein loosing enteropathy].

A 28yo business man came to the sexual clinic. He was worried that he has HIV infection. 3 HIV tests were done and all the results are negative. After a few months, he comes back again and claims that he has HIV. What is the dx? a. Somatization b. Hypochondriac c. Mancheusens d. OCD e. Schizophrenia

B. Hypochondriac. [worry about having a serious illness].

What are the side effects of thiazide diuretics? a. Hypocalcemia b. Hyponatremia c. Hypernatremia d. Hyperkalemia

B. Hyponatremia. [Thiazide causes hypercalcemia, hypokalemia and hyponatremia].

A pt after transurethral prostatic biopsy. What electrolyte imbalance can he develop? a. Hyperkalemia b. Hyponatremia c. Hypocalcemia d. Hypernatremia e. Hypercalcemia

B. Hyponatremia. [Use of fluid for bladder irrigation may lead to hyponatremia].

A 43yo woman has suffered with heavy periods for many years and has tried many medical tx without success. She is constantly flooding and at times can't leave her house due to heavy bleeding. She has completed her family of 5 children and her last blood test showed Hgb=8.9g/dl. She feels that she can't cope with the bleeding anymore and her husband is asking for a tx that can guarantee success. What is the most appropriate management to improve menorrhagia in this pt? a. Endometrial ablation b. Hysterectomy c. Hysteroscopic/Laser resection of fibroids d. Myomectomy e. UAE

B. Hysterectomy. [As family is complete hysterectomy is the best option to stop bleeding and it also helps not to get endometrial carcinoma].

A man presented with a purplish swelling at the anal area. It is acutely painful and he complains of constipation for the last 2m. What is the most appropriate management? a. I&D b. I&D + antibiotics c. Reassure d. Analgesia e. Sclerotherapy

B. I&D + antibiotics.

A pt presented after eating a seafood dish at a local restaurant. He complains of difficulty in breathing. His speech is slurred and his BP=85/55mmHg. What would be the most appropriate next step? a. IV adrenaline b. IM adrenaline c. SC adrenaline d. PO chlorpheniramine e. IV chlorpheniramin

B. IM adrenaline. [Patient is getting anaphylactic shock with difficulty of breathing and slurred speech (probably from tongue swelling) which are indications of IM adrenaline].

Which method of contraception can cause the risk of ectopic pregnancy? a. COCP b. IUCD c. Mirena d. POP

B. IUCD.

An 8yo child swallowed 12 tablets of paracetamol 4h ago. Serum paracetamol levels when tested were at critical level. What would you do next? a. Activated charcoal b. IV N-acetylcysteine c. Gastric lavage d. Observation only

B. IV N-acetylcystine. [As 4 hour paracetol level is at critical level start IV N-acetyltine at once]. Manaement of paracetamol poisoning: GI decontamination is recommended in those presenting <4h after OD. Activated charcoal 1g/kg (max 50g) is the treatment of choice, reducing serum levels more than gastric lavage and limiting liver injury. • Glucose, U&E, LFT, INR, ABG, FBC, HCO3 -; blood paracetamol level at 4h post-ingestion. • If <10-12h since overdose, not vomiting, and plasma paracetamol is above the line on the graph, start N-acetylcysteine. • If >8-24h and suspicion of large overdose (>7.5g) err on the side of caution and start N-acetylcysteine, stopping it if level below treatment line and INR/ALT normal. OHCM, 9th edition, page 856].

A 24yo biker has been rescued after being trapped under rocks for almost 12h. He complains of reddish brown urine. His creatinine is 350umol/L and his urea is 15mmol/L. What is the most imp step in the management of this patient? a. Dialysis b. IV NS c. IV dextrose d. IV KCl e. Pain relief

B. IV NS. [It is a case of rhabdomyolysis which is initially treated with IV NS].

A 39yo man with acute renal failure presents with palpitations. His ECG shows tall tented T waves and wide QRS complex. What is the next best step? a. Dialysis b. IV calcium chloride c. IV insulin w/ dextrose d. Calcium resonium e. Nebulized salbutamol

B. IV calcium chloride (both IV calcium gluconate or IV calcium chloride can be used when there is ECG changes). The ECG changes are suggestive of Hyperkalemia. At potassium level of >5.5mEq/L occurs tall tented T waves and at potassium level >7mEq/L occurs wide QRS complex with bizarre QRS morphology.

A 28 yo drug user presents to the ED with collapse and anuria. His serum K+ = 7.5mmol/L. CXR = early pulmonary edema. What is the next appropriate management? a. Urgent hemodialysis b. IV calcium gluconate c. IV insulin + dextrose d. Furosemide e. IV NS 0.9%

B. IV calcium gluconate. [IV calcium gluconate isgiven to ]. Protect the heart from lethal arrhythmia or cardiac arrest from high potassium level and used to buy time while definitive management is being taken. Actually calcium gluconate don't lower the potassium level that much but protect the heart from arrhythmia].

A 6yo came with full thickness burn. He is crying continuously. What is the next step of management? a. Refer to burn unit b. IV fluid stat c. Antibiotic d. Analgesia e. Dressing

B. IV fluid stat. [Here already mentioned full thickness burn which is painless. Child often cry from anxiety for hypoxaemia and hypovolaemia rather than pain. The patient then responds better to oxygen or increased fluid administration rather than to narcotic analgesics. Ref: patient.info].

A 56yo male who presented with epilepsy like symptoms has been dx with an intracranial space occupying lesion. He now complains of thirst and mild dehydration. His blood glucose is also increased. What is the single most appropriate immediate tx? a. Insulin b. IV fluids c. Stop dexamethasone d. Stop sodium valproate and change to another anti-epileptic

B. IV fluids.

A 24yo male is admitted with acute severe asthma. Tx is initiated with 100% oxygen, nebulized salbutamol and ipratropium bromide nebulizers and IV hydrocortisone. Despite initial tx there is no improvement. Which is the next step in management? a. IV aminophylline b. IV magnesium sulphate c. IV salbutamol d. IM adrenaline e. IV adrenaline

B. IV magnesium sulphate.

A 61yo man who had stroke 2y ago is on aspirin. He has RA but suffers from pain and can't tolerate it. He is taking senna for constipation. What is the best med to relieve his pain? a. DMARDs b. Ibuprofen c. Co-codamol d. Paracetamol

B. Ibuprofen. [DMARDs are not painkillers but prevents disease progression in long term. Paracetamol is not enough to control severe pain. Co-codamol will cause constipation. Patient is already taking laxative! So Co-codamol is not the option. Excluding other Ibuprofen seems to be the best option].

A 16wk pregnant pt who was exposed to a child with chicken pox came to GP for help. She was tested -ve for varicella antibody. What is the next most imp step in management? a. Reassurance b. Ig c. Ig + vaccine d. Vaccine only e. Acyclovir

B. Ig. [If you are pregnant, come contact with chicken pox case, found antibody negative on blood test you have to take injection Ig. Ref: patient.info].

A 40yo manual worker presents with a swelling in the groin. Exam: mass is found to be just above and lateral to the pubic tubercle. It is reducible. On applying pressure on the internal ring there is no cough impulse seen. What is the most probable dx? a. Direct inguinal hernia b. Indirect inguinal hernia c. Femoral hernia d. Strangulated hernia e. Femoral aneurysm

B. Indirect inguinal hernia. [Swelling in the groin; mass just above and lateral to the pubic tubercle means inguinal hernia. It is reducible. On applying pressure on the internal ring there is no visible cough impulse; it means the hernia enters through deep ring, and enters scrotum passing through the superficial ring. That means it is indirect inguinal hernia].

A 72yo man presents to the ED with chest pain. The following ECG was taken What is the most likely dx? pathological Q wave and mild ST elevation in leads II, III and aVF]. a. Anterior MI b. Inferior MI c. Lateral MI d. Posterior MI e. NSTEMI

B. Inferior MI.

45yo woman comes with red, swollen and exudating ulcer on the nipple and areola of right breast with palpable lump under the ulcer. What do you think is causing this skin condition? a. Inflammatory cells releasing cytokines b. Infiltration of the lymphatics by the carcinomatous cells c. Infiltration of the malignant skin cells to the breast tissue

B. Infiltration of the lymphatics by the carcinomatous cells.

A 34yo labourer developed severe pain in his lower back after lifting a sack of sand. He also complains of shooting pain down his leg. The GP has prescribed him complete bed rest, with painkillers and also scheduled an MRI for him. What is the most likely dx? a. Peripheral vascular disease b. Intervertebral disc prolapse c. Hairline fx of the spine d. Sprain of the back muscles e. Muscle injury

B. Intervertebral disc prolapse. [Intervertebral disc prolapsed can cause severe back pain following heavy lifting and radiculopathy (pressure on spinal nerve root) can cause this shooting pain which can be demonstrated by MRI spine].

34yo man was brought to the ED after a RTA. BP=50/0mmHg and chest wall not moving symmetrically, RR=34bpm. What would be initial action? a. IV fluid infusion b. Intubation and ventilation c. CT chest d. Transfer to ITU

B. Intubation and ventilation [ABC protocol].

A 34yo man after an RTA was brought to the ED. He has BP=50/0mmHg and chest wall with asymmetrical movement, RR=34bpm. What would be the initial action? a. IV fluid infusion b. Intubation and ventilation c. CT chest d. Transfer to ITU

B. Intubation and ventilation.

A 67yo man had successful thrombolysis for an inf MI 1 month ago and was discharged after 5days. He is now readmitted with pulmonary edema. What is the most probable dx? a. Aortic regurgitation b. Ischemic mitral regurgitation c. Mitral valve prolapse d. Pulmonary stenosis e. Rheumatic mitral valve stenosis

B. Ischaemic mitral regurgitation. [ischaemic mitral regurgitation > raised pulmonary capillary pressure > pulmonary oedema]. [ Inferior myocardial infarction causes left ventricular remodeling, which displaces posterior papillary muscle away from its normal position, leading to ischemic mitral regurgitation].

A 27yo woman had pre-eclampsia and was delivered by C-section. She is now complaining of RUQ pain different from wound pain. What inv will you do immediately? a. Coagulation profile b. LFT c. Liver US d. MRCP e. None

B. LFT. [In a post ceasarian patient having pre-eclampsia RUQ pain different from wound pain points towards the diagnosis of HELLP syndrome. So immediate investigation to be done is LFT]. [OHCS, 9th edition, page 26].

A pregnant lady came with pain in her calf muscle with local rise in temp to the antenatal clinic. What tx should be started? a. Aspirin b. LMWH c. Paracetamol d. Cocodamol e. Aspirin and heparin

B. LMWH. [Injections with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) are usually used to treat pregnant women with DVT. LMWH is an anticoagulant, which means it prevents the blood clot getting bigger. It does not affect the developing baby (www.nhs.uk)].

A young woman was brought to the hospital. On exam she has low temperature and tremor. She says when she closes her eyes, she can see colors. What drug has been used? a. Amphetamines b. LSD c. Cocaine d. Heroine e. Ecstasy

B. LSD. [LSD can cause colour in vision].

A 69yo woman presents with a sudden onset of weakness of her right arm and leg. She is known to be hypertensive. There has been no headache, LOC, visual, speech or sensory symptoms. Exam: BP=180/90mmHg, pulse=100 and regular heart sounds, no carotid bruit. Higher mental function tests are normal. No apraxia or neglect. Speech, swallowing and sensation are normal. There are no visual field defects. There is a mild facial weakness sparing the forehead. The right arm and leg are flaccid and weak. Reflexes and tone are normal. There is a right extensor plantar response. What is the most likely cause of this pt's symptoms? a. Cardioembolic stroke b. Lacunar stroke c. Right internal carotid artery atheroembolic stroke d. Right internal carotid artery dissection e. Right vertebral artery atheroembolic stroke

B. Lacunar stroke. [Weakness of right arm and leg. So lesion is on left side. Hence C,D and E can not be the option. Also no AF or carotid artery disease and features are very much consistent with lacunar infarct].

The artery that runs in the ant inter-ventricular groove. What is the single most appropriate option? a. Acute marginal branch b. Left ant descending artery c. Coronary sinus d. Circumflex artery e. Right coronary artery

B. Left ant descending artery.

Which artery runs in the anterior inter-ventricular groove? a. Acute marginal branch b. Left ant descending artery c. Septal branches d. Circumflex artery e. Right coronary artery

B. Left anterior descending artery.

Pt with pain and swelling in left leg and thigh up to the level of inguinal ligament. Where is the level of occlusion? a. Femoro-popliteal artery b. Left common iliac artery c. Aortoiliac artery d. Femoral artery e. Profound femoral artery

B. Left common iliac artery. and D. Femoral artery. Correct key is B. Left common iliac artery. [General rule is occlusion occurs in proximal bifarcation. So the correct key is B. Left common iliac artery. That is occlusion in the bifarcation of left common iliac artery (as femoral artery bifarcates more distally to superficial and deep branches)].

A 52yo man presents with visual hallucinations and features of cognitive impairment. What is the most likely dx? a. Frontotemporal dementia b. Lewy body dementia c. Delirium tremens d. Alzheimer's disease e. Huntington's disease

B. Lewy body dementia. [Visual hallucinations and cognitive impairment are suggestive of Lewy body dementia. Hallucination is prominent feature of LBD than Alzheimers. Again cognitive impairment goes more with LBD while prominent early memory loss symptom suggests Alzheimer's].

An 18yo woman says that she can't walk around as she is very big for that room. What is the most likely hallucination? a. Extracampine visual hallucinations b. Liliputian visual hallucinations c. Alice in wonderland syndrome d. Hypnagogic hallucinations

B. Lilliputian visual hallucination. [B. Liliputian visual hallucinations and C. Alice in wonderland syndrome are same].

A 54yo woman has presented with episodes of abdominal ache, vomiting and postural hypotension. She also has a dark pigmentation of her skin. A dx of Addison's disease was made. What is the most likely electrolyte abnormality expected in this pt? a. High Na+, Low K+ b. Low Na+, High K+ c. Low Na+, Low K+ d. High Na+, High K+ e. Low Na+, Normal K+

B. Low Na+, High K+.

A 74yo man who has been a smoker since he was 20 has recently been dx with SCLC. What serum electrolyte picture will confirm the presence of SIADH? a. High serum Na, low serum osmolarity, high urine osmolarity b. Low serum Na, low serum osmolarity, high urine osmolarity c. Low serum Na, high serum osmolarity, high urine osmolarity d. High serum Na, low serum osmolarity, low urine osmolarity e. High serum Na, high serum osmolarity, low urine osmolarity

B. Low serum Na, low serum osmolarity, high urine osmolarity.

A 68yo DM, HTN with a 45pack/year smoking hx, has left sided chest pain increased with breathing. Exam: myosis on left side and wasting of small muscles of left hand. What is the single most appropriate dx? a. Costochondritis b. Lung cancer c. Good pasture's syndrome d. MND e. Progressive massive fibrosis

B. Lung cancer. [Smoking history, chest sign and Horner's syndrome points towards lung cancer (probable pancoast tumour)].

A 15yo boy presents with recurrent breathlessness and wheeze especially after exercise. What is the most diagnostic inv? a. CXR b. Lung function test c. PEFR d. CT scan

B. Lung function test. [Assessment of severity of airflow obstruction can diagnose asthma and COPD].

A 50yo pt is admitted for elective herniorraphy. Which of the following options will lead to a postponement of the operation? a. SBP 110mmHg b. MI 2 months ago c. Hgb 12g/dl d. Pain around hernia e. Abdominal distention

B. MI 2 months ago. [After MI elective surgery should not be done before 6 months post MI, as operation in earlier than this time has significant increase in mortality].

A 45yo man presents with hearing loss and tinnitus in the right ear. Exam: weber test lateralizes to the left. Audiometry: AC > BC in both ears. What is the next best inv? a. CT b. MRI brain c. Angiogram d. Otoscopy

B. MRI brain. [AC>BC indicate Rinne positive; i.e. The deafness is not conductive. Again hearing loss is on right side. Weber lateralized to left. We know weber lateralized to same side if conductive deafness and to opposite if there is sensoryneural deafness. So it is now obvious that the deafness of right ear is sensoryneural deafness for which MRI brain is the next best investigation].

A 64yo man presents with ipsilateral vertigo, tinnitus and left side hearing loss. Exam: Renne test +ve and Weber's lateralizes to the right ear. What is the most appropriate inv? a. CT b. MRI brain c. XR d. Audiometry e. None f. Caloric testing

B. MRI brain. [Rinne positive, so it is not conductive deafness. Again we know if weber lateralize to deaf ear it is conductive and lateralized away from deaf ear then it is sensoryneural. So here there is sensoryneural hearing loss in left ear. So the most appropriate investigation is MRI brain. Why not CT? As auditory involvement including acoustic neuroma is better visualized by MRI].

A 43yo man with a hx of hospital admissions talk about various topics, moving from one loosely connected topic to another. What is the most likely dx? a. Psychosis b. Mania c. Schizophrenia d. Pressured speech e. Verbal diarrhea

B. Mania. [Flight of idea is common in mania].

A young woman fell and hit her knee. Exam: valgus test +ve. What ligament was most probably injured? a. Ant cruciate b. Medial collateral c. Lateral collateral d. Post cruciate e. Meniscus

B. Medial collateral. [The valgus stress test involves placing the leg into extension, with one hand placed as a pivot on the knee. With the other hand placed upon the foot applying an abducting force, an attempt is then made to force the leg at the knee into valgus. If the knee is seen to open up on the medial side, this is indicative of medial collateral ligament damage].

A middle aged Asian presents with episodes of fever with rigors and chills for last 1y. Blood film: ring form plasmodium with schaffners dots in RBCs. What is the drug to eradicate this infection? a. Doxycycline b. Mefloquine c. Proguanil d. Quinine e. Artesonate

B. Mefloquine. Probably wrong key as mefloquine can not eradicate hepatic cycle! Primaquine is the drug that can eradicate hepatic cycle. Ans. 2. Shuffners dot indicates, it is plasmodium ovale or plasmodium vivex infestation.

A 19yo man with known hx of OM presents with headache, lethargy, sweating and shivering. What is the single most likely dx? a. Furuncle b. Meningitis c. Myringitis d. Nasopharyngeal tumor

B. Meningitis. [OM often can be a cause of intracranial extension leading to cerebral abscess or meningitis].

An 82yo woman has been admitted from a nursing home with dense hemiplegia and homonymous hemianopia. She is dysphasic. What vessel is most likely to be involved? a. Ant cerebral artery b. Mid cerebral artery c. Post cerebral artery d. Internal carotid artery e. Post inf cerebellar artery

B. Mid cerebral artery. [Hemiplegia, homonymous hemianopia, dysphasia these are common features of mid cerebral artery stroke].

A man with hx of fall had confusion and laceration mark on the head. Which is the most appropriate vessel affected? a. Basiliary artery b. Middle meningeal artery c. Vertebral artery d. Diploic vein

B. Middle meningeal artery. [Considerable head injury and lucid interval (several episodes of transient confusion)points towards extradural hematoma which occurs frequently from bleeding from middle meningeal artery. Subdural hematoma usually occur due to bleeding vein].

A 24yo woman presents with tingling and twitching of her fingers followed by throbbing unilateral headache. What is the most likely dx? a. Tension headache b. Migraine c. Cluster headache d. TIA e. SAH

B. Migraine. [The tingling and twitching of her fingers are aura and the migraine is with aura].

An 18yo girl has menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea and requires contraception. What drug will you give her? a. COCP b. Mirena coil c. Copper T d. UAE e. Depo provera

B. Mirena coil.

After an MI, a man presents with pansystolic murmur which is radiating to the axilla. What is the dx? a. Tricuspid regurgitation b. Mitral regurgitation c. Aortic stenosis d. Mitral stenosis

B. Mitral regurgitation. [MI can lead to papillary muscle rupture causing mitral regurgitation].

A 43yo woman presents with low mood, loss of libido, sleep disturbance, tiredness, palpitation, chest discomfort, irritability and recurrent worries. What is the most likely dx? a. Seasonal Affective Disorder b. Mod depression c. Dysthymia d. GAD e. Bipolar disorder

B. Moderate depression. [Mild depression: i)Low mood ii) Anhedonia iii) Guilt iv) Hopelessness v) Worthlessness vi) Inability to concentrate. Tx CBT Moderate depression: Features of mild + vii) Poor sleep viii) Poor Appetite ix) Poor libido x) Easy fatiguability. Tx Antidepressants Severe depression: Features of moderate + xi) Suicidal intensions. Tx ECT].

A 55yo woman who attends the clinic has recently been dx with a depressive episode. She complains of unintentionally waking early in the morning, a recent disinterest in sex and a loss of appetite, losing 5kg weight in the last month. She feels that her mood is worse at the beginning of the day. What is the most likely dx for this pt? a. Mild depression b. Moderate depression c. Severe depression d. Low mood e. Pseudo depression

B. Moderate depression. [Sleep disturbance, disinterest in sex and loss of appetite points towards the diagnosis of moderate depression].

A 50yo man complains of visual prbs and dull pain in the left eye. Fundoscopy reveals papilloedema. He was dx with MS 2yrs ago. There is no consensual light reflex of the right eye. What is the single most likely defect? a. Paracentral scotoma b. Mono-ocular field loss c. Homonymous upper quadrantanopia d. Central scotoma e. Homonymous lower quadrantanopia

B. Mono-ocular field loss.

A pt with alternating swings or episodes from elation and depression had underwent tx and gotten better. What medication needed to be continued so he can stay well? a. Anxiolytics b. Mood stabilizers c. Antidepressants d. Antipsychotics

B. Mood stabilizers [bipolar disorder treated with mood stabilizers].

An 18yo man has a smooth, tender swelling extending from the ear to the angle of the jaw of sudden onset. Temp=38.5C. What is the single most likely dx? a. Dental caries b. Mumps c. OE d. OM e. Temporomandibular joint pain

B. Mumps. [Here sudden onset and rise of temperature are points indicating the diagnosis of Mumps].

A 16yo boy came home from boarding school with a cough. His CXR showed bilateral consolidations. What is the most likely organism which would have caused his symptoms? a. Legionella pneumophilia b. Mycoplasma pneumonia c. Mycobacterium TB d. Pneumocystis jiroveci e. Pseudomonas aeruginosa

B. Mycoplasma pneumonia. [Mycoplasma is common in military barrack, prison or boarding dwellers].

A 60yo woman presents with acute onset of bone and back pain following a rough journey in a car. Exam: tenderness at mid-thoracic vertebra with spasm, she feels better once she bends forward. What is the single most probable dx? a. Osteoporotic fx verterbra b. Myofacial pain c. Whiplash injury d. MI e. Pancreatitis

B. Myofacial pain. [Myofascial pain syndrome is a chronic pain disorder. In myofascial pain syndrome, pressure on sensitive points in your muscles (trigger points) causes pain in seemingly unrelated parts of your body. This is called referred pain. Myofascial pain syndrome typically occurs after a muscle has been contracted repetitively].

A HIV +ve 55yo man presents with painless lymphadenopathy, fever, night sweats and weight loss. What is the most probable dx? a. Hodgkin's lymphoma b. NHL c. ALL d. AML e. CML

B. NHL. [NHL is more likely diagnosis in AIDS or immunodeficient state].

An 18yo man is rushed into the ER by his friends who left him immediately before they could be interviewed by staff. He is semiconscious, RR=8/min, BP=120/70mmHg, pulse=60bpm. He is noted to have needle track marks on his arms and his pupils are small. What is the single best initial tx? a. Insulin b. Naloxone c. Methadone d. Gastric lavage

B. Naloxone. The diagnosis is opiate overdose. Points in favour are: i) reduced consciousness ii) RR 8/min (12<) iii) hypotension (here lower normal) iv) miosis v) needle track marks on his arms.

A pt being sedated with fentanyl develops severe respiratory depression. This is best reversed using? a. Ethanol b. Naloxone c. Phyostigmine d. Atropine e. Methylene blue f. Diphenhydramine g. Calcium disodium ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid h. Deferoxamine mesylate i. Flumazenil j. Folic acid

B. Naloxone. [Opioid Antagonist, reverses the effects of fentanyl, though it has to be administeres for a longer period of time due long half life of fentanyl].

A 24yo man has been found unconscious in an alleyway with a RR=6bpm and HR=60bpm. His pupils are constricted. What is the best tx? a. Methadone b. Naloxone c. Naltrexone d. Thiamine e. Glucose

B. Naloxone. [Respiratory depression and miosis points towards opiates poisoning for which antidote naloxone is given].

A 12yo presents with chest pain. Exam: tachycardia, hypotension, dilated neck veins and the trachea is not centrally placed. What is the next appropriate management? a. Portable XR b. Needle thoracocenthesis c. Chest drainage d. ABG e. CTPA

B. Needle thoracocentesis. [The case may be either pneumothorax or massive pleural effusion. Thoracocentasis is recommended for both].

A young boy presented with bilateral periorbital edema, ankle swelling and increase in body weight. What is the most likely dx? a. Chronic heart failure b. Nephrotic syndrome c. Renal failure d. Acute heart failure e. Glomerulonephritis

B. Nephrotic syndrome.

A 49yo man lost his job and now is homeless. He was found wandering in the park. He is muttering that some people are after him. Alcohol was tested and it was negative. What will your next step be? a. Thiamine b. Neuropsycho analysis c. Mini mental state d. CT head e. MRI head

B. Neuropsychoanalysis. [As the patient has persecutory delusion he is likely suffering from psychosis for which neuropsychoanalysis is the logical approach].

A pt had passed a 4mm stone in his urine. He has a 3mm stone in the renal pelvis found on US. What is the management? a. ESWL b. None c. Dormier basket d. Surgery e. PCNL

B. None. • [Stones less than 5 mm in diameter pass spontaneously in up to 80% of people. • Stones between 5 mm and 10 mm in diameter pass spontaneously in about 50% of people. • Stones larger than 1 cm in diameter usually require intervention (urgent intervention is required if complete obstruction or infection is present). • Two thirds of stones that pass spontaneously will do so within four weeks of onset of symptoms]. Ref: patient.info

A child during operation and immediately after showed glycosuria, but later his urine sugar was normal. Choose the most probable dx. a. Pre-diabetic state b. Normal finding c. Low renal tubular threshold d. DM

B. Normal finding. Stress during operation can cause transient hyperglycemia causing glycosuria secondary to stress induced rise of cortisole which becomes normal after some time.

A 45yo man keeps having intrusive thoughts about having dirt under the bed. He can't keep himself from thinking about these thoughts. If he tries to resist, he starts having palpitations. What is the most likely dx? a. OC personality b. OCD c. Schizophrenia d. Panic disorder e. Phobia

B. OCD [Here patients thoughts are obsession and though no compulsive act is described (like repeated cleansing of dirt) but his nature of thought like inability to resist the thinking or getting palpitation on trying to avoid thinking can be regarded as compulsion of thought. CBT 1st line. SSRIs].

A 22yo man keeps having persistent and intrusive thoughts that he is a dirty thief. No matter what he tries these thoughts keep coming to him. Any attempt to avoid these thoughts leads to serious anxiety. What is the most likely dx? a. Schizophrenia b. OCD c. PTSD d. Mania e. Psychotic depression

B. OCD. [Though here no obsession or thoughts but no compulsion of activity but there is compulsion of thoughts as well which makes the diagnosis as OCD].

A 22yo man has a reduced conscious level and a fixed dilated pupil after being involved in a MVC. Choose the single most appropriate option? a. Facial nerve b. Oculomotor nerve c. Olfactory nerve d. Optic nerve e. Trigeminal nerve

B. Oculomotor nerve. [3rd nerve damage can cause fixed dilated pupil].

A 28yo pregnant woman with polyhydramnios and SOB comes for an anomaly scan at 31 wks. US= absence of gastric bubble. What is the most likely dx? a. Duodenal atresia b. Esophageal atresia c. Gastrochiasis d. Exomphalos e. Diaphragmatic hernia

B. Oesophageal atresia.

A 39yo male presents with visual symptoms. Ophthalmoscopy shows papilloedema. Which anatomical site is most likely to be affected? a. Optic nerve b. Optic disc c. Optic radiation d. Occulomotor nerve e. Optic chiasma

B. Optic disc.

A 60yo female has pain and stiffness in her right hip joint. Pain is not severe in the morning but increases as the day progresses. She has noticed some nodules in her hands. Inv: Hgb=low. What is the most probable dx? a. RA b. Osteoarthritis c. Gout d. Pseudogout e. Multiple myeloma

B. Osteoarthritis. [Stiffness and pain of right hip increasing as the day progresses, nodules in hands (Hebarden or Bouchard's nodes), anemia (probably secondary to prolonged NSAIDs use) indicates osteoarthritis].

An obese mother suffers from OSAS. Which of the following inv is best for her? a. ABG b. Overnight pulse-oximetry c. Polysomnography d. EEG

B. Overnight pulse-oxymetry. [It is already a diagnosed case of OSAS. So no need for reconfirmation with polysomnography. If like to know the current status or monitor overnight pulse oxymetry is good].

A 38yo lady presents with amenorrhea has very high LH and FSH levels, normal prolactin and low estradiol. Choose the single most likely dx? a. PCOS b. POF c. Hypothyroidism d. Pregnancy e. Menopause

B. POF. [High LH and FSH, normal prolactin and low estrogen in secondary amenorrhea in a lady under age 40 is highly suggestive of POF].

A 47 yo ex-soldier suffers from low mood and anxiety. He can't forget the images he faces before and has always had flashbacks. He is not able to watch the news because there are usually some reports about war. What is he suffering from? a. Depression b. PTSD c. Panic attack d. Agoraphobia e. GAD

B. PTSD. [repeated flashbacks and tendency to avoid the thoughts of stressor is diagnostic of PTSD].

A 21yo woman has had several sudden onset episodes of palpitations, sweating, nausea and overwhelming fear. On one occasion she was woken from sleep and feared she was going insane. There is no prv psychiatric disorder. What is the most probable dx? a. Pheochromocytoma b. Panic disorder c. GAD d. Phobia e. Acute stress disorder

B. Panic disorder. [here closest d/d to panic disorder is pheochromocytoma. But in pheochromocytoma the most important feature is resistant hypertension and other important features are headache and abdominal pain which all are absent here. Moreover overwhelming fear is more suggestive of panic disorder. Hence here the diagnosis is B. Panic disorder].

A 4yo boy presents with fever, sore throat and lymphadenopathy. The dx of tonsillitis has been made. He had 3 episodes last yr. What is the most appropriate management for this pt? a. Tonsillectomy b. Paracetamol/ibuprofen c. Oral penicillin V d. IV penicillin e. None

B. Paracetamol/ibuprofen. [Explanation: Drugs: • Antipyretic analgesics such as paracetamol and ibuprofen are of value. • For most patients, antibiotics have little effect on the duration of the condition or the severity of symptoms. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) suggests that indications for antibiotics include:[1] ✓ Features of marked systemic upset secondary to the acute sore throat. ✓ Unilateral peritonsillitis. ✓ A history of rheumatic fever. ✓ An increased risk from acute infection (such as a child with diabetes mellitus or immunodeficiency). ✓ Acute tonsillitis with three or more of the following Centor criteria present: ▪ History of fever ▪ Tonsillar exudates ▪ No cough ▪ Tender anterior cervical lymphadenopathy. [Source: patient.info]. Indications for tonsillectomy: • The child has five or more episodes of acute sore throat per year, documented by the parent or clinician. • Symptoms have been occurring for at least a year. • The episodes of sore throat have been severe enough to disrupt the child's normal behaviour or day-to-day functioning.

A 24yo man after a head injury presents with difficulty dressing himself, difficulty in writing and inability to differentiate the fingers of his hand. Which part of the brain is most likely to be affected? a. Frontal lobe b. Parietal lobe c. Temporal lobe d. Occipital lobe e. Brainstem

B. Parietal lobe. [Dressing apraxia, agraphia and finger agnosia are features of parietal lobe lesions].

A 62yo man with chronic schizophrenia presents with a mask like face and involuntary pill rolling movement in both hands. He complains of chronic cough and forgetfulness. He is on long term antipsychotic meds. What is the single most likely dx? a. Shy drager syndrome b. Parkinsonism c. Huntington's chorea d. Tardive dyskinesia e. Akathisia

B. Parkinsonism. [Antypsychotic drugs can cause parkinsonism].

A 24yo woman presents with deep dyspareunia and severe pain in every cycle. What is the initial inv? a. Laparoscopy b. Pelvic US c. Hysteroscopy d. Vaginal Swab

B. Pelvic US. The likely diagnosis is endometriosis. Treatment: There is no cure for endometriosis, but a number of treatments may improve symptoms. This may include pain medication [NSAIDs such as naproxen], hormonal treatments [COCP, or mirena], or surgery [Surgical removal of endometriosis when other measures fail].

A man presented with cellulitis and swelling. He was started on flucloxacillin. What other medication do you want to add? a. Vancomycin b. Penicillin c. Metronidazole d. Ceftriaxone e. Amoxicillin

B. Penicillin. cellulitis is usually caused by staphylococcus and streptococcus. To cover both Flucloxacillin (for staphylococcus) and Penicillin (to cover streptococci) should be prescribed.

A 48yo presents with severe chest pain since the last 40mins. In the ED he is given oxygen, GTN, morphine. ECG=ST elevation. Bloods=increased troponin levels. What is the next step of management? a. Beta blockers b. Percutaneous angiography c. Anticoagulant & heparin d. Clopidogrel e. Aspirin

B. Percutaneous angiography. This is a wrong key! Correct key is E. Aspirin. [In any case of IHD, most important initial management is aspirin].

A 45yo man who is diabetic and HTN but poorly compliant has chronic SOB, develops severe SOB and chest pain. Pain is sharp, increased by breathing and relieved by sitting forward. What is the single most appropriate dx? a. MI b. Pericarditis c. Lung cancer d. Good pastures syndrome e. Progressive massive fibrosis

B. Pericarditis. [Nature of pain i.e. sharp pain increased by breathing and relieved by sitting forward is suggestive of pericarditis]. Nature of pericardial pain: the most common symptom is sharp, stabbing chest pain behind the sternum or in the left side of your chest. However, some people with acute pericarditis describe their chest pain as dull, achy or pressure-like instead, and of varying intensity. The pain of acute pericarditis may radiate to your left shoulder and neck. It often intensifies when you cough, lie down or inhale deeply. Sitting up and leaning forward can often ease the pain.

A 35yo lady is admitted with pyrexia, weight loss, diarrhea and her skin is lemon yellow in color. CBC = high MCV. What is the most probably dx? a. Aplastic anemia b. Pernicious anemia c. Leukemia d. ITP e. Lymphoma

B. Pernicious anemia. [It may be graves with pernicious anemia. Lemon yellow pallor occurs in pernicious anemia. Hyperthyroidism may cause persistently raised body temperature. Both are autoimmune disease which favours this association].

A 76yo man presents with sore throat, local irritation by hot food, dysphagia and a sensation of a lump in his throat. He has a 20y hx of smoking. What is the single most likely dx? a. Nasopharyngeal ca b. Pharyngeal ca c. Sinus squamous cell ca d. Squamous cell laryngeal ca e. Hypopharyngeal ca

B. Pharyngeal Ca.

A 55yo man presents with mild headache. He has changed his spectacles thrice in 1 yr. there is mild cupping present in the disc and sickle shaped scotoma present in both eyes. What is the single most appropriate tx? a. Pan retinal photo coagulation b. Pilocarpine eye drops c. Corticosteroids d. Scleral buckling e. Analgesics alone

B. Pilocarpine. [This is a case of open angle glaucoma, treated with pilocarpine].

A pt with hodgkins lymphoma who is under tx develops high fever. His blood results show WBC <2800 and has a chest infection. Choose the most likely tx? a. Co-amoxiclav b. Piperacillin+tazobactam c. Erythromycin d. Piperacillin+Co-amoxiclav e. Penicillin+tazobactam

B. Piperacillin+tazobactam. [Here patients WBC is <2800, i.e. patient has leucopenia (probable neutropenia). Piperacillin/Tazobactam may be used in the management of neutropenic patients with fever suspected to be due to a bacterial infection as in patient with postchemotherapy neutropenia. Even febrile neutropenia can be seen in patients with cancer per-se!].

A 55yo female presented with anemia and dysphagia. There is a feeling of something stuck in the throat. The esophagus can't be negotiated beyond the crico-pharynx. What is the most probable dx? a. Foreign body b. Plummer vinson syndrome c. Pharyngeal carcinoma d. Barret's esophagus e. Esophageal carcinoma

B. Plummer Vinson syndrome. [The picture fits two D/D. 1. Plummer Vinson syndrome 2. Oesophagial carcinoma. Lower oesophagial stricture is more common for Ca. So presenting case is likely a case of Plummer Vinson syndrome. It can be differentiated by the type of anemia. If it is IDA dx is Plummer Vinson syndrome].

A 29yo woman who returned from Egypt 2wks ago now presents with difficulty in breathing, chest pain, cough and purulent sputum with an episode of blood staining. She is on COCPs. What is the most likely dx? a. Pulmonary embolism b. Pneumonia c. Lung abscess d. Pneumothorax e. Pulmonary edema

B. Pneumonia. [Purulent sputum is the clincher to differentiate pneumonia from pulmonary embolism here].

A 50yo farmer complains of pain in his left arm. Exam: he appears to have a neuropathy affecting isolated nerves in multiple, random areas of his left arm. He also has a palpable purpura and tender nodules on both of his upper and lower limbs. A likely diagnosis is? a. Carpal tunnel syndrome b. Polyarteritis nodosa c. Angina Pectoris d. Gout e. Cellulitis f. Rheumatoid arthritis g. Erysipelas h. Fascitis i. Reiter's Syndrome j. Polymyalgia Rheumatica

B. Polyarteritis nodosa. [Presentaion:Peripheral nerves and skin are the most frequently affected tissues. PURPURA,LIVEDOID,SUBCUTANEOUS NODULES and NECROTIC ULCERS. Neurologically, MONONEURITIS MULTIPLEX>...involvemnet of CNS,Git,kidneys and heart means higher mortality.RENAL INVOLVEMENT:hypertension,AKI, GIT:necrosis,perforation.Myalgia].

A 64yo alcoholic who has been dx with liver cirrhosis presents with a massive ascites. What is the mechanism of fluid accumulation in a pt with liver disease? a. Cirrhosis b. Portal HTN c. Hypoalbuminemia d. Liver failure e. Hepatic encephalopathy

B. Portal hypertension. [Portal hypertension is more specific for ascites in liver disease (portal hypertension occurs only in liver disease not in other causes of oedema like nephrotic syndrome, hypoalbuminemia, protein loosing enteropathy etc.) while hypoalbuminemia is more generalized cause of ascites as in portal hypertension, nephrotic syndrome, hypoalbuminemia, protein loosing enteropathy all].

A pt with terminal cancer is being treated with chemo develops tingling and numbness of the fingertips of both arms. What is the single most likely cause of the symptoms? a. Bone mets to cervical vertebrae b. Post-chemo neuropathy c. Hyponatremia d. Hypocalcemia

B. Post-chemo neuropathy.

A 12yo boy presents with painful swollen knew after a sudden fall. Which bursa is most likely to be affected? a. Semimembranous bursa b. Prepatellar bursa c. Pretibial bursa d. Suprapatetaller bursa

B. Prepatellar bursa. [A fall onto the knee can damage the prepatellar bursa. This usually causes bleeding into the bursa sac causing swellen painful knee. Prepatellar bursitis that is caused by an injury will usually go away on its own. The body will absorb the blood in the bursa over several weeks, and the bursa should return to normal. If swelling in the bursa is causing a slow recovery, a needle may be inserted to drain the blood and speed up the process. There is a slight risk of infection in putting a needle into the bursa].

A child has hypothyroidism. What feature is a/w it? a. Microglossia b. Prolonged neonatal jaundice c. Undescended testis d. Anal tag e. Left soft palate

B. Prolonged neonatal jaundice. [Prolonged neonatal jaundice is a well known feature of hypothyroidism].

What advice would you give for the parents of a child with repeated UTI? a. Surgery b. Prophylactic antibiotics c. Increase fluids d. Toilet training e. Laxatives

B. Prophylactic antibiotic.[For repeated UTI prophylactic antibiotic should be given].

A 79yo anorexic male complains of thirst and fatigue. He has symptoms of frequency, urgency and terminal dribbling. His urea and creatinine levels are high. His serum calcium is 1.9 and he is anemic. His BP is 165/95 mmHg. What is the most probable dx? a. BPH b. Prostate carcinoma c. Chronic pyelonephritis d. Benign nephrosclerosis

B. Prostate Carcinoma. First to say in this case (almost all features goes in favour of prostatic carcinoma like- frequency, urgency and terminal dribbling are features of prostatism; Age, anorexia and anaemia are constitutional features of carcinoma prostate and it would be accurate presentation if it was hypercalcaemia. But given calcium level is of hypocalcaemic level and it is the main cause of discrepancy of this question). Renal failure can be an association of malignant disease and can cause high BP. Thirst is a feature of hypercalcaemia (here may be erroneously calcium level is given in hypocalcaemic level ; probably a bad recall). Prostate biopsy is the confirmatory diagnosis and others like PSA is suggestive.

A woman is sad, fatigues and she is eating more and also has sleeping disturbance and hears the voice of her husband who died 3yrs ago. What is the dx? a. OCD b. Psychotic depression c. Grieving d. Severe depression

B. Psychotic depression. [Here features of atypical depression along with hallucination makes the likely diagnosis to be psychotic depression].

A 46yo woman comes for a routine gynaecological visit. On pelvic examination, a 1-cm red, granular lesion is noted on the posterior cervical lip, which is firm and bleeds on contact. Which is the next best step for establishing a dx? a. Cervical cytological smear b. Punch biopsy c. Transvaginal ultrasound d. Colposcopy

B. Punch biopsy.

A 70yo man with prostatic cancer has had severe acute back pain waking him up at night for 6wks. What is the most appropriate inv? a. MRI spine b. Radionuclide bone scan c. DEXA scan d. Serum ALP concentration e. Serum calcium concentration

B. Radionuclide bone scan. [[MRI is good for soft tissue but not for bone. If it was radiculopathy, spinal cord compression or prolapsed disc creating pressure on nerve MRI would be fine but not for bony metastasis. Here investigation of choice is radionuclide bone scan].

A 60yo pt recovering from a surgery for toxic goiter is found to be hypotensive, cyanosed in the the RR. Exam: tense neck. There is blood oozing from the drain. What is the most likely dx? a. Thyroid storm b. Reactionary hemorrhage c. Secondary hemorrhage d. Primary hemorrhage e. Tracheomalacia

B. Reactionary haemorrhage. [in the recovery room, cyanosis, hypotension, tense neck, woozing of blood from drain; all these goes in favour of reactionary haemorrhage].

A 32yo woman has had a febrile illness and swelling of the small joints of her hands, feet, wrists and knees for two days. She has a maculopapular rash and a few palpable, small cervical lymph nodes. She was previously well. There is no history of relevant travel outside the UK. She has two young children. What is the SINGLE most likely dx? a. Psoriasis b. Reactive arthritis c. Rheumatoid arthritis d. Sarcoidosis e. SLE

B. Reactive arthritis

A 50yo smoker and heavy drinker presents with complaints of racing heart. A 24h ECG comes out normal. What is your next step in management? a. ECHO b. Reassure c. Stress test

B. Reassure. [Smoking and alcohol excess can cause palpitation without any recognizable arrhythmia and for this no treatment is required].

A 24yo woman presents with episodes of peri-oral tingling and carpo pedal spasms every time she has to give a public talk. This also happens to her before interviews, exams and after arguments. What is the best management strategy for this pt? a. Diazepam b. Rebreathe in a paper bag c. Desensitization d. Buspirone e. Propranolol

B. Rebreathe in a paper bag. This is wrong key. More correct option is C. Desensitization.[Desensitization is the treatment of choice in long run. For prevention proranalol before expected exposure and if patient presents with an attack then rebreathing in a paperbag to subside her acute problems].

A lady who is alcohol dependent wants to quit but wants someone to encourage her. What would you do? a. Medication b. Refer to social services c. Refer to psychology d. CBT

B. Refer to social services.

A 45yo known hypertensive man presents with hematuria, proteinuria and edema. What is the definitive dx test for him? a. Urine protein b. Renal biopsy c. Renal function test d. Urine microscopy e. Serum protein

B. Renal biopsy. [In nephritic syndrome glomerulus is affected. So renal biopsy is the definitive diagnostic test].

A diabetic has been prescribed a long acting hypoglycemic in the morning and short acting in the evening. He takes a regular lunch, but has been having hypoglycemic attacks at around 4pm each day. What is the most appropriate intervention? a. Recommend a heavier lunch b. Review morning drug c. Review evening drug d. Review both drug e. Reassure

B. Review morning drug. [As there is hypoglycemic attacks at evening morning dose needs to be adjusted].

A young man complains of double vision on seeing to the right. Which nerve is most likely to be involved? a. Left abducens b. Right abducens c. Left trochlear d. Right trochlear e. Right oculomotor

B. Right abducens. [Diplopia on seeing to right indicates right lateral rectus palsy which is supplied by right abducent nerve].

A 65yo HTN man wakes up in the morning with slurred speech, weakness of the left half of his body and drooling. Which part of the brain is affected? a. Left parietal lobe b. Right internal capsule c. Right midbrain d. Left frontal lobe

B. Right internal capsule. [As symptoms are on left side lesion is on right side of the brain. So answer should be either b) right internal capsule or c) right midbrain. If it was midbraine there would have cranial nerve involvement. On the other hand given picture is very much consistent with lacunar infarction of internal capsule!]

27yo man presents with chest pain and respiratory distress. Exam: tachycardia, hypotension and neck vein distension. Trachea is deviated to the left side, breathing sounds on right side are absent and diminished on left side. What is the next appropriate management? a. CXR b. Right side aspiration (16G) c. Left side aspiration (16G) d. Right side drain with a small tube (12F) e. Left side drain with a small tube (12F)

B. Right side aspiration (16G). [The features described is diagnostic of right sided tension pneumothorax. Next appropriate management is To remove the air, insert a large-bore (14-16G) needle with a syringe, partially filled with 0.9% saline, into the 2nd intercostal interspace in the midclavicular line on the side of the suspected pneumothorax. Remove plunger to allow the trapped air to bubble through the syringe (with saline as a water seal) until a chest tube can be placed. Alternatively, insert a large-bore Venfl on in the same location OHCM, 9th edition, page 824].

In a man who is neglected and alcohol dependent, whith high suicidal risk, which factor can increase this risk further? a. Alcohol dependence b. SSRI c. Smoking d. Agoraphobia e. Court involvement

B. SSRI. [He is already alcohol dependent. So further (additional) risk factor is SSRI (SSRI has well known risk of developing suicidal ideation].

A woman with a prv hx of pain at the left wrist following a fall 4m ago for which she didn't seek any tx now presented with pain in the same wrist below the thumb and the pain is aggravated whenever she holds her baby. What is the cause? a. Fx radial head b. Scaphoid fx c. Carpal tunnel syndrome d. Colles fx e. Ulnar fx

B. Scaphoid frature.

A child distressed with fever, stridor and unable to swallow saliva. His RR=40bpm. What is the initial step that needs to be taken? a. Examine throat b. Secure airway c. Keep him laid flat d. IV penicillin

B. Secure airway. [Probable epiglottitis. So airway should be secured].

A 4yo child presents with pain of spontaneous onset in his knee of 2 days duration. He has developed mild fever in the 2nd day. He can walk but has a limp. Exam: painful restriction in the right hip. What is the most probable dx? a. Osteosarcoma b. Septic arthritis c. TB arthritis d. Exostosis e. Osteomyelitis

B. Septic arthritis. Points in favour of diagnosis: i) Pain in joints (knee and hip). In osteeomyelitis there is no joint pain but pain in other parts of bone like shaft. ii) Fever iii) Painful restricted movement of joint.

A 39yo woman has not had her period for 10months. She feels well but is anxious as her mother had an early menopause. Choose the single most appropriate initial inv? a. Serum estradiol conc. b. Serum FSH/LH c. Serum progesterone conc. d. None e. Transvaginal US

B. Serum FSH/LH [here serum oestrogen is also important as i) low oestrogen + low FSH + low LH suggest hypothalamic amenorrhoea and i) low oestrogen + high FSH + high LH suggest premature ovarian failure! So the main determinant is serum FSH/LH. Likely cause here is premature ovarian failure].

A 79yo man who is being treated with GnRH antagonist for proven adenocarcinoma of the prostate attends a follow up session. What is the most appropriate inv? a. Serum AFP b. Serum PSA c. Serum acid phosphates conc d. Serum ALP isoenzyme conc e. Trans rectal US

B. Serum PSA. [Serum PSA is used to assess the progress of treatment. (If a man's PSA level rises after prostate cancer treatment, his doctor will consider a number of factors before recommending further treatment. Additional treatment based on a single PSA test is not recommended. Instead, a rising trend in PSA level over time in combination with other findings, such as an abnormal result on imaging tests, may lead a man's doctor to recommend further treatment)].

A 46yo woman presents with sudden episode of abdominal pain which started about 2h ago. The pain is located in the epigastrium and radiates to her back. She has vomited twice since the onset of attack. The pain is made worse by lying flat on her back and she is more comfortable sitting up and bending forwards. She was informed of the presence of gallstones in her gall bladder four weeks earlier when she reported pain in the right hypochondrium. The oral temp=39C, BP=120/80mmHg and the radial pulse=118/min. There is no jaundice but there is marked tenderness in the epigastrium both on deep and superficial palpations. Which is the most appropriate inv for the cause of the patient's pain? a. Plain abdominal X-ray b. Serum Amylase c. Serum bilirubin d. Barium Swallow

B. Serum amylase. [Epigastric pain radiating to back, worse on lying flat and comfort on bending forward are classic presentation of acute pancreatitis in which serum amylase is increased].

A 6yo girl who has previously been well presented with a hx of tonic-clonic seizures lasting 4mins. Her mother brought her to the hospital and she appeared well. She is afebrile and didn't lose consciousness during the episode of seizure. She has no neurologic deficit. What is the most appropriate inv for her? a. ABG b. Serum electrolytes c. ECG d. Blood glucose

B. Serum electrolyte. In epilepsy patient becomes unconscious. The child has no previous illness and she was conscious during the episode of seizure. So electrolyte imbalance may be the cause.

A woman presents with complains of abdominal pain, unsteadiness, numbness of lower limb and palpitations. All inv are normal. What is the dx? a. Manchausen b. Somatization c. Hypochondriac d. Bipolar

B. Somatization. [This is multiple, recurrent, medically unexplained symptoms usually starting early in life. Usually patient presents with one symptom at a time. Investigations are normal].

An 8yo boy develops a seizure affecting his right arm, seizure lasts for several mins. He doesn't remember anything what happened. On his CT: lesion in left hemisphere. What is the most probable dx? a. Epilepsy b. Space occupying lesion c. Dementia d. Huntington's chorea e. Intracranial HTN

B. Space occupying lesion. [This is complex partial seizure due to space occupying lesion].

A man presents with a swelling above the groin crease in the abdomen. He has not had any med problems of note. What is the most probable dx? a. Inguinal hernia b. Spigelian hernia c. Testicular tumor d. Epidydimal cyst e. Irreducible hernia

B. Spigelian Hernia. [A Spigelian hernia (or lateral ventral hernia) is a hernia through the spigelian fascia, which is the aponeurotic layer between the rectus abdominis muscle medially, and the semilunar line laterally.

A 45yo IV drug abuser is brought into the ED with complaint of fever, shivering, malaise, SOB and productive cough. Exam: temp=39C, pulse=110bpm, BP=100/70mmHg. Inv: CXR=bilateral cavitating bronchopneumonia. What is the single most likely causative organism? a. Mycoplasma b. Staphylococcus c. Chlamydia pneumonia d. Pseudomonas e. PCP

B. Staphylococcus. [Among the given causes Staphylococcus and PCP are recognized cause of cavitating pneumonia. This case is with productive cough which goes more with staphylococcus as PCP is not productive but rather associated with dry cough. Drug abuse can support both staphylococcus and PCP].

A 33yo lady with Hodgkin's lymphoma presents with temp=40C, left sided abdominal pain and lymphadenitis. Blood was taken for test. What will you do next? a. Wait for blood test b. Start broad spectrum IV antibiotics c. Oral antibiotics d. CBC e. Monitor pyrexia

B. Start broad spectrum IV antibiotics. [The patient is immunocompromized with signs of infection (temp=40◦C, left sided abdominal pain and lymphadenitis) broad spectrum IV antibiotic should be started empirically while waiting for blood reports].

A 60yo man presented with a lump in the left supraclavicular region. His appetite is decreased and he has lost 5kg recently. What is the most probably dx? a. Thyroid carcinoma b. Stomach carcinoma c. Bronchial carcinoma d. Mesothelioma e. Laryngeal carcinoma

B. Stomach carcinoma. [Mentioned lump in the left supraclavicular region is Vershow's gland, has long been regarded as strongly indicative of the presence of cancer in the abdomen, specifically gastric cancer].

woman had an MI. She was breathless and is put on oxygen mask and GTN, her chest pain has improved. Her HR=40bpm. ECG shows ST elevation in leads I, II, III. What is your next step? a. LMWH b. Streptokinase c. Angiography d. Continue current management e. None

B. Streptokinase.

A 44yo lady who has PCKD is concerned because her 38yo brother has just died of an intracranial insult. She knows he was not hypertensive. What was the most likely cause of her brother's death? a. Subdural hematoma b. Subarachnoid hemorrhage c. Cerebral infarct d. Epidural hematoma

B. Subarachnoid hemorrhage. [Cerebral aneurisms are recognized association of PCKD which may lead to subarachnoid hemorrhage].

A 63 yo female is noted to have left pupil irresponsive to light and is dilated. What is the most .probably dx? a. Pontine hemorrhage b. Subdural hemorrhage c. Cerebellar hemorrhage d. Extradural hemorrhage e. Subarachnoid hemorrhage

B. Subdural hemorrhage.

A woman comes with an ulcerated lesion 3 cm in the labia majorum. What is the lymphatic drainage of this area? a. External iliac b. Superficial inguinal LN c. Para-aortic d. Iliac e. Aortic

B. Superficial inguinal LN.

A 47 yo man met with a RTA. He has multiple injuries. Pelvic fx is confirmed. He has not passed urine in the last 4 hrs. What is the next appropriate management for this pt? a. Urethral catheter b. Suprapubic catheter c. IV fluids d. IV furosemide e. Insulin

B. Suprapubic catheter. In pelvic fracture there is chance of urethral rupture and hence displacement of urethral catheter while try to place it.

A 5yo with recurrent chest pain, finger clubbing with offensive stool. Choose the single most likely inv? a. Endomyseal/Alpha glidin antibody b. Sweat test c. Barium meal d. ECG e. Glucose tolerance test

B. Sweat test. [Recurrent chest pain from frequent lung infections including pneumonia or bronchitis."Clubbing" of the fingers is a classic features of Cystic Fibrosis, although not present in many patients. The digestive enzymes are not being produced, food is not adequately digested (malabsorption) and excess fat and protein is lost in the stools, making them bulky, oily, smelly and difficult to flush away].

A 50yo lady with weak limbs when examined was found to have burn marks on finger tips, wasted and weak hands with diminished felexes. She also has weak spastic legs and dissociated sensory loss. What is the dx? a. MS b. Syringomyelia c. MND d. Guillian-barre e. Freidriech's ataxia

B. Syringomyelia. [weak limbs, burn mark on fingertip (as pain and temperature sensation are lost due to spinothalamic tract damage), wasted and weak hands with diminished reflexes, weak spastic legs with dissociated sensory loss are features suggestive of Syringomyelia]. Common features are given below: Sensory features: 1) loss of pain and temperature sensation 2) sensory loss is experienced over the arms, shoulders and upper body 3) light touch, vibration and position senses in the feet are affected as the syrinx enlarges into the dorsal column. Motor features: (when lower motor neurons of the anterior horn cells are affected) 1) muscle wasting and weakness begins in the hands and then affects the forearms and shoulders. 2) tendon reflexes are lost. Autonomic involvement like bladder and bowel can occur.

A 45yo woman complains of pain in her hands precipitated by exposure to the cold weather. She has breathlessness on walking. When she is eating, she can feel food suddenly sticking to the gullet. It seems to be in the middle of the esophagus but she can't localize exactly where it sticks. It is usually relieved with a drink of water. Choose the single most likely cause of dysphagia from the options? a. Esophageal carcinoma b. Systemic sclerosis c. SLE d. Pharyngeal carcinoma e. Globus hystericus

B. Systemic sclerosis. [Raynods phenomena, pulmonary involvement, oesophageal dysmotility are suggestive of systemic sclerosis].

A pt who came from India presents with cough, fever and enlarged cervical LN. Exam: caseating granulomata found in LN. What is the most appropriate dx? a. Lymphoma b. TB adenitis c. Thyroid carcinoma d. Goiter e. Thyroid cyst

B. TB adenitis. [caseating granulomata are diagnostic of TB].

A pt presents with gradual onset of headache, neck stiffness, photophobia and fluctuating LOC. CSF shows lymphocytosis but no organism on gram stain. CT brain is normal. What is the single most likely dx? a. Hairy leukoplakia b. TB c. CMV infection d. Candida infection e. Cryptococcal infection

B. TB. [Fungal meningitis can also present like this but it is much more rare. Moreover negative gram stain excludes fungal cause here. Hence TB meningitis is more acceptable answer].

A 44yo woman has lost weight over 12 months. She has also noticed episodes where her heart beats rapidly and strongly. She has a regular pulse rate of 90bpm. Her ECG shows sinus rhythm. What is the most appropriate inv to be done? a. Thyroid antibodies b. TFT c. ECG d. Echocardiogram e. Plasma glucose

B. TFT. The patient has paroxysmal atrial fibrillation That is why there is no arrhythmia in between attacks. From the given option TFT is the appropriate test as thyrotoxycosis is a leading cause of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and this ladies weight loss also makes thyrotoxycosis as the probable cause here].

A 23yo female presents with paresthesias and loss of distal pulses in her arms. She is noted to be hypertensive. She describes feeling unwell a month prior with fever and night sweats. What is the most probable dx? a. Kawasaki disease b. Takayasu arteritis c. Buerger's disease d. Embolism e. Raynaud's phenomenon

B. Takayasu arteritis [Takayasu arteritis is a granulomatous inflammation of the aorta and its major branches. Criteria: Age of 40 years or younger at disease onset Claudication of the extremities Decreased pulsation of 1 or both brachial arteries Difference of at least 10 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure between arms Bruit over 1 or both subclavian arteries or the abdominal aorta Arteriographic narrowing or occlusion of the entire aorta, its primary branches, or large arteries in the upper or lower extremities that is not due to arteriosclerosis, fibromuscular dysplasia, or other causes].

A teacher brings in a child who says she fell down after hitting a table. On probing further, you decide that it was most probably an absence seizure. What led you to this dx? a. The child had not eaten since morning b. The child suddenly went blank and there was up-rolling of eyes c. The child started moving his fingers uncontrollably before he fell d. The child's body became rigid and then started to jerk

B. The child suddenly went blank and there was up-rolling of eyes.

A 35yo man presented with hematuria, abdominal swelling and has a BP of 190/140. What is the most diagnostic inv? a. Cystoscopy b. USG c. CT d. Renal biopsy e. Urine analysis

B. USG. The diagnosis is ADPKD. In given case patients age is 35. So the USG diagnostic criteria is: Age 18 - 39 yrs>3 unilateral or, bilateral cysts, 40 - 59 yrs >2 cysts in each kidney, >60 yrs >4 cysts in each kidney. [OHCM, 9th edition, page- 312].

Pt with hx of alcoholism, ataxic gait, hallucinations and loss of memory. He is given acamprosate. What other drug can you give with this? a. Chlordiazepoxide b. Thiamine c. Diazepam d. Disulfiram e. Haloperidol

B. Thiamine. The diagnosis is Wernicke's encephalopathy. Points in favour of diagnosis: i) history of alcoholism ii) ataxic gait iii) hallucination iv) memory loss.

A 35yo male is bitterly annoyed with people around him. He thinks that people are putting ideas into his head. What is the single most likely dx? a. Thought block b. Thought insertion c. Thought broadcasting d. Thought withdrawal e. Reference

B. Thought insertion. It is seen in schizophrenia.

A 40yo teetotaler woman is recovering from a hysterectomy 2days ago. At night she becomes agitated and complains of seeing animals and children walking around the ward. What is the most likely dx? a. Delirium tremens b. Toxic confusional state c. Hysteria d. Mania e. Drug induced personality disorder

B. Toxic confusional state. [This is not delirium tremens as the womean is teetotaler].

A 35yo pregnant woman has been having tingling and numbness of her thumb, index and middle fingers for a while. She has been treated with local steroids but it hasn't helped her much and now she has planned to undergo a surgical procedure. Which of the following structures will be incised? a. Flexor digitorum profundus b. Transverse carpal ligament c. Palmar aponeurosis d. Extensor retinaculum

B. Transverse carpal ligament. [This is a case of carpal tunnel syndrome. So transverse carpal ligament is the structure which will be incised].

A 62yo male comes to the GP complaining of double vision while climbing downstairs. Which of the following nerve is most likely involved? a. Abducens nerve b. Trochlear nerve c. Oculomotor nerve d. Optic nerve e. Trigeminal nerve

B. Trochlear nerve. [oculomotor may cause palsy of inferior rectus, medial rectus and superior rectus causing double vision in multiple gaze! But trochlear involving superior oblique only causes diplopia in downgaze only. So the answer is Trochlear nerve].

A 44yo woman with breast cancer had an extensive removal and LN clearance. She needs an adjunctive tx. Her mother had cancer when she was 65. Which of the following factors will be against the tx? a. Fam hx b. Tumor grading c. LN involvement d. Her age

B. Tumour grading. [What ever the age oestrogen receptor positive patient will take tamoxifen as adjuvant therapy. But tumour grading in some instance may influence the need of adjuvant therapy. Though the given key is D it is probably a wrong key and correct key should be B. Tumour grading].

A 35yo primigravida post C-section complains of inability to void. She denies dysuria but complains of fullness. She was treated with an epidural for analgesia. What is the single most appropriate inv? a. MSU b. US abdomen c. US KUB d. Serum calcium

B. US abdomen. [C. US KUB. Is also correct! This is a case of POUR (post operative urinary retention). We should do US to know the urinary volume (urine volume in bladder). If <400ml we shall observe. When volume is >600ml we should do catheterization].

A 28yo pregnant lady presents with severe lower abdominal pain with excessive per vaginal bleeding at 34wks gestation. What should be the initial inv of choice? a. Coagulation profile b. US abdomen c. CT pelvis d. D-dimer e. Kleiuber test

B. US abdomen. [Likely case of abruption placenta (as excessive bleeding probably revealed type) for which initial investigation of choice is US abdomen. Other features that will favour abruptio is hard uterus and evidence of fetal distress. It will be difficult to feel the fetal parts].

A 17yo girl with a lump in her breast was seen in the clinic. Exam: the lump was free and mobile and not attached to the skin. Her mother wants further tests done. What should be the next step? a. CT b. US breast c. Punch biopsy d. Reassure and send home e. Stereotactic biopsy

B. US breast. [Described lump is fibroadenoma. Next investigation is either US breast or mammography].

A 23yo woman presents with a 1cm small smooth, firm, mobile mass in her left breast. She is very anxious. What is the most appropriate inv? a. Mammography b. US breast c. FNAC d. Mammography and US

B. US breast. [This is fibroadenoma of the breast (breast mouse) for which US of breast is the appropriate investigation and if it reveal a fibrous lump we shall go for FNAC. Another point a doctor should know that for any suspicious breast lesion radiology should must be done before options of biopsy and investigation of choice in radiology is US scan before the age of 35 and mammography after the age of 35. In that term also for this case the investigation of choice is US breast].

A man complains of loss of sensation in his little and ring finger. Which nerve is most likely to be involved? a. Median nerve b. Ulnar nerve c. Radial nerve d. Long thoracic nerve e. Axillary nerve

B. Ulner nerve. [Compression of ulner nerve at the elbow, known as cubital tunnel syndrome, causes numbness in the 5th (pinky) finger, along the half (lengthwise) of the 4th (ring) finger closest to the 5th finger, and the back half of the hand over the 5th finger].

A 52yo man whose voice became hoarse following thyroid surgery 1 wk ago shows no improvement. Which anatomical site is most likely affected? a. Bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve b. Unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve c. Unilateral external laryngeal nerve d. Bilateral external laryngeal nerve e. Vocal cords

B. Unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve.

You are called to see a 20yo woman 2h post-LSCS. She has not passed urine since her operation. She denied any urinary symptoms preoperatively. Exam: appears unwell, temp=37.5C, BP=94/73mmHg, pulse=116bpm, sat=97%. Her abdomen is distended with tenderness in the left flank and suprapubic region. Bowel sounds are not audible. Choose the most appropriate post Csection complication for this lady? a. UTI b. Urinary tract injury c. Pleurisy d. Acute pyelonephritis e. Paralytic ileus

B. Urinary tract injury.

An elderly lady presents with confusion. She is apyrexial but complains of dysuria for 2d duration. What is the def dx inv? a. Blood culture b. Urine nitrates c. CT head d. ECG e. IVU

B. Urine nitrates. [Dysurea is suggestive of uti. UTI also can lead to confusion. Urine nitrates if positive is diagnostic of UTI].

A 20yo man complains of recent onset of itching which followed a viral infection. There are numerous wheals of all sizes on his skin particularly after he has scratched it. These can last up to an hour. What is the most probable dx? a. Uremia b. Urticaria c. Psychogenic itching d. Atopic eczema e. Primary biliary cirrhosis

B. Urticaria.

A 65yo female pt was given tamoxifen, which of the following side effect caused by it will concern you? a. Fluid retention b. Vaginal bleeding c. Loss of apetite d. Headache and dizziness e. Anorgasm

B. Vaginal bleeding. Ans. 2. Tamoxifen can promote development of endometrial carcinoma. So vaginal bleeding will be of concern for us.

A 7yo child presents with lesions on the trunk. Exam: some lesions are weeping and others are crusted with a red base. What is the causative organism? a. Herpes simplex b. Varicella zoster c. Rubella virus d. Herpes zoster

B. Varicella zoster.

A 66yo woman has been brought to the hospital on a number of occasions with a hx of loss of memory. Her PMH is significant for an MI 6yrs ago. It is noted that she has a step wise decline of her cognitive functions. What is the most likely dx? a. Alzhemiers b. Vascular dementia c. Pick's dementia d. Huntington's disease e. Lewy body dementia

B. Vascular dementia. [Age 65 yrs (vascular dementia is rare at age before 65), history of MI and stepwise decline of cognitive function indicates vasculopathy and hence vascular dementia].

An ECG of an elderly lady who collapsed in the ED shows rapid ventricular rate of 220bpm, QRS=140ms. What is the most probable dx? a. Atrial fibrillation b. VT c. SVT d. Mobitz type1 2nd degree heart block e. Sinus tachycardia

B. Ventricular tachycardia. [Dx: i) history (if IHD/MI likelihood of a ventricular arrhythmia is > 95%), ii) 12 lead ECG, and iii) lack of response to IV adenosine). ECG findings in favour of VT: • Positive QRS concordance in chest leads • Marked left axis deviation • AV dissociation (occurs in 25%) or 2:1 or 3:1 AV block • Fusion beats or capture beats OHCM 9th edition, page 816]. [In the given case collapse, ventricular rate of 220 and broad QRS of 140ms points towards VT].

A homeless person is found wandering on the street. He had ataxic gait, nystagmus and opthalmoplegia. He looked unkempt and his clothes had a sweaty odour. He had a dry mucous membrane with a BP=118/70mmHg and PR=90bpm. Blood sugar level=8. Alcohol breath test= - ve. What would the most imp initial inv? a. IV insulin b. Vit B complex c. Bolus IV 0.9%NS d. IV dextrose e. Antibiotics

B. Vit B complex. [This is wernicke's encephalopathy due to alcohol withdrawal, so Vit B complex should be checked. This occurs mainly due to thiamine deficiency].

A young man's arm was caught in a machine. XR showed no fx but arm is very swollen. What is the best tx? a. Plaster cast b. Wide splint with upward position c. Analgesics d. Antibiotics e. Tetanus prophylaxis

B. Wide splint with upward position. [If the limb is kept hanging it will aggravate the swelling as fluid shifts to dependant part. Here wide splint with upward position will help the accumulated blood or fluid to move down and will improve the swelling].

A 45yo man had cancer of head of pancreas which has been removed. He has a hx of longstanding heartburn. He now comes with rigid abdomen which is tender, temp 37.5C, BP=90/70mmHg, pulse=120bpm. What is the next step of the inv? a. CT abdomen b. XR abdomen c. MRI abdomen d. US abdomen e. Endoscopy

B. X-ray abdomen. [X-ray abdomen will help diagnosing perforation by showing gas under diaphragm. This is a case of perforated peptic ulcer with the features of shock, abdominal rigidity and raised temperature. Stress from serious disease and operation causes the body to produce higher amounts of acid, which can irritate preexisting ulcers leading to easy perforation].

A 27 yo woman has hit her neck in an RTA without complains of tingling or motor loss. What is the next most appropriate inv? a. MRI b. XR c. CT cervical d. Diagonal XR

B. X-ray. [As there is no neurological deficit we can exclude any fracture by x-ray first]. [Diagonal x ray means ,oblique view of cervical spine. By this view we can assess facet joint arthopathy. This doesn't related to RTA].

A 28yo man is inv for recurrent lower back pain. A dx of AS is suspected. Which of the following inv is most useful? a. ESR b. XR sacro-iliac joints c. HLA B27 d. XR thoracic spine e. CT lumbar spine

B. XR sacro-iliac joints. [x-ray sacroiliac joint shows fusion of both SI joints and thin, symmetrical syndesmophytes bridging the intervertebral disc spaces].

A 45yo female complains of pain in the inner side of her right thigh. She was dx with benign ovarian mass on the right. Which nerve is responsible for this pain? a. Femoral nerve b. Obturator nerve c. Iliohypogastric nerve d. Ovarian branch of splanchic nerve e. Pudendal nerve

B. [The Obturator nerve is responsible for the sensory innervation of the skin of the medial aspect of the thigh].

A 32yo previously healthy woman has developed pain and swelling of both knees and ankles with nodular rash over her shins. As part of the inv a CXR has been performed. What is the single most likely CXR appearance? a. Apical granuloma b. Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy c. Lobar consolidation d. Pleural effusion e. Reticular shadowing in the bases

B. bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy. The name is Lofgren's syndrome. It is the triad of i) erythema nodosum ii) bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy and iii) arthralgia.

77yo woman suffered diarrhea 4d ago. What would be her blood gas result? a. pH =7.2, PaCO2 =8 b. pH =7.4, PaCO2 =1.5 c. pH =7.4, PaCO2 =2.6 d. pH =7.4, PaCO2 =2.8

B. pH = 7.4, PaCO2 = 1.5

A 39yo coal miner who smokes, drinks and has a fam hx of bladder cancer is suffering from BPH. The most important risk factor for his bladder carcinoma is? a. Fam hx b. Smoking c. Exposure to coal mine d. BPH

B. smoking. Ans. 2. Risk factors of bladder cancer: i) Smoking ii) Exposure to chemicals used in dye industry iii) Whites are more likely to develop bladder cancer iv) Risk increases with age v) More common in men vi) Chronic bladder irritation and infections (urinary infections, kidney and bladder stones, bladder catheter left in place a long time.) vii) Personal history of bladder or other urothelial cancer viii) Family history ix) Chemotherapy or radiotherapy x) Pioglitazone for more than one year and certain herb xi) Arsenic in drinking water xii) Low fluid consumption.

A 48yo man with renal cancer had radiotherapy for metastatic spinal cord compression at the 11th thoracic vertebra 4wks ago. He has retained sensation but is unable to stand. He has pain in a band around his lower trunk controlled by regular oral morphine. He is distressed by increasingly frequent episodes of painful muscle spasms in his right leg. What is the SINGLE most appropriate management of his symptoms? a. Amitriptyline b. Baclofen c. Fentanyl patch d. Gabapentin e. Increase morphine dose

B: Baclofen. [Muscle relaxant].

A 30yo man presents with a 5cm neck mass anterior to the sternocleido-mastoid muscle on the left side in its upper third. He states that the swelling has been treated with antibiotics for infection in the past. What's the most likely cause? a. Branchial cyst b. Parotitis c. Pharyngeal pouch d. Thyroglossal cyst e. Thyroid swelling

Branchial cyst. i) Branchial cyst is anterior triangular lump. [parotid is also anterior triangular lump but parotitis regresses with appropriate treatment i.e. becomes normal in size]. ii) pharyngeal pouch is posterior triangular lump. iii) Thyroglossal is midline lump. iv) thyroid swelling moves with swallowing].

A pt presents with a painful, sticky red eye with a congested conjunctiva. What is the most suitable tx? a. Antibiotic PO b. Antihistamine PO c. Antibiotic drops d. Steroid drops e. IBS

C. Antibiotic drops. [bacterial conjunctivitis is treated with antibiotic drops].

A 32yo man presents with 3d of scrotal pain. Exam: thickening o the left testis and it is hot to touch. What is the most appropriate management? a. Analgesia b. Reassurance c. Antibiotics d. Referral to surgeon

C. Antibiotics. [scrotal pain of 3 days with thickening of testis which is hot to touch suggests epididymoorchitis, which is treated with antibiotics].

A 35yo woman undergoing tx for TB presents with malar rash, photosensitivity and hematuria. What is the single most likely positive antibody? a. Anti Ds DNA b. Anti Sm c. Anti Histone d. Anti La e. Anti centromere

C. Antihistone antibody. [Anti histone antibody is present in 95% cases of drug induced lupus].

A 39wk pregnanct woman came to labor suite 3d after an obstructed labour presents with pain and swelling of one leg. Exam: leg has blue mottling and is cold. What is the dx? a. DVT b. Post phlebitis syndrome c. Embolus d. Varicose vein e. Herpes gladiatorum

C. Embolus.

Mother having 2 children with CF. What is the risk of getting another baby? a. 1:2 b. 1:8 c. 1:4 d. 1:16 e. 1:1

C. 1:4. [Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disease. If both parents are carrier there is 1:4 chance of risk of occurrence of the disease for each child].

A pt dx with DVT is taking warfarin. What is his cut off INR limit? a. <1 b. 1-2 c. 2-3 d. 3-4

C. 2-3. [This range is appropriate for the prophylaxis or treatment of venous thromboembolism and reduction of the risk of systemic embolism for people with atrial fibrillation and valvular heart disease].

A butcher stabbed accidently his groin. He bled so much that the towel was soaked in blood and BP=80/50mmHg, pulse=130bpm. What % of circulatory blood did he lose? a. <15% b. 15-30% c. 30-40% d. 40-50% e. >50%

C. 30-40% Classification: 1. Class 1 up to 15% of blood volume lost: pulse <100; systolic BP normal; pulse pressure normal; Respiratory rate 14-20; urine output greater than 30 ml/hour. 2. Class 2 15%-30% blood volume lost: pulse 100-120; systolic blood pressure normal; pulse pressure decreased; respiratory rate 20-30; urine output 20-30 ml/hour. 3. Class 3 30%-40% blood volume lost: pulse 120-140; systolic BP decreased; pulse pressure decreased, respiratory rate 30-40; urine output 5-15 ml/hr 4. Class 4, blood loss of greater than 40%: pulse rate >140; systolic BP decreased; pulse pressure decreased' respiratory rate >35; urine output negligible.

Which of the following formulas is used for calculating fluids for burn pts? a. 4 x weight(lbs) x area of burn = ml of fluids b. 4 x weight(kgs) x area of burn = L of fluids c. 4 x weight(kgs) x area of burn = ml of fluids d. 4 x weight(lbs) x area of burn = L of fluids e. 4.5 x weight(kgs) x area of burn = dL of fluids

C. 4 x weight(kgs) x area of burn = ml of fluids.

A resident of a nursing home presented with rashes in his finger webs and also on his abdomen, with complaints of itching which is severe at night. He was dx with scabies. What the best tx for his condition? a. 0.5% permethrin b. Doxycycline c. 5% permethrin d. Reassure e. Acyclovir

C. 5% permethrin. [Scabies outbreaks in nursing homes and cases of crusted scabies may require combination therapy consisting of topical application of permethrin and 2 oral doses of ivermectin at 200 mcg/kg (administered 1 wk apart)].

An infant is being examined as part of a routine examination. The child can hold its head up and lifts its chest off a table. He has a palmer and rooting reflex as well as a social smile. He is not afraid of strangers. What is the most likely age of this child? a. neonate b. 2 months c. 6 months d. one year e. one and a half years f. two years g. four years h. seven years i. ten years j. fourteen year

C. 6 months.

A 2yo child is very naughty. His teacher complains that he is easily distracted. His parents say that he can't do a particular task for a long time. He sometimes hurts himself and breaks many things. This causes many troubles at home. What is the dx? a. ASD b. Dyslexia c. ADHD d. Antisocial personality disorder e. Oppositional defiant

C. ADHD (Attention deficit hyperreactive disorder).

A 35yo lady with subserosal fibroid=4cm and submural fibroid=6cm is planning for a child. Which way will you remove the fibroids? a. Laproscopy b. Vaginal myomectomy c. Abdominal myomectomy d. Drugs e. Reassure

C. Abdominal myomectomy. [Subserosal fibroid is not suitable to treat with vaginal myomectomy. Abdominal myomectomy can deal with both subserosal and submural fibroid].

A 26yo man presents with painless hematuria. He has no other complaints and on examination no other abnormality is found. What is the most appropriate initial inv to get to a dx? a. Cystoscopy b. Midstream urine for culture c. Abdominal US d. MRI spine e. Coag screening

C. Abdominal ultrasound. [Abdominal US to exclude polycystic disease, malignancy, tumour, urolithiasis etc].

A young lady with primary amenorrhea has normal LH, FSH, estradiol and prolactin. Choose the single most likely dx? a. PCOS b. POF c. Absent uterus d. Absent ovaries e. Turner's syndrome

C. Absent uterus. [Normal LH, FSH, estradiol and prolactin rule outs PCOS (increased LH, increased FSH, normal oestrogen. LH:FSH ratio is 2:1 or 3:1), POF (in POF, LH & FSH raised, FSH > 20 IU/L), Absent ovary will lead to low estradiol, high FSH and LH, Turner's syndrome: gonadal streaks, as absent ovaries].

A 41yo man presents with longstanding foul smelling ear discharge and progressive hearing loss. Otoscopy showed perforation of the pars flacida and a mass in the upper part of the middle ear. What is the most likely dx? a. ASOM b. CSOM c. Acquired cholesteatoma d. Congenital cholesteatoma e. Barotrauma

C. Acquired cholesteatoma. [In congenital cholesteatoma there is usually no perforation. In acquired cholesteatoma perforation is in pars flaccida].

A pt presents with complete anuria following prolonged hypotension and shock in a pt who bled profusely from a placental abruption. What is the most probable dx? a. Post viral infection b. Acute papillary necrosis c. Acute cortical necrosis d. HUS e. Renal vein thrombosis

C. Acute cortical necrosis. Ans. 2. There are 2 reasons for this acute cortical necrosis. i) significant diminished arterial perfusion of the kidneys due to spasm of the feeding artery secondary to profuse bleeding from placental abruption ii) DIC secondary to placental abruption.

A young boy presented to the OPD 12wks after renal transplantation with fever and pain in lower abdomen. Renal functions were deranged. Renal biopsy showed immune cell infiltrate and tubular damage. What is the most probable dx? a. Pyelonephritis b. Chronic graft rejection c. Acute rejection d. Drug toxicity e. Graft vs host disease

C. Acute rejection. [Acute rejection usually occurs in the first few months after transplant, but may occur up to a year after transplant. Features presented are typical of acute graft rejection].

Pt presented with hemoptysis 7d post-tonsillectomy. What is the next step? a. Packing b. Oral antibiotics + discharge c. Admit + IV antibiotics d. Return to theatre and explore e. Ice cream and cold fluids

C. Admit + IV antibiotic. [infection is a common cause of secondary haemorrhage. Patient should be admitted to observe the course of bleeding and treatment is given with IV antibiotics].

A 26yo woman being treated for a carcinoma of the bronchus with steroids presents with vomiting, abdominal pain and sudden falls in the morning. What is the most specific cause for her symptoms? a. Steroid side effects b. Postural hypotension c. Adrenal insufficiency d. Conn's disease e. Cushing's disease

C. Adrenal insufficiency. [Patients on steroid develop suppression of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis and frequently may lead to adrenal insufficiency (here vomiting, abdominal pain and sudden falls in the morning secondary to postural hypotension on getting up from bed points towards the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency)].

A young child dx with chicken pox. Usually goes to day care. What is the most appropriate advice? a. Child should be admitted to hospital straight away b. Isolate the child from parents and siblings at home c. Advice that he can go back to nursery when the rash is crusted over

C. Advice that he can go back to nursery when the rash is crusted over. [At this stage patient is no more infectious].

A 32yo woman presents with complaints of having low back pain. She is taking analgesics for it. All inv are normal. What will you advice her? a. Bed rest b. Physiotherapy c. Advice to be more active d. Admit

C. Advice to be more active.

A 17yo lady presents with a worm in her ear. She is very agitated and anxious. What is the next step? a. Remove under GA b. Suction c. Alcohol drops d. Forceps

C. Alcohol drops. [It is a living object. So it should be killed first and so alcohol drop is the correct option].

A lady who works at a nursing home presents with itching. Exam: linear tracks on the wrist. She says that 2d ago she had come in contact with a nursing home inmate with similar symptoms. What is the mechanism of itching? a. Infection b. Destruction of keratinocytes c. Allergic reaction d. Immunosuppression e. None

C. Allergic reaction. [The probable diagnosis is scabies in which there is itching due to allergic reaction to mites (Sarcoptes scabii) waste products].

A previously well 15yo girl had an acute onset of fever, sweating, bruising and petechiae. A blood count showed: Hgb=63g/L, WBC=1.1mg/L, Neutrophils=0.1, plt=14. No abnormal white cells were seen on the blood film. She was transfused and given IV antibiotics and her condition improved. 3wks later her blood count has returned to a similar picture. What is the SINGLE most likely underlying dx? a. ALL b. AML c. Aplastic anemia d. CML e. Pernicious anemia

C. Aplastic Anaemia. [The age of the patient and pancytopenic picture give us a clinical diagnosis of Aplastic anemia. Normal WBC morphology rules out ALL, AML and pernicious anaemia while the age rules out CML as a diagnosis].

A 4yo boy with a febrile convulsion lasting eight minutes has been given IV lorazepam to control them. What is the single most likely serious side effect? a. Amnesia b. Anaphylactic shock c. Apnea d. Bronchospasm e. Cardiac arrhythmia

C. Apnoea. [Respiratory depression may occur following lorazepam administration].

A 25yo woman who is 11wks pregnant had central abdominal pain for 36h. The pain is now colicky. There is no vaginal bleeding. She has vomited once and has had an episode of loose motion. She looks ill, temp=37.8C and there is rebound tenderness in the RIF. What is the most probable dx? a. Salpingitis b. PID c. Appendicitis d. Ovarian torsion e. Uterine fibroid

C. Appendicitis. [No vaginal bleeding and pain above pelvis makes pregnancy complication less likely. Loose motion, low grade temperature and positive Mc Burney's sign makes the diagnosis of appendicitis more probable].

A 32yo female with 3 prv 1st trimester miscarriages is dx with antiphospholipid syndrome. Anticardiolipin antibodies +ve. She is now 18wks pregnant. What would be the most appropriate management? a. Aspirin b. Aspirin & warfarin c. Aspirin & heparin d. Heparin only e. Warfarin only

C. Aspirin & heparin.

A 45yo woman has been dx with GCA and is being treated with steroids. What is the other drug that can be added to this? a. ACEi b. Beta blockers c. Aspirin d. Interferons e. IVIG

C. Aspirin [Low dose aspirin is increasingly being recommended for people with a history of giant cell arteritis. It has been found to be effective in preventing complications of giant cell arteritis, such as heart attacks or stroke (nhs.uk)].

A 34yo man complains of arthralgia, abdominal pain and vomiting, a facial rash that is worse in the summer and hematuria. Urea and creatinine are slightly elevated with urinalysis demonstrating red cell casts. PMH is remarkable for childhood eczema. Which inv is most likely to lead to a dx? a. US KUB b. Joint aspiration c. Auto antibodies d. IVU e. Renal biopsy

C. Auto antibodies. [Likely diagnosis is SLE for which auto antibody (anti ds DNA antibody) should be done].

A 28yo female presents with 1 wk hx of jaundice and 2d hx of altered sleep pattern and moods. She was dx with hypothyroidism for which she is receiving thyroxine. TFT showed increased TSH. PT=70s. What is the most probable dx? a. Acute on chronic liver failure b. Hyper-acute liver failure c. Autoimmune hepatitis d. Acute liver failure e. Drug induced hepatitis

C. Autoimmune hepatitis. [Autoimmune hepatitis may present as acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, or well-established cirrhosis. Autoimmune hepatitis rarely presents as fulminant hepatic failure. One third may present as acute hepatitis marked by fever, hepatic tenderness and jaundice. Non specific features are anorexia, weight loss and behavioural change (here altered sleep pattern and moods). There may be coagulopathy (here PT=70s.) leading to epistaxis, gum bleeding etc. Presence of other autoimmune disease like hypothyroidism supports the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis].

A 25yo man has been suffering from breathlessness and wheeze for 3m. He has been taking salbutamol 2puffs as required. In the last 2 wks his symptoms have worsened and he has to take salbutamol more frequently during the day time. He also complains of excessive dyspnea at night. What drugs or regimen would you like to add? a. Prednisolone b. Fluticasone + salbutamol inhaled c. Beclomethasone inhaled d. Montelukast PO e. Salmetrol PO

C. Beclomethasone inhaled. [Patient was in step 1. As not controlled next step is addition of inhaled corticosteroid].

A 4yo boy is brought by his parents with complains of wetting his bed at night and whenever he gets excited. What would be the most appropriate management for this child? a. Desmopressin b. Oxybutanin c. Behavioural therapy d. Tamsulosin e. Restrict fluid intake

C. Behavioural therapy. Probably this is wrong option! There is no correct option for this question. [The question is inappropriate. Child is of 4 yrs of age and before 5 yrs only reassurance, no treatment is indicated].

A 25yo woman complains of dizziness, nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances and anxiety which keep coming from time to time. Most of the attacks are a/w sudden change in posture. What is the most likely dx? a. Panic disorder b. Carotid sinus syncope c. BPPV d. Vertebrobasilar insufficiency e. Postural hypotension

C. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). [Dizziness, nausea, vomiting and nystagmus which keep coming from time to time are common features of BPPV].

A 10yo child has got progressive bilateral hearing loss. He has started to increase the TV volume. All other examination is normal. What is the most likely dx? a. Wax b. Foreign body c. Bilateral OM with effusion d. SNHL e. Meningitis due to meningococcus

C. Bilateral OM with effusion.

A 6yo boy has completed an induction course of chemo for ALL. He has an enlarged left scrotum. What is the most appropriate next step? a. Herniotomy b. CT abdomen c. Biopsy d. Immediate surgery e. Reassurance

C. Biopsy. [Relapse may directly involve testis and excisional biopsy is done to confirm recurrence of leukemia].

A 36 yo woman has recently spent a lot of money on buying clothes. She goes out almost every night with her friends. She believes that she knows better than her friends, so she should choose the restaurant for eating out. She gave hx of having low mood at 12 yo. What's the dx? a. Mania b. Depression c. Bipolar affective disorder d. Borderline personality disorder e. Dysthymia

C. Bipolar affective disorder. [Initial depressive episode (may be before a long) followed by mania is bipolar affective disorder].

A pt presents with irregularly irregular pulse of 162bpm. What drug is most useful initially? a. Amiodarone b. Digoxin c. Bisoprolol d. Warfarin e. Heparin

C. Bisoprolol (most likely its acute AF and 1st line is verapamil/bisoprolol, digoxin/amiodarone)

A 35yo woman presents with visual problems. CT brain reveals pituitary tumor. What is the single most likely defect? a. Homonymous hemianopia b. Homonymous upper quadrantopia c. Bitemporal hemianopia d. Cortical blindness e. Homonymous lower quadrantopia

C. Bitemporal hemianopia. [pitutary tumour by pressing optic chiasma causes bitemporal hemianopia].

A young footballer has collapsed during a game. During initial evaluation: RR=14/min, pulse=88bpm, BP=110/70mmHg. He seems to be sweating and muttering some incomprehensible words. What is the most imp next step? a. CT b. MRI c. Blood sugar d. Body temp e. IV fluids

C. Blood sugar. [Normal vital signs, sweating and collapse during exercise gives suspicion of hypoglycemia which is very easy to treat but fatal if left unrecognized. So most important next step is to check the blood sugar].

A 60yo man with a 4y hx of thirst, urinary freq and weight loss presents with a deep painless ulcer on the heel. What is the most appropriate inv? a. Ateriography b. Venography c. Blood sugar d. Biopsy for malignant melanoma e. Biopsy for pyoderma

C. Blood sugar. [The patient probably developed diabetic foot].

A 10yo male child was brought by his mother complaining that her child watches TV at very high volumes, doesn't like to play outside and instead has become more sincere with reading. She also says that her son doesn't respond to her. What do you expect to see on otoscopy? a. Flamingo pink tympanic membrane b. Attic perforation c. Bluish grey tympanic membrane with air fluid levels d. Inflamed tympanic membrane with cart wheel appearance of vessels e. Red and inflamed tympanic membrane

C. Bluish grey tympanic membrane with air fluid levels. [In glue air there occur conductive deafness so the child watch tv with high volume and does not respond to others for this deafness].

An 80yo lady presents wih pain on left 6th rib for a week. It is non-tender on examination. What is your most likely dx? a. Herpes zoster b. Costochondritis c. Bone degeneration d. Thoracic vertebra compression

C. Bone degeneration.

A 56yo man complains of increased vol of sputum with specks of blood and chest pain. He has a hx of DVT. Exam: clubbing. What is the cause of blood in his sputum? a. Pulmonary thrombosis b. Bronchial carcinoma c. Bronchiectasis d. Pulmonary TB

C. Bronchiectasis. [Increased volume of blood streaked sputum and clubbing points towards bronchiectasis].

A 15m baby girl presented to the ED with difficulty in breathing. Exam: she has intercostal recessions and a wheeze. Temp=normal. What is the most likely dx? a. URTI b. Pneumonia c. Bronchiolitis d. RDS e. Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency

C. Bronchiolitis. [Asthma and bronchiolitis has similar sign symptoms. The difference is in pathology. In asthma there is bronchoconstriction but in bronchiolitis there is oedema of the airway wall. In infants and younger children bronchiolitis is commoner than asthma and it is seen that many of the children with bronhiolitis usually followed by asthma].

A 20yo male smoker is noted to have intense rubor of the feet and absent foot pulse. Exam: amputated right 2nd toe. What is the most probable dx? a. Intermittent claudication b. Cardiovascular syphilis c. Buerger's disease d. Embolism e. Acute limb ischemia

C. Buerger's disease. [ The traditional diagnosis of Buerger's disease is based on 5 criteria (smoking history, onset before the age of 50 years, infrapopliteal arterial occlusive disease, either upper limb involvement or phlebitis migrans, and absence of atherosclerotic risk factors other than smoking). As there is no specific diagnostic test and an absence of positive serologic markers, confident clinical diagnosis should be made only when all these 5 criteria have been fulfilled].

A 35yo man who has served in the army presents with lack of interest in enjoyable activities and feeling low. He doesn't feel like reading the news or watching movies as he believes there is violence everywhere. What is the most appropriate first line therapy? a. Citalopram b. Lofepramine c. CBT d. Chlordiazepoxide e. Desensitization

C. CBT The diagnosis is mild depressive illness. In mild depressive illness CBT is preferred option.

A 36yo pt came with diarrhea, bleeding, weight loss and fistula. What is the single most likely dx? a. Colorectal ca b. Celiac disease c. CD d. UC e. IBS

C. CD. [Bloody diarrhea can occur in both CD & UC. Also weight loss is common! but fistula formation is unique feature of CD].

A 65yo man presents with back pain. Exam: splenomegaly and anemia. Blood: WBC=22, Hgb=10.9, Plt=100, ESR=25. He has been found to have Philadelphia chromosome. What is the single most likely dx? a. ALL b. AML c. CML d. CLL e. Lymphoma

C. CML. [anaemia, raised WBC count, low platelet (platelet may be variable) are known features of CML, splenomegaly (particularly if massive) is very suggestive of CML and Philadelphia chromosome is characteristic of CML].

A pt presents with progressive visual deterioration. Exam: large, multiple cotton wool spots in both eyes. What is the single most likely dx? a. Kaposi's sarcoma b. Cryptosporidium c. CMV infection d. Pneumocystis carinii infection e. Cryptococcal infection

C. CMV infection. [Large multiple cotton wool spots are seen in early stage of CMV retinitis].

A 53yo lady presents with hot flash and night sweats. Her LMP was last year. She had MI recently. What is the most appropriate management for her? a. Raloxifene b. Estrogen c. COCP d. Evening primrose e. Clonidine

C. COCP. [COCP has very little effect in stroke or MI and hence can be used to treat post menopausal symptoms in those patients].

A pt presents with headache, blurring of vision and acuity loss. On fundoscopy, dots and blots were noted with huge red swollen optic disc. What is the most probable dx? a. CRAO b. Branch RAO c. CRVO d. Optic atrophy

C. CRVO.

A 34yo female presented with vomiting preceded by an occipital headache of acute onset. Exam: conscious and alert with photophobia but no neck stiffness. CT: normal. What is the most appropriate further management? a. CT brain with contrast b. Repeat CT brain in 24h c. CSF exam d. Cerebral angio e. MRI brain

C. CSF exam. [Probable subarachnoid hemorrhage. CT may not show any abnormality in early stage in some instances and in that case we shall do CSF examination 12 hours later to see xanthochromia].

A 58yo man has a headache and confusion of 3 days after slipping and hitting his head in the garden. What is the most appropriate initial inv? a. XR skull b. XR face c. CT brain d. MRI brain e. EEG

C. CT brain. [The likely diagnosis is subdural haematoma for which appropriate initial investigation is CT scan of brain].

A man with anterior resection and end to end anastomosis done complains of severe pain in the chest and abdominal distension. What is the most appropriate inv likely to review the cause this deterioration? a. XR abdomen b. Exploratory laparoscopy c. CT d. US e. Laparotomy

C. CT. [This is likely an anastomotic leak].

A 2yo girl presents with a 4d hx of fever that started with a cough. Her RR=45bpm, sat=94%, temp=38.9C, capillary refill time=1s. There are crepitations at the left base on auscultation. Urine shows negative dipstick. What is the single inv most likely to lead to dx? a. Blood for C&S b. ESR c. CXR d. Urine for C&S e. CSF analysis

C. CXR. [The features are consistent with RTI (probable pneumonia) for which CXR is the investigation of choice].

A 16m child presents with drooling, sore throat and loss of voice. He has fever with a temp of 38.2C. What is your next step towards management? a. Direct pharynoscopy b. Call ENT surgeon c. Call anesthesiologist d. IV fuilds e. Start antibiotics

C. Call anesthesiologist. [As an expert to intubate]. Diagnosis is Acute epiglottitis. Ans. 3. In given case urgent intubation is needed to secure airway to prevent blockage of respiration.

A 66yo male presents with painful swallowing. What is the most likely dx? a. Nesseria meningitides b. Cryptococcus neoformans c. Candida albicans d. Isospora belli e. Mycobacterium avium

C. Candida albicans. [Oesophageal candidiasis].

The body of a 65yo man who was treated for TB and bronchitis was seen at autopsy. His legs were swollen and his liver showed signs of a transudate fluid. What was the cause of the transudate? a. Liver cirrhosis b. Alcoholic liver disease c. Cardiac failure d. Budd-chiari syndrome e. TB

C. Cardiac failure.

A 38yo man with longstanding alcohol dependence has vertigo and a tremor every morning. What is the SINGLE most likely dx? a. Anxiety b. Benign positional vertigo c. Cerebellar degeneration d. Optic neuritis e. Temporal lobe epilepsy

C. Cerebellar degeneration. [chronic alcohol abuse that leads to temporary or permanent cerebellar damage].

A 26yo male presents with speech difficulties. Exam: nystagmus. Which anatomical site is most likely to be affected? a. Midbrain b. Pons c. Cerebellum d. Cerebrum e. Vestibule cochlear nerve

C. Cerebellum. [Difficulty speech (cerebellar dysarthria) and nystagmus are suggestive of cerebellar lesion].

A 34yo male presents with hx of headache presents with ataxia, nystagmus and vertigo. Where is the site of the lesion? a. Auditory canal b. 8th CN c. Cerebellum d. Cerebral hemisphere e. Brain stem

C. Cerebellum. [Features described are consistent with cerebellar lesion].

A 56yo pt has been dx with MS. She presents with a positive Romberg's test. She also has weakness and loss of sensations in all her 4 limbs. Which site is most likely to be affected? a. Cerebral cortex b. Cerebellum c. Cervical spinal cord d. Thoracic spinal cord e. Brain stem

C. Cervical spinal cord. [Quadriplegia is the feature of cervical cord lesion].

A 39yo man presents to the ED with persistent cough, sputum and dyspnea. He gave a hx of smoking 20 cigarettes/d for the last 10 years. Pt was given oxygen in ambulance but he is not improving. What is the next step? a. Prednisolone b. Salbutamol c. Check ABG d. CXR e. ECG

C. Check ABG. [The patient has COPD and as no improvement with oxygen, next step is to check ABG to give guidance for next treatment plan].

A 25yo pt came to the OPD with complaint of fever, malaise, breathlessness, cough and anorexia. His gf has got similar symptoms. He had hx of sore throat and ear discharge a month ago. What is the single most likely causative organism? a. Legionella b. Mycoplasma c. Chlamydia pneumonia d. PCP e. Chlamydia psitacci

C. Chlamydia pneumonia.

A 64yo man complains of increasing SOB and cough for the past 18m. He coughs up a Tbsp of mucopurulent sputum with occasional specks of blood. What is the most likely underlying cause? a. Acute bronchitis b. Bronchiectasis c. Chronic bronchitis d. Lung cancer e. Pneumonia

C. Chronic bronchitis. [There may be specks of blood in sputum in both bronchiectasis , acute and chronic bronchitis. Duration of disease is 18 months, so it is not acute bronchitis. Again only one tablespoonful sputum does not justify the term copious sputum of bronhiectasis in which sputum will be much more like cup-full in amount. So it is chronic bronchitis].

he artery that runs along the left AV groove. What is the single most appropriate option? a. Left internal mammary artery b. Left anterior descending artery c. Circumflex artery d. Left main stem (LMS) post descending artery e. Diagonal branch

C. Circumflex artery.

A 64yo man has recently suffered from an MI and is on aspirin, atorvastatin and ramipril. He has been having trouble sleeping and has been losing weight for the past 4 months. He doesn't feel like doing anything he used to enjoy and has stopped socializing. He says he gets tired easily and can't concentrate on anything. What is the most appropriate tx? a. Lofepramine b. Dosulepin c. Citalopram d. Fluoxetine e. Phenelzine

C. Citalopram. [Among SSRIs Sertraline is the drug of choice for ischemic heart disease. Next choice is citalopram (as it is often related to torsades de pointes). If SSRI cannot be used Mirtazapine is recommended as next antidepressant].

A child comes with recurrent joint pain, multiple bruises, swollen ankle and unable to move his legs. What is the inv of choice? a. ESR b. RF c. Clotting factors

C. Clotting factors. [Probable diagnosis is hemarthrosis with the disease hemophilia].

A pt admitted due to repeated attacks of pancreatitis presents with dementia and loss of proprioception in the legs. What is the most appropriate tx? a. Thiamine b. Pyridoxine c. Cobolamin d. Lipase e. Antibiotics

C. Cobalamin. [Pancreatic insufficiency can lead to malabsorption and B12 (cobalamin) deficiency. Dementia and diminished vibratory sensation and proprioception in the lower extremities were the most common objective findings of cobalamin deficiency].

A study was done amongst 2 hosp for the equal number of cancer pts. It was noted that hosp A had the higher rate of mortality than hosp B for treated cancer pts. What is the study done here classified as? a. Retrospective b. Observational c. Cohort d. Case study

C. Cohort study. [A cohort is a group of people who share a common characteristic or experience within a defined period (e.g., are born, are exposed to a drug or vaccine or pollutant, or undergo a certain medical procedure].

A man suffers from Herpes Zoster affecting his face. Which of the following mucos membrane is to be affected? a. Cheek b. Cornea c. Conjunctiva d. Oropharynx e. Palate

C. Conjunctiva. [If maxillary or ophthalmic division is not mentioned but only mentions face it means ophthalmic branch more commonly around eye. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus can cause following lesions blepheritis, conjunctivitis, keratitis, anterior uveitis etc. As question wants mucous membrane and among the mentioned lesions only conjunctiva is mucous membrane the answer is conjunctiva].

A lady with a firm smooth breast lump in outer quadrant had a FNAC done. Results showed borderline benign changes. She also has a fam hx of breast cancer. What is the your next? a. Mammography b. US c. Core biopsy d. Genetic testing and counselling e. Punch biopsy

C. Core biopsy. [Genetic testing is done for asymptomatic patients in their 30s and if positive SERMs are given which cause significant reduction in cancer . Since patient has firm breast lump in upper outer quadrant ( most common location for cancer) and FNAC has shown borderline benign changes plus patient is high risk for cancer , so I must go for core biopsy to confirm whether it is cancer or not].

A 38yo female presents with sudden loss of vision but fundoscopy is normal. She a similar episode about 1 y ago which resolved completely within 3m. Exam: mild weakness of right upper limb and exaggerated reflexes. What is the single most appropriate tx? a. Pan retinal photo coagulation b. Pilocarpine eye drops c. Corticosteroids d. Peripheral iridectomy e. Surgical extraction of lens

C. Corticosteroid. [Sudden loss of vision, remission and relapse of optic neuritis and focal neurological symptoms and exaggerated reflexes all points towards multiple sclerosis. Treatment option is corticosteroids].

A 56yo male presents with persistent watery diarrhea. What is the most likely dx? a. Treponema pallidum b. Nesseria meningitides c. Cryptosporidium d. Staph aureus e. Pseudomonas aeruginosa

C. Cryptosporidium.

A 28yo man complains of vertigo, nausea and vomiting for more than 30 mins and tinnitus, hearing loss in the left ear. What is the tx for this pt? a. Buccal prochlorperazine (2nd line) b. Metachlorpromide c. Cyclazine (1st line) d. Cotrimazole e. Ondansetron

C. Cyclizine. More appropriate is A. Buccal prochlorperazine (patient.info). [Both prochlorperazine and cyclizine can be used in Meniere's disease].

A 65yo man presented with frank hematuria. He has no other urinary symptoms. What is the most appropriate next step that will lead to the dx? a. IVU b. US Abdomen c. Cystoscopy d. Mid-stream urine for culture e. Transrectal US

C. Cystoscopy. Bladder cancer. Supporting points: Age 65, asymptomatic haematuria. In young people what would first Dx be?ADPKD [at the beginning there is very few or no symptoms].

An elderly man who used to work in the shipyard industry presented with cough and SOB few weeks to months. He was given salbutamol nebulization and antibiotics and admitted to the ward. He died 3d later. CT: patchy infiltrates, pleural thickening and pleural effusion. Why is this a coroner's case? a. Pt got wrong dx or management b. Pt died soon after admission c. Death could be due to occupational illness

C. Death could be due to occupational illness.

A 36yo woman contacts the police to notify them she was responsible for a recent disastrous flood with loss of lives. What kind of delusions is she suffering from? a. Persecutory b. Poverty c. Guilt d. Nihilistic e. Reference

C. Delusion of guilt. [Delusions of guilt or sin (self-accusation): This type of delusions involve feeling guilty or remorseful for no valid reason. An example would be someone that believes they were responsible for a war in another country or hurricane damage in another state. In this case, the person believes that they deserve to be punished for their sins and place full blame on themselves].

A woman with sickle cell disease complains of heavy menstrual blood loss. What is the most appropriate tx? a. COCP b. Mirena c. Depot provera d. Copper IUS e. Transdermal patch

C. Depot provera. [Hormone and barrier methods are all acceptable choices but intrauterine devices are not recommended, as they may be associated with uterine bleeding and infection. Depot contraceptive (Depo-Provera®) is safe and has been found to improve the blood picture and reduce pain crises. Source: patient.info].

A 3m infant has presented with recurrent infections. He has abnormal facies and CXR shows absent thymic shadow. What is the most likely dx? a. Downs syndrome b. Fragile X syndrome c. DiGeorge syndrome d. Marfans syndrome

C. DiGeorge syndrome. Points in favour: i) Early age of onset ii) abnormal facies iii) absent thymic shadow on Chest X-ray iii) history of recurrent infection [Infections are common in children due to problems with the immune system's T-cell-mediated response that in some patients is due to an absent or hypoplastic thymus]. [in newborne can be recognized by convulsions from hypocalcaemia due to malfunctioning parathyroid glands and low level of parathyroid hormones].

A pt with cerebral mets has polyuria and polydipsia. What part of the brain would be affected? a. Cerebral cortex b. Cerebellum c. Diencephalon d. Pons e. Medulla

C. Diencephalon. [Diencephalon is the caudal (posterior) part of the forebrain, containing the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and ventral thalamus and the third ventricle. Hypothalamus produce ADH and hens lesion of diencephalon (hypothalsamus) may produce cranial diabetes insipidus.

A 40yo man with marked weight loss over the preceding 6m has bilateral white, vertically corrugated lesion on the lateral surfaces of the tongue. What is the single most likely dx? a. C1 esterase deficiency b. Crohns disease c. HIV disease d. Sarcoidosis e. Sjogren's syndrome

C. HIV disease. [The lesion described is leukoplakia which is likely association of HIV disease].

A 40yo woman complains of dysphagia for both solids and liquids. She sometimes suffers from severe retrosternal chest pain. Barium swallow reveals a dilated esophagus which tapers to a fine distal end. What is the best management strategy? a. Reassurance b. Antispasmodics c. Dilatation of the LES d. Endoscopic diverticulectomy e. Barium swallow

C. Dilatation of LES. [Dysphagia for both solids and liquids suggest neuromuscular dysphagia while dysphagia only for solid suggests mechanical obstruction. Here features are consistent with achalasia for which lower oesophageal sphincter dilation (balloon dilatation) is a treatment modality].

A 50yo man complains of dysphagia after eating bread. Barium swallow reveals a lower esophageal ring. What is the most appropriate tx? a. Reassurance b. Antispasmodics c. Dilatation of the LES d. Endoscopic diverticulectomy e. I&D

C. Dilatation of the LES.

A pt is on cancer tx with dexamethasone. According to her biochemical results her K+=normal and her Na+=low. What is the dx? a. Addisons b. Dexamethasone side effect c. Dilutional hyponatremia

C. Dilutional hyponatremia.

A 50yo man with DM suddenly develops persistent crushing central chest pain radiating to the neck. What is the single most appropriate dx? a. Angina b. Costochondritis (tietz's disease) c. Dissecting aneurysm d. MI e. Pulmonary embolism

C. Dissecting aortic aneurism. Probably wrong key. Correct key should be D. MI. [The features described is insufficient and can be seen in both aortic dissection and MI. However dissection pain is described as tearing and crushing pain is often used for mi pain. Both dissection and mi can have pain radiation to neck. History of diabetes goes with mi as it is a recognized risk factor for mi. Some may argue in DM mi will be painless! But it is not always the case. MI is only painless when autonomic neuropathy becomes well established].

A 2m girl has an ante-natal diagnosis of right hydronephrosis. Postnatal serial US exams revealed increasing dilatation of the right pelvicalyceal system. No reflux was demonstrated on a MUCG. Appropriate management should include? a. Surgical repair b. Intermittent catheterization c. Diuresis renography d. Anticholinergic agents e. Phenylpropanolamine f. Gellhorn pessary g. Biofeedback-assisted behavioral treatment h. Oral Estrogen therapy i. Vaginal Estrogen therapy j. Ring pessary

C. Diuresis renography.

A 60yo pt who has had a MI a week back presents with dyspnea and pericardial rub. ECG shows ST elevation. CXR: loss of margin at costo-vertebral angle. What is the single most likely cause? a. Cardiac tamponade b. Mitral regurge c. Dressler's syndrome d. Atrial fib e. Emboli

C. Dressler's syndrome. Ans. 2. There is pericardial rub there is pericarditis and in pericarditis there is widespread ST elevation. So the condition is not new MI but Dressler's syndrome.

A child suffering from asthma presents with Temp 39C, drooling saliva on to the mother's lap, and taking oxygen by mask. What sign will indicate that he is deteriorating? a. Intercostal recession b. Diffuse wheeze c. Drowsiness

C. Drowsiness. [Intercostal recession is a sign of severe asthma but it can be seen at a lesser degree as well. So drowsiness is more appropriate answer].

A 6yo boy has been noticed to have problems with co-ordinating his voluntary movements over the last two years. He has a waddling gait and needs to support himself on his hands when rising from the floor. He has larger calves than other boys but he runs more slowly. Which is the most likely dx? a. Myotonia b. Myasthenia gravis c. Duchenne muscular dystrophy d. Muscular atrophy

C. Duchenne muscular dystrophy. [The child having difficulty with walking, running, jumping and climbing stairs. Walking may look different with a 'waddling' type of walk. The boy may be late in starting to walk (although many children without DMD also walk late). When you pick the child up, you may feel as if he 'slips through your hands', due to looseness of the muscles around the shoulder. The calf muscles may look bulky, although they are not strong. As he gets older, the child may use his hands to help him get up, looking as if he is 'climbing up his legs'. This is called 'Gower's sign'].

A 45yo woman presents with discharge from the left nipple. The discharge is brownish-green and foul smelling. What is the most likely dx? a. Duct papilloma b. Intra-ductal papilloma c. Duct ectasia d. Mammary duct fistula e. Breast abscess

C. Duct ectasia. [Women near menopause are more affected by duct ectasia characterized by brown, green or cheesy discharge. This condition is harmless and tends to clear up without treatment].

A 46yo woman has offensive yellow discharge from one nipple. She had a hx of breast abscess 3yrs ago. What is the possible dx? a. Duct papilloma b. Duct ectasia c. Duct fistula d. Breast cancer

C. Duct fistula.

A 74yo smoker presented to his GP with cough and SOB. Exam revealed pigmentation of the oral mucosa and also over the palms and soles. Tests show that he is diabetic and hypokalemic. What is the most probable dx? a. Pseudocushing syndrome b. Conns disease c. Ectopic ACTH d. Cushings disease e. Hypothyroidism

C. Ectopic ACTH. [The patient is smoker and probably developed squamous cell lung cancer which is working as a tumour producing ectopic ACTH causing pigmentation. Resulting raised cortisole is leading to diabetes and hypokalemia].

A 9m child is brought to the ED with an irreducible firm swelling which descended into the left groin when the child has been crying. Exam: both testicles are palpable in the scrotum. What is the most appropriate management strategy? a. Reassurance b. Emergency herniotomy c. Elective herniotomy d. Emergency herniotomy + orchidopexy e. Elective herniotomy + orchidopexy

C. Elective herniotmy. [If there was features of strangulation we would go for emergency herniotomy. But as only irreducible we shall proceed to elective herniotomy].

A 27yo woman who takes the COCP has had painless vaginal spotting and discharge for 3 days. Her last menstrual period, which lasted four days, finished 10 days ago. Her last cervical smear two years ago was normal. Abdominal and vaginal examinations are normal apart from a mild ectropion with contact bleeding. What is the SINGLE most appropriate initial inv? a. Cervical smear b. Colposcopy c. Endocervical swab d. Endometrial biopsy e. Pelvic US

C. Endocervical swab. [As her cervical smear and examination of abdomen and vagina are normal, next would be to exclude a STD for which Endocervical swab is taken].

A 32yo woman comes with intermenstrual bleeding. Her last cervical smear was 1y ago and was negative. What test would you recommend for her initially? a. Colposcopy b. Cervical smear c. Endocervical swab d. Transvaginal US e. Pelvic CT

C. Endocervical swab. [Smear can only be done if it is due or overdue, not in any time or not as needed basis].

A 25yo had an LSCS 24h ago for fetal distress. She now complains of intermittent vaginal bleeding. Observations: O2 sat=98% in air, BP=124/82mmHg, pulse=84bpm, temp=37.8C. The midwife tells you that she had a retained placenta, which required manual removal in the OT. Choose the most appropriate C-Section complication in this case? a. Retained POC b. Aspiration pneumonitis c. Endometritis d. Uterine rupture e. DIC

C. Endometritis. More handling of tissue like manual removal of placenta, intermittent vaginal bleeding and raised temperature points toward infective process like endometritis.

An old lady 72yo staying at a nursing home for a few years, a known HTN on reg tx presented with sudden dysphagia while eating with drooling of saliva and req urgent inv. What would be your next step? a. Ba swallow b. Chest CT c. Endoscopy d. Laryngoscopy e. CXR f. Endoscopy with biopsy

C. Endoscopy. [Probable impacted food bolus (usually meat)which can be visualized and removed with the aid of endoscopy].

A 32yo lady G1, 28wks GA came to her ANC with a concern about pain relief during labour. She has no medical illnesses and her pregnancy so far has been uncomplicated. She wishes to feel her baby being born but at the same time she wants something to work throughout her labour. What method of pain relief best matches this lady's request? a. C-section b. Pudendal block c. Entonox d. TENS e. Pethidine

C. Entonox. [This is a mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide gas. Gas and air won't remove all the pain, but it can help to reduce it and make it more bearable].

A 24yo male who is sexually active with other males with hx of discharge per urethra. Dx of chlamydia has been made. What is the possible complication if left untreated? a. Orchitis b. Balanitis c. Epididymo-orchitis d. Acute abdomen

C. Epididymo-orchitis.

A 40yo lady who has been a smoker since she was a teenager has the following blood result: Hgb=19. What hormone should you check? a. Aldosterone b. Cortisol c. Erythropoietin d. T4 e. TSH

C. Erythropoetin. [Smoking causes raised carboxyhemoglobin level causing hypoxemia and raised erythropoeitin which leads to raised hemoglobin level (secondary polycythemia)].

A 55yo woman complains of retrosternal chest pain and dysphagia which is intermittent and unpredictable. The food suddenly sticks in the middle of the chest, but she can clear it with a drink of water and then finish the meal without any further problem. A barium meal shows a 'corkscrew esophagus'. What is the single most likely dysphagia? a. Esophageal candidiasis b. Esophageal carcinoma c. Esophageal spasm d. Pharyngeal pouch e. Plummer-vinson syndrome

C. Esophageal spasm. [chest pain, unpredictable intermittent dysphagia and food suddenly sticks in the middle of the chest which can be cleared with a drink of water indicates uncoordinated irregular esophageal peristalsis which is characteristic of esophageal spasm! Also "cork- screw esophagus" seen in barium swallow is diagnostic of esophageal spasm].

A 65yo lady presents with dyspareunia. What will you give her for her condition? a. HRT b. COCP c. Estrogen gel d. Testosterone gel

C. Estrogen gel. [Seems to be atrophic vaginitis for which estrogen gel can be given].

A footballer has been struck in the groin by a kick and a presents with severe pain and mild swelling in the scrotum. What is the most appropriate next step? a. USG b. Doppler c. Exploratory surgery d. IV fluids e. Antibiotics

C. Exploratory surgery. [To exclude torsion].

A 73yo woman with RA is unable to extend the fingers of her right hand at the MCP joint and IP joints following a fall. What is the single most likely tendon to have been damaged? a. Extensor carpi radialis b. Extensor carpi ulnaris c. Extensor digitorum d. Extensor indicis e. Flexor digitorum profundum

C. Extensor digitorum. [The extensor digitorum extends the phalanges, then the wrist, and finally the elbow. It acts principally on the proximal phalanges].

A 68yo woman is unable to extend the IP joint of her right thumb 7wks following a fx of the right radius. Other finger and thumb movements are normal. What is the single most likely tendon to be damaged? a. Abductor pollicis longus b. Extensor pollicis brevis c. Extensor pollicis longus d. Flexor digitorum profundus e. Flexor pollicis longus

C. Extensor policis longus. [Full extension of right thumb is achieved by extensor pollicis longus].

A 45yo man presents with a mass on the right side of the face. The mass was first observed three months ago but has recently become visibly larger. He feels pain over the mass and is unable to blow a whistle. Clinical examination shows that the mass is likely to be the parotid gland. An oral examination shows a foul smelling discharge from the duct of the gland and gentle probing shows that it is stenosed at the meatus. Which of the following features suggests that the mass might be malignant? a. Presence of pain b. Recent enlargement c. Facial nerve palsy d. Stenosed duct meatus

C. Facial nerve palsy. [Due to malignant infiltration].

A new screening test has been devised to detect early stages of prostate ca. However, the test tends to dx a lot of ppl with no cancer, although they do have cancer as dx by other standard tests. What is this flaw called? a. False +ve b. True +ve c. False -ve d. True -ve e. Poor specificity

C. False negative.

A man has reducible bulge below the pubic tubercle, and on occlusion of the deep inguinal ring, cough impulse is present. What is the most likely dx? a. Direct inguinal b. Indirect inguinal c. Femoral d. Spigelian e. Lumbar

C. Femoral hernia. It is just below the pubic tubercle that is just below the inguinal ligament.

A 60yo man presents with mass in the groin. Exam: mass lies below the midpoint of the inguinal ligament and is pulsatile. What is the most probable dx? a. Direct inguinal hernia b. Saphena varix c. Femoral hernia d. Irreducible hernia e. Femoral aneurysm

C. Femoral hernia. Controversial key! May be femoral aneurism . [Hernia below pubic tubercle (below inguinal ligament) is femoral hernia. But below mid-inguinal point and pulsatile mass may be femoral aneurism as well!!].

An African lady presents with heavy but regular periods. Her uterine size correlates to 14wks pregnancy. What is the most appropriate dx? a. Blood dyscrasia b. Hematoma c. Fibroids d. Adenomyosis e. Incomplete abortion

C. Fibroids. [Regular heavy menstruation in a uterus of 14 wk size is highly suggestive of fibroid].

A man feels mild discomfort in the anal region and purulent discharge in underpants. What is the most likely dx? a. Feacal incontinence b. Anal abscess c. Fistula in ano d. Anal tags e. Rectal Ca

C. Fistula in ano. [Abscess is with severe pain which may reduce after it bursts with purulent discharge. But here mild discomfort and purulent discharge favours the diagnosis of fistula].

ou are a FY doctor in the ED when a mother brings her 2yo son to you with a 1h hx of noisy breathing. She state that although he had mild coryza over the last week, he was improving and so they had gone to a children's picnic with nursery friends. Another parent had found him coughing and spluttering, and ever since his breathing has remained noisy. Though he appears well in the ED, his current observations demonstrate a raised RR and sat=91% on air. What is the most likely dx? a. Anaplyaxis b. Croup c. Foreign body aspiration d. Epiglottitis

C. Foreign body aspiration.

24yo male on remand in prison for murder is referred by the prison doctor. He is noted to be behaving oddly whilst in prison and complains of seeing things. He has a prv hx of IV drug abuse. On questioning he provides inappropriate but approximate answers to all questions stating that Bill Clinton is the prime minister of England. What is the prisoner suffering from? a. Capgras syndrome b. Cotard syndrome c. Ganser syndrome d. Ekbom syndrome e. Tourette's syndrome

C. Ganser syndrome. [Ganser syndrome is characterized by nonsensical or wrong answers to questions or doing things incorrectly often with visual pseudohallucinations and a decreased state of consciousness. It is also sometimes called prison psychosis, because the syndrome occurs most frequently in prison inmates, where it may represent an attempt to gain leniency from prison or court officials].

A 7yo child is being inv for TB. His parents don't agree for taking a BAL. what other sample will show growth of the organism? a. Blood test b. Throat swab c. Gastric washing d. Mantoux test e. CSF

C. Gastric washing.

A young male whose sclera was noted to be yellow by his colleagues has a hx of taking OTC drugs for some pain. Tests showed raised bilirubin, ALT and AST normal. The provocation test with IV nicotinic acid is positive and produces further rise in the serum bilirubin levels. What is the most likely dx? a. Acute hepatitis b. Drug hypersensitivity c. Gilberts syndrome d. Acute pancreatitis

C. Gilbert's syndrome. [Only bilirubin is increased but not the liver enzymes. Also positive nicotinic acid provocation test is in its favour].

A pt on insulin is booked in for a hernia operation. What is the most appropriate management of insulin? a. Give insulin and saline pre-op b. Stop insulin for the duration of the op c. Give IV insulin + dextrose + saline pre-op d. Give insulin as usual pre-op e. None

C. Give IV insulin + dextrose + saline pre-op.

A 35yo male who recently had an appendicectomy has got severe pain in his right big toe. Joint is red and swollen. He consumes 30 units of alcohol/week. What is the most probable dx? a. Rhabdomyosarcoma b. Osteoarthritis c. Gout d. Pseudogout e. Arthritis

C. Gout. [Alcoholic drinks can raise the level of uric acid in the blood].

A 35yo man has a temp=39C, cough with purulent sputum and right sided chest pain on inspiration. He has herpes labialis. What is the single most likely causative organism? a. Coagulase +ve cocci in sputum b. Gram -ve diplococci in sputum c. Gram +ve diplococci in sputum d. Pneumocystis carinii in sputum e. Serology for legionella

C. Gram +ve diplococcic in sputum. [High temperature, cough with purulent sputum, pleuritic chest pain and herpes labialis are recognized feature of pneumococcal pneumonia (pneumococcus=Gram +ve diplococci].

A 55yo male presents with malaise and tiredness. Exam: spleen approaching RIF, no lymphadenopathy. Choose the single cell type? a. Helmet shaped cell b. Sickle cell c. Granulocyte without blast cells d. Blast cells

C. Granulocyte without blast cells. The diagnosis is CML. Diagnostic features are i) increased number of mature granulocytes ii) huge splenomegaly. [* Helmet shaped cells (or shistocytes) = hemolytic or Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia * Sickle cell = sickle cell anemia * Blast cells (immature cells) = in acute leukemia].

A 29yo man presents with hx of cough, weight loss and night sweats. Exam: pansystolic murmur. What is the most appropriate dx of underlying cause? a. Malaria b. HSP c. HIV d. Dengue fever

C. HIV. [Though not mentioned IV drug abusers may have tricuspid regurgitation causing pansystolic murmur and HIV also very common in this group].

An 18yo girl presents with rash on her trunk, abdominal pain, arthritis, proteinuria and hematuria. What is the most probable dx? a. TTP b. ITP c. HSP d. HUS e. Measles

C. HSP. [Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is an acute immunoglobulin A (IgA)-mediated disorder characterized by a generalized vasculitis involving the small vessels of the skin, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the kidneys, the joints, and, rarely, the lungs and the central nervous system (CNS). Rash on trunk, abdominal pain, arthritis, proteinuria and hematuria are well known features of HSP].

A 10yo boy is brought to the hosp with a rash over his buttocks a/w abdominal pain and vomiting. In the ED, he is accompanied by his mother and stepfather. His mother had left him for the weekend with the stepfather and was called to come back from holiday as he started to have some hematuria with the rash. Social services had been notified on arrive to hospital. What is the most probably dx? a. NAI b. ITP c. HSP d. ALL e. HUS

C. HSP. [Rash over buttock, abdominal pain and vomiting, blood in urine or stool suggest HSP].

A 4yo boy has a cough and arthritis followed by rash on legs which are non-blanching on glass test. No hx of fever. PT=13, APTT=31, Hgb=12, WBC=6.5, Plt=300. What's the most likely dx? a. Meningitis septicemia b. Hemophilia c. HSP d. ITP e. TTP

C. HSP. [Usually occurs below 10 yrs of age. The characteristic rash and lab findings matches with HSP].

A 35yo 1st time donor suddenly passes out as she is donating blood. Which of the following steps would be least useful in managing this adverse event? a. Ensure donor is adequately hydrated and has not skipped a meal b. Elevating the donor's legs as this is usually due to a vasovagal syncope c. Haemoglobin of the donor meets the minimum requirement for donation d. The donation is usually continued along with simultaneous normal saline infusion ?? e. The donor should be encouraged to mobilise after they have recovered

C. Haemoglobin of the donor meets the minimum requirement for donation. [If syncope then we can continue donation giving simultaneous normal saline to the donor.(option D). Option C. Haemoglobin of the donour meets the minimum requirement for donation (this has no impact on syncope!!)].

A 32yo man with schizophrenia and a hx of violence and distressing auditory hallucinations was admitted to the ward with aggressive behavior and has already smashed his room. He is refusing any oral meds. What is the single most appropriate injection? a. Flupenthixol b. Fluphenazine c. Haloperidol d. Paraldehyde e. Risperidone

C. Haloperidol. [If oral preparation was asked we could give risperidone but in question asked injectable preparation. Injection Risperidone is a depot preparation the action of which takes few days to start. So in acute case it is not suitable; hence from the given options haloperidol is the best choice].

An 18yo girl with primary amenorrhea complains of severe abdominal pain every 4-8weeks which is now getting worse. Exam: lower abdominal mass is felt. What is the most probable dx? a. Ectopic pregnancy b. Ovarian carcinoma c. Hematometrium d. Biliary colic e. Renal carcinoma

C. Hematometrium. [Primary amenorrhea and periodic pain indicate hematometrium either secondary to imperforated hymen or vaginal septum].

A 38yo man has had a liver biopsy as part of inv for abnormal LFTs. The pathologist report states: special stains demonstrate the presence of a very large amount of iron pigment within the hepatocytes. What single condition is identified by the pathologists report? a. Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency b. Hemangioma c. Hemochromatosis d. Hemosiderosis e. Wilson's disease

C. Hemochromatosis. [In hemochromatosis distribution pattern of iron in liver biopsy by pearl's stain is more prominent iron granules in periportal hepatocyte and relative sparing of kupffer cells and decreased intensity near the central vein. By contrast iron overload in hemosiderosis causes to accumulation of iron granules predominantly in kupffer cells and more in central area rather than peripheral hepatocyte. In given case there are large amount of iron pigment in hepatocyte which is diagnostic of hemochromatosis].

A man was bitten by a drug addict and comes to the hosp with a wound. What inv should be undertaken? a. Hep C b. Lyme disease c. Hep B d. Syphilis e. Hep A

C. Hepatitis B.

A 68yo woman has a sudden onset of pain and loss of hearing in her left ear and unsteadiness when walking. There are small lesions visible on her palate and left external auditory meatus. What is the single most likely dx? a. Acute mastoiditis b. Cholesteatoma c. Herpes zoster infection d. Oropharyngeal malignancy e. OM with infusion

C. Herpes zoster infection. [Herpes zoster oticus (Ramsay Hunt syndrome) occurs when latent varicalla zoster virus reactivates in the geniculate ganglion of the 7th cranial nerve. Symptoms: Painful vesicular rash on the auditory canal ± on drum, pinna, tongue, palate or iris with ipsilateral facial palsy, loss of taste, vertigo, tinnitus, deafness, dry mouth and eyes. OHCM 9th edition, page 505].

A 44yo woman with memory loss, poor concentration and inability to recognize household projects. She has right-handed involuntary writhing movement. There is strong fam hx of similar complain. What is the single most likely dx? a. Pic's dementia b. Wilson's disease c. Huntington's disease d. HIV associated dementia e. Fronto-temporal dementia

C. Huntington's disease. [A person with Huntington's disease may appear to have a lack of drive, initiative and concentration. Involuntary jerking or writhing movements (chorea). Typical presentation is between 35-55 yrs].

A mother is concerned because her 1m boy has a swelling in his scrotum. He was born prematurely. On examination the swelling is seen to transilluminate. The likely cause is? a. Lymphogranuloma Venereum b. Testicular Torsion c. Hydrocele d. Epididymitis e. Seminoma f. Mature teratoma g. Varicocele h. Lymphoma i. Orchitis j. Spermatocele

C. Hydrocele. [Transilluminating scrotal swelling is likely a case of hydrocele. 1-2% neonates present with congenital hydrocele which disappears by 1-2 years].

A 28yo woman complains of hearing strange voices in her bedroom as she is falling asleep in the night. She says there is no one in the room except her. On evaluation she has no other problems. What is she suffering from? a. Delusion of persecution b. Cotard syndrome c. Hypnogogic hallucinations d. Lilliputian hallucinations e. Schizophrenia

C. Hypnagogic hallucinations. [Hallucinations during going for sleep is hypnagogic and hallucinations during wake up from sleep is hypnapompic hallucinations].

A 32yo lady has recently become more active, sleeps less and bought a house and 2 new cars. What is the most likely dx? a. Bipolar disorder b. Mania c. Hypomania d. Schizophrenia

C. Hypomania. [Individuals in a hypomanic state have a decreased need for sleep, are extremely outgoing and competitive, have a great deal of energy and are otherwise often fully functioning (unlike full mania where unlike fully functioning there is a. obvious difficulties at work or in social relationships and activities b. requires admission to hospital to protect the person or others, or c. the person is suffering psychosis)].

71yo man with a hx of 50yrs of smoking presents with cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea and chest pain. He also has anorexia and weight loss. The dx of lung cancer has been stabilized. Which electrolyte abnormality can be seen? a. Hyperkalemia b. Hypocalcemia c. Hyponatremia d. Hypernatremia

C. Hyponatremia. [Likely diagnosis is squamous cell lung cancer (as the patient is smoker) causing SIADH and resulting hyponatremia].

A 20yo man presents with painful swallowing. Exam: trismus and unilateral enlargement of his tonsils. The peritonsilar region is red, inflamed and swollen. What is the most appropriate tx? a. Oral antibiotics b. IV antibiotics and analgesics c. I&D with antibiotics d. Analgesics with antipyretics e. Tonsillectomy

C. I&D with antibiotics. [The dx is peritnsillar abscess and tx is I&D with antibiotics].

A 12yo girl when playing in the garden accidentally stepped on a hive and was bitten several times. She has numerous wheals on her body and complains of severe itching. What is the single most appropriate management? a. Oral antihistamine b. IV antihistamine c. IM adrenaline d. Oral ciprofloxacin e. Reassurance

C. IM adrenaline which is a wrong key. The correct answer is A. Oral antihistamine. [Intravenous antihistamines are used as an adjunct to epinephrine in the emergency treatment of anaphylaxis and angioedema. Parenteral antihistamine is not recommended in less severe allergic reaction (other than anaphylaxis)]. Followings are the indications of adrenaline in anaphylaxis: 1. Horseness of voice 2. Wheeze 3. Shortness of breath 4. Shock 5. Stridor 6. Swelling of the tongue and cheek 7. Facial swelling

A 50yo man has had anterior resection of the rectum for carcinoma. He expressed concerns about control of post-op pain in discussions with the anaesthetist before surgery. What is the best management strategy? a. Oral diclofenac b. Oral codeine c. IM morphine d. IM dihydrocodeine e. Ondansetron oral

C. IM morphine. [Some post operative pain is severe pain which needs strong opioid analgesic].

A 42yo overweight smoker comes with heavy periods. A scan reveals a normal uterus. She would like a long term tx with minimal side effects that would offer tx for the menorrhagia and provide contraception. She is unsure whether she would like more children. She is adamant that she doesn't want surgery as she is terrified of the prospect. Select the best management for her menorrhagia? a. COCP b. GrH analogues c. IU/systemic progesterone d. NSAIDs e. Copper containing IUCD

C. IU/systemic progesterone. [As patient is smoker, COCP should be avoided. In the given case option C. i.e. mirena is most suitable].

A 45yo lady came to family planning clinic for contraception advice. She is not keen to be pregnant for the next 3yrs. Her recent US showed multiple small submucosal fibroid. What is the best method of contraception for her? a. Etonogestrol b. COCP c. IUS d. POP e. IUCD

C. IUS. [IUS gives 3-5 yrs long contraception. It also helps to shrink the fibroid].

A 26yo lady presents with high fever, lower abdominal pain and purulent vaginal discharge. She looks very unwell. What is the most appropriate management? a. Tetracycline 250mg QD b. Doxycycline 100mg BD and metronidazole 400mg BD c. IV Ceftriaxone 2g with doxycycline 100mg d. IV ceftriaxone 2g with doxycycline 500mg e. Ofloxacin 400mg BD and metronidazole 400mg BD

C. IV Ceftriaxone 2g with doxycycline 100mg. [The disease is severe needing inpatient management with IV Ceftriaxone 2g + IV doxycycline 100 mg (as Iv doxycycline is not licensed to use in uk probably oral doxycycline is given).

An 8wk pregnant woman presents with persistent vomiting and weight loss. Exam: HR=110bpm. Dehydration was corrected with NS infusion and K+. The condition didn't improve so IM cyclizine was given. She is still vomiting. What is the next appropriate management? a. IV fluids b. IV antiemetics c. IV steroids d. Terminate pregnancy e. Thiamine

C. IV Steroid. [Steroids may be used in patient's of hyperemesis gravidarum refractory to standard therapy].

A 65yo known case of liver ca and metastasis presents with gastric reflux and bloatedness. On bone exam there is osteoporosis. He also has basal consolidation in the left lung. What is the next appropriate step? a. PPI IV b. Alendronate c. IV antibiotics d. Analgesic e. PPI PO

C. IV antibiotics. [Pneumonia should be treated first].

A man comes to the ED with hx of pulsatile swelling in the abdomen, he has hx of HTN and exam: pulse=120bpm, BP=70/40mmHg. He is restless and in shock. What emergency management should be done on priority basis? a. Urgent abdominal CT b. Urgent abdominal US c. IV fluids 0.9% NS crystalloids to bring SBP to 90mmHg d. IV fluids 0.9% NS crystalloids to bring SBP to 120mmHg e. Dopamine inj

C. IV fluids 0.9% NS crystalloids to bring SBP to 90mmHg [Probable ruptured aortic aneurism. Immediate IV normal saline to raise the BP to 90 mmHg to keep the vital organs perfused till definitive measures are taken].

A 64yo man with multiple myeloma has been vomiting since the past 2days. Labs: Ca2+=3.2mmol/l, K+=5mmol/l, Na+=149mmol/l and PCV=55%. What is the most appropriate next step? a. IV insulin b. IV calcium gluconate c. IV fluids d. IV bisphosphonates e. Oral bisphosphonates

C. IV fluids. [Multiple myeloma itself is a cause of vomiting and also associated hypercalcemia can cause sickness. As the patient is vomiting for 2 days there may be considerable dehydration and also the hypercalcemia needs treatment with IV fluid].

A 27yo woman with anxiety and weight loss has tachycardia, tremor and mild proptosis. What single mechanism accounts for her weight loss? a. Deficiency in thyroid hormone b. Increased level of calcitonin c. Increased metabolic rate d. Insulin resistance e. Reduced caloric intake

C. Increased metabolic rate. [The given features are of thyrotoxicosis in which increased metabolism causes loss of patients weight].

A 25yo man attended in urological OPD has single testis. He was inv and other testis was located in the abdomen. What is the best management plan for this pt? a. Short trial of HCG b. Orchidectomy c. Orchidopexy d. Reassurance e. IV testosterone

C. Orchidectomy. [Ectopic testis is prone to develop testicular cancer and therefore it should be surgically removed].

A 76yo woman has become tired and confused following an influenza like illness. She is also breathless with signs of consolidation of the left lung base. What is the most likely dx? a. Drug toxicity b. Delirium tremens c. Infection toxicity d. Hypoglycemia e. Electrolyte imbalance

C. Infection toxicity. [Infection toxicity or toxic shock syndrome is likely here as preceding flue like illness points towards toxin (enterotoxin type B) from Staphylococcus aureus].

A 6yo boy presents with jaundice following treatment with sulphathiazole. Investigations suggest that the jaundice is due to haemolysis caused by G6DP deficiency. Which is true regarding etiology of G6DP deficiency? a. Inherited as autosomal dominant condition b. Inherited as sex-linked dominant condition c. Inherited as sex-linked recessive condition d. Results from auto-antibodies to red cell antigens

C. Inherited as sex-linked recessive condition.

A 22yo girl had a fight with her boyfriend and then took 22 tabs of paracetamol. She was commenced on N-acetyl cysteine and she was medically fit to go home the following day. Which of the following does she require? a. OPD referral to relationship counselor b. OPD referral to psychiatrist c. Inpatient referral to psychiatrist d. Inpatient referral to psychologist

C. Inpatient referral to psychiatrist. [Suicidal ideation is abnormal and if discharged there is chance of repeated suicidal attempts. So inpatient referral to psychiatrist is needed for this patient].

A 46yo man is being treated for a pleural effusion. A chest drain has been sited just below the 4th rib in the mid-axillary line on his right side. What single structure is at particular risk of injury? a. Arzygos vein b. Diaphragm c. Intercostal artery d. Internal thoracic artery e. Liver

C. Intercostal artery. [Most vulnerable structure is intercostal nerve, then intercostal artery then intercostals vein. As intercostal nerve is not in option intercostal artery is the answer here].

An elderly man with recently dx HF has been treated with diuretics. He now develops severe joint pain in his left ankle with swelling and redness. What is single most likely inv? a. XR of bone b. Plasma RF c. Joint fluid uric acid crystals d. ESR

C. Joint fluid uric acid crystals. [Thiazide diuretics may increase uric acid levels in blood causing or precipitating gout and joint fluid may show uric acid crystals].

A 29yo lady who is a bank manager is referred by the GP to the medical OPC due to a long hx of tiredness and pain in the joints. An autoimmune screen result showed smooth muscle antibodies positive. What is the most appropriate next inv? a. ECG b. TFT c. LFT d. Serum glucose e. Jejunal biopsy

C. LFT. [A case of autoimmune hepatitis. Autoimmune hepatitis is an uncommon cause of chronic hepatitis which if untreated can lead to cirrhosis. However with treatment outlook is very good. Smooth muscle antibody is positive in autoimmune hepatitis. Definitive investigation is liver biopsy. Treated with steroid [start with high dose prednisolone]. Azathioprine is commonly added with steroid to reduce its dose as steroid has more side effects than azathioprine].

A young girl presenting with fever, headache, vomiting, neck stiffness and photophobia. She has no rashes. What is the most appropriate test to confirm dx? a. Blood culture b. Blood glucose c. LP d. CXR e. CT

C. LP. [case of meningitis. LP will confirm the diagnosis].

A 25yo who is 38wks pregnant presents to the labour ward with a hx of fewer fetal movements than usual during the evening. She also says that abdominal contractions are coming every few minutes and she is having a blood stained show per vagina for the last few minutes. Exam: cervix is fully affaced, 9cm dilated, cephalic presentation and station is +1. Choose the single most likely dx? a. APH b. Concealed hemorrhage c. Labour d. IUFD e. IUGR

C. Labour. [Abdominal contractions coming every few minutes, having blood stained show per vagina, fully effaced cervix with dilatation of 9 cm, cephalic presentation and station +1 suggests that the patient is in labour].

An infant has diarrhea for 3d with weight loss from 10 kg to 9 kg. Exam: he is noted to have dry mucous membranes, poor skin turgor, markedly decreased urine output, and tachycardia. His BP=normal and compression-release of the nail beds shows satisfactory refilling. Appropriate treatment would include? a. Plasmapheresis and plasma infusion b. 0.5% Normal Saline c. Lactated Ringer's injection d. Packed cells e. Whole blood f. Platelets g. FFP h. double strength Normal Saline i. 5% dextrose in 0.5N saline solution j. IV heparin

C. Lactated Ringer's injection.

A lady underwent debulking surgery for ovarian carcinoma. Soon after the surgery she presents with signs of intestinal obstruction. What is the single most appropriate inv? a. Pelvic CT b. CA 125 c. Laparotomy d. Laparoscopy e. Abdominal US

C. Laparotomy. [In cancer patient obstruction does not respond to medical treatment and hence diagnostic and therapeutic laparotomy is the option of choice].

A 28yo woman who has had a prv pulmonary embolism in pregnancy wishes to discuss contraception. She has menorrhagia but is otherwise well. What is the SINGLE most suitable contraceptive method for this patient? a. COCP b. Copper IUCD c. Levonorgestrel intra-uterine system d. Progestogen implant e. POP

C. Levonorgestrel Intra-Uterine System. [The woman has a history of thromboembolic disease, which essentially contraindicates COCP. LNG-IUS (Mirena) is the hormone releasing device that is most suitable in this patient with thrombophilia and menorrhagia.

A 45yo female looking pale has bluish discoloration of hands whenever she goes out in the cold. She has also noticed some reddish spots on her body. She has symmetrical peripheral arthropathy for the last yr. What is the most probable dx? a. RA b. Osteosarcoma c. Limited systemic sclerosis d. Diffuse systemic sclerosis e. Chondrosarcoma

C. Limited systemic sclerosis. [Raynaud's phenomena, telangiectasia, sclerodactyly indicates to the dx of CREST syndrome or Limited systemic sclerosis].

Anatomical structure to be pierced during surgery midline port during gallstone removal. a. External iliac muscle b. Cricoid cartilage c. Linea alba d. Rectus sheath muscle e. Duramater f. 1st tracheal cartilage g. Conjoined tendon h. Intercostal muscles

C. Linea alba.

A pt has loss of sensation on the tip of her tongue and the inner aspect of the lip. Which nerve is most likely to be involved? a. Vagus nerve b. Glossopharyngeal nerve c. Lingual nerve d. Buccal nerve e. Facial nerve

C. Lingual Nerve.

A 25yo woman with a hx of several episodes of depression is brought to the ED after she was found with several empty bottles of her meds. She complains of coarse tremor, nausea and vomiting. Which of the following drugs is likely to have caused her symptoms? a. Fluoxetine b. Amitryptilline c. Lithium d. Phenelzine e. Olanzapine

C. Lithium. [Side effect of lithium is fine tremor (in therapeutic dose) but lithium toxicity or lithium poisoning causes coarse tremor. Coarse tremor, nausea and vomiting are well known feature of lithium overdose].

A 27yo lady after C-section developed epigastric pain after 8h. What is the appropriate inv? a. ABG b. Coag profile c. Liver enzyme d. Liver biopsy

C. Liver enzyme. [Epigastric pain is a warning sign of HELLP syndrome. So to rule out HELLP syndrome Liver enzymes should be done].

n old man having T2DM with increased skin tanning, heart failure and having high ferritin (hemochromatosis) level is refusing tx. Where is the first site of cancer? a. Testes b. Adrenal c. Liver d. Pancreas

C. Liver.

A 14yo boy has been dx with nephrotic syndrome. 5d later he presents with flank pain, hematuria and fluctuating urea levels. A dx of renal vein thrombosis is made. What is the most likely cause for renal vein thrombosis? a. Protein C deficiency b. Vasculitis c. Loss of antithrombin III d. High estrogen levels e. Stasis

C. Loss of antithrombin III.

A 63yo man presented with sudden onset of severe dyspnea, orthopnea, raised JVP and bilateral basal crackles 3d after an episode of MI. A dx of acute congestive cardiac failure was made and IV furosemide was started for this pt. What electrolyte abnormality is expected? a. High Na+, Low K+ b. Low Na+, High K+ c. Low Na+, Low K+ d. High Na+, High K+ e. Low Na+, Normal K+

C. Low Na+, Low K+. [Frusemide causes hyponatremia, hypochloremic alkalosis, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia].

A 67yo man with hx of weight loss complains of hoarseness of voice. CT reveals opacity in the right upper mediastinum. He denied any hx of difficulty breathing. What is the single most appropriate inv? a. Laryngoscopy b. Bronchoscopy c. LN biopsy d. Bronchoalevolar lavage e. Barium swallow

C. Lymph node biopsy. [There is weight loss and there is an opacity in right upper mediastinum. May indicate enlarged lymph node or lymphoma causing pressure on right recurrent laryngeal nerve resulting in horseness. As CT didn't reveal any bronchial lesion and no breathing difficulty it is unlikely to be a bronchial pathology. So CT guided lymph node biopsy can reveal the diagnosis].

A 42yo man presents with stroke. He is not able to walk straight and his speech is slurred. What is the initial appropriate inv? a. CT brain b. PET brain c. MRI brain d. Carotid angiography e. Monitor for 24h

C. MRI brain. [Ataxia and slurred speech are features of cerebellar lesion which is posterior fossa organ. For posterior fossa lesion MRI is the investigation of choice! So key is correct. It is C. MRI brain].

A pt with SNHL and loss of corneal reflex on the left side. What is the most definitive inv? a. CT of internal auditory meatus b. Nuclear imaging of brain c. MRI of internal auditory meatus d. Radio isotope scan e. XR skull

C. MRI of internal auditory meatus. [The likely cause is acaustic neuroma for which appropriate investigation is MRI internal acoustic meatus].

A 40yo woman with breast cancer has back pain which keep her awake at night. She blames it on a gym session she had 2wks ago. She now has difficulty in climbing stairs. There is tenderness over the right thoracic spine. She has diminished fine touch and temp sensation in her right foot. What is the single most appropriate inv? a. Bone density scan b. CT head c. MRI spine d. Nuclear bone scan e. XR thoracolumbar spine

C. MRI spine. [There is neurological deficit so to exclude spinal involvement MRI is the single most appropriate investigation].

A woman presented with blurred vision and intermittent clumsiness for 3m. Reflexes are brisk in her arm and optic disc is pale. What is the single most appropriate test to confirm dx? a. CSF analysis b. CT c. MRI d. EEG e. EMG

C. MRI. [Features are suggestive of multiple sclerosis. Investigation of choice is gadolinium enhanced MRI].

A 32yo man presents with hearing loss. AC>BC in the right ear after Rhine test. He also complains of tinnitus, vertigo and numbness on same half of his face. What is the most appropriate inv for his condition? a. Audiometry b. CT c. MRI d. Tympanometry e. Weber's test

C. MRI. [features are suggestive of acaustic neuroma, so MRI is the preferred option].

This condition affects middle aged women more than men and is characterized by low mood, early morning waking, loss of libido, tiredness and suicidal intention last for at least 2wks. What is the most probable dx? a. Bipolar affective disorder b. Dysthymia c. Major depressive disorder d. Schizoaffective disorder e. Recurrent brief depression

C. Major depressive disorder. [Given case is severe depression (major depressive disorder). Mild depression: i)Low mood ii) Anhedonia iii) Guilt iv) Hopelessness v) Worthlessness vi) Inability to concentrate. Tx CBT Moderate depression: Features of mild + vii) Poor sleep viii) Poor Appetite ix) Poor libido x) Easy fatiguability. Tx Antidepressants Severe depression: Features of moderate + xi) Suicidal intensions. Tx ECT Psychotic depression: Features of severe + xii) Hallucinations xiii) Delusions xiv) Guilt xv) Nihilistic delusion. Tx ECT].

A woman who returned from abroad after 3 weeks of holiday complains of severe diarrhea of 3 weeks. She also developed IDA and folic acid def. What condition best describes her situation? a. Jejunal villous atrophy b. Chronic diarrhea secretions c. Malabsorption d. Increased catabolism e. Increased secretions of acid

C. Malabsorption. Diarrhoea, IDA and folic acid deficiency. Deficiencies seen: • Iron-deficiency anaemia. • Folate deficiency or vitamin B12 deficiency. • Bleeding, resulting from low vitamin K. • Oedema, which occurs in protein/calorie malnutrition.

A 52 yo male with poorly controlled DM has now presented to his GP with pain in the ear. Exam: skin around the ear is black in color and there was foul smelling discharge from the ear. Pt also had conductive hearing loss. What is the most probable dx? a. Carbuncle b. Folliculitis c. Malignant OE d. Cholesteatoma e. Furuncle

C. Malignant OE. [In some cases, otitis externa can spread to the outer ear and surrounding tissue, including the bones of the jaw and face. This infection is known as malignant otitis externa. Thogh the term malignant is used it is not a cancer].

A 22yo man came to the hosp after an injury in his hand while playing basketball. Exam: avulsion of extensor tendon from the distal phalanx. What is the single most probable deformity? a. Dinner fork deformity b. Game keeper thumb c. Mallet finger d. Gun-stock deformity e. Garden spade deformi

C. Mallet finger. [A finger that bends down at the end joint and cannot be straightened is called a mallet finger. It is caused by an injury to the extensor tendon that straightens (extends) the finger. A splint worn day and night for 6-8 weeks will cure the problem in most cases].

A 38yo man presented to ED with severe pain in upper abdomen. He has already taken course of triple therapy and now had elective endoscopy 2d ago. He is in shock. What is the most probable dx? a. Ca esophagus b. Barret's esophagus c. Mediastinitis d. Ca stomach

C. Mediastinitis.

A 44yo man presents with periorbital and pedal edema. 24h urine shows 8g of protein/d and serum cholesterol=7mmol/L. Renal biopsy results are awaited. What would be the most likely dx? a. Minimal change disease b. Glomerulonephropathy c. Membranous glomerulonephropathy d. FSGS e. IgA nephropathy f. Mesangiocapillary

C. Membranous glomerulonephritis. [Some authority claims FSGS as more common cause of nephrotic syndrome].

A woman with a hx of drug abuse and increased alcohol intake, now comes for help and she is concerned about her problem. What is the most appropriate management option? a. Voluntary admission b. Psychiatry team c. Mental health team d. Psychiatry voluntary admission

C. Mental health team. [Drug abuse and alcohol intake has psychological issue also and mental health team can give broader aspect of support than a psychiatry team. Mental Health Team: "These can include psychiatrists, psychologists, community psychiatric nurses, social workers, and occupational therapists. They work with you to treat your mental health. You might get help from the team as a whole or from just one or two professionals. Your GP or primary care service has to refer you to the MHT]."

A 19yo female dx with trichomonas vaginalis. LMP was 10d ago. What is the best antibiotic tx? a. Erythromycin b. Vancomycin c. Metronidazole d. Penicillin e. Clarithromycin f. Doxycycline g. Fluconazole h. Clotrimazole

C. Metronidazole.

A 56yo lady has developed severe right sided headache which worsens whenever she comes to bright light since the last 4 days. She feels nauseated, but doesn't vomit. What is the most likely dx? a. SAH b. Brain tumor c. Migraine d. Cluster headache e. Subdural headache

C. Migraine. It is migraine without aura. Criteria of migraine without aura: ≥5 headaches lasting 4-72 hours + nausea/vomiting (or photo/phono-phobia) + any 2 of: i) unilateral ii) pulsating iii) worsen by routine activity [OHCM, 9th edition, page-462].

A 26yo man is referred for gastroscopy because of a hx of several months of dyspepsia. He has routine bloods checked and is found to have a serum calcium level=3.2mmol/l with a venous bicarbonate level of 33mmol/l. Renal and LFT are both ormal. CXR is normal. What is the most likely cause of his hypercalcemia? a. Melanoma b. Metastatic malignancy c. Milk alkali syndrome d. Primary hyperparathyroidism e. Sarcoidosis

C. Milk alkali syndrome. [In medicine, milk-alkali syndrome is characterized by high blood calcium caused by taking in too much calcium and absorbable alkali; common sources of calcium and alkali are dietary supplements taken to prevent osteoporosis and antacids. If untreated, milk-alkali syndrome may lead to kidney failure or death].

A 15yo boy presents with generalized edema. His urinalysis reveals protein +++, eGFR =110. What is the most likely dx? a. IgA nephropathy b. Membranous nephropathy c. Minimal change disease d. PSGN e. Lupus nephritis

C. Minimal change disease. [Points in favour: i) Age 15 yrs ii) Generalized oedema iii) Protein in urine +++ vi) Normal eGFR of 110 (Normal range- 90 to 120 mL/min)].

A 62yo man has slow palpitations and the following ECG. What is the most likely dx? [Gradual prolongation of PR interval followed by a drop beat]. a. Sinus bradycardia b. 1st degree heart block c. Mobitz type 1 block d. Mobitz type 2 block e. Complete heart block

C. Mobitz type 1 block.

A pt has had 1 ep of depression and 2 eps of mania over the last year and now presents with depression. He is on anti-depressants. What additional pharmacological tx would now act as a prophylaxis for his condition? a. Antidepressants b. Antipsychotics c. Mood stabilizers d. No additions req

C. Mood stabilizers. [Antidepressant alone can lead to manic attack and to prevent this a mood stabilizer is required].

A 32yo woman has had 3 episodes of slurred speech and 2 episodes of transient weakness of both legs in the past 5yrs. Each episode has resolved in 3m. What is the SINGLE most likely dx? a. Meningioma b. Migraine c. Multiple sclerosis d. Stroke e. Transient ischaemic attack

C. Multiple sclerosis.

A 16yo boy in boarding school feels unwell. He developed cough and rash. His CXR showed bilateral consolidations. What is the cause of his symptoms? a. Staph aureus b. Legionella c. Mycoplasma d. Streptococcus

C. Mycoplasma. [Rash, bilateral consolidation favours mycoplasma pneumonia. Mycoplasma is common in military barrack, prison or boarding dwellers].

30yo female attends OPD with a fever and dry cough. She says that she had headache, myalgia and joint pain like one week ago. Exam: pulse=100bpm, temp=37.5C. CXR: bilateral patchy consolidation. What is the single most likely causative organism? a. Pneumococcal pneumonia b. Legionella c. Mycoplasma d. Klebsiella e. Chlamydia pneumonia

C. Mycoplasma. [mycoplasma give flu-like symptoms and has a gradual onset plus on cxr shows bilateral consolidation].

A 17 yo girl had an episode of seizure. Contraction of muscles started from around the interphalangeal joints, which spread to the muscles of wrist and elbow. Choose possible type of seizure? a. Grand mal b. Tonic clonic c. Myoclonic d. Absent

C. Myoclonic. [seizures associated with contraction of specific muscle group is seen in myoclonic seizers].

A 37yo infertile lady with 5cm subserosal and 3cm submucosal fibroid is trying to get pregnant. Which is the most suitable option? a. Clomifen therapy b. IVF c. Myomectomy d. Hysterectomy e. IU insemination

C. Myomectomy. [Fibroids are preventing from her being pregnant. So myomectomy is the most suitable option to let her get pregnant].

A 33yo male came to the hospital with complaint of occasional left sided chest pain that lasts <30mins, following exercise, which relieves upon taking rest. What is the most probable dx? a. Unstable angina b. Decubitus angina c. Stable angina d. Coronary spasm e. MI

C. Stable angina.

A 7yo boy with frequent episodic asthma is on tx with sodium cromoglycate. His physician wants to add a non-steroid preventer. The mother of the boy, a teacher, has just read about a nonsteroidal medication which acts on the mast cells, stopping them from releasing harmful chemicals. Her physician agrees to add this medication to the boy's drug regimen. Which medication is the physician most likely to add to the boy's treatment? a. Inhaled short acting bronchodilator b. SC adrenaline c. Nedocromil Sodium d. Inhaled long acting bronchodilator e. Inhaled sodium cromoglycate f. Inhaled steroids g. Inhaled SABA h. Oral steroids i. Nebulised bronchodilators j. Oral theophylline

C. Nedochromil Sodium.

A 19yo woman has had progressive bilateral iliac fossa pain and dyspareunia for 3days. She has an offensive vaginal discharge and feels unwell and feverish. Her temp=39C. An initial antimicrobial regimen is commenced. What SINGLE set of organisms are the most appropriate for the antimicrobial regimen to cover? a. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Candida albicans b. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Candida albicans and Gardnerellavaginalia c. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis d. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis and Candida albicans e. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis and Gardnerellavaginalis

C. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis • Most common antibiotic given for UNCOMPLICATED STDs is azithromycin and it covers gram negative bacteria which are neisseria and chlamydia. • Candida albicans is a fungal infection • Gardnerella is a gram variable bacteria and normal commensal.

A 24yo lady has been low after the death of her husband and had stopped contacting her family. She was started on SSRI tx and starts feeling better after a few months. On discontinuating the meds she starts feeling that she has developed cancer just like her husband. What is the most appropriate next step? a. Continue SSRI b. Add TCA c. Neuropsychiatric analysis d. CBT e. Antipsychotics

C. Neuropsychiatric analysis.

A 77yo male presents with hx of enuresis and change in behavior. Exam: waddling gait. What is the most likely dx? a. Subdural hemorrhage b. Brain tumor c. Normal pressure hydrocephalus d. Psychotic depression

C. Normal pressure hydrocephalus. [age (usually occurs in 60s or 70s), loss of bladder control (enuresis), waddling gait and behavior change are all features of normal pressure hydrocephalus].

A 20yo man has a head on collision in a car. On presentation he is breathless, has chest pain and fx of 5-7th rib. CXR confirms this. What is the most appropriate initial action in this pt? a. Antibiotics b. Analgesia c. O2 by mask d. Physiotherapy e. Refer to surgeon

C. O2 by mask. [There was debate in this forum that pain relief should be given first which will automatically relieve breathing problem. But others told O2 first]. O2 first is the correct answer!

A 15yo man presents with bitemporal hemianopia and spade-like hands. What is the definite test to confirm the dx? a. Early morning growth hormone b. Insulin tolerance test c. OGTT with growth hormone measurements d. Random insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) e. Short ACTH test

C. OGTT with growth hormone measurements. [The bitemporal hemianopia and spade- like hands point towards acromegaly. The best initial test is insulin like growth factors but the definitive test that confirms the diagnosis is OGTT with serial growth hormone measurements].

A 24yo male presents with discomfort in the groin area and scrotal swelling. Exam: scrotal skin is normal. What would be the next best step? a. Urgent US b. Urgent surgery c. OPD referral d. Antibiotics

C. OPD referral. [A case of inguinal hernia or hydrocele. In both torsion or epididymo- orchitis scrotal skin will be inflammed (erythematous and oedematous). Should be referred to Surgery OPD].

A 65yo pt who had MI 1yr ago now comes to the ED complaining that his neighbor is conspiring against him. When his son is asked, he denies it and also narrates that sometimes his father says that everybody in his office is always talking about him, which is not the case. What is the most appropriate med? a. TCA b. Clozapine c. Olanzapine d. Lorazepam

C. Olanzapine. [Schizophrenia treated with olanzapine].

A man with carcinoma and multiple metastasis presents with intractable nausea and vomiting. He has become drowsy and confused. What is the most appropriate management? a. Dexamethasone IM b. Dexamethasone PO c. Ondansetron IM d. Ondansetron PO e. Morphine oral

C. Ondensatron IM. [For cancer or chemotherapy induced vomiting ondensatron is the drug of choice. As here vomiting is intractable IM ondensatron should be given not oral].

A 30yo caucasian man presented with a 2wk hx of gradually worsening vision in his left eye. The patient had been seen once by a neurologist 2yrs prv for flashes. At that time a head CT was normal. The patient was lost to follow up with the neurologist, but the flashes had continued for the 2yr period. The patient did not experience visual changes with activity or movement. The patient reported continued decreasing vision. Goldmann visual fields were done and showed a central scotoma. A MRI was done at this time and showed inflammation of the left optic nerve. A likely diagnosis is? a. Pseudotumor b. Orbital teratoma c. Optic neuritis d. Sarcoidosis e. Optic glioma f. Lymphangioma g. Rhabdomyosarcoma h. Retinal vascular shunts i. Retinoblastoma j. Mucormycosis

C. Optic neuritis [Possible diagnosis is MS. Scotoma, 2yr Hx, age race are suggestive except more in females than males].

A 16yo boy presents with acute pain in the right ear and little bleeding from the same ear. He had been in a boxing match and had sustained a blow to the ear. There is little amount of blood in the auditory canal and a small perforation of the eardrum. What is the most appropriate management? a. Admission for parental antibiotics b. Nasal decongestant c. Oral amoxicillin d. OPD review e. Packing of ear f. Surgical intervention g. Syringing ENT

C. Oral amoxicillin. [Small perforations are usually heal by themselves within 6-8 weeks and doctors often prescribe antibiotics to prevent infections during this healing period].

A 19yo boy complains of itching on the site of insect bite. What is the single most appropriate management? a. Penicillin oral b. Doxycycline oral c. Oral antihistamine d. Oral ciprofloxacin e. Reassurance

C. Oral antihistamine.

A 34yo man was slapped over his right ear in a fight. There is blood coming from his external auditory canal and he has pain, deafness and ringing in his ears. What is the most appropriate initial inv? a. CT b. MRI c. Otoscopy d. Skull XR e. Facial XR

C. Otoscopy. [Traumatic perforation of the tympanic membrane (TM) can cause pain, bleeding, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. Diagnosis is based on otoscopy. Treatment often is unnecessary. Antibiotics may be needed for infection. Surgery may be needed for perforations persisting > 2 mo, disruption of the ossicular chain, or injuries affecting the inner ear. Reference: Merck Manual (Prefessional version) [www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/middle-ear-and-tympanic- membrane-disorders/traumatic-perforation-of-the-tympanic-membrane].

A 33yo female presents with sudden severe colicky abdominal pain in her RIF. A mobile mass is felt on examination. What is the most likely dx? a. PID b. Appendicitis c. Ovarian torsion d. Constipation

C. Ovarian torsion.

A 20yo fit man suddenly developed severe lower back pain as getting up from bed. What is the single most probable dx? a. Paget's disease b. Multiple myeloma c. PID d. AS e. Spondylosis

C. PID [Prolapsed Intervertebral Disc]. [Sudden onset of lower back pain and felt more during forward bending or similar movement like getting up from bed favours the diagnosis of PID].

A terminally ill pt with metastatic carcinoma presents with dysphagia and difficulty in swallowing. What is the best possible tx? a. Nystatin suspension b. Amphotericin B IV c. PO fluconazole d. Cotrimazole e. Analgesic

C. PO fluconazole. [Treatment of carcinoma can predispose to development of oesophageal candidiasis which is treated as follows: Oral fluconazole (200 - 400mg) daily for 14 to 21 days (if needed IV fluconazole can also be given].

A 48yo man presents with bone pain. Labs: ALP=high, phosphate=normal. What is the most likely dx? a. Osteoporosis b. Osteomalacia c. Paget's disease d. Fx e. Myeloma

C. Paget's disease. [Bone pain, high ALP and normal phosphate are suggestive of pagets disease. In osteoporosis Ca+, PO43- and ALP are normal. In osteomalacia Ca+ low, PO43- low and ALP is high. In Pagets disease Ca+ and PO43- normal and ALP markedly raised].

Pt with widespread ovarian carcinoma has bowel obstruction and severe colic for 2h and was normal in between severe pain for a few hours. What is the most appropriate management? a. PCA (morphine) b. Spasmolytics c. Palliative colostomy d. Oral morphine e. Laxatives

C. Palliative colostomy. Cancer or chemotherapy induced obstructions are unlikely to respond to conservative management [NBM, IV fluid, nasogastric suction] and hence only analgesia will not relieve it. So in such cases we have to go for palliative colostomy.

4yo child comes with a sprain in his foot. Hx reveals that the child has had recurrent admissions to the hosp due to severe asthma. What is the most appropriate analgesic? a. Diclofenac sodium b. Ibuprofen c. Paracetamol d. Codeine

C. Paracetamol.

A 12yo girl presented with tics, LOC, no residual sign and no post-ictal phase. EEG abnormality in temporal lobe. The girl had a rapid recovery. What is the most probably dx? a. Generalized tonic-clonic b. Myoclonic c. Partial generalized seizure d. Atonic seizure e. Febrile convulsion

C. Partial -> generalized seizure

A 3yo boy presents with difficulty in walking and skin lesions. What is the most likely causative agent? a. Strep pyogenes b. Rubella virus c. Parvovirus d. Papovirus e. Paramyxovirus

C. Parvovirus. [Sometimes there may occur arthropathy for which children gets difficulty to walk. There occurs macular morbiliform rash in parvovirus infection following disappearance of rash of the cheeks].

A 10yo boy who takes regular high dose inhaled steroids for his longstanding asthma has been advised to use bronchodilators to control his acute attacks. His parents are unsure when should he use his bronchodilator. What is the single most appropriate inv? a. CXR b. None c. Peak flow rate diary d. Pulse oximetry

C. Peak flow rate diary. [Peak flow rate diary shows diurnal variation. This diary shows when the bronchoconstriction remains worse and guides to use bronchodilators prior to that times].

A 45yo waitress complains of pelvic pain which worsens pre-menstrually and on standing and walking. She also complains of post-coital ache. Select the most likely cause leading to her symptoms? a. PID b. Endometritiosis c. Pelvic congestion syndrome d. Adenomyosis e. Premature ovarian failure

C. Pelvic congestion syndrome. [Women with pelvic congestion syndrome experience a constant pain that may be dull and aching, but is occasionally more acute. The pain is worse at the end of the day and after long periods of standing, and sufferers get relief when they lie down. The pain is worse during or after sexual intercourse, and can be worse just before the onset of the menstrual period. Cause is attributed to female hormone estrogen induced vascular (venous) changes. So it is usually seen in females].

27yo waitress has pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea and increasingly heavy periods. She also complains of dyspareunia. There is generalized pelvic tenderness without peritonism. Pelvic US is normal. What is the most likely dx? a. Endometriosis b. Uterine fibroid c. Pelvic congestion syndrome d. PID e. Tubal pregnancy

C. Pelvic congestion syndrome. [In pelvic congestion syndrome there develops varicose veins in the lower abdomen from prolonged standing (as occurred here in a waitress who remains standing for long) with some pain syndromes like pelvic pain, dysmenorrea, dyspareunia and generalized pelvic tenderness without peritonism. Also there may be associated menorrhagia].

A man sat cross-legged for about 30mins. After this he was unable to dorsiflex his left foot and had loss of sensation in the web space between the big toe and the 2nd toe. He also has sensory loss on the same side of the foot after 2h. Which of the following was affected? a. Femoral nerve b. Sural nerve c. Peroneal nerve d. Sciatic nerve

C. Peroneal nerve. [Common peroneal nerve winds round the fibular neck at knee joint and when a man sits cross legged for a considerable time pressure exerted on the nerve may cause nerve palsi].

A 32yo man has been repeatedly admitted to hospital for what was described as anxiety or panic attacks and palpitations. On occasions he is found to be tremulous and hypertensive. A persistent weight loss is noted. What is the most probable dx? a. Hyperthyroidism b. Panic attacks c. Pheochromocytoma d. Cushing's disease e. GAD

C. Pheochromocytoma.

A 20yo pregnant 32wks by date presents to the antenatal clinic with hx of painless vaginal bleeding after intercourse. Exam: P/A - soft and relaxed, uterus=dates, CTG=reactive. Choose the single most likely dx? a. Abruption of placenta 2nd to pre-eclampsia b. Antepartum hemorrhage c. Placenta previa d. Preterm labor e. Placenta percreta

C. Placenta previa.

A 36wk pregnant woman presents with sudden onset of uterine pain and bleeding, uterus is tender, no prv LSCS. What is the most appropriate cause? a. Preeclampsia b. DIC c. Placental abruption d. Placental previa e. Ectopic pregnancy f. Missed abortion g. Ectropion

C. Placental abruption. [Painful bleeding at 36th week is placental abruption (either revealed or mixed type)].

A 32yo man working in a shipyard comes with SOB. Exam: dullness on left side of the chest, pain in left side of chest, pleuritic rub and crackles been heard on the same side. What is the single most likely dx? a. Pericarditis b. Pleurisy c. Pleural effusion d. CCF e. TB

C. Pleural effusion. [Shipyard worker are exposed to asbestos and presenting case has developed mesothelioma causing pleura thickening and pleural effusion. Though it is usual that in pleural effusion pleural rub reduces or becomes absent but it is also possible to get pleural rub even in pleural effusion and the like diagnosis is pleural effusion here].

A pt presents with fever, dry cough and breathlessness. He is tachypneic but chest is clear. Oxygen saturation is normal at rest but drops on exercise. What is the single most likely dx? a. CMV infection b. Candida infection c. Pneumocystis carinii infection d. Cryptococcal infection e. Toxoplasma abscess

C. Pneumocystis carinii infection. [Fever, dry cough, breathlessness, tachypnoea with clear chest is seen in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Normal oxygen saturation which drops on exercise is characteristic of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia].

A 55yo woman with a persistent cough and hx of smoking develops left sided chest pain exacerbated by deep breathing with fever and localized crackles. What is the single most appropriate dx? a. Dissecting aneurysm b. Pericarditis c. Pneumonia d. Pneumothorax e. Pulmonary embolism

C. Pneumonia. [chest pain exacerbated with deep breathing, fever and localized crackles are highly suggestive of pneumonia].

A 65yo woman presents with headache. She also complains of dizziness and tinnitus. She has Recently realized she has visual problems. There is hx of burning sensation in fingers and toes. On exam: splenomegaly, itchy after hot bath. Labs: RBC=87, Hgb=31.9, Plt=796. What is the dx? a. CML b. CLL c. Polycythemia vera d. Myelofibrosis e. NHL

C. Polycythemia vera. Points in favour: i) hyperviscosity symptoms (headache, dizziness, tinnitus, visual problem) ii) pruritus, typically after a hot bath, iii)splenomegaly iv) RBC=87, Hb=31.9, Plt=796.

A 28 yo female who delivered 6 weeks ago feels sad and has no interest to feeding the baby. She has been eating poorly and having difficulty sleeping. She feels weak throughout the day and has stopped taking the baby out of the house. She also says that the baby has evil eyes. What is the most likely diagnosis? a. Postpartum blues b. Postpaetum depression c. Postpurtum psychosis d. Schizophrenia e. Psychotic depression

C. Postpartum psychosis. Points in favour: i) features of depression: feels sad, poor eating, difficulty sleep, feeling weak ii) delusional ideas: thinks baby has evil eyes and not taking the baby out of the house. These points to postpartum psychosis. [Postpartum psychosis starts within 2 wks (occasionally later) of delivery and it can take 6 -12 months or more to recover from postpartum psychosis].

An 8yo boy is clinically obese. As a baby he was floppy and difficult to feed. He now has learning difficulties and is constantly eating despite measures by his parents to hide food out of reach. What is the most probable dx? a. Cushing's syndrome b. Congenital hypothyroidism c. Prader Willi syndrome d. Lawrence moon biedel syndrome e. Down's syndrome

C. Prader Willi syndrome. [Prader Willi syndrome rare congenital disorder characterized by learning difficulties, growth abnormalities, and obsessive eating, caused especially by the absence of certain genes normally present on the copy of chromosome 15 inherited from the father].

A 28yo lady with a fam hx of CF comes for genetic counselling and wants the earliest possible dx test for CF for the baby she is planning. She is not in favor of termination. What would you recommend for her? a. CVS (Chorionic Villous Sampling) b. Amniocentesis c. Pre-implantation genetic dx d. Chromosomal karyotyping e. Maternal serum test f. Reassure

C. Pre-implantation genetic dx. [Patient is not yet pregnant but planning for pregnancy. Earliest possible diagnostic test for CF is Pre-implantation genetic dx. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a procedure used prior to implantation to help identify genetic defects within embryos created through in vitro fertilization to prevent certain diseases or disorders from being passed on to the child].

A 10yo boy presents with nose bleed. What measure should be taken to stop the bleeding? a. Press base of the nose b. Ice packs c. Press soft parts of the nose d. Start tranexemic acid e. IV fluids

C. Press soft parts of the nose.

A 23yo man feels anxious and agitated when faced with stress. He has an interview in 3days and would like some help in relieving his symptoms. What is the most appropriate management? a. SSRI b. CBT c. Propranolol d. Diazepam

C. Propranolol. [Inappropriate anxiety during interview is performance phobia which is better helped by propranolol when help needed for short term like here as 3 days].

A 65yo woman says she died 3m ago and is very distressed that nobody has buried her. When she is outdoors, she hears people say that she is evil and needs to be punished. What is the most likely explanation for her symptoms? a. Schizophrenia b. Mania c. Psychotic depression d. Hysteria e. Toxic confusional state

C. Psychotic depression. [Psychotic depression, also known as depressive psychosis, is a major depressive episode that is accompanied by psychotic symptoms (hallucinations, delusions). In this patient nihilistic delusion favours the diagnosis of psychotic depression. It can occur in the context of bipolar disorder or majordepressive disorder].

A 55yo woman was found collapsed at home, paramedics revived her but in the ambulance she had a cardiac arrest and couldn't be saved. The paramedic's report tells that the woman was immobile lately due to hip pain and that they found ulcers on the medial side of ankle. She had DM and was on anti-diabetics. What is the cause of her death? a. Acute MI b. DKA c. Pulmonary embolism d. Acute pericarditis e. Cardiac tamponade

C. Pulmonary embolism. [Immobilization due to hip pain may resulted in DVT and later pulmonary embolism].

A 70yo lady on Raloxifene for osteoporosis has recently to the UK from Australia. She now presents with severe chest pain, SOB and suddenly collapsed in the ED. What is the single most appropriate dx? a. MI b. Aortic dissection c. Pulmonary embolism d. Costochondritis e. Pneumothorax

C. Pulmonary embolism. [Prolonged air travel is a risk factor for pulmonary embolism].

A 75yo woman presents to the breast clinic having noticed that she has had a blood stained discharge from the left nipple, together with dry skin over the left areola. Exam: blood stained discharge with dry flaky skin noted on the left areola. The nipple was noted to be ulcerated. Wht is the most appropriate inv? a. FNAC b. MRI c. Punch biopsy d. Open biopsy e. Stereotactic biopsy

C. Punch biopsy. [As the lesion is on the surface punch biopsy can be well obtained].

A young male met with an RTA and is suspected to have a femur fx. His BP is 90/60mmHg. What is the next immediate action? a. XR b. IV fluids c. Put leg splint d. Send bloods for inv e. US

C. Put leg splint. [Still patient is hemodynamically stable and leg splinting takes (Thomas splint) 10-15 minutes. This will improve alignment and stop the ongoing loss which is usually alarming. Some argue for ABC protocol but as the case is stable we can go for splinting first].

A mother is concerned that her 18m son has a vocabulary of ten words but can't form a sentence. What is the best management strategy? a. Arrange hearing test b. Assess developmental milestones c. Reassurance d. Refer to speech therapist e. MRI brain

C. Reassurance. [Two words joining can be done in 2yrs and inability to form a sentence in 18 months is quite normal. So the option is reassurance].

An 8yo child presents with recurrent abdominal pain, occasional headaches but maintains a good appetite. Exam: normal. CBC, BUE, etc are normal. What would you do for her next? a. US abdomen b. CT head c. Reassure d. Analgesics

C. Reassure. [Recurrent abdominal pain and headaches with no abnormal finding on examination and investigation points to Abdominal Migraine. Management is reassurance]. Abdominal migraine is a form of migraine seen mainly in children. It is most common in children ages five-nine years old, but can occur in adults as well. The diagnostic criteria for abdominal migraine are: A. At least five attacks fulfilling criteria B-D. B. Attacks of abdominal pain lasting 1-72 hours (untreated or unsuccessfully treated). C. Abdominal pain has all of the following characteristics: C1. Midline location, periumbilical, or poorly localized C2. Dull or 'just sore' quality C3. Moderate or severe intensity During abdominal pain at least two of the following: Anorexia Nausea Vomiting Pallor Not attributed to another disorder (1)].

A 23 yo girl presented with perioral paresthesia and carpopedal spasm 20 mins after a huge argument with her boyfriend. What is the next step for this pt? a. SSRI b. Diazepam c. Rebreath into a paper bag d. Propranolol e. Alprazolam

C. Rebreathin in paper bag. [hyperventilation causes CO2 washout and respiratory alkalosis. If you continue breathing and rebreathing in paper bag it will allow CO2 concentration to rise in paper bag and as you rebreath this again and again you will regain some washed out CO2 and thus relief to this alkalosis]. The girl may have anxiety disorder when it precipitates leads to hyperventilation syndrome. X

22yo man has rushed into the ED asking for help. He describes recurrent episodes of fearfulness, palpitations, faintness, hyperventilation, dryness of the mouth with peri-oral tingling and cramping of the hands. His symptoms last 5-10 mins and have worsened since their onset 3months ago. He is worried he may be having a heart attack. An ECG shows sinus tachycardia. What is the single most appropriate immediate intervention? a. High flow oxygen b. IV sedation c. Rebreathe into a paper bag d. Refer for anxiety management course e. Refer for urgent cardiology opinion

C. Rebreathing into paper bag. [Patient has anxiety disorder (panic) which causes hyperventilation and CO2 washout leading to respiratory alkalosis. Symptoms will improve by rebreathing into paper bag as it will cause gradual increase of CO2 in paper bag and decrease the severity of respiratory alkalosis].

A 29yo woman presents to her GP with a hx of weight loss, heat intolerance, poor conc and palpitations. Which of the following is most likely to be a/w dx of thyroiditis a/w viral infection? a. Bilateral exophthalmos b. Diffuse, smooth goiter c. Reduced uptake on thyroid isotope scan d. Positive thyroid peroxidase antibodies e. Pretibial myxedema

C. Reduced uptake on thyroid isotope scan. Ans. 2. The diagnosis is De Quervain's or subacute thyroiditis. Ans. 3. Viral or subacute thyroiditis: diagnostic criteria: i) Features of hyperthyroidism present. ii) Pain thyroid, not mentioned. iii) Investigations: high esr (60-100) not mentioned, Reduced uptake of radioactive iodine by the gland.

A mother presents with her 3yo son who has indistinct nasal speech. He snores at night and has restless sleep. He is tired by day. What is the best management strategy? a. Arrange hearing test b. Assess development milestones c. Refer to ENT surgeon d. Refer to speech therapist e. MRI brain

C. Refer to ENT surgeon. [Probable enlarged adenoid].

A child was woken up from sleep with severe pain in the testis. Exam: tenderness on palpation and only one testis was normal in size and position. What would be your next step? a. Analgesia b. Antibiotics c. Refer urgently to a surgeon d. Reassurance e. Discharge with analgesics

C. Refer urgently to a surgeon].

A 30yo lady was playing volleyball when her hand got injured with the ball. The right hand is not swollen and there is tenderness under the root of the thumb. XR is normal. What is the most appropriate next management? a. Arm sling for 1 wk b. Raise hand for 2d c. Repeat XR d. Full arm cast

C. Repeat XR. [Likely diagnosis is scaphoid fracture where X-ray may not show the fracture right away. In such case put her hand in a below elbow cast and repeat X-ray in a week or two to see if the fracture become visible. Usually it becomes visible as a healing fracture line].

A 30yo woman is taking tx for asthma. She has a HR=130bpm and peak expiratory flow rate=400. What is the most appropriate management? a. Atenolol b. Digoxin c. Review drugs

C. Review drugs. [Oral beta agonist frequently causes tachycardia and palpitations].

A man suffering from Influenza A since 5d ago. CXR: pneumonia. What organism is responsible for pneumonia in this pt? a. Hemophilius influenze b. Klebsiella c. Staphylococcus aureus d. Streptococcus pneumonia e. Pseudomonas

C. Staphylococcus aureus. [Post flue pneumonia is usually caused by staphylococcus aureus].

A 36yo woman presents with swelling in the groin. Exam: swelling is diffuse and soft and lies below the inguinal ligament. It empties with minimal pressure and refills with release. There is a cough impulse and it disappears on lying down. On the calf of the same leg there are varicosities on the medial aspect. What is the most likely dx? a. Varicose vein b. Varicocele c. Saphena varix d. Femoral hernia e. Inguinal hernia

C. Saphena Varix. [Below inguinal ligament, empties with minimal pressure and refills with release, presence of cough impulse and disappearance on lying down are suggestive of caphena varix supported by presence of varicosity in same leg].

A 35yo man presents with progressive breathlessness. He gave a hx of polyarthralgia with painful lesions on the shin. CXR: bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy. What's the most likely dx? a. Bronchial asthma b. Cystic fibrosis c. Sarcoidosis d. Bronchiectasis e. Pneumonia

C. Sarcoidosis. Lofgren syndrome. The triad is i) Erythema nodosum ii) Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy iii) Arthralgia.

A 31yo single man lives with his mother. He usually drives to work. He always thinks when the traffic lights change, his mother is calling him, so he drives back home. What is the dx? a. OCD b. GAD c. Schizophrenia d. Bipolar e. Cyclothymia

C. Schizophrenia. [ delusion of reference - he thinks that the changing traffic lights are giving message to him].

A 54yo myopic develops flashes of light and then sudden loss of vision. That is the single most appropriate tx? a. Pan retinal photo coagulation b. Peripheral iridectomy c. Scleral buckling d. Spectacles e. Surgical extraction of lens

C. Scleral buckling. [It is a case of retinal detachment with treatment option of scleral buckling].

A 72yo man brought to the ED with onset of paraplegia following a trivial fall. He was treated for prostatic malignancy in the past. What is the single most probable dx? a. Paget's disease b. Osteoporotic fx of vertebre c. Secondary d. Multiple myeloma e. Spondylosis

C. Secondary. [In male osteoporotic fracture is less common. As patient had prostatic malignancy pathological fracture from secondary metastasis to bone (here vertebra leading to paraplegia) is more common].

A young child was brought by his mother to the OPD complaining that he raised the vol of the TV and didn't respond to her when she called him. Exam: tympanic membrane was dull greyish and no shadow of handle of malleus. What is the most probable dx? a. Chronic OM b. Acute OM c. Secretory OM d. Otitis externa e. Cholesteatoma

C. Secretory OM.

A 23yo male has a tonic clonic seizure whilst at college. His GCS is 12, BP=120/77mmHg, HR=99bpm. What is the most appropriate inv for his condition? a. CT b. MRI c. Serum blood glucose d. Serum drug levels

C. Serum blood glucose [it is also possible that he may have taken drug, even though first we have to do serum glucose as low blood glucose can be very easily managed and it needs urgent management to save life. If it is excluded then we can look for other causes which may be not fatal in short time as hypoglycaemia].

A 56yo woman has had severe abdominal pain for 24h radiating to her back and is accompanied by nausea and vomiting. She appears to be tachycardic and in shock. She was found to have gallstones, 2yrs ago. What is the most likely inv to confirm dx? a. US abdomen b. LFT c. Serum lipase d. Angiography e. CT abdomen

C. Serum lipase. [The likely diagnosis is pancreatitis hence serum lipase].

A 60yo man was brought in by his wife complaining of ataxia, urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction. He also complains of rigidity and slowing of movement with a pill rolling tremor of the hands. What is the likely dx? a. Parkinson's disease b. Idiopathic parkinson's disease c. Shy-drager syndrome d. Huntington's disease

C. Shy-drager syndrome. [Shy-drager syndrome is characterized by parkinsonism (rigidity, slowing of movement with hand tremors) plus a more pronounced failure of the autonomic nervous system (urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction) and there may also cerebellar sign like ataxia be present]. [Please note the discrepancy of this question (may be a bad recall) that classic pill rolling movement is not a feature of multiple system atrophy (shy-drager dsyndrome)].

A middle aged man who has had a hx of chronic sinusitis, nasal obstruction and blood stained nasal discharge. He now presents with cheek swelling, epiphora, ptosis, diplopia, maxillary pain. What is the single most likely dx? a. Nasopharyngeal ca b. Pharyngeal ca c. Sinus squamous cell ca d. Squamous cell laryngeal ca e. Hypopharyngeal tumor

C. Sinus squamous cell ca.

A 3yo child brought to the ED with a swelling over the left arm. XR shows multiple callus formation in the ribs. Exam: bruises on childs back. What is the most appropriate next step? a. Check child protection register b. Coagulation profile c. Skeletal survey d. Serum calcium e. DEXA scan

C. Skeletal survey. [Skeletal survey is a series of x-ray which is usually used in NAI]. [after survey should think of childs protection].

A clinical picture of breast cancer originated from the mammary duct. Biopsy was done and there were neoplastic cells found. Choose the histological picture of the cancer. a. Neoplastic cells are arranged in small clusters occupying a space between collagen bundles (Seirrhous carcinoma) b. Spindle cell neoplasms with margins, which infiltrate adjacent structure, fat invaded (Breast sarcoma) c. Small cells with round nucleus and scant indistinct cytoplasm (Lobular carcinoma)

C. Small cells with round nucleus and scant indistinct cytoplasm (Lobular carcinoma)

A 48yo woman always socially withdrawn has stopped going out of the house. She is afraid to socialize because she fears that people will criticize her. What is the most probable dx? a. Agoraphobia b. PTSD c. Social anxiety d. OCD e. GAD

C. Social anxiety. [Social anxiety disorder is a type of complex phobia. This type of phobia has a disruptive or disabling impact on a person's life. It can severely affect a person's confidence and self-esteem, interfere with relationships and impair performance at work or school].

A 19yo man has exercise induced asthma. This has prv been controlled using a salbutamol inhaler as req, but he now gets attacks with exercise. What is the single most appropriate tx? a. Regular salbutamol b. Regular salbutamol and budesonide c. Sodium cromoglycate d. Oral steroid e. Inhaled steroid

C. Sodium chromoglycate. This is wrong key! Correct key should be E. Inhaled steroid. [Chrommoglycate should be used in exercise induced asthma if inhaled steroid fails].

A 79yo woman has been dx with T2DM. Her BMI=22. RBS are 8 and 10mmol/l. Her BP=130/80mmHg. Her fasting cholesterol=5.7mmol/l. She is currently symptom-free but has microalbuminuria. What is the single most appropriate drug management? a. ACEi and glibenclamide b. ACEi and metformin c. Statin and ACEi d. Statin and glibenclamide e. Statin and metformin

C. Statin and ACEi. [Diabetic patients are advocated statin irrespective of cholesterol levels and diabetic microalbuminuria is best treated by ACEI. As initially we shall give lifestyle advice and no medicine for diabetes even then we shall start with statin and ACEI].

A 65yo man with cancer of middle 1/3 of the esophagus presents with dysphagia. What is the most immediate management? a. Chemotherapy b. Radiotherapy c. Stenting d. Gastrostomy e. TPN

C. Stenting.

A woman is admitted to the hosp for elective abdominal hysterectomy. 2m ago she was dx with DVT and pulmonary embolism and was started on warfarin. What is the most appropriate preop measure you will take on this occasion? a. Continue warfarin b. Stop warfarin c. Stop warfarin and start heparin d. Increase warfarin dose e. Add heparin

C. Stop warfarin and start heparin.

A 49yo man comes with hx of cough and SOB. His CD4 count is measured as 350. CXR shows lobar consolidation. What is the single most appropriate option? a. Mycobacterium avium intercellular b. CMV c. Streptococcus d. Toxoplasmosis e. Pneumocystis jerovici

C. Streptococcus. [Features are consistent with lobar pneumonia].

A 78yo lady on warfarin for atrial fibrillation lives in a care home. She presents with hx of progressive confusion for three days. She was also noticed to have bruises on her arms. INR = 7. What is the most probable dx? a. Alzheimers b. Delirium c. Subdural hemorrhage d. Vascular dementia e. Pick's dementia

C. Subdural haemorrhage. [Age 78 yrs, living in a care home where unnoticed trivial injury is possible (like fall), warfarine and high INR is potential risk factor of subdural haemorrhage suggested by bruises on arms also].

A 75yo nursing home resident complains of headache, confusion and impaired vision for 4days. She has multiple bruises on her head. What is the most likely cause of confusion in this pt/ a. Alcohol intoxication b. Infection c. Subdural hematoma d. Hypoglycemia e. Hyponatremia

C. Subdural hematoma. [elderly patient with multiple bruises on her head suggest head injury which can lead to subdural hematoma. Headache, confusion and impaired vision for 4 days indicate subacute subdural hematoma (three pahges i) acute ii) subacute 3 - 7 days and iii) chronic 2 - 3 weeks]. Symptoms of subdural hematoma: • a headache that keeps getting worse • feeling and being sick • confusion • personality changes, such as being unusually aggressive or having rapid mood swings • feeling drowsy and finding it difficult to keep your eyes open • speech problems, such as slurred speech • problems with your vision, such as double vision • paralysis (loss of movement) on one side of the body • problems walking and frequent falls • seizures (fits) • loss of consciousness

A young girl complains of episodic headaches preceded by fortification spectra. Each episode last for 2-3 days. During headache pt prefers quiet, dark room. What is the tx of choice for acute stage? a. Paracetamol b. Aspirin c. Sumatriptan d. Gabapentin e. Cafergot

C. Sumatryptan. [Aspirin though 1st line can cause Reye's syndrome in young girl and that is why Sumatryptan is the better option here].

A 25yo woman presents with a painful shallow ulcer on the vulva. What inv has to be done? a. HSV antibodies b. Syphilis serology c. Swab for hemophilus ducreyi d. Urine culture e. Blood culture

C. Swab for hemophilus ducreyi. [Herpes simplex virus causes multiple painful vesicles and syphilis ulcer is painless. As here single painful ulcer probable dx is Chancroid caused by Hemophilus ducreyi].

32yo woman of 38wks GA attends the antenatal day unit with pain in the suprapubic area that radiates to the upper thighs and perineum. It is worse on walking. Her urine dipstick showed a trace of protein but no white cells, nitrates or blood. What's the most likely dx? a. Braxton hicks contractions b. Round ligament stretching c. Symphasis pubis dysfunction d. Labor e. Complicated femoral hernia

C. Symphysis pubis dysfunction. [Symptoms can include: pain over the pubic bone at the front in the centre pain across one or both sides of lower back pain in the area between vagina and anus (perineum) Pain can also radiate to thighs. Cause: stiffness of pelvic joints or the joints moving unevenly at either the back or front of pelvis during pregnancy. Physiotherapy is helpful]. [Ref: NHS]

A 50yo woman presents following a fall. She reports pain and weakness in her hands for several months, stiff legs, swallowing difficulties, and has bilateral wasting of the small muscles of her hands. Reflexes in the upper limbs are absent. Tongue fasciculations are present and both legs show increased tone, pyramidal weakness and hyper-reflexia with extensor plantars. Pain and temp sensation are impaired in the upper limbs. What is the most likely dx? a. MS b. MND c. Syringobulbia d. Syringomyelia e. Myasthenia gravis

C. Syringobulbia. [In MS there are characteristic relapse and remission which is absent here; In MND there is no sensory deficit; Syringomyelia doesn't cause cranial nerve lesion and in myasthenia there is muscular weakness without atrophy. Here the features described well fits with syringobulbia].

A 60yo woman was found by her son. She was confused and had urinary incontinence. She has recovered fully after 6h with no neurological complaints. What is the most likely dx? a. Stroke b. Vestibular insufficiency c. TIA d. Intracranial hemorrhage

C. TIA.

A middle aged lady presented with fever, altered sensorium, bleeding gums and jaundice. Labs: deranged renal function tests, normal PT/APTT, fragmented RBCs and low plts. What's the most likely dx? a. Cholesterol emboli b. HUS c. TTP d. Hepatorenal syndrome e. Sepsis

C. TTP. [Fever and altered sensorium suggest the diagnosis of TTP].

A 47yo man who is a chronic alcoholic with established liver damage, has been brought to the hospital after an episode of heavy drinking. His is not able to walk straight and is complaining of double vision and is shouting obscenities and expletives. What is the most likely dx? a. Korsakoff psychosis b. Delirium tremens c. Wernickes encephalopathy d. Tourettes syndrome e. Alcohol dependence

C. Wernicke's encephalopathy. [triad of i) ophthalmoplegia, ii) ataxia iii) confusion].

A 57yo woman who is suffering from HTN, presented to the hospital with complaints of recurrent falls when trying to get out of bed or getting up from sitting. She is on some anti-HTN therapy with no other med prbs. What is the cause of her fall? a. CCB b. Vertibrobasiliar insufficiency c. Thiazide d. Hypoglycemia e. Infection

C. Thiazide. [It causes postural hypotension by volume depletion].

A 57yo woman presents with dysuria, frequency and urinary incontinence. She complains of dyspareunia. Urine culture has been done and is sterile. What is the most appropriate step? a. Oral antibiotics b. Topical antibiotics c. Topical estrogen d. Oral estrogen e. Oral antibiotics and topical estrogen

C. Topical estrogen. [There may be UTI like symptoms and dyspareunia in atrophic vaginitis for which topical oestrogen can be used].

A 44yo man comes with hx of early morning headaches and vomiting. CT brain shows ring enhancing lesions. What is the single most appropriate option? a. CMV b. Streptococcus c. Toxoplasmosis d. NHL e. Pneumocystis jerovii

C. Toxoplasmosis.

A 30yo woman presents with acute headache. She complains of seeing halos especially at night. What is the single most likely defect? a. Paracentral scotoma b. Mono-ocular field loss c. Tunnel vision d. Central scotoma e. Cortical blindness

C. Tunnel vision. [The diagnosis is glaucoma (headache and haloes especially at night). In glaucoma there occurs tunnel vision].

A 2yo child aspirated a foreign object which was removed at the hosp. the parents are now asking how to remove it if that ever happens at home. What do you advise? a. Hemlich maneuver b. Bring to the hospital c. Turn the child on his back and give thumps d. CPR e. Remove manually by fingers

C. Turn the child on his back and give thumps.

A 14yo girl presents with primary amenorrhea and a short stature. What is the most likely dx? a. Down's syndrome b. Klinefeltner's syndrome c. Turner's syndrome d. Fragile X syndrome e. Normal finding

C. Turner's syndrome. [Down's syndrome and Fragile x syndrome don't have primary amenorrhea. Klienfelters syndrome patients are tall males. So the likely diagnosis is Turner's syndrome].

A young girl presented to OBGYN assessment unit with lower abdominal pain and per vaginal bleeding after a hx of hysterosalpingograph as a part of her infertility tx. Observation: BP=90/50mmHg, pulse=120bpm, exam revealed rigid abdomen. What is the most appropriate next inv? a. CT b. XR erect and supine c. US abdomen d. Coag profile e. CXR

C. US abdomen. [Likely cause of bleeding and shock is ruptured fallopian tube for which appropriate next investigation is US abdomen].

A 27yo lady came to the ED 10 days ago with fever, suprapubic tenderness and vaginal discharge. PID was dx. She has been on the antibiotics for the last 10days. She presents again with lower abdominal pain. Temp=39.5C. what is the most appropriate next management? a. Vaginal swab b. Endocervical swab c. US d. Abdominal XR e. Laparoscopy

C. US. [Initial presentation was of PID. But recurrance of symptoms suggests resistant condition like abscess formation].

A 6wk baby with vomiting, irritability and palpable mass in the abdomen on feeding. Choose the single most likely inv? a. Upper GI endoscopy b. Barium meal c. US d. CT abdomen e. Barium enema

C. US. [Palpable mass in the abdomen "ON FEEDING" (just after feeding the mass becomes more prominent and can be palpated more easily) is suggestive of pyloric stenosis. US is used to diagnose this].

A 2yo girl is brought to the ED by her mother. The child is screaming that there is something in her ear and she appears agitated. Exam: a plastic bead is seen inside the ear. What is the best method of removal? a. Forceps b. Hook c. Under general anesthesia d. Syringing e. Magnet

C. Under general anaesthesia.

A man presents with abdominal pain, vomiting, pulse=120bpm, BP=90/60mmHg and a rigid abdomen. His chest is clear. What is the immediate management? a. Call radiology b. Admit to medical ward c. Urgent admission to ITU (Intensive Therapy Unit)

C. Urgent admission to ITU.

A 72yo man is found to be not breathing in the CCU with the following rhythm. What is the most likely dx? a. SVT b. VT c. VF d. Atrial fib e. Atrial flutter

C. VF.

An 18yo man complains of fatigue and dyspnea, he has left parasternal heave and systolic thrill with a harsh pan-systolic murmur at left parasternal edge. What is the most probable dx? a. TOF b. ASD c. VSD d. PDA e. TGA

C. VSD.

A 55yo male after gastrectomy developed anemia. His MCV=106fl. Exam: loss of proprioception and vibration sense. What is the most likely dx? a. IDA b. Folate def c. Vit B12 def d. Anemia of chronic disease

C. Vit B12 def. [gastrectomy -> deficiency of intrinsic factor -> Vitamin B12 def. leading to macrocytic anemia and resulting subacute combined degeneration of cord causing loss of proprioception and loss of vibration sense].

A mother comes with her 15m child. Which of the following will bother you? a. Shies away from strangers b. Can walk but not run c. Vocabulary consists of only 2 meaningless words d. She can't make a sentence e. None

C. Vocabulary consists of only 2 meaningless words. At 15 months the child can clearly say 5 words and his first meaningful clear word he says at 12 months.

A 45yo woman had her visual acuity checked at her local optician. 12h later she presents to the ED with severe pain and redness in her eye. What is the single most appropriate option? a. Iris b. Ciliary body c. Ant chamber d. Post chamber e. Cornea

C. [In acute angle closure glaucoma half-dilated pupil is the most likely position which precipitates an acute attack as the trabecular meshworks are mostly closed by peripheral anterior synechia of peripheral iris in this position. And mild illuminated darkened room like of an optician (also use of mydriatics accelerates this) or opera (cinema hall) are culprit to make this! As the block occurs in anterior chamber it is the likely option here].

A HTN male loses vision in his left eye. The eye shows hand movement and a light shined in the eye is seen as a faint light. Fundus exam: flame shaped hemorrhages. The right eye is normal. What is the cause of this pts unilateral blindness? a. HTN retinopathy b. CRA thrombosis c. CRV thrombosis d. Background retinopathy e. Retinal detachment

C. central retinal vein thrombosis

A 68yo woman dx with T2DM and BMI=33. Lab: GFR=29, urea=13, creatinine=390mmol/L. what is the next appropriate management? a. Biguanide b. Sulfonylurea c. Insulin d. Glitazone e. Sulfonylurea receptor binder

C. insulin. [Insulin is devoid of significant side effect than Glitazones (like fluid retention). In renal failure there is reduced GFR and some fluid retention. It is not desirable that glitazone to cause more fluid retention by causing oedema. The oral agents that are thought to be relatively safe in patients with nondialysis CKD include short-acting sulfonylureas (eg, glipizide) and repaglinide. If an oral agent is used, the short-acting sulfonylurea, glipizide, is the preferred agent among nondialysis CKD patients who have an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <30 mL/min/1.73. The dose for glipizide is 2.5 to 10 mg/day. Glyburide and other long-acting sulfonylureas are generally not recommended in any CKD patient with type 2 diabetes, because of the risk of hypoglycemia. Some clinicians recommend the use of the meglitinide repaglinide (starting with a dose of 0.5 mg) for nondialysis CKD patients since these agents are not renally cleared. Nondialysis CKD patients with type 2 diabetes may be treated with an oral agent, although many patients end up on insulin therapy because it is more effective. So it may be that we can go for insulin as the answer!!].

A 69yo woman has had a stroke. Her left upper and lower limbs are paralyzed and she is having difficulty in speaking. Which anatomical site is most likely affected? a. Hippocampus b. Cerebellum c. Internal capsule d. Thalamus e. Brain stem

C. internal capsule. [Hippocampal lesion causes mainly memory impairment. Cerebellum has its diagnostic features that is not present here. Thalamic lesion can lead to impairment of arousal, orientation, learning and memory, facial paresis, language deficit, hemispatial neglect, hemisensory loss, hemiparesis, hemiataxia and visual field defect. Brainstem stroke causes impaired consciousness, disorder of blood pressure, and breathing abnormality. Given picture is typical of lesion in internal capsule].

A 45yo heroin addict was involved in a car crash and is now paraplegic. During the 1st week of hospital stay he cried everyday because he couldn't remember the accident. What is the most likely dx? a. PTSD b. Severe depression c. Organic brain damage

C. organic brain damage.

A 6yo child fell on his nose 2d ago. His parents have now brought him with difficulty in breathing. Exam: fever, nasal bones are straight. What is the single most likely dx? a. Nasal polyp b. Septal hematoma c. Septal abscess d. Deviated nasal septum e. Fx nose

C. septal hematoma. [Septal abscess takes a bit more time and a considerable portion of caseof septal hematoma is associated with fever].

A 30yo man complains of hoarseness of voice. Exam: unilateral immobile vocal cord. What is the most probable dx? a. Graves disease b. Hematoma c. Unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury d. External laryngeal nerve injury e. Tracheomalacia

C. unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury.

A 32yo had a normal vaginal delivery 10 days ago. Her uterus has involuted normally. Choose the single most likely predisposing factor for PPH? a. Retained product b. DIC c. Uterine infection d. Von Willebrand disease e. Primary PPH

C. uterine infection. Secondary PPH

A 32yo man has OCD. What is the best tx? a. CBT b. SSRI c. TCA d. MAO inhibitors e. Reassure

CBT

A pt is at term and in labor, the membranes have ruptured, the liquor contains meconium but the CTG is normal. The cervix is 3cm dilated. What is the single most appropriate action? a. BP monitoring b. CTG c. C-section d. Fetal scalp blood sample e. Internal rotation

CTG. [Till CTG is normal we should not switch to other option but continuing CTG].

A 14yo boy with asthma suddenly developed chest pain and increasing breathlessness during a game of football. When seen in the ED he was not cyanosed. He has reduced breath sounds on the right side. His oxygen saturation is 94% on air. What is the single most appropriate inv? a. Capillary blood gases b. CXR c. CT chest d. Exercise challenge e. MRI chest

CXR. [Asthma is a predisposing factor for spontaneous pneumothorax. The presentation indicates pneumothorax for which most appropriate investigation is CXR].

A 52yo woman has had a swelling in the neck, hoarseness and stridor-both inspiratory and expiratory for 2m. What is the most probable dx? a. Ca larynx b. Ca thyroid c. Vocal chord nodules d. Ca bronchus e. Thyrotoxicosis

Ca thyroid. [There isno features of hyperthyroidism. So it is not thyrotoxicosis but Ca thyroid].

A 50yo man has a stab wound to his left anterior chest at the level of the 4th ICS. He has a BP 80mmHg, pulse=130bpm. His neck veins are dilated and his heart sounds are faint. His trachea is central. What is the most appropriate dx? a. Cardiac tamponade b. Diaphragmatic rupture c. Fractured ribs d. Tension pneumothorax e. Traumatic rupture of aorta

Cardiac tempoade. Ans. 2. Points in favour: i) Systolic BP 80 mmHg ii) Pulse 130 bpm iii) Engorged neck vein iv) Faint heart sounds v) Trachea is central.

A 64yo pt has been having freq episodes of secretory diarrhea, which is extremely watery, with large amts of mucus. A dx of villous adenoma was made after endoscopy. What electrolyte abnormality is most likely in this pt? a. Hyperkalemia b. Hypernatremia c. Hyponatremia d. Hypokalemia

Correct key is both C and D! [Villous adenoma can cause both hyponatremia and hypokalemia].

A 50yo female had swelling in her ankles. She is a known alcoholic. Now she presented with breathlessness and palpitations. What is the most likely cause of her condition? a. VT b. SVT c. A-flutter d. A-fib e. V-ectopics

D. Atrial fibrillation. [Ankle swelling suggests alcoholic cardiomyopathy and alcoholism is also a well known cause of atrial fibrillation].

A 65yo woman is undergoing coronary angiography. What measure will protect her kidneys from contrast? a. Furosemide b. Dextrose c. 0.45% saline d. 0.9% saline

D. 0.9% saline.

In CRF, main cause of Vit D deficiency is the failure of: a. Vit D absorption in intestines b. 25 alpha hydroxylation of Vit D c. Excess Vit D loss in urine d. 1 alpha hydroxylation of Vit D e. Availability of Vit D precursors

D. 1 alpha hydroxylation of Vit D.

A town has a population of 500,000. In a five year period there are 1250 cases of bladder cancer diagnosed at the only hospital. During the same period the occupational health department diagnosed a further 500 cases. What is the annual incidence per million of bladder cancer in this population? a. 2100 b. 1750 c. 1400 d. 700 e. 350

D. 700.

A pregnant pt with Rh -ve who hasn't been prv sensitized delivers her first baby without any prbs. What would be the latest time to administer anti-sensitization? a. 6h PP b. 24h PP c. 48h PP d. 72h PP e. 5d PP

D. 72h PP.

A 26yo man with hx of hereditary hemorrhagic telengectasia is planning to start a family. What is the mode of inheritance? a. AD with incomplete penetrance b. Autosomal co-dominant c. AR with incomplete penetrance d. AD e. AR

D. AD [Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is of autosomal dominant mode of inheritance].

A 23yo female presents with back pain and early morning stiffness, also complaining of eye problem and her sister has a similar condition. What is the single most probable dx? a. Paget's disease b. PID c. Myofacial pain d. AS e. Spondylosis

D. AS [Back pain with early morning stiffness and uveitis points towards the diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis].

A 48yo woman is admitted to ED with a productive cough and moderate fever. She has often central chest pain and regurgitation of undigested food most times but doesn't suffer from acid reflux. These symptoms have been present for the last 3.5 months which affects both food and drink. A CXR shows an air-fluid level behind a normal sized heart. What is the most likely dx? a. Pharyngeal pouch b. Hiatus hernia c. Bulbar palsy d. Achalasia e. TB

D. Achalasia. Points in favour: Aspiration pneumonia due to retained food and fluid in oesophagus. In achalasia usually there is no acid reflux. Dysphagia for both food and drink. Air-fluid level behind heart. Why it is not hiatus hernia? Ans. Differentiating point:-i) In hiatus hernia usually you will get associated GORD ii) Also in hiatus hernia there may be nausea or vomiting. Why it is not pharyngeal pouch? Ans. In pharyngeal pouch there will be halitosis.

A 6yo child presented with drooling of saliva and severe stridor. He is febrile and sick looking. XR Neck in extension shows a thumb sign. Choose the single most likely dx. a. Croup b. URTI c. Diphtheria d. Acute epiglottitis

D. Acute epiglottitis. [Drooling of saliva and stridor along with thumb sign in neck X-ray are features of acute epiglottitis].

A 70yo pt comes with swelling in the parotid region for the last 10y. Exam: gland is soft and cystic. Choose the most probable dx? a. Pleomorphic adenoma b. Carcinoma of the salivary glands c. Mikulicz's disease d. Adenoid cystic carcinoma e. Parotid duct stones

D. Adenoid cystic carcinoma. [Pleomorphic adenoma is firm in consistency not soft and cystic. Also adenoid cystic carcinoma progresses slowly and 15 year cervival is 40%].

A 30yo man complains of episodes of hearing music and sometimes threatening voices within a couple of hours of heavy drinking. What is the most likely dx? a. Delirium tremens b. Wernicke's encephalopathy c. Korsakoff's psychosis d. Alcohol hallucinosis e. Temporal lobe dysfunction

D. Alcoholic hallucinosis. [Alcohol hallucinosis can occur during acute intoxication or withdrawal. It involves auditory and visual hallucinations, most commonly accusatory or threatening voices. Source: Wikipedia].

A 7yo child is brought to the ED with a 1 day hx of being listless. On examination, the child is drowsy with an extensive non-blanching rash. What advice would you give the parents? a. All family members need antibiotic therapy b. Only the mother should be given rifampicin prophylaxis c. All family members need isolation d. All family members should be given rifampicin prophylaxis

D. All family members should be given rifampicin prophylaxis. [Meningococcal disease. Diagnosis is done with blood or CSF PCR. Initial prehospital management: Benzyl penicillin or cefotaxime].

A 71yo man with no prv immediate hx is brought to the ED by his wife who says he has become progressively more forgetful, tends to lose his temper and is emotionally labile. There is no hx of infectious disease or trauma. What's the single most likely dx? a. Pic's dementia b. Fronto-temporal dementia c. Huntington's disease d. Alzheimer's disease e. Vascular dementia

D. Alzheimer's disease. [Pic's dementia and fronto-temporal dementia are similar in some way (first personality change then dementia) but in pic's there is odd social behavior like violating etiquettes and says vulgar. In huntington's disease there is changes in personality, cognition and physical skills at the age of 35-45yrs and there is chorea. In vascular dementia there is multiple progressive infarcts and so neurological features may be associated with features of other vascular disease].

A 60yo DM pt presented with easy fatigability, weakness and numbness of hands and swollen feet. Exam: pedal edema, sensory neuropathy and palpable liver and spleen. Urine: proteinuria. US abdomen: enlarged kidney. Renal biopsy: amorphous homogenous substance that stained red with congo-red. What is the dx? a. DM retinopathy b. Sarcoidosis c. Wilms tumor d. Amyloidosis e. Glycogen storage disease

D. Amyloidosis [Amyloidosis is a common cause of organomegaly. Also in diabetic nephropathy kidneys may be enlarged].

A 60yo DM lady presents with severe peri-anal pain and swelling. What's the cause? a. Anal carcinoma b. Anal fissure c. Hemorrhoid d. Anal abscess

D. Anal abscess.

A 26yo presents with prolonged constipation, blood on side of stool and very painful defecation. PR exam: very painful. What is the single most likely dx? a. Ca Colon b. UC c. CD d. Anal fissure e. Constipation

D. Anal fissure.

A 30yo lady has epistaxis for 30mins. Her Hgb is normal, MCV normal, WBC normal, PT/APTT/Bleeding time are normal. Where is the defect? a. Plts b. Coagulation factor c. Sepsis d. Anatomical e. RBC

D. Anatomical. [bleeding time, coagulation profile, Hb%, cell count and parameters are normal. So the cause of bleeding here is anatomical defect].

A 40yo woman on chemotherapy for metastatic breast carcinoma now presents with painful swallowing. Exam: she has white plaques on top of friable mucosa in her mouth and more seen on esophagoscopy. What is the most effective tx for this pt? a. Antispasmodic b. H2 blocker c. Antibiotics d. Antifungals e. I&D

D. Antifungal. [Features are consistent with oesophageal candidiasis which is treated with Oral fluconazole (200-400 mg daily) or IV fluconazole for 14-21 days].

An 83yo man with longstanding COPD has become progressively breathless over the last 2yrs. He is on salbutamol, ipratropium, salmetarol, beclomethasone and theophylline. His FEV1<30%. What is the next appropriate management? a. Lung transplant b. Trial of CPAP c. Trial of non-invasive ventilation d. Assessment for long term O2 therapy e. Short course of O2 therapy

D. Assessment for long term O2 therapy. [Patient is progressively breathless with present FEV1 of <30%. So his respiratory deterioration indicates progressive respiratory failure for which he should be assessed for long term O2 therapy. Long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) for more than 15 h/day improved mortality and morbidity in a well-defined group of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Requirement of condition to proceed to LTOT is patient should be stable and on appropriate optimum therapy (as in given case) and having stopped smoking tobacco. Patient should be shown to have a PaO2 less than 7.3 kPa and/or a PaCO2 greater than 6 kPa on two occasions at least 3 weeks apart. FEV1 should be less than 1.5 litres, and there should be a less than 15% improvement in FEV1 after bronchodilators. Patients with a PaO2 between 7.3 and 8 kPa who have polycythaemia, right heart failure or pulmonary hypertension may gain benefit from LTOT].

A 60yo diabetic complains of pain in thigh and gluteal region on walking up the stairs for the last 6 months. She is a heavy smoker and has ischemic heart disease. What is the most appropriate dx? a. Thromboangitis Obliterans b. Sciatica c. DVT d. Atherosclerosis e. Embolus

D. Atherosclerosis. i) It is not sciatica as sciatica pain is worse when sitting. There may be weakness, numbness, difficulty moving the leg or foot. A constant pain on one side of the rear. A shooting pain that makes it difficult to stand up. ii) It is not DVT as no swelling, warmth or redness of skin are there iii) It is not thromboangitis obliterans as pulses are ok, no colour change or reduced hair growth, no ulceration or gangrene iv) not embolism as no pain (rest pain), no numbness, no redness or itching or rash, no ulceration of skin.

A 19yo boy is brought by his mother with complaint of lack of interest and no social interactions. He has no friends, he doesn't talk much, his only interest is in collecting cars/vehicles having around 2000 toy cars. What is the most appropriate dx? a. Borderline personality disorder b. Depression c. Schizoaffective disorder d. Autistic spectrum disorder

D. Autistic spectrum disorder. Autism spectrum disorders affect three different areas of a child's life: • Social interaction • Communication -- both verbal and nonverbal • Behaviors and interests In some children, a loss of language is the major impairment. In others, unusual behaviors (like spending hours lining up toys) seem to be the dominant factors.

A 29yo young man presents with complaints of recurrent attacks of diarrhea. He says his stools contain blood and mucos. Sometimes he has low grade fever. What is the most appropriate inv for his condition? a. Stool culture b. Plain abdominal XR c. Per rectal exam d. Barium enema

D. Barium enema. [Features are suggestive of IBD, so barium enema is the most relevant investigation among the given options].

A 26yo man presented with abdomen distension and pain. His stools have been mucoid and sometimes blood stained. What is the most appropriate inv? a. Stool C&S b. Gastroscopy c. IgG tissue transglutaminase d. Barium meal e. Jejunal biopsy

D. Barium meal. [Probable diagnosis is Crohn's disease. Can be demonstrated by barium meal].

A 6yo girl started wetting herself up to 6x/day. What is the most appropriate tx? a. Sleep alarms b. Desmopressin c. Reassure d. Behavior training e. Imipramine

D. Behavior training. [behavior training seems to be more appropriate. Desmopressin is given for short term relief generally and after alarm bells fail to control symptoms, it is used in children above 7 yrs whereas given case is of a child of 6 yrs].

78yo woman is brought to the hospital complaining of back pain and is referred to the surgeon. She has been saying that her mother is due to visit her today and that somebody must have broken her lower back as she is in agony. Labs: creatinine=295mmol/l, calcium=3.03mmol/l. Which inv is most likely to lead to a dx? a. US KUB b. XR Spine c. IVU d. Bence-Jones Protein e. Mental state exam

D. Bence-Jones protein. [Severe back pain, high calcium level and renal impairment are typical of multiple myeloma].

A 55yo man presented with hot, raised, tender area of skin on his right leg. He is febrile with rigors. He has been started on flucloxacillin. What other meds will you add? a. Ciprofloxacin b. Gentamicin c. Metronidazole d. Benzylpenicillin e. Ceftriaxone

D. Benzylpenicillin. [Abscess, cellulitis, furuncle these lesions are usually caused by Staphylococcus and streptococcus. So Benzylpenicillin should be added with flucloxacillin to cover streptococcus].

A 6yo boy is brought to the hospital for a 3rd episode of sore throat in 1 month. He is found bleeding from gums and nose and has pale conjunctiva. What's the single cell type? a. Clumped platelets b. Microcytes c. Granulocyte without blast cells d. Blast cells e. Mature lymphocytes

D. Blast cells. The diagnosis is ALL Points in favour: i) Age-6yrs ii) recurrent infection (sorethroat) due to neutrpenia and abnormal lymphoblasts which cannot protect from infection iii) thrombocytopenia causing gum and nose bleeding. Iii) anaemia (pale conjunctiva) due to reduced red cell production from marrow occupation by blast cells. [Here debate came why it is not aplastic anaemia? There is no risk factor mentioned for this patient for aplastic anaemia. There may be congenital aplastic anaemia but again it would present earlier in life. So it goes more with leukaemia but it cannot be confirmed unless we do bone marrow aspiration.]

A 25 yo woman was brought to the ED by her boyfriend. She has many superficial lacerations on her forearm. She is so distressed and constantly says her boyfriend is going to end the relationship. She denies trying to end her life. What is the most likely dx? a. Acute psychosis b. Severe depression c. Psychotic depression d. Borderline personality disorder e. Schizophrenia

D. Borderline personality disorder. [ Borderline personality disorder: Act impulsively and develop intense but short-lived emotional attachment to others. They are usually attention seekers but not suicidal].

A 56yo woman with MS presents with drooping of the left side of her lips. She also has loss of sensation over her face, hearing impairment and some in-coordination of her movements. What is the most likely anatomical site affected? a. Cerebellum b. Cerebrum c. Spinal cord d. Brain stem e. Optic nerve

D. Brain stem. Features of 5, 7, 8th cranial nerve and cerebellum involvement suggestive of brainstem lesion.

A 45yo lady presents with hx of double vision and facial numbness. Which anatomical site is most likely to be affected? a. Cerebral cortex b. Trigeminal nerve c. Oculomotor nerve d. Brain stem e. Basal ganglia

D. Brain stem. [Cerebral cortex will not cause features of cranial nerve lesions. Trigeminal nerve: ophthalmic and maxillary divisions are pure sensory hence it is also not the answer. Oculomotor does not cause facial numbness. These features are not of basal ganglia lesion also. These features only can be explained by cranial nerve involvement in brainstem lesion].

A 22yo girl unhappy about her weight with BMI=22. She likes to have her dinner in an expensive restaurant. She does excessive shopping. K+=3.3. What is the dx? a. Anorexia nervosa b. Bipolar c. OCD d. Bulimia

D. Bulimia. [BMI 22, even though unhappy, hypokalemia, like to have dinner in an expensive restaurant (probable binge eating) suggest the diagnosis of bulimia].

28 yo female presents with a 3m hx of diarrhea. She complains of abdominal discomfort and passing stool 20x/day. Exam=febrile. Barium enema shows cobblestone mucosa. What is the most likely dx? a. Ameoba b. Colon Ca c. GE d. CD e. UC

D. CD. [Hx of diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, and patient being febrile indicate gut inflammation and cobblestone appearance on barium enema is suggestive of CD].

A 65yo woman had an excision of colonic tumor 3yrs ago. Now she is losing weight and feels lethargic. Exam: pale but no abdominal findings. What is the most appropriate inv? a. CA 125 b. CA 153 c. CA 199 d. CEA e. AFP

D. CEA. [CA 125 = ovarian cancer; CA 153 = cancer breast; CA 199 = pancreatic cancer; CEA = colorectal carcinoma; AFP = hepatocellular carcinoma].

A 50yo chronic smoker came to OPD with complaint of chronic productive cough, SOB and wheeze. Labs: CBC=increase in PCV. CXR >6ribs seen above the diaphragm in midclavicular line. ABG=pO2 decreased. What is the most likely dx? a. Interstitial lung disease b. Wegener's granulomatosis c. Ca bronchi d. COPD e. Amyloidosis

D. COPD. Points in favour: i) Age 50 yrs ii) Chronic smoker iii) Chronic productive cough, SOB and Wheeze iv) Raised PCV secondary to chronic hypoxaemia v) Low set diaphragm and widened horizontal ribs vi) Hypoxaemia on ABG.

A pt comes with sudden loss of vision. Exam: high BP. Fundoscopy: retina appears swollen. Which blood vessel occlusion is involved? a. Branch RVO b. Branch RAO c. CRAO d. CRVO

D. CRVO.

346. A child was admitted following a RTA with initial GCS=15. Then during the night the noticed GCS reduced to 13. What is the management? a. Refer to neuro-surgeon b. IV fluids c. Oxygen d. CT brain e. Skull XR

D. CT brain. [probable intracranial haemorrhage].

A 33yo female complains of diplopia on upright gaze. Exam: ptosis can be seen. There are no other complains or any significant PMH. What is the most appropriate inv for him? a. Ophthalmoscopy b. Visual field test c. TFT d. CT e. Checking red reflex

D. CT. [A case of 3rd nerve palsy. So to delineate the cause CT should be done].

A pt presents with dysphagia and pain on swallowing. He has sore mouth and soreness in the corners of the mouth. What is the single most likely dx/ a. Kaposi's sarcoma b. Molluscum contagiosum c. CMV infection d. Candida infection e. Toxoplasma abscess

D. Candida infection. [Candida is more common than CMV].

A 38yo female G4 at 32wks of pregnancy presented with thick white marks on the inside of her mouth for 3wks. Her mouth including her tongue appeared inflamed on examination. She smokes 20 cigarettes/day despite advice to quit. She attends her ANC regularly. What is the most probable dx? a. Lichen planus b. Aphthous ulcer c. Smoking d. Candidiasis e. Leukoplakia

D. Candidiasis. [lichen planus may have lace like appearance and not thick white mark. Aphthous ulcer has yellowish floor and surrounded by erythematous halo. Smoking may cause tongue coating but not like thick white mark on the inside of mouth. Leukoplakia is with raised edges/Bright white patches and sharply defined and cannot be rubbed out like candida patch; here also inflamed tongue points towards infection. So candidiasis is the most probable option].

A 50yo man presents with low mood, poor concentration, anhedonia and insomnia. He has had 2 episodes of increased activity, promiscuity and aggressive behavior in the past. He was arrest 8m ago for trying to rob a bank claiming it as his own. Which drug is most likely to benefit him? a. Haloperidol b. Citalopram c. Desipramine d. Carbamazepine e. Ethosuximide

D. Carbamazepine. [It is a case of bipolar disorder. Mainstay of treatment is mood stabilizers such as i) Lithium carbonate ii) Anticonvulsant medicines iii) Antipsychotic medicines. So from the given options Carbamazepine is the most appropriate drug].

An elderly woman is found anemia. As part of her exam, she had a barium enema which reveals a mass lesion in the ascending colon. What is the single most appropriate dx? a. Sigmoid volvulus b. Anal fissure c. Sigmoid carcinoma d. Cecal carcinoma e. Diverticular disease

D. Cecal carcinoma. [Mass in assending colon and anaemia makes cecal carcinoma the likely diagnosis from the given options].

A 34yo male presents with headache and vomiting. Exam: temp=38.5C, neck stiffness, discharge from left ear and right sided hyper-reflexia with an extensor plantar response. What is the most likely dx? a. Cerebral tumor b. Meningitis c. Cerebellar tumor d. Cerebral abscess e. Normal pressure hydrocephalus

D. Cerebral abscess. [Otitis media can lead to cerebral abscess].

A 35yo woman had an uneventful lap chole 18h ago. She has a pulse=108bpm, temp 37.8C. There are signs of reduced air entry at the right base but the CXR doesn't show an obvious abnormality. What is the most appropriate management strategy? a. Cefuroxime PO b. Ceftriaxone IV c. Chlorpheniramine PO d. Chest physiotherapy e. Reassure

D. Chest physiotherapy. Atelactasis. [Atelectasis can be seen in chest x-ray but sometimes it becomes undetectable in chest x-ray as we are suspecting in this case].

A 23yo woman who has had several recent partners has experienced post-coital bleeding on gentle contact. What is the single most likely cause of her vaginal discharge? a. Cervical ca b. Cervical ectropion c. CIN d. Chlamydial cervicitis e. Gonococcal cervicitis

D. Chlamydia cervicitis.

A pt who works in a pet shop has temp=37.5C, dyspnea, chest pain and cough. CXR: patchy consolidation. What is the most suitable tx? a. Amoxicillin b. Tetracyclin c. Erythromycin d. Clarithromycin e. Penicillin

D. Clarithromycin. [OHCM, 9th edition].

An 11yo boy is being checked by the diabetic specialist nurse. His HbA1c was high and he has been skipping meals recently. He has been unhappy at school. Which single member of the clinical team would you refer him to next? a. GP b. Pediatrician c. Dietician d. Clinical psychologist

D. Clinical psychologist. [Skipping meals, unhappy at school these are psychological issues. So he should be referred to clinical psychologist].

A 2m baby who has ambiguous genitalia presents to the ED with vomiting. Labs: Na+=125mmol/L, K+=6mmol/L. What is the most likely dx? a. Fragile X syndrome b. Turners syndrome c. Noonan syndrome d. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

D. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Points in favour: i) ambiguous genitalia ii) salt wasting manifested as hyponatremia and hyperkalemia (In mild forms of salt-wasting adrenal hyperplasia, salt wasting may not become apparent until an illness stresses the child). [here hyperkalaemia inspite of vomiting is indicating the disease].

26yo passed a 4mm stone in his urine. On US a 3mm stone is found in the renal pelvis. What is the single most appropriate management? a. ESWL b. None c. Open Surgery d. Conservative

D. Conservative. [Increased fluid intake is advised].

A woman who is on regular COCP presented to you for advice on what to do as she has to now start to take a course of 7d antibiotics. What would you advice? a. Continue regular COC b. Continue COCP and backup contraception using condoms for 2d c. Continue COCP and backup contraception using condoms for 7d d. Continue COCP and backup contraception using condoms for 2wks

D. Continue COCP and backup contraception using condoms for 2wks. This is wrong key! Correct key should be A. Continue regular COCP. [Before it was thought that antibiotics alter the gut flora and ethinyloestradiol is not conjugated. There is more ethinyloestradiol passed in the stool. So pregnancy and breakthrough bleeding can occur. But later it was established that except for strong enzyme inducer like Rifampicin and Rifabutin other antibiotics practically does not reduce potency of COCP and hence except only rifampicin or rifabutin for other antibiotics no additional precautions are needed].

859. A 7d baby whose birth weight was 3.5kg and now is 3kg. What is the most appropriate next step? a. Check child protection register b. Nutritional assessment c. Skeletal survey d. Continue regular child care e. Inform police

D. Continue regular child care. [In 1st week the baby loose some weight then start gain weight again. It is normal. So the option is continue regular child care].

A 37yo laborer comes with hx of redness of left eye with foreign body sensation in the same eye. What is the single most appropriate option? a. Ciliary body b. Sclera c. Conjunctivitis d. Cornea e. Iris

D. Cornea. [Redness with foreign body sensation of eye in a labourer are most likely due to foreign body in cornea].

A 26yo woman with regular menses and her 28yo partner comes to the GP surgery complaining of primary infertility for 2yrs. What would be the single best investigation to see whether she is ovulating or not? a. Basal body temp estimation b. Cervical smear c. Day2 LH and FSH d. Day21 progesterone e. Endometrial biopsy

D. Day 21 progesterone. [Mid-luteal progesterone level to assess ovulation: If low, it may need repeating, as ovulation does not occur every month. The blood test is taken seven days before the anticipated period, that is on day 21 of a 28-day cycle. However, this day will need to be adjusted for different lengths of cycle. Ref: patient.co.uk].

Just above the mid-inguinal point. What is the single most appropriate landmark? a. Femoral artery pulse felt b. Mcburney's point c. Stellate ganglion d. Deep inguinal ring e. Transpyloric plane

D. Deep inguinal ring.

A 26yo man strongly believes that every elderly man he meets is his father. Although they look different, he is sure it is father wearing different disguises. What kind of delusions is this man suffering from? a. Delusion of persecution b. Erotomania c. Delusion of grandeur d. Delusion of doubles e. Delusion of reference

D. Delusion of doubles. [The Fregoli delusion, or the delusion of doubles, is a rare disorder in which a person holds a delusional belief that different people are in fact a single person].

A 29yo man took a tour of Japan and also travelled to other parts of Asia, developed fever, petechie and rash on his body. He didn't take malaria prophylaxis prior to travel. What is the most likely dx? a. Malaria b. HSP c. HIV d. Dengue fever e. ITP

D. Dengue fever.

A pt with T1DM has a fundus showing micro-aneurysm and hard exudate. What is the single most likely dx? a. Macular degeneration b. Hypertensive retinopathy c. MS d. Diabetic background e. Proliferative DM retinopathy

D. Diabetic background retinopathy. [Microenurism, hard exudates are seen in background diabetic retinopathy].

A woman dx with Ca Breast presents now with urinary freq. which part of the brain is the metastasis spread to? a. Brain stem b. Pons c. Medulla d. Diencephalon e. Cerebral cortex

D. Diencephalon. [diencephalon is made up of four distinct components: i) the thalamus ii) the subthalamus iii) the hypothalamus and iv) the epithalamus. Among these the hypothalamus has crucial role in causing urinary frequency].

A 23yo presents with vomiting, nausea and dizziness. She says her menstrual period has been delayed 4 weeks as she was stressed recently. There are no symptoms present. What is the next appropriate management? a. Refer to OP psychiatry b. Refer to OP ENT c. CT brain d. Dipstick for B-hCG e. MRI brain

D. Dipstick for B-hCG. Likely diagnosis is pregnancy. [Features like vomiting, nausea and dizziness are consistent with early pregnancy supported by delayed menstruation].

A 68yo lady complains of falls to the ground without any warning, maintains consciousness and no confusion. She says this has occurred at number of times. What is the dx? a. Stokes Adams attack b. Hypoglycemia c. Vasovagal syncope d. Drop attacks e. Epilepsy

D. Drop attacks. [Drop attacks are sudden spontaneous falls while standing or walking, with complete recovery in seconds or minutes. There is usually no recognized loss of consciousness, and the event is remembered].

A 36yo woman has an injury to the right external laryngeal nerve during a thyroid surgery. What symptom would be expected in this pt? a. Stridor b. Hoarseness c. Aphonia d. Dysphonia e. Aphasia

D. Dysphonia. [External laryngeal nerve (smaller, external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve) lesion causes mono toned voice (loss of ability to produce pitched sound) that is dysphonia].

A 24yo woman has severe depression 3m after the birth of her first child. She is breastfeeding but is otherwise unable to look after the baby and is convinced that her family is likely to kill her. She has no interest in anything and keeps crying. What is the most appropriate tx? a. Fluoxetine b. Citalopram c. CBT d. ECT e. Haloperidol

D. ECT. [ [In question it is mentioned she has severe depression. In severe depression the tx is ECT].

A 68yo woman has been admitted with poor appetite, weight loss, poor concentration and self neglect for 3wks. She has not been eating or drinking adequately and has rarely left her bed. She is expressive suicidal ideas and is convinced that people are out to kill her. She has been on antidepressant therapy for the past 3m with no improvement. What is the most appropriate tx? a. Anti depressants b. CBT c. Interpersonal therapy d. ECT e. Antipsychotics

D. ECT. [Patient has symptoms of severe depression with persecutory delusion making the diagnosis of psychotic depression which is treated by ECT].

A 54yo lady presents with sudden severe pain in the left half of her skull. She also complains of pain around her jaw. What is the most likely next step? a. CT b. MRI c. Fundoscopy d. ESR e. Temporal artery biopsy

D. ESR. [Elderly lady with severe pain in the left half of her skull and pain around jaw is suspicious of Giant cell or Temporal arteritis. ESR if markly raised supports the diagnosis of temporal arteritis].

A man was brought to the ED from a shopping mall after collapsing there. He is conscious and answering questions now. His ECG shows irregular rhythm. Your choice of inv: a. CT b. MRI c. 24h ECG d. Echo

D. Echo. [Echo may show clot in atrial appendage responsible for this attack of TIA secondary to atrial fibrillation].

A man got his hand caught in machinery at work. The fingers are swollen but the XR shows no fx. What is the most appropriate management? a. Splint b. Put in plaster c. Broad arm sling for 1wk d. Elevate in high sling for 2d e. Neighbor strapping

D. Elevate in high sling for 2d. [Extravasetion of blood caused this swelling along with inflammation for which best option is elevate in high sling for 2d which will help improve symptom by gravitational shift of fluid from hand].

A 68yo man has had increasing dysphagia for solid food for 3m and has lost 5kgs in weight. What single inv is most likely to lead to a def dx? a. Barium swallow b. CXR c. CT chest d. Endoscopy and biopsy e. Video-fluoroscopy

D. Endoscopy and biopsy. [Likely cause is malignant stricture for which endoscopic biopsy is the definitive investigation].

A young lady after a heavy bout of drinking last night comes to the ED with dizziness, abdominal pain, vomiting blood with cool peripheries. After initial resuscitation, oxygen and fluids, she still continues to bleed with pulse=130bpm and BP=85/58mmHg. What would be your next best management? a. Clotting screen b. US c. CT d. Endoscopy e. Omeprazole

D. Endoscopy. [In young it is unlikely to get oesophageal varices rather than the bleeding is from probable gastric erosion and endoscopy should be done (diagnostic and therapeutic- like sclerotherapy].

An elderly male pt with prior hx of hematemesis is having hx of long term use of aspirin and other drugs, now presents with severe epigastric pain, dysphagia and vomiting. He was connected to vital monitors which were not reassuring. What is the management? a. Oral antacids b. IV PPI c. Oral PPI d. Endoscopy e. Analgesia

D. Endoscopy. [Long term use of an nsaid predisposes to peptic ulcers. There may cause considerable bleeding leading to shock].

A 22yo sexually active male came with 2d hx of fever with pain in scrotal area. Exam: scrotal skin is red and tender. What is the most appropriate dx? a. Torsion of testis b. Orchitis c. Inguinal hernia d. Epididymo-orchitis

D. Epididymo-orchitis. Ans 2. In orchitis there should be fever, elevation of testes reduces pain (positive prehn sign), In torsion testis lies at a higher level. In torsion urinalysis negative but in orchitis it is positive. Orchitis usually occurs in sexually active man.

A 4yo is brought to the ED by ambulance. His mother reports that he has been unwell with a sore throat for 8h. He is sitting on his mother's knee and is tolerating an oxygen mask but looks unwell. He has constant noisy breathing and he is drooling saliva. His temp=39C. What is the most imp dx? a. Acute asthma b. Bronchiolitis c. Croup d. Epiglottitis e. Tonsillitis

D. Epiglottitis.

After eating a cookie at a garden party, a child began to cough and went blue. The mother also noticed that there were swollen patches on the skin. What is the initial management? a. OTC antihistamine b. Oxygen c. Bronchodilators d. Epinephrine IM e. Nebulized epinephrine

D. Epinephrine IM [anaphylaxis with partially blocked airway].

A 45yo male alcoholic presents after a large hematemesis. He has some spider naevi on his chest, BP=100/76mmHg, pulse=110bpm. He has a swollen abdomen with shifting dullness. a. Gastric ca b. Mallory-weiss tear c. Esophageal ca d. Esophageal varices e. Esophagitis f. Peptic ulceration

D. Esophgeal varices. [Spider nevi and ascites suggest advanced liver disease. Here in alcoholic middle aged man having large hematemesis with above mentioned features are very suggestive of bleeding from esophageal varices secondary to portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis].

A 62yo man with rheumatoid arthritis struck his hand against a door. He subsequently found that although he could extend the interphalangeal joint of his right thumb, the MCP joint of the thumb remained flex. What is the single most likely tendon to have been damaged? a. Extensor carpi ulnaris b. Extensor digitorum c. Extensor indicis d. Extensor pollicis brevis e. Extensor pollicis longus

D. Extensor pollicis brevis. [Action of extensor pollicis brevis = extension of thumb at metacarpophalangeal joint. Extensor pollicis longus = extends the terminal phalanx of the thumb].

A 20yo pop star singer complains of inability to raise the pitch of her voice. She attributes this to the thyroid surgery she underwent a few months back. What is the most likely dx? a. Thyroid storm b. Bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury c. Unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury d. External laryngeal nerve injury e. Thyroid cyst

D. External laryngeal nerve injury. [External laryngeal nerve functions to tense the vocal cords by activating the cricothyroid muscle, increasing pitch].

A 33yo man is hit by a car. He loses consciousness but is found to be fine by the paramedics. When awaiting doctors review in the ED he suddenly becomes comatose. What is the most likely dx? a. SAH b. Subdural hemorrhage c. Intracerebral hemorrhage d. Extradural hemorrhage

D. Extradural haemorrhage. [Age 33 (younger age), considerable head trauma, and lucid interval (present in both extradural and subdural) are the points in favour].

A 48yo farmer presented with fever, malaise, cough and SOB. Exam: tachypnea, coarse endinspiratory crackles and wheeze throughout, cyanosis. Also complaint severe weight loss. His CXR shows fluffy nodular shadowing and there is PMN leukocytosis. What is the single most appropriate dx? a. Ankylosing spondylitis b. Churg-strauss syndrome c. Cryptogenic organizing d. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis e. Progressive massive fibrosis

D. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis.

A 32yo woman has undergone a biopsy for a breast lump. The report says: a well circumscribed lump with clear margins and separated from the surrounding fatty tissue. What is the most appropriate interpretation of this report? a. Fibroadenosis b. Ca Breast c. Mammary abscess d. Fibroadenoma e. Fat necrosis

D. Fibroadenoma. [Fibroadenomas are the most common benign tumor of the female breast. White , well-circumscribed mass is clearly demarcated from the surrounding yellow adipose tissue].

A 30yo woman has a painless lump in the outer aspect of her left breast. She has had a prv breast lump. Her grandmother had breast cancer at 70yrs. She has a 1cm smooth, firm, discrete, mobile lump in the other quadrant region of the left breast. What is the single most likely dx? a. Breast abscess b. Breast carcinoma c. Breast cyst d. Fibro-adenoma e. Sebaceous cyst

D. Fibroadenoma. [H/O previous brest lump and presently with a lump of 1 cm size which is smooth, firm (not hard), discrete and mobile (not fixed) suggests fibro-adenoma].

12yo pt presents with copious diarrhea. Exam: urine output=low, mucous membrane=dry, skin turgor=low. What is the most appropriate initial management? a. Antibiotic b. Antimotility c. Anti-emetic d. Fluid replacement e. Reassurance

D. Fluid replacement. Diagnosis is severe dehydration. Points in favour: i) low urine output ii) dry mucous membrane and iii) low skin turgor.

A man with a fam hx of panic disorder is brought to the hosp with palpitations, tremors, sweating and muscles tightness on 3 occasions in the last 6 wks. He doesn't complain of headache and his BP is WNL. What is the single most appropriate long-term tx for him? a. Diazepam b. Olanzapine c. Haloperidol d. Fluoxetine e. Alprazolam

D. Fluoxetine. [Recommended treatment for panic disorder is i) CBT ii) Medication (SSRIs or TCA). NICE recommends a total of seven to 14 hours of CBT to be completed within a four month period. Treatment will usually involve having a weekly one to two hour session. When drug is prescribed usually a SSRI is preferred. Antidepressants can take two to four weeks before becoming effective].

A 32yo man on psychiatric medications complains of inability to ejaculate. Which drug is most likely to cause these symptoms? a. Lithium b. Haloperidol c. Chlorpromazine d. Fluoxetine e. Clozapine

D. Fluoxetine. [SSRIs are frequently associated with delayed ejaculation].

37yo woman believes that her neighbours have been using her shower while she is away from home. Her 42yo partner is convinced about this and calls the police. What term best describes this situ? a. Capgras syndrome b. Cotard syndrome c. Delusion of persecution d. Folie a deux e. Munchausen syndrome

D. Folie a deux. [Folie a deux is symptoms of a delusional belief and hallucinations that are transmitted from one individual to another as here from wife to husband].

Which of the following conditions requires operative management? a. Cellulitis b. Dyshidrosi c. Erysipelas d. Fournier's gangrene e. Lymphangitis

D. Fournier's gangrene. [Fournier's gangrene: A horrendous infection of the genitalia that causes severe pain in the genital area (in the penis and scrotum or perineum) and progresses from erythema (redness) to necrosis (death) of tissue. Gangrene can occur within hours].

An 80yo DM lady presents with redness and swelling over her right foot. It is tender to touch, warm and glossy. What are the complications this pt might develop? a. Meningitis b. Sepsis c. Ulcer d. Gangrene

D. Gangrene.

An 11yo boy came to the hospital with pain after falling off his bicycle. XR= fx at distal radius with forward angulations. What is the single most probable dx? a. Dinner fork deformity b. Cubitus valgus c. Gun stock deformity d. Garden spade deformity e. Genu valgus

D. Garden spade deformity.

A 6wk baby has been dx as HIV+ve. Which immunization plan will you opt for him? a. Don't give any vaccine b. Give all vaccines except live attenuated vaccines c. Give only BCG vaccine d. Give all vaccines except BCG vaccine

D. Give all vaccines except BCG vaccine. [There are two terms HIV +ve (not immune deficient yet) and AIDS (immune deficient state). In HIV +ve case live attenuated vaccines can be given except BCG and if AIDS all live attenuated vaccines are avoided].

A 10yo child who presented with fx of the radius which was treated with a plaster cast, complains of pain. Exam: limb is swollen but warm and well perfused, pulses are present. What should you do next? a. Send for repeat XR b. Remove cast c. Replace cast with more padding d. Give analgesic

D. Give analgesic.

A pt presents with weight loss of 5kgs despite good appetite. He also complains of palpitations, sweating and diarrhea. He has a lump in front of his neck which moves on swallowing. What is the most appropriate dx? a. Lymphoma b. TB adenitis c. Thyroid Ca d. Goiter e. Thyroid cyst

D. Goiter.

A 32yo woman of 39wks gestation attends the antenatal day unit feeling very unwell with sudden onset of epigastric pain associated with nausea and vomiting. Her temp is 36.7C. Exam: she is found to have RUQ tenderness. Her blood results show mild anemia, low platelets, elevated liver enzymes and hemolysis. What is the most likely dx? a. Acute fatty liver of pregnancy b. Acute pyelonephritis c. Cholecystitis d. HELLP syndrome e. Acute hepatitis

D. HELLP syndrome. [The main treatment is to deliver the baby as soon as possible [as early as after 34 weeks if multisystem disease is present].

A 38yo woman with hemophilia who received several blood transfusions a few years ago presents with irritability and increasing memory deficit. She is unable to speak properly. He is on anti-TB tx. What is the single most likely dx? a. Creutzfeldt Jacob disease b. Drug toxicity c. Vascular dementia d. HIV associated dementia e. Space occupying lesion

D. HIV associated dementia. [Blood transfision is the clue for HIV transmission. Immunodeiciency is also responsible for TB].

A woman has numerous painful ulcers on her vulva. What is the cause? a. Chlamydia b. Trichomonas c. Gardenella d. HSV e. EBV

D. HSV.

An 18yo male works in a company where lunches are often catered. One day, the water at the company facility is not working, but they manage to have the lunch anyway. 2wks later, he becomes sick. He develops anorexia, nausea, malaise and jaundice. During the course of the next 4wks, 7 people who shared in the lunch become ill with similar symptoms. After a few wks, each of the 7 people completely recovers and they replace their caterer. What is a likely dx? a. Pancreatic ca b. Hemochromatosis c. Laennec's cirrhosis d. Hep A e. HCC f. Rotor's syndrome g. Primary biliary cirrhosis h. Gilbert's syndrome i. Hep B j. Hemolysis

D. Hepatitis A. [Symptoms of Hepatitis A range from mild nauseas to liver failure (very rare).Spread is normally by the faecal-oral route although there are occasional outbreaks through food sources.Hand washing and good hygiene around food and drink prevent spread of infection.Increasing age is a direct determinant of disease severity].

An asymptomatic 56yo man who has never consumed alcohol came for a routine checkup. Exam: increased skin pigmentation, spider angioma, cardiomegaly, S3 gallop, liver firm with 8cm span, no ascites. He is in the risk of which condition? a. Cerebellar degeneration b. Werniecke's encephalopathy c. Renal failure d. Hepatoma e. Hepatic vein thrombosis

D. Hepatoma. [Increased skin pigmentation, features of chronic liver disease (spider angioma), Cardiomyopathy (cardiomegaly, S3 gallop), Enlarged liver these are suggestive of Haemochromatosis. (OHCM: Slate-grey skin pigmentation; signs of chronic liver disease; hepatomegaly; cirrhosis; dilated cardiomyopathy; osteoporosis; also endocrinopathies are features of haemochromatosis). If cirrhosis, 22-30% get hepatocellular cancer].

A 27yo man presents to the ED with 2d hx of severe headache and pyrexia (38.9C). CT: petechial hemorrhage in the temporal and inf frontal lobes. What is the most likely dx? a. Brain abscess b. Meningococcal meningitis c. Cerebral malaria d. Herpes simplex encephalitis e. New variant CID

D. Herpes simplex encephalitis. [Petechial hemorrhage in the temporal and inferior frontal lobes are characteristic of Herpes simplex encephalitis].

A 34yo woman presents with truncal obesity, easy bruising, hyperglycemia, high BP and depression. Which of the following inv's will be most helpful in localizing the cause for Cushing's syndrome? a. Serum cortisol b. 24h urinary cortisol c. Low dose dexamethasone suppression test d. High dose dexamethasone suppression test e. Overnight dexamethasone suppression test

D. High dose dexamethasone suppression test. [High dose dexamethasone suppression test can identify whether pituitary adenoma or ectopic ACTH producing tumour].

53yo man was admitted to the hospital for inv of hemoptysis. 3 days after admission he developed alternating state of consciousness, ataxic gait and some visual problems. What is the most appropriate management of this pt? a. Acamprosate b. Chlordiazepoxide c. Diazepam d. High potent vitamins e. Disulfiram

D. High potent vitamins. [This is a case of Wernicke's encephalopathy (as hospital admission prevented him from consuming alcohol) and the treatment for this is high potent vitamins].

A 36yo man has been dx with DI. What electrolyte picture is expected to be seen? a. High serum Na, low serum osmolarity, high urine osmolarity b. Low serum Na, low serum osmolarity, high urine osmolarity c. Low serum Na, high serum osmolarity, high urine osmolarity d. High serum Na, high serum osmolarity, low urine osmolarity e. Normal Na, normal serum osmolarity, normal urine osmolarity

D. High serum Na, high serum osmolarity, low urine osmolarity.

A schizophrenic man complains that he can hear voices talking about him and telling him to end his life by cutting his throat. He only hears them when he wakes up from sleep and not at other times. What type of hallucinations is he having? a. Somatic b. Kinesthetic c. Hypnogogic d. Hypnopompic e. Lilliputian

D. Hypnapompic hallucination. [Hallucinations during going for sleep is hypnagogic and hallucinations during wake up from sleep is hypnapompic hallucinations].

A 73yo man who is recovering from surgery on the left carotid artery in his neck. He has slurred speech. On protusion of his tongue, the tip deviated to the left. What is the single most appropriate option? a. Accessory nerve b. Facial nerve c. Glossopharyngeal nerve d. Hypoglossal nerve e. Vagus nerve

D. Hypoglossal nerve. [Testing function of the nerve is performed by asked the subject to stick their tongue straight out. If there is a loss of innervation to one side, the tongue will curve toward the affected side, due to unopposed action of the opposite genioglossus muscle. If this is the result of alower motor neuron lesion, the tongue will be curved toward the damaged side, combined with the presence of fasciculations or atrophy. However, if the deficit is caused by an upper motor neuron lesion, the tongue will be curved away from the side of the cortical damage, without the presence of fasciculations or atrophy].

A 64yo man has been waking up in the middle of the night to go to the bathroom. He also had difficulty in initiating micturition and complains of dribbling. A dx of BPH was made after a transrectal US guided biopsy and the pt was prepared for a TURP. What electrolyte abnormality is highly likely due to this surgery? a. Hypokalemia b. Hypocalcemia c. Hyperkalemia d. Hyponatremia e. Hypernatremia

D. Hyponatremia. Absorption of fluid used for bladder irrigation to flush out blood clots and IV fluids all may lead to hypervolaemia and dilutional hyponatremia.

Jean is a 72yo woman with recurrent bowel cancer following a hemi-colectomy 2y ago. She is known to have both local recurrence and liver mets and her pain has been under control on MST 90mg bd. She has had quite severe pain in the RUQ for the past hour despite having taken her normal dose of MST. You find that she has an enlarged liver which is hard and irregular. There is marked localised tenderness over the right lobe of her liver. Her abdomen is otherwise soft and non-tender and the bowel sounds are normal. She is apyrexial. The tx of choice would be? a. Oral NSAIDs b. TENS c. radio therapy to the liver d. IM diamorphine e. Paracetamol f. Prednisolone g. Physiotherapy h. epidural anaesthetic i. Pitocin j. Aspirin

D. IM diamorphine.

A 35yo woman has had bruising and petechiae for a week. She has also had recent menorrhagia but is otherwise well. Blood: Hgb=11.1, WBC=6.3, Plt=14. What is the single most likely dx? a. Acute leukemia b. Aplastic anemia c. HIV infection d. ITP e. SLE

D. ITP. [As the patient is otherwise well acute leukemia, HIV and SLE is unlikely. Normal wbc count excludes aplastic anemia. So likely diagnosis is ITP].

A 78yo man has collapsed. He has had a severe headache for 12 hours and had an URTI 3d ago. He has a temp=39.2C, pulse=122bpm, BP=84/60mmHg and RR=34bpm but his chest is clear. He has a GCS=10 and some neck stiffness. He has been started on high-flow oxygen. What is the SINGLE most appropriate immediate management? a. IV antibiotic; CT brain scan b. IV antibiotic; LP c. IV fluids; CT brain scan d. IV fluids; IV antibiotic e. IV fluids; LP

D. IV Fluids; IV antibiotic [As his BP is low and has presented with neck stiffness so, IV fluids and V antibiotic should be given, after giving him oxygen]

A 40yo woman has had varicose vein surgery, planned as a day pt. After the op, she is distressed by repeated retching and vomiting. Her pain is currently well controlled. What is the best management strategy? a. Tramadol b. Co-codamol c. IM morphine d. IV ondansetron e. PO ondansetron

D. IV ondensatron. [As there is repeated retching and vomiting pt. cannot keep oral medication down. So IV ondansatron].

A 65yo man on dexamethasone underwent surgery. During and after the surgery, his blood glucose was around 17-19mmol/l. What will you give the pt? a. Insulin b. Oral hypoglycemic c. Remove dexamethasone d. IV Saline e. IX dextrose

D. IV saline. [It is estimated that adults secrete 75-150mg of cortisol in response to major surgery and 50mg a day for minor surgery, and secretion parallels duration and extent of surgery Patients undergoing a surgical procedure or responding to stress, trauma, or an acute illness will exhibit an increase in adrenal cortisol production up to 6-fold normal levels. However, in patients on chronic exogenous steroid therapy, atrophy of the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis may occur through feedback inhibition, leading to an inability to respond to stress. It has historically been believed that patients receiving long-term corticosteroids require supplemental, perioperative doses, and that failure to provide such coverage in secondary adrenal insufficiency may lead to an adrenal crisis characterized by hypotension and cardiovascular collapse. *** So who are telling remove dexamethason are wrong!!!*** patients receiving "physiologic replacement" doses (<10 mg/ day) do not need additional steroids perioperatively beyond their standard regimen. Patients receiving doses exceeding the normal expected stress response for their surgery (>150 mg/ day of hydrocortisone equivalent for moderate/major surgery, or >50 mg/ day of hydrocortisone equivalent for minor surgery) also do not need additional coverage beyond their current therapy, because acute immunosuppressive doses are more than sufficient to maintain cardiovascular stability during the operation. Regular daily dose of more than 10 mg prednisolone within the last three months: i) Minor surgery: 25 mg hydrocortisone at induction ii) Moderate surgery Usual pre-operative steroids (Hysterectomy) + 25 mg hydrocortisone at induction + 100 mg hydrocortisone/day iii) Major surgery Usual pre-operative steroids Major trauma, prolonged + 25 mg hydrocortisone at induction surgery + 100 mg hydrocortisone/day for 2 - 3 days Surgical patients commonly develop hyperglycemia related to the hypermetabolic stress response, which increases glucose production and causes insulin resistance. Although hyperglycemia is associated with worse outcomes, the treatment of hyperglycemia with insulin infusions has not provided consistent benefits. Despite early results, which suggested decreased mortality and other advantages of "tight" glucose control, later investigations found no benefit or increased mortality when hyperglycemia was aggressively treated with insulin. Because of these conflicting data, the optimal glucose concentration to improve outcomes in critically ill patients is unknown. There is agreement, however, that hypoglycemia is an undesirable complication of intensive insulin therapy and should be avoided. So, "FOR PERIOPERATIVE HYPERGLYCEMIA NO NEED OF INSULIN" just IV saline!!!].

A pt suffering from schizophrenia laughs while talking about his father's death. Which term best describes his condition? a. Depression b. Flat affect c. Emotional liability d. Incongruent affect e. Clang association

D. Incongruent affect. [Incongruent affect means inappropriate emotional response like loughing hearing a sad news or crying hearing a good news].

53yo had a dental extraction after which he recently had a mitral valve prolapse, high temp of 39C, cardiac failure and new cardiac murmur. What is the single most likely dx? a. Atheroma b. Congenital c. Regeneration d. Infection e. Neoplastic

D. Infection. [Infective endocarditis].

A 37yo man with an ulcer on the medial malleolus. Which of the following LN is involved? a. External iliac LN b. Pre-aortic LN c. Aortic LN d. Inguinal LN e. Iliac LN f. Submental LN g. Submandibular LN h. Deep cervical LN

D. Inguinal LN.

A 55yo lady with swelling on the abdomen below the umbilicus on the right side. What is the single most appropriate lymph node? a. External iliac LN b. Pre-aortic LN c. Aortic LN d. Inguinal LN e. Iliac LN f. Submental LN g. Submandibular LN h. Deep cervical LN

D. Inguinal LN.

A 67yo lady with an ulcer on the anal margin. Which is the single most appropriate LN involved? a. External iliac LN b. Pre-aortic LN c. Aortic LN d. Inguinal LN e. Iliac LN

D. Inguinal LN. [Anal canal below pectinate line is drained into superficial inguinal lymph nodes].

During a laparoscopic procedure, a trochar is inserted halfway between the umbilicus and the ant superior iliac spine. What are the structures most likely to be pierced? a. Rectus sheath b. Linea alba c. External oblique aponeurosis d. Internal oblique and transverse abdominal e. Both C and D

D. Internal oblique and transversus abdominis.

A 34yo man after a car crash is in the ED and deteriorating. His GCS has fallen from 13 to 7. What is the most appropriate next step? a. CT b. Burr hole c. MRI d. Intubation e. IV fluids

D. Intubation. [ABC protocol].

A 50yo DM pt came to the OPD with complaint of fever, muscle ache, dry cough and anorexia. Inv: CXR=upper lobe cavitation. What is the single most likely causative organism? a. Legionella b. Mycoplasma c. Staphylococcus d. Klebsiella e. Streptococcus

D. Klebsiella. [Upper lobe cavitation favours Klebsiella pneumonia. Also it is well known that staphylococcal and klebsiella pneumonia are more common in DM than normal person].

Which of the following reflexes and innervating spinal nerves are correctly paired? a. Anal reflex - S1 b. Ankle jerk - L5 c. Biceps jerk - C7 & C8 d. Knee jerk - L3 & L4 e. Triceps jerk - T1

D. Knee jerk - L3 & L4. [Anal reflex - S2-4; Ankle jerk - S1-2; Biceps jerk - C5-6; Knee jerk - L3-4; Triceps jerk - C7].

A 62yo male is brought to the ED by his daughter because of his persistent lying. He is a known alcoholic and has been admitted recently with delirium tremens. On questioning, he denies any problem with memory. He knows his name and address and states that was at the betting shop this morning, but his daughter interjects calling him a liar explaining that he was at her home. What is the most likely dx? a. Ganser syndrome b. Cotard syndrome c. Wernicke's encephalopathy d. Korsakoff psychosis e. Alcohol withdrawal

D. Korsakoff psychosis. [In Korsakoff psychosis there is confabulation (a memory disturbance, defined as the production of fabricated, distorted or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world, without the conscious intention to deceive) which may present like this].

Pt with a long hx of smoking is now suffering from bronchial ca. histology reveals there are sheets of large polygonal or giant MNC. What is the most likely dx? a. Squamous cell ca b. Small cell ca c. Adenocarcinoma d. Large cell ca e. Oat cell ca

D. Large cell ca. [Large cell carcinoma is, by definition, a poorly differentiated malignant epithelial tumor. It consists of sheets or nests of large polygonal or giant multinuclear cells and probably represents SCC ."]

A 64yo DM has come for a routine eye check up. Fundoscopy: new vessels all over the retina. What is the most appropriate management? a. Strict sugar control b. Regular eye check ups c. Non urgent referral to specialist d. Laser photocoagulation e. Insulin

D. Laser photocoagulation. [Neovascularization suggests proliferative diabetic retinopathy which is treated with laser photocoagulation].

A 33yo male involved in a street fight presents with bruises and deformity in the upper part of his leg. XR shows fx of the neck of fibula. What is the single most associated nerve injury? a. Sciatic nerve b. Gluteal nerve c. Musculocutaneous nerve d. Lateral peroneal nerve e. Tibial nerve f. Femoral nerve

D. Lateral peroneal nerve. [Lateral peroneal nerve is other name of superficial peroneal nerve].

A branch of the dominant coronary artery that supplies the inferior portion of the septum. What is the single most appropriate option? a. Septal branches b. Obtuse marginal branches c. Circumflex artery d. Left main stem, post descending artery e. Diagonal branch

D. Left main stem, post descending artery. [Here no option is satisfactorily correct! By dominant coronary artery we mean that coronary artery which gives of the branch of posterior descending artery. Mostly it is right coronary artery and if there is left coronary dominance, posterior descending artery is the branch of circumflex artery and not direct branch of left main artery. However the only option that goes nearer is D. Left main stem, post. descending artery].

A 55yo man returns for routine follow up 6wks after an MI. He gets breathless when walking uphill. His ECG shows ST elevation in leads V1, V2, V3 and V4. What is the single most likely explanation for the abnormal investigation? a. Heart block b. Right ventricular strain c. Atrial thrombus d. Left ventricular aneurysm e. Dressler's syndrome

D. Left ventricular aneurism. [Features of heart failure and persistent ST elevation suggests the dx of left ventricular aneurysm].

A 19yo man presents with weight loss, increasing thirst and increasing frequency of going to the washroom. His father, grandfather and 2 sisters have been dx with DM. What is the most likely type of DM this pt suffers from? a. IDDM b. NIDDM c. LADA d. MODY e. DKA

D. MODY. [Key features of MODY are: Being diagnosed with diabetes under the age of 25 and having a parent with diabetes, with diabetes in two or more generations].

A 53yo woman presented with pain in the eye, blurry vision and clumsiness for 3 months. She has a hx of difficulty in swallowing and weakness in her right upper limb 2y ago. What is the inv of choice? a. CSF analysis b. EEG c. EMG d. MRI brain e. Visual evoked response test

D. MRI brain. Diagnosis is multiple sclerosis.

A pt of tuberculous abscess with the hx of prv abscess drainage presented with fever and tenderness between L2/L3 vertebra. Which is the best inv for this pt? a. XR b. CT c. US d. MRI e. Blood culture

D. MRI. [Vertebral collapse from TB infection is better seen on MRI].

A 72yo man being investigated for anaemia is booked for a colonoscopy in 24 hours. What is the SINGLE most appropriate management the night before the procedure? a. Bisacodyl tablets b. Glycerine suppository c. Lactulose syrup d. Magnesium citrate (orally) e. Senna tablets

D. Magnesium Citrate (Orally)

An 8yo child who is tall for his age and has a refractory error for which he wears glasses has presented with severe crushing chest pain. What is the most likely dx? a. Fragile X syndrome b. Prader-willi syndrome c. DiGeorge syndrome d. Marfans syndrome

D. Marfans syndrome. Cause of severe crushing chest pain may be aortic dissection. Most common cardiac abnormalities in Marfans syndrome are: dilatation of the aorta and mitral regurgitation.

A 73yo male presents with enlarged cervical nodes. He has had recurrent infections over the last year. His conjunctiva is pale. Choose the single cell type you will find on the blood film. a. Granulocyte without blast cells b. Myelofibroblasts c. Plasma cells d. Mature lymphocytes

D. Mature lymphocytes. The diagnosis is CLL. It is CLL because of his age (73 yrs), cervical lymphadenpathy, recurrent infections (mature but functionally defective lymphocytes), and pale conjunctiva (anaemia).

A previously healthy, 10m female child presents to your clinic with a 1-day history of high fever, runny nose and conjunctivitis. The child looks unwell and is irritable. Exam: child's oropharynx shows that it is inflammed and there are small white spots on the oral mucosa. Which is the most likely dx? a. Kawasaki disease b. Parvovirus infection c. Herpes zoster d. Measles

D. Measles. [Koplick's spots are characteristic of measles].

A 13yo boy with umbilical pain for the last 12h presents with anorexia, nausea and has not passed a bowel motion 24h. What is your dx? a. Acute appendicitis b. IBD c. IBS d. Meckel's diverticulum e. Muscle strain f. Ovarian cysts g. PID h. Psoas hematoma i. Pyelonephritis j. Uretric calculus

D. Meckel's diverticulum. [In appendicitis pain shifts to rt iliac fossa].

A 37yo female had a fall with outstretched hand, presented with dinner fork deformity and tenderness over the right arm. What is the single most associated nerve injury? a. Axillary nerve b. Radial nerve c. Musculocutaneous nerve d. Median nerve e. Ulnar nerve

D. Median nerve. [Median nerve is the nerve injured in Colle's fracture].

A 67yo man after a stroke, presents with left sided ptosis and constricted pupil. He also has loss of pain and temp on the right side of his body and left side of his face. Which part of the brain is most likely affected? a. Frontal cortex b. Cerebellum c. Pons d. Medulla e. Parietal cortex

D. Medulla. [The name of the condition is "Lateral medullary syndrome" [ipsilateral Horner syndrome and contralateral loss of pain and temperature sense].

A 33yo lady who is a heroin addict wants to quit. She says she is ready to stop the drug abuse. She is supported by her friends and family. What drug tx would you give her? a. Benzodiazepines b. Diazipoxide c. Lithium d. Methadone e. Disulfiram

D. Methadone. [Methadone is an opioid medication. Methadone reduces withdrawal symptoms in people addicted to heroin or other narcotic drugs without causing the "high" associated with the drug addiction and thus used to help a drug addict to quit from drug addiction].

A 45yo woman undergoing tx for RA for the last 5yrs presents with dizziness, easy fatigabiliy and lack of energy. A blood film shows MCV 106. What could be the most probable reason for her anemia? a. Steroids b. Chronic disease c. NSAIDs d. Methotrexate e. Sulfasalazine

D. Methotrexate. [Methotrexate leads to folate deficiency anaemia].

A 15yo male has bilateral ankle edema. His BP=110/70mmHg and urinalysis shows protein++++. What is the most likely dx? a. HUS b. IgA nephropathy c. Membranous GN d. Minimal change GN e. Nephrotic syndrome

D. Minimal change disease. Points in favour: i) Age 15 ii) Ankle oedema iii) Normotension iv) Heavy proteinuria. Ans. 3. Treatment of choice is steroid (prednisolone). Failure of steroid or frequent relapse (>3) cyclophosphamide.

A 60yo lady has severe chest pain. ECG shows changes of inferior wall MI. ECG also shows progressive prolongation of PR interval until a QRS complex is dropped. What is the most probable dx? a. Atrial fibrillation b. VT c. SVT d. Mobitz type I 2nd degree heart block e. Mobitz type II 2nd degree heart block

D. Mobitz type I 2nd degree heart block. [Inferior MI is frequently associated with conduction defect].

Which of the following is not a degenerative corneal disease? a. Band keratopathy b. Marginal dystropathy c. Fatty/lipid degeneration d. Mooren's ulcer e. Keratoconus

D. Moorens ulcer. [All other options are degenrative disease of cornea except Mooren's ulcer which is a type of ulcerative keratitis].

A 49yo man first presented with increasing difficulty in swallowing. Several months later he developed weakness in his right foot. Now he can no longer feed himself, he chokes on food and has become confined to a wheelchair. What is the most likely dx? a. Cerebral tumor b. Myasthenia gravis c. Lambert-Eaton syndrome d. Motor neuron disease e. Cerebro-vascular disease

D. Motor neuron disease. [The picture is of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with bulbar onset, so it has very bad prognosis].

A 56yo man has symptoms of sleep apnea and daytime headaches and somnolence. Spirometry shows a decreased tidal volume and vital capacity. What is the single most appropriate dx? a. Ankylosing spondylitis b. Churg-strauss syndrome c. Good pasture syndrome d. Motor neuron disease e. Progressive massive fibrosis f. Spinal cord compression

D. Motor neuron disease. [involvement of respiratory muscles in MND is associated with poor respiration causing sleep apnoea].

A 17yo man has acute pain and earache on the right side of his face. Temp=38.4C and has extensive pre-auricular swelling on the right, tender on palpation bilaterally. What is the single most likely dx? a. Acute mastoiditis b. Acute otitis externa c. Acute OM d. Mumps e. OM with effusion

D. Mumps. [C/F: prodromal malaise, increased temperature, painful parotid swelling, becoming bilateral in 70%. OHCS 9th edition, page 142].

A 70yo man had a right hemicolectomy for ceacal carcinoma 6days ago. He now has abdominal distension and recurrent vomiting. He has not opened his bowels since surgery. There are no bowel sounds. WBC=9, Temp=37.3C. What is the single most appropriate next management? a. Antibiotic therapy IV b. Glycerine suppository c. Laparotomy d. NG tube suction and IV fluids e. TPN

D. NG tube suction and IV fluids. [The patient has developed paralytic ileus which should be treated conservatively].

A 32yo pt presents with cervical lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. What is the single most appropriate option? a. Hemophilus b. Streptococcus c. Toxoplasmosis d. NHL e. Pneumocystis jerovcii

D. NHL. [ Here only two points are mentioned- cervical lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly! This combination makes NHL as the most likely cause thouh splenomegaly is a relatively uncommon feature of it!!! This combination does not fit in other options!]

A 65yo man with HTN develops gingival hyperplasia. What is the single most likely dx? a. ACEi b. Beta blockers c. Crohns disease d. Nifedipine e. Sarcoidosis

D. Nifedipine. [Gingival hyperplasia is a recognized side effect of calcium channel blockers].

An old man comes to the doctor complaining that a part of this body is rotten and he wants it removed. What is the most likely dx? a. Guilt b. Hypochondriasis c. Munchausen's d. Nihilism e. Capgras syndrome

D. Nihilism. [nihilism (medical term is nihilistic delusion): parts of the body do not exist or are dead] Guilt: an emotion that occurs when a person feels that they have violated a moral standard. Hypochondriasis: worry about having a serious illness. Munchausen's: a psychiatric factitious disorder wherein those affected feign disease, illness, or psychological trauma to draw attention,sympathy, or reassurance to themselves. Capgras syndrome: a delusion that a friend, spouse, parent, or other close family member (or pet) has been replaced by an identical-looking impostor.

A 24yo man believes his bowels are blocked and his life is in ruin. What kind of delusion is he suffering from? a. Persecutory b. Factitious c. Guilt d. Nihilistic e. Hypochondriacal

D. Nihilistic. [The man believes his bowels are blocked and his life is ruined is an example of nihilistic delusion].

A 31yo woman who is 32weeks pregnant attends the antenatal clinic. Labs: Hgb=10.7, MCV=91. What is the most appropriate management for this pt? a. Folate supplement b. Ferrous sulphate 200mg/d PO c. Iron dextran d. No tx req

D. No tx required. [According to NICE, cut offs for iron supplements: at booking (8-10 weeks)- if less than 11 at 28 weeks and further- if less than 10.5 if less than these values=> give iron].

A 78yo pt is diagnosed with metastatic lung cancer; there is no cure for his condition. His son tells the physician that in the case of a diagnosis of cancer, the physician must not tell his father. He wishes that his father does not suffer any psychological distress caused by the knowledge of a terminal diagnosis. Which one of the following ethical principles supports the son's request? a. Patient autonomy b. Beneficence c. Justice d. Non-maleficence

D. Non-maleficence. [Nonmaleficence means non-harming or inflicting the least harm possible to reach a beneficial outcome. Harm and its effects are considerations and part of the ethical decision-making process in the NICU. Short-term and long-term harm, though unintentional, often accompany life-saving treatment in the NICU.

A 45yo T1DM had an annual check up. Ophthalmoscopy showed dot and blot hemorrhage + hard exudate and multiple cotton wool spots. What is the next step in management? a. Reassurance and annual screening only b. Urgent referral to ophthalmologist c. Laser therapy d. Non-urgent referral to ophthalmologist e. Nothing can be done

D. Non-urgent referral to ophthalmologist. [It is pre-proliferative retinopathy so non- urgent referral; If proliferative (with neovascularization) urgent referral].

A 15yo boy who complains of pain in his leg which has settled with aspirin. What is the most probable dx? a. Leomyosarcoma b. Liposarcoma c. Painful hip d. Exostosis e. Osteoid osteoma

E. Osteoid osteoma. [Younger age of onset and relieved with aspirin favours the diagnosis of osteoid osteoma].

A 2yo boy fell off his tricycle and hurt his arm. He got up to start crying, but before there was any sound, he went pale, unconscious and rigid. He recovered after 1-2 mins but remained pale. After an hour he was back to normal. His mother says she was afraid he was going to die, and that he had a similar episode 3 months prior after falling down some steps. What single inv is indicated? a. CT head b. EEG c. CBC d. None e. Skeletal survey

D. None. Diagnosis is breath holding spell.

A mother presents with her 14m child. He holds furniture and other things to help him stand and walk. He can say 'mama' and 'papa'. He makes eye contact and smiles. He can transfer objects from one hand to another. He responds to his name. what do you interpret from his development? a. Delayed gross motor development b. Delayed fine motor development c. Delayed verbal development d. Normal development e. Delayed social development

D. Normal development.

A 30yo man is becoming concerned about the safety of his family. He has been checking the locks of the door every hour during the night. He becomes very anxious if his wife tries to stop him. What is the most likely dx? a. Paranoid delusion b. PTSD c. Social phobia d. OCD e. GAD

D. OCD. [Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition where a person has obsessive thoughts and compulsive activity. An obsession is an unwanted and unpleasant thought, image or urge that repeatedly enters a person's mind, causing feelings of anxiety, disgust or unease. A compulsion is a repetitive behaviour or mental act that someone feels they need to carry out to try to temporarily relieve the unpleasant feelings brought on by the obsessive thought].

A 20yo woman with no prv hx of ear complains, presents with 1d hx of severe pain in the right ear which is extremely tender to examine. What is the single most likely dx? a. Chondromalasia b. Furuncle c. Myringitis d. OE e. OM

D. OE. [Extreme tenderness to examine indicate otitis externa].

A 5yo girl has had an URTI for 3 days and has been treated with paracetamol by her mother. For the last 12h she has been hot and irritable with severe pain in her right ear. What is the most likely dx? a. Herpes zoster infection b. Impacted ear wax c. Mumps d. OM e. Perforation of eardrum

D. OM.

A 42yo man has been tired and sleepy for the last few weeks in the morning. His work has started getting affected as he feels sleepy in the meetings. His BMI=36. What is the single most likely dx? a. Idiopathic hypersomnia b. Narcolepsy c. Chest hyperventilation syndrome d. OSAS e. REM-related sleep disorder

D. OSAS. [Day time somnolence and obesity (high BMI of 36) points the diagnosis of OSAS].

A 60yo woman presented to OPD with dysphagia. No hx of weight loss or heartburn. No change in bowel habits. While doing endoscopy there is some difficulty passing through the LES, but no other abnormality is noted. What is the single most useful inv? a. CXR b. MRI c. Esophageal biopsy d. Esophageal manometry e. Abdominal XR

D. Oesophageal manometry. Achalasia cardia Rxi) Oral medication: Nitrates or CCB ii) Balloon dilatation of the spincter iii) Oesophagomyotomy.

A 75yo man has left-sided earache and discomfort when he swallows. There is ulceration at the back of his tongue and he has a palpable non-tender cervical mass. What is the single most likely dx? a. Acute mastoiditis b. Dental abscess c. Herpes zoster infection d. Oropharyngeal malignancy e. Tonsillitis

D. Oropharyngeal malignancy. [Pain ear and discomfort during swallowing, ulceration at the back of the tongue and palpable non tender cervical lymphnode is suggestive of oropharyngeal malignancy. Acute mastoiditis and tonsillitis will not cause tongue ulcer. Similarly dental abscess will not cause tongue ulcer. In herpes zoster pain and vesicle will be in the affected nerve distribution].

A 26yo woman has become aware of increasing right sided hearing deficiency since her recent pregnancy. Her eardrums are normal. Her hearing tests show: BC-normal. Weber test lateralizes to the right ear. What is the single most likely dx? a. Encephalopathy b. Functional hearing loss c. Tympano-sclerosis d. Otosclerosis e. Sensorineural deafness

D. Otosclerosis. [There are no features of encephalopathy. As Weber test is lateralized it is unlikely to be functional hearing loss. In tympanosclerosis ear drum becomes chalky white. So as the ear drum is normal it is not tympanosclerosis. Weber test is lateralized to right and deafness is also on the right. So it not sensorineural deafness but conductive deafness which makes otosclerosis as the most likely diagnosis].

A 45yo man has noticed difficulty hearing on the telephone. He is concerned because his father has been moderately hard of hearing since middle age. BC=normal. An audiogram shows moderate hearing loss in both ears across all frequencies. What is the single most likely dx? a. Acoustic neuroma b. Menieres' disease c. Noise induced deafness d. Otosclerosis e. Presbyacusis

D. Otosclerosis. [This patient has conductive hearing loss. So it is not acoustic neuroma. Meniere's disease has symptoms like vertigo, tinnitus, fullness, along with hearing loss. There is no history of noise pollution not presbycausis as his age is 45. So his deafness fits more with otosclerosis. These are by exclusion. Points in favour of otosclerosis: i) Conducting hearing loss. ii) Age of 45 yrs iii) Moderate hearing loss in both ears across all frequencies].

A house-bound 78yo man with severe COPD has had a gradual deterioration over recent months and is now breathless at rest. He is on maximal inhaled medical therapy. Result: pH=7.36, PaCO2=5.9kPa, PaO2=6.9kPa. What is the single most appropriate additional tx? a. Aminophylline PO b. ACEi PO c. Antibiotic PO d. Oxygen e. Steroid PO

D. Oxygen. [In patients with chronic hypoxaemia, LTOT should usually be prescribed after appropriate assessment, when the PaO2 is consistently at or below 7.3 kPa (55 mm Hg) when breathing air during a period of clinical stability. Clinical stability is defined as the absence of exacerbation of chronic lung disease for the previous five weeks. The level of PaCO2(which may be normal or elevated) does not influence the need for LTOT prescription].

A 14yo girl is clinically obese. She has not started her periods yet and has severe acne. Among her inv, a high insulin level is found. What is the most probable dx? a. Cushing's syndrome b. Grave's disease c. Acquired hypothyroidism d. PCOS e. Addison's disease

D. PCOS. [It is not cushing's as insulin levels in cushing's are not usually raised! Here obesity, primary amenorrhea , acne and particularly high level of insulin makes the likely diagnosis to PCOS].

For a pt presenting with Parkinson's disease which of the following drugs is most useful in the management of the tremor? a. Apomorphine b. Cabergoline c. Selegiline d. Amantadine e. Benzhexol

E. Benzhexol. [Benzhexol (an antiparkinsonian agent of anticholinergic class) is the drug of choice in parkinson's disease induced tremor)].

A 30yo pt came to the OPD with complaint of breathlessness and dry cough. He has lost 5kgs in 2m. He is an IV drug abuser. Inv: CXR=bilateral interstitial shadowing. What is the single most likely causative organism? a. Klebsiella b. TB c. Chlamydia pneumonia d. PCP e. Chlamydia psitacci

D. PCP. [IV drug abuser, weight loss, breathlessness and dry cough with interstitial shadowing indicate PCP pneumonia in an AIDS patient].

A 4yo girl is found to have bounding pulse and continuous machinery murmur. What is the most probable dx? a. TOF b. ASD c. VSD d. PDA e. CoA

D. PDA. [Continuous mechinary murmur is well known feature of PDA].

A 35yo construction worker is dx with indirect inguinal hernia. Which statement below best describes it? a. Passes through the superficial inguinal ring only b. Lies above and lateral to the pubic tubercle c. Does not pass through the superficial inguinal ring d. Passes through the deep inguinal ring

D. Passes through the deep inguinal ring.

A 16yo girl presents with heavy bleeding. What is the most appropriate initial inv? a. Endometrial sampling b. Transvaginal US c. Hysteroscopy d. Pelvic US e. Exam under anesthesia

D. Pelvic US. [Pelvic or transvaginal ultrasound are same thing]

A 32yo man presented with slow progressive dysphagia. There is past hx of retro-sternal discomfort and he has been treated with prokinetics and H2 blockers. What is the probably dx? a. Foreign body b. Plummer vinson syndrome c. Pharyngeal puch d. Peptic stricture e. Esophageal Ca

D. Peptic stricture. [Progressive dysphagia to mostly solid is suggestive of peptic stricture which is supported here by the use of prokinetic drugs and H2 blockers which are used for reflux oesophagitis].

A 72yo lady is drowsy and her relatives want to take her home. She has been prescribed diazepam 2.5mg. What is the best delivery route? a. Oral b. IV c. IM d. Per rectal e. SC

D. Per rectal.

A 57yo male presents with sudden onset severe abdominal pain and rigidity against a 4d background of LIF pain and pyrexia. He has no PM/SHx of note and isn't on any meds. What is the most likely dx? a. Intussusception b. Ischemic colon c. Sigmoid volvulus d. Perforated diverticulum e. Perforated Meckel's diverticulum

D. Perforated diverticulum. [Sudden onset, severe abdominal pain, rigidity, left iliac fossa pain and fever are in favour of perforated diverticulum].

A 72yo man presents with intermittent difficulty in swallowing with regurgitation of stale food materials. Sometimes he wakes up at night with a feeling of suffocation. Choose the single most likely cause of dysphagia? a. Benign structure b. Esophageal carcinoma c. Esophageal spasm d. Pharyngeal pouch e. Systemic sclerosis

D. Pharyngeal pouch. [In benign stricture, esophageal carcinoma and systemic sclerosis there is persistent dysphagia not intermittent. In oesophageal spasm there may be intermittent dysphagea but there will be no regurgitation of stale food material and no nocturnal regurgitation in recumbency. The clinical picture described well fits with pharyngeal pouch].

An 83yo woman who is a resident in a nursing home is admitted to hospital with a 4d hx of diarrhea. She has had no weight loss or change in appetite. She has been on analgesics for 3wks for her back pain. She is in obvious discomfort. On rectal exam: fecal impaction. What is the single most appropriate immediate management? a. Codeine phosphate for pain relief b. High fiber diet c. Oral laxative d. Phosphate enema e. Urinary catheterization

D. Phosphate enema. [In feacal impaction oral laxative is not the choice but phosphate enema is the best option here].

A 37yo woman had an elective LSCS 1d ago. You are called to see her as she becomes SOB with left sided chest pain and a cough. She has had 3 children, 2 born by LSCS. Exam: she has reduced air entry at left lung base. Her observations include sat=92% on air, BP=105/84mmHg, pulse=120bpm, temp=37.2C. Choose among the options which C-section complications has she developed? a. Aspiration pneumonia b. Aspiration pneumonitis c. Spontaneous pneumothorax d. Pulmonary embolism e. DVT

D. Pulmonary embolism. [Absence of wheeze and near normal temperature makes aspiration as unlikely diagnosis and favours the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism].

A 62yo prv shipyard worker complains of breathlessness and chest pain for 6m. He has now developed a large pleural effusion. Which is the single best diagnostic inv? a. ABG b. Bronchoscopy c. CXR d. Pleural biopsy e. Transfer factor

D. Pleural biopsy. [Shipyard worker is exposed to asbestos and the likely diagnosis here is mesothelioma for which single best investigation is pleural biopsy].

A 62yo man has been smoking about 15 cigarettes/day for 45yrs, and has been working as a builder since he was 24yo. He presents with chest pain, SOB, weight loss. CXR shows bilateral fibrosis and left side pleural effusion. What is the best inv that will lead to dx? a. CXR b. Pleural fluid aspiration of cytology c. MRI d. Pleural biopsy e. CT

D. Pleural biopsy. [There is asbestos exposure in builders and associated smoking greatly increases the possibility of developing mesothelioma and the given presentation is typical of mesothelioma. Best investigation is pleural biopsy].

A 37yo lady stopped taking COCP 18m ago and she had amenorrhea for 12m duration. Labs: FSH=8, LH=7, prolactin=400, estradiol=500. What is the cause? a. Hypothalamic amenorrhea b. PCOS c. Prolactinoma d. Post pill amenorrhea e. POF

D. Post pill amenorrhea. [Post pill amenorrhea= failure to resume menses within 6 months of stopping pill, but she was amenorrheic for 12 months!!].

A 30yo man presents to hosp complaining that his urine has been very dark recently, resembling coffee at worst. He has been under the weather 2wks back and had taken a few days off work with a sore throat and coryzal symptoms. Urine dipstick in hosp returns highly positive for blood and protein. He is admitted for supportive management and is scheduled for a renal biopsy, which shows mesangial proliferation with a positive immune-flurescence pattern. What is the most probable dx? a. Membranous glomerulonephropathy b. SLE c. Wegener's granulomatosis d. Post - strep GN e. IgA nephropathy

D. Post- strep GN. [Nephritic picture, H/O sorethroat 2 weeks before presentation and biopsy reports are suggestive of post streptococcal glomerulonephritis].

A 25yo lady at her 28th week GA came for check up. Her BP=160/95mmHg, protein in urine=6g/d. What is the most likely dx? a. Essential HTN b. Gestational HTN c. Chronic HTN d. Preeclampsia

D. Preeclampsia.

A 52yo woman speaks rapidly without any pause and ignores interruptions. She doesn't even pause to take enough breaths. What term best describes this kind of speech? a. Flight of ideas b. Broca's aphasia c. Wernicke's aphasia d. Pressure of speech e. Verbal dysphasia

D. Pressure of speech.

A 30yo woman has brief episodes of severe shooting pain in the rectum. Rectal examination and flexible sigmoidoscopy are normal. What is the most probable dx? a. Anal hematoma b. Anal fissure c. Rectal carcinoma d. Proctalgia fugax e. Piles

D. Proctagia fugax [normal rectal examination and flexible sigmoidoscopy excludes other options].

An 80yo man presented with pain in his lower back and hip. He also complains of waking up in the night to go to the washroom and has urgency as well as dribbling. What is the most likely dx? a. BPH b. Prostatitis c. UTI d. Prostate carcinoma e. Bladder carcinoma

D. Prostate carcinoma. [Age, nocturia, urgency and dribbling points towards prostate pathology. Pain of lower back and hip points towards bony metastases from prostate cancer. Blood test for PSA; Prostate biopsy; MRI (if initial biopsy is negative, to decide repeat biopsy). Treatment options: 1. Active treatment [i) radical prostatectomy ii) radical radiotherapy iii) hormone therapy iv) brachytherapy v) pelvic radiotherapy vi) orchidectomy 2. Active surveillance 3. Watchful waiting 4. Palliative care (Source: NICE)].

A 75yo man comes in complaining of difficulty in passing urine, poor stream and dribbling at the end of voiding and anorexia. US shows bilateral hydronephrosis. What is the cause of these findings? a. BPH b. Renal stones c. Bladder stones d. Prostatic ca e. UTI

D. Prostatic ca. [Elderly patient of 75yrs with obstructive symptoms of lower urinary tract, bilateral hydronephrosis all can occur in BPH or ca prostate. Anorexia is clincher here. It is a feature of carcinoma rather than BPH].

A 25yo male who recently noticed change in his shoe size, he is also constipated, has a preference to hot weather, his skin is dry, has severe pain in wrist joint. Joint is red and swollen. What is the most probable dx? a. Chondro-sarcoma b. Lipo-sarcoma c. Gout d. Pseudogout e. Ankylosing spondylitis

D. Pseudogout. [Hypothyroidism (change of shoe size due to myxedema (or pedal oedema can be seen in hypothyroidism) , other features of constipation, cold intolerance, dry skin are well known features of hypothyroidism.) has well recognized association with pseudogout].

A 12yo pt came to the OPD with complains of fever, malaise, weight loss, anorexia and productive cough. Exam: temp=39C, pulse=100bpm. His mother says that he has a hx of recurrent chest infections and he is not thriving well. What is the single most likely causative organism? a. Pneumococcal pneumonia b. Staphylococcus c. Mycobacterium TB d. Pseudomonas e. PCP

D. Pseudomonas. [Here the likely diagnosis is cystic fibrosis in which RTI due to pseudomonas is a very common association].

22yo man presents with a red, hot, swollen, metatarsal phalangeal joint, sarcoilitis and onycholysis. What is the single most likely cause of his condition? a. Gout b. RA c. Reiter's syndrome d. Psoriatic arthropathy

D. Psoriatic arthropathy. [Psoriatic arthritis initially can affects the toes very similar to gout. There can be sacroilitis and onycholysis. Ref: patient.info].

Which finding, on clinical examination of the pulse, suggests a diagnosis of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM)? a. Irregularly irregular pulse suggesting A-fib b. Pulsusalternans c. Pulsusbigeminus d. Pulsusbisferiens e. Pulsusparadoxus

D. Pulsus bisferiens. [Pulsus bisferiens, is a sign where, on palpation of the pulse, a double peak per cardiac cycle can be appreciated. Bisferiens means striking twice. Classically, it is detected when aortic insufficiency exists in association with aortic stenosis,[1] but may also be found hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy].

A 26yo woman had bipolar disorder for 10yrs and is on Lithium for it. She is symptom free for the past 4 years. She is now planning her pregnancy and wants to know whether she should continue taking lithium. What is the single most appropriate advice? a. Continue lithium at the same dose and stop when pregnancy is confirmed b. Continue lithium during pregnancy and stop when breast feeding c. Reduce lithium dosage but continue throughout pregnancy d. Reduce lithium gradually and stop when pregnancy is confirmed e. Switch to sodium valproate

D. Reduce lithium gradually and stop when pregnancy is confirmed.

man with dementia has an ulcerative lesion on his forehead. He wants it removed so 'it can help improve his memory'. Wife says he is not fit to give consent. What will you do? a. Get letter signed from the GP b. Get letter signed from the wife c. Get letter signed from the pt d. Refer to psychiatrist to assess the mental capacity to give consent

D. Refer to psychiatrist to assess the mental capacity to give consent

A pt who was previously on 120mg slow release oral morphine has had his dose increased to 200mg. He is still in significant pain. He complains of drowsiness and constipation. What is the next step in the management? a. Increase slow release morphine dose b. Fentanyl patch c. Replace morphine with oral hydromorphone d. Replace morphine with oxycodone e. Subcutaneous morphine

D. Replace morphine with oxycodone.

A pt comes with sudden loss of vision. On fundoscopy the optic disc is normal. What is the underlying pathology? a. Iritis b. Glaucoma c. Vitreous chamber d. Retinal detachment

D. Retinal detachment. Ans. 2. Causes of sudden painless loss of vision: 1. Retinal detachment 2. Vitreous haemorrhage 3. Retinal vein occlusion 4. Retinal artery occlusion 5. Optic neuritis 6. Cerebrovascular accident

A 30yo woman had a gradual decrease of visual acuity since the last 3 years. Now she has a disability due to very low vision. What's the dx? a. Glaucoma b. Cataract c. Macular degeneration d. Retinitis pigmentosa e. Keratitis

D. Retinitis pigmentosa. Ans. 2. i) It is not angle closure glaucoma as angle closure glaucoma occurs usually after the age of 50; In open angle glaucoma visual loss is not evenly gradual rather occurs a bit suddenly at its later part. It is not cataract as cataract occurs usually in elderly. In macular degeneration near blindness does not occur rather causes inability to identify face or cannot read small prints; otherwise peripheral vision is not that depressed. In keratitis will be pain, redness, photophobia and vision is ok.

A 45yo man has had impaired vision and pain on eye movement in his left eye over the last 5d. He also notes loss of color vision in the same eye. In the left eye, the visual acuity is up to counting fingers. When the pupil is stimulated with light, it dilates. His fundus is normal. What is the single most appropriate clinical dx? a. Acute dacryocystitis b. Acute iritis c. Papillitis d. Retrobulbar neuritis e. Scleritis

D. Retrobulbar neuritis. [Presentation can be described by either optic neuritis or retrobulbar neuritis. In optic neuritis there is disc pallor. As in this case disc is normal it is a case of retrobulbar neuritis].

A term baby born to a 30yo woman of blood group A-ve develops severe jaundice within the first 24h of birth. What is the most likely dx? a. Hereditary spherocytosis b. G6PD c. ABO incompatibility d. Rh incompatibility e. Physiological jaundice

D. Rh incompatibility.

A 44yo man went on holiday to Sudan 5wks ago. He now presents with red urine and fever. Exam: hepatomegaly. What is the most likely dx? a. Malaria b. Brucellosis c. Leptospirosis d. Schistosomiasis

D. Schistosomiasis. [Holyday in Sudan, hematuria, fever and hepatomegaly goes most with Schistosomiasis amongst the given option].

A 20yo man complains that all his movements are being watched. Sometimes he feels as though his actions are being controlled by his radio. At other times he is aware of voices describing what he is doing. What is the most probable dx? a. Mania b. Drug induced psychosis c. Delusion of control d. Schizophrenia e. Korsakoff psychosis

D. Schizophrenia.

A 38yo woman, 10d postpartum presents to the GP with hx of passing blood clots per vagina since yesterday. Exam: BP=90/40mmhg, pulse=110bpm, temp=38C, uterus tender on palpation and fundus 2cm above umbilicus, blood clots +++. Choose the single most likely dx/ a. Abruption of placenta 2nd to pre-eclampsia b. Concealed hemorrhage c. Primary PPH d. Secondary PPH e. Retained placenta f. Scabies

D. Secondary PPH. Secondary PPH: Secondary PPH is defined as abnormal or excessive bleeding from the birth canal between 24 hours and 12 weeks postnatally. [www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research- services/guidelines/gtg52/].

A 38yo woman, 10d post partum, presents to her GP with a hx of passing blood clots per vagina since yesterday. Exam: BP=90/40mmHg, pulse=110bpm, temp=38C, uterus tender on palpation and fundus is 2cm above umbilicus, blood clots +++. Choose the single most likely dx? a. Abruption of placenta 2nd preeclampsia b. Concealed hemorrhage c. Primary PPH d. Secondary PPH e. Retained placenta f. Scabies

D. Secondary PPH. [Secondary PPH occurs from 24 hours after delivery. Usually occurs between 5 and 12 days].

A 3d term, breast-fed infant is brought by the mother who reports that the child has not been active and not feeding well. She also notices jaundice, which was not present at birth and is increasing. Exam: the temp=35.4°C, and the liver is palpable 2 cm below the costal margin. Which is the most likely dx? a. Rhesus isoimmunisation b. Inadequate breast milk c. Congenital biliary tract obstruction. d. Sepsis

D. Sepsis. [Not active, not feeding well, increasing new onset jaundice and hypothermia are suggestive of neonatal sepsis].

A 23yo woman is being followed up 6wks after a surgical procedure to evacuate the uterus following a miscarriage. The histology has shown changes consistent with a hydatidiform mole. What is the single most appropriate inv in this case? a. Abdominal US b. Maternal karyotype c. Paternal blood group d. Serum B-HCG e. Transvaginal US

D. Serum β-HCG. [When you are first diagnosed with a hydatidiform mole, your hCG level will be raised. When the hydatidiform mole is treated (removed), the hCG level will usually return to a normal, non-pregnant amount and should remain so. If you develop GTN, the hCG level can remain elevated or continue to rise further. So, this blood test is a good way to check for the possible development of GTN (Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia).

Which one of the following electrocardiographic changes is found in hypercalcaemia? a. Increased QRS interval b. Prolonged Q-T interval c. Short P-R interval d. Short Q-T interval

D. Short Q-T interval. [Short Q-T interval secondary to a shortened ST segment].

A 15yo boy presents with a limp and pain in the knee. Exam: leg is externally rotated and 2cm shorter. There is limitation of flexion, abduction and medial rotation. As the hip is flexed external rotation is increased. Choose the most likely dx? a. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis b. Osgood-schlatter disease c. Reactive arthritis d. Slipped femoral epiphysis e. Transient synovitis of the hip

D. Slipped femoral epiphysis. [The given presentation is classic for slipped femoral epiphysis].

A lady with depression has a bag full of meds. She now presents with coarse tremors. Which drug caused her symptoms? a. Lithium b. Thyroxine c. Amitriptyline d. Sodium valproate e. Tetrabenazine

D. Sodium valproate. [Side effect of lithium in therapeutic range is fine tremor. Sodium valproate (a well known mood stabilizer) can cause coarse tremor in therapeutic range].

A 73yo woman with skeletal and brain mets from breast ca has worsening low back pain and blurring of vision. She has weakness of her legs, minimal knee and absent ankle tendon reflexes, a palpable bladder, a power of 2/5 at the hip, 3/5 at the knee and ankle, and tenderness over the 2nd lumbar vertebra. There is reduced sensation in the perineum. She has been started on dexamethasone 16mg daily.What is the single most likely cause of her weakness? a. Paraneoplastic neuropathy b. Progression of brain tumor c. PID at L2/L3 d. Spinal cord compression e. Steroid induced myopathy

D. Spinal cord compression. [Brain metastasis induced cerebral oedema can explain blurring of vision secondary to raised intracranial pressure. Rest of the features including weakness can well explain spinal cord compression].

A 12yo boy with a hx of fall on an outstretched hand was brought to the ED with swelling and pain around the elbow. His radial nerve was affected. What is the type of fx? a. Angulated fx b. Epiphyseal fx c. Compound fx d. Spiral fx

D. Spiral fracture. It is wrong key. The correct option should be A. Angulated (supracondylar fracture). [Around 50% interosseous nerve lesions occur in supracondylar fracture whereas 25% shows radial nerve damage. If the fracture is spiral fracture of lower third of humerus it causes nerve damage in 18% almost all of which are radial nerve lesion. However as the fracture is around the elbow (not above) it is supracondylar fracture].

A 6yo girl has had 2 short episodes of cough and wheeze over the last 12m. These 2 acute episodes responded quickly to bronchodilator, she has no symptoms or abnormal physical signs. She has slight eczema and her mother has asthma. What is the single most appropriate inv? a. CXR b. Peak flow rate diary c. Pulse oximetry d. Spirometry e. Sweat test

D. Spirometry. [spirometry is the preferred initial test (if available) to assess the presence and severity of airflow obstruction less effort dependent and more repeatable though less applicable in acute severe asthma].

A 45yo man underwent an emergency splenectomy following a fall from his bicycle. He smokes 5 cigarettes/day. Post-op, despite mobile, he develops swinging pyrexia and a swollen painful left calf. His CXR shows lung atelectasis and abdominal U demonstrates a small sub-[phrenic collection. What is the single most likely risk factor for DVT in this pt? a. Immobility b. Intraperitoneal hemorrhage c. Smoking d. Splenectomy e. Sub-phrenic collection

D. Splenectomy. [Splenectomized patients have an increased risk of developing deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism].

A 53yo man presents with a longstanding hx of a 1cm lesion on his arm. It has started bleeding on touch. What is the most likely dx? a. Basal cell carcinoma b. Kaposi's sarcoma c. Malignant melanoma d. Squamous cell carcinoma e. Kerathoacanthoma

D. Squamous cell carcinoma. [SSCs Arises in squamous cells. SCCs may occur on all areas of the body including the mucous membranes and genitals, but are most common in areas frequently exposed to the sun, such as the rim of the ear, lower lip, face, balding scalp, neck, hands, arms and legs. SCCs often look like scaly red patches, open sores, elevated growths with a central depression, or warts; they may crust or bleed. A tissue sample (biopsy) will be examined under a microscope to arrive at a diagnosis. Squamous cell carcinomas detected at an early stage and removed promptly are almost always curable and cause minimal damage].

A 45yo woman has dull pain in her right ear which has been present for several weeks. There is no discharge. Chewing is uncomfortable and her husband has noticed that she grinds her teeth during sleep. The eardrum appears normal. What is the single most likely dx? a. Dental caries b. Mumps c. OM d. Temporomandibular joint pain e. Trigeminal neuralgia

D. Temporomandibular joint pain. [Temporomandibular joint pain may cause pain in ear and teeth grinding is a recognized cause of this symptom].

40yo man with a 25y hx of smoking presents with progressive hoarseness of voice, difficulty swallowing and episodes of hemoptysis. He mentioned that he used to be a regular cannabis user. What is the single most likely dx? a. Nasopharyngeal cancer b. Pharyngeal carcinoma c. Sinus squamous cell carcinoma d. Squamous cell laryngeal cancer e. Hypopharyngeal tumor

D. Squamous cell laryngeal cancer. • Chronic hoarseness is the most common early symptom. • Other symptoms of laryngeal cancer include pain, dysphagia, a lump in the neck, sore throat, earache or a persistent cough. • Patients may also describe breathlessness, aspiration, haemoptysis, fatigue and weakness, or weight loss.

For the following type of surgery what is the most likely agent that may cause post-operative infection -- aorto-iliofemoral reconstruction with a Dacron vascular prosthesis? a. Proteus b. E.coli c. Bacteroides fragilis d. Staphylococcus aureus e. Staphylococcus epidermis f. C.perfringens g. Pseudomonas aeruginosa h. Streptococcus fecalis i. Streptococcus pneumonia j. Brucella melitensis

D. Staphylococcus epidermidis. [Staphylococcus epidermidis is most common cause of infections in prosthesis].

An MI pt who is already on aspirin no longer smokes and his cholesterol, ECG, echo and BP are normal. Choose the best option for him: a. Give statin b. Give statin+warfarin c. Low cholesterol diet d. Statin+ACEi

D. Statin + ACEi. [Offer all people who have had an acute MI treatment with the following drugs: • ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitor • dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin plus a second antiplatelet agent) • beta-blocker • statin. [2007, amended 2013] [NICE guideline].

A T2DM is undergoing a gastric surgery. What is the most appropriate pre-op management? a. Start him in IV insulin and glucose and K+ just before surgery b. Stop his oral hypoglycemic on the day of the procedure c. Continue regular oral hypoglycemic d. Stop oral hypoglycemic the prv night and start IV insulin with glucose and K+ before surgery e. Change to short acting oral hypoglycemic

D. Stop oral hypoglycemic the prv night and start IV insulin with glucose and K+ before Surgery.

A man on warfarin posted for hemicolectomy. As the pt is about to undergo surgery. What option is the best for him? a. Continue with warfarin b. Continue with warfarin and add heparin c. Stop warfarin and add aspirin d. Stop warfarin and add heparin e. Stop warfarin

D. Stop warfarin and add heparin.

A 79yo stumbled and sustained a minor head injury 2 weeks ago. He has become increasingly confused, drowsy and unsteady. He has a GCS of 13. He takes warfarin for Afib. What is the most likely dx? a. Extradural hemorrhage b. Cerebellar hemorrhage c. Epidural hemorrhage d. Subdural hemorrhage e. Subarachnoid hemorrhage

D. Subdural hematoma. [In elderly head injury usually leads to subdural hematoma even if head injury is minor or trivial and extradural hematoma in elderly is extremely uncommon even in more severe head injury. Management: 1st line: Evacuation by barr hole craniostomy. 2nd line: Craniotomy if the clot is organized].

A 72yo male presents with acute confusion. He has been in the hosp for 2wks having been treated for a DVT. The nurses have noticed that he became increasingly drowsy. Exam: small scalp laceration, a GCS of 8 and bilateral up-going plantar response. a. Infection toxicity b. Delirium tremens c. Extradural hematoma d. Subdural hematoma e. Electrolyte imbalance

D. Subdural hematoma. [Even trivial head trauma can lead to subdural hematoma. Presence of small scalp laceration, confusion and becoming increasingly drowsy Glasgow coma scale of 8 are suggestive of subdural hematoma].

A 40yo chronic alcoholic who lives alone, brought in the ED having been found confused at home after a fall. He complains of a headache and gradually worsening confusion. What is the most likely dx? a. Head injury b. Hypoglycemia c. Extradural hematoma d. Subdural hematoma e. Delirium

D. Subdural hematoma. [subdural hematoma may be acute or chronic. In chronic symptoms may not be apparent for several days or weeks. Symptoms of subdural hematomas are: fluctuating level of consciousness, ± insidious physical or intellectual slowing, sleepiness, headache, personality change and unsteadiness. Tx. Irrigation/evacuation e.g. via barr twist drill and barr hole craniostomy 1st line. Craniotomy if the clot organized 2nd line].

A woman came with the complaint of pain in her right arm when she abducts it. She has recently moved to a new house. There is no hx of trauma. Wht is the likely cause of her pain? a. Rupture of the long head of biceps b. Sprain of the acromio-clavicular ligament c. Tendinitis of the abductor sheat d. Supraspinatus tendinitis e. Shoulder dislocation

D. Supraspinatus tendinitis. [Tendinitis and partial tears in the supraspinatus tendon causes a 'painful arc' since as the person elevates his arm sideways, the tendon begins to impinge under the acromion throught the middle part of the arc, and this is usually relieved as the arm reaches 180 degrees (vertical)].

A 17yo boy while playing football got a kick and now he is complaining of severe pain and swelling of the left side of his scrotum. What inv is the most appropriate to dx? a. Needle aspiration of scrotum b. US scrotum c. MSU d. Surgical exploration of scrotum e. Urine test for hematuria

D. Surgcal exploration of scrotum. [This is a case of testicular torsion which needs urgent diagnostic and therapeutic surgical exploration of the scrotum].

A young lady presents with gradually worsening headaches, visual disturbance, and lack of energy. MRI shows 15mm tumor in the pituitary fossa. What is the tx of choice? a. Radiotherapy b. Octreotide c. Reassurance and f/u after 6m d. Surgery e. Chemotherapy

D. Surgery. [Hormonically active tumour, tumour causing pressure symptoms (like headache, visual disturbance) and large size of tumour are indications for surgical removal].

A 1m boy has been brought to the ED, conscious but with cool peripheries and has HR=222bpm. He has been irritable and feeding poorly for 24h. CXR=borderline enlarged heart with clear lung fields. ECG=regular narrow complex tachycardia, with difficulty identifying p wave. What is the single most appropriate immediate tx? a. Administer fluid bolus b. Administer oxygen c. Oral beta-blockers d. Synchronized DC cardio-version e. Unilateral carotid sinus massage

D. Synchrnized DC cardioversion. As the patient is in probable hemodynamic instability (suggested by cool peripheries) so we should go for DC cardioversion. Probable diagnosis is SVT.

A 45yo man has been admitted for an elective hernia surgery. 3d later he presents with agitation, sweating, aggressiveness, and complains of seeing snakes on the hosp wall. Chlordiazepoxide has been started for this pt. What is the most appropriate next step? a. Diazepam b. Acamprosate c. Disulfiram d. Thiamine

D. Thiamine. [Dx is delirium tremens. So following chlordiazepoxide thiamine is the appropriate next step].

A 36yo woman was recently admitted to a psychiatric ward. She believes that the staff and other pts know exactly what she is thinking all the time. What is the most likely symptom this pt is suffering from? a. Thought insertion b. Thought withdrawal c. Thought block d. Though broadcasting e. Hallucination

D. Thought broadcasting.

A pt was complaining of pain within 6h after his appendectomy for gangrenous appendix. What med is the best option for his pain relief? a. IV morphine b. Diclofenac per rectal c. PCA d. Tramadol

D. Tramadol.

64yo woman has been on HRT for 9yrs. She had regular withdrawal bleeds until 3 yrs ago and since then has been taking a no bleed prep. Recently she noticed a brown vaginal discharge. Choose the single most appropriate initial inv? a. Cervical smear b. High vaginal swab c. TFT d. Transvaginal US

D. Transvaginal US. To determine the endometrial thickness! In a postmenopausal woman with vaginal bleeding, the risk of cancer is approximately 7.3% if her endometrium is thick (> 5 mm) and < 0.07% if her endometrium is thin (≤ 5 mm). In postmenopausal women without vaginal bleeding, the risk of cancer is approximately 6.7% if the endometrium is thick (> 11 mm) and 0.002% if the endometrium is thin (≤ 11 mm).

A 24yo woman has had lower abdominal pain for 12h. She is otherwise well. She is at 10wks GA in a planned pregnany. What is the single most appropriate test to inv the cause of acute abdomen in this lady? a. Abdominal US b. Anti-phospholipid screen c. CBC d. Transvaginal US e. Laparoscopy

D. Transvaginal US. [D/D: ectopic pregnancy, renal colic, torsion of ovarian cyst, appendicitis etc. Transvaginal US will give better results in case of lower abdominal pain].

A 75yo lady who had mitral valve replacement 13 yrs ago has developed recurrent breathlessness. Her husband has noticed prominent pulsation in her neck. She complains of abdominal pain and ankle swelling. What is the most probable dx? a. Aortic regurgitation b. Mitral regurgitation c. Mitral stenosis d. Tricuspid regurgitation e. Pulmonary stenosis

D. Tricuspid regurgitation. [Points in favour: i) recurrent breathlessness - if the cause is LV dysfunction, ii) prominent pulsation in the neck - giant v waves, iii) abdominal pain - pain in liver on exertion, ankle swelling; These are features of tricuspid regurgitation. Reference:- OHCM, 9th edition, page- 142].

A 50yo newly dx with HTN complains of urinary freq and dysuria. The urinalysis reveals presence of white cells and protein. Choose the single most appropriate tx? a. Imipramine b. Adjust diuretics c. Vaginal estrogen d. Trimethoprim

D. Trimethoprim. [Symptoms (urinary frequency and dysuria) along with white cells and protein in urine suggest UTI. Treatment is with triethoprim].

A 28yo woman 8wks GA had PID treated prvly and now comes with vaginal bleeding, rigid abdomen, BP=80/50mmHg, pulse=140bpm. What is the most probable dx? a. Threatened abortion b. Miscarriage c. Missed abortion d. Tubal pregnancy e. Inevitable abortion

D. Tubal pregnancy. [Previous PUD is a risk factor for tubal pregnancy].

A 20yo woman has had abdominal pain in the LIF for 6wks duration. Over the past 48h, she has severe abdominal pain and has a fever of 39.1C. Pelvic US shows a complex cystic 7cm mass in the LIF. What is the most likely dx? a. Endometriosis b. Dermoid cyst c. Ovarian ca d. Tubo-ovarian abscess e. Ectopic pregnancy

D. Tubo-ovarian abscess.

An 84yo woman with Alzheimer's dementia has recently become incontinent and more confused than usual. What is the SINGLE most likely dx? a. Detrusor overactivity b. Neuropathic bladder c. Nocturnal enuresis d. UTI e. Uterine prolapse

D. UTI. [In UTI there may be incontinence of urine and confusion].

Post gastric ulcer got perforated leading to bleeding involving the gastro-duodenal artery. Where would fluid accumulate in the cavity? a. Left paracolic gutter b. Pelvic cavity c. First part of duodenum d. Under the diaphragm e. Retroperitoneal

D. Under the diaphragm. [Correct option probably A. Left paracolic gutter].

A man with suspected active TB wants to be treated at home. What should be done to prevent the spread of disease? a. Immediate start of the tx with Anti-TB drugs b. All family members should be immediately vaccinated with BCG vaccine c. Patient should be isolated in a negative pressure chamber in his house d. Universal prevention application protocol

D. Universal prevention application protocol.

A 32yo woman has severe right sided abdominal pain radiating into the groin which has lasted for 3h. She is writhering in pain. She has no abdominal signs. What is the most likely cause of her abdominal pain? a. Appendicitis b. Ruptured ectopic pregnancy c. Salpingitis d. Ureteric colic e. Strangulated hernia

D. Ureteric colic. Ans. 2. It indicate stone at lower ureter. [i) Pain from upper ureteral stones tends to radiate to the flank and lumbar areas. ii) Midureteral calculi cause pain that radiates anteriorly and caudally. This midureteral pain in particular can easily mimic appendicitis on the right or acute diverticulitis on the left. iii) Distal ureteral stones cause pain that tends to radiate into the groin or testicle in the male or labia majora in the female.

A 6m boy is admitted with persistent irritability. He is lethargic and is not feeding as well as usual. His RR=30bpm, sat=97%, temp=38.0C, capillary refill time=2s. Urine reveals leucocytes on dipstick. What is the single inv most likely to lead to dx? a. Blood for C&S b. ESR c. CXR d. Urine for C&S e. CSF analysis

D. Urine for culture and sensitivity. [Dipstick test if show leucocytes or nitrites is suggestive of UTI. So to confirm it we should do urine C&S].

A 35yo man with a hx of schizophrenia is brought to the ER by his friends due to drowsiness. On examination he is generally rigid. A dx of neuroleptic malignant syndrome except: a. Renal failure b. Pyrexia c. Elevated creatinine kinase d. Usually occurs after prolonged tx e. Tachycardia

D. Usually after prolonged tx. [Malignant neuroleptic syndrome usually occurs SOON after start or in increasing dose of antipsychotic drugs! All others mentioned are seen in this syndrome like renal failure, pyrexia, elevated creatinine kinase, tachycardia etc].

A 70yo woman with longstanding anxiety is seen in the OPD. She complains of her heart skipping a beat quite often. This particularly occurs when she is trying to get to sleep. The palpitations are never sustained. What is the most likely rhythm disturbance? a. SVT b. VF c. VT d. V-ectopics e. A-fib

D. V-ectopics. [From the given options the most likely answer is V-ectopics. If it occurs in a normal heart though symptomatic it is benign in nature but if it is secondary to heart disease like MI it may precipitate to more life threatening arrhythmia like ventricular fibrillation].

A 76yo man is in the CCU 2d after an acute MI. He tells you that he had an episode of rapid pounding in the chest lasting for about 2mins. He remains conscious throughout. What is the most likely rhythm? a. SVT b. VF c. VT d. V-ectopics e. A-fib

D. V-ectopics. [Ref: OHCM]

A 32yo man on psychiatric meds presents with coarse tremors and diarrhea. What is the most likely alt to the drug causing the prb? a. Lithium b. Diazepam c. Haloperidol d. Valproate e. Citalopram

D. Valproate. [Diarrhea and coarse tremors are well known side effects of valproate].

An old lady had UTI and was treated with antibiotics. She then developed diarrhea. What is the single most likely tx? a. Co-amoxiclav b. Piperacillin + tazobactam c. Ceftriaxone d. Vancomycin

D. Vancomycin. [Pseudomembranous colitis is treated with metronidazole or vancomycin].

A 22yo says she has taken about 40 tabs of paracetamol 3h ago. Her HR=110bpm, BP=110/80mmHg and RR=22bpm. What's the initial management? a. Activated charcoal b. N-acetyl cysteine c. Gastric lavage d. Wait for 4h paracetamol level

D. Wait for 4h paracetamol level.

A 46yo man is being investigated for indigestion. Jejunal biopsy shows deposition of macrophages containing PAS (Periodic acid-schiff) +ve granules. What is the most likely dx? a. Bacterial overgrowth b. Celiac disease c. Tropical sprue d. Whipple's disease e. Small bowel lymphoma

D. Whipple's disease. [periodic acid-schiff +ve granules containing macrophages in jejuna biopsy is diagnostic of whipples disease].

A 45yo lady complains of expressable galactorrhea, decreased libido and amenorrhea, weight gain and easy fatigue. Her serum prolactin levels are 1100um/l. what is the likely cause of hyperprolactinemia? a. Hypothyroidism b. Stress c. Pregnancy d. Prolactin secreting pituitary tumor e. PCOS

D. Wrong key. Correct key should be A. Hypothyroidism. [ It is likely to be hypothyroidism because prolactin level in hypothyroidism may be 30-200ng/ml which means 630-4200 mIU/L. Though weight gain can occur but fatigue is not a feature of prolactinoma unless it is a macroadenoma causing suppression of other pituitary hormone! given prolactin level of 1100 IU/L is definitely from a microadenoma (in macroadenoma prolactin level is > 10,000 MU/L) which does not cause fatigue. So the case most likely seems to be hypothyroidism].

A 28yo woman comes with sudden onset vomiting and pain per abdomen. Exam: mobile swelling in the right iliac fossa. What is the most probable dx? a. Ectopic pregnancy b. Tubo-ovarian abscess c. Acute appendicitis d. Ovarian torsion e. Diverticulitis

D. [As there is no history of amenorrhea ectopic pregnancy is less likely. So dx is possible ovarian torsion].

An association with HPV is a most characteristic feature of? a. Torus b. Exotosis c. Pleomorphic adenoma d. Verruca vulgaris e. Fibroma f. Epulis fissuratum g. Mucocele h. Pyogenic granuloma i. Parulis j. Ranula

D. [It is most commonly associated with warts or verruca vulgaris].

A 43yo lady is admitted with pyrexia, arthropathy, breathlessness and syncope. She was recently dx with pulmonary emboli. There is an early diastolic sound and a mid-diastolic rumble. Her JVP is elevated with prominent a-waves. What is the most likely cause? a. Mitral regurgitation b. Ventricular ectopics c. Pulmonary regurgitation d. Atrial myxoma e. Complete heart block

D. [Pyrexia, arthropathy, breathlessness, syncope and early diastolic sound and a mid diastolic rumble are known features of atrial myxoma].

A 52yo man has a painful, red, photophobic right eye with slightly blurred vision and watering for 3days. He has had no such episodes in the past. On slit lamp examination there are cells and flare in the ant chamber and pupil is sluggish to react. What is the single most appropriate clinical dx? a. Acute close-angle glaucoma b. Acute conjunctivitis c. Acute dacrocystitis d. Acute iritis e. Corneal foreign body

D. acute iritis. [In iritis there is flares and cells in anterior chamber. In iritis pupil may be irregular but in angle closure glaucoma pupil is slightly dilated and oval in shape. In iritis there is no halo around light but in glaucoma there is halo around light].

A 23yo man comes with 2d hx of sticky greenish discharge from the eyes with redness. What is the single most appropriate option? a. Iris b. Ciliary body c. Cornea d. Conjunctivitis e. Sclera

D. conjunctivitis. [Bacterial conjunctivitis can cause sticky greenish discharge].

A 66yo man has renal colic. He has also presented with acute onset pain in his knee in the past. What is the single most likely cause for renal failure? a. SLE associated GN b. Hypercalcemia c. HTN d. Hyperuricemia e. Hyperoxaluria

D. hyperuricemia. [Knee pain is due to gout and renal colic may occur from uric acid stone (urate stone)].

A young child, 3yo, has presented with vomiting for 3d. Exam: mild-mod dehydration. What is his ABG profile likely to show? a. pH low, PCO2 low b. pH low, PCO2 high c. pH high, PCO2 low d. pH high, PCO2 high

D. pH high, PCO2 high. [Prolonged vomiting causes loss of H+, Cl- and Na+. There is also hypokalemia. There occur metabolic alkalosis. Compensation for metabolic alkalosis occurs mainly in the lungs, which retain carbon dioxide (CO2) through slower breathing, or hypoventilation (respiratory compensation) leading to high PCO2].

A 60yo male is admitted with a 2d hx of lower abdominal pain and marked vomiting. On examination he has abdominal swelling, guarding and numerous audible bowel sounds. What is the likely dx? a. Gallstone ileus b. Ischemic colitis c. Large bowel obstruction d. Sigmoid volvulus e. Small bowel obstruction

D: sigmoid volvulus [History is not suggestive of ischemic colitis. There are no bowel sounds heard in gallstone ileus. Small bowel obstruction causes central abdominal pain, So given features with lower abdominal pain makes it more likely to be sigmoid volvulus].

A pt comes with weight loss and sleep disturbance has mild depression. He has a hx of MI. What is the single most appropriate tx? a. Diazepam b. ECT c. Imipramine d. Lithium e. Antipsychotics

Diazepam

A 60yo man is brought to the ED in an agitated state. He is lashing out violently. Which drug in low dosage due to its relative lack of autonomic side effects is a drug of choice in the tx of agitation in this pt? a. Haloperidol b. Diazepam c. Fluoxetine d. Clozapine e. Chlorpromazine

Diazepam. [Haloperidol has autonomic side effects].

A 67yo male presents with polyuria and nocturia. His BMI=33, urine culture = negative for nitrates. What is the next dx inv? a. PSA b. Urea, creat and electrolytes c. MSU culture and sensitivity d. Acid fast urine test e. Blood sugar

E. Blood sugar. [Age at presentation and class1 obesity favours the diagnosis of type2 DM].

A young girl who is known to have T1DM presented with drowsiness and deep breathing. Her sugar level=20. Her BP=120/80mmHg and her mucous membranes are dry. What would be the next appropriate step? a. Serum urea b. Blood culture c. CT d. HbA1c e. ABG

E ABG. [Likely diagnosis is DKA where ABG is done to demonstrate acidosis].

A 40yo male with pre-existing glumerulonephritis having proteinuria and hematuria suddenly deteriorates and presents with oliguria and serum K+=7.8mmol/L, urea=13mmol/L, creat=342mmol/L, GFR=19mL/h. The best management would be? a. Calcium supplement b. Calcium resonate enema 30g c. 10units insulin with 50% dextrose d. Nebulized salbutamol e. 10ml of 10% calcium gluconate f. Hemodialysis urgent

E. 10 ml of 10% calcium gluconate. Ans. 2. To prevent cardiac arrhythmia. [Actually calcium gluconate neither shifts K+ to cells nor reduces serum K+ level that much. It just prevents cardiac arrest or life threatening cardiac arrhythmia and buys time till definitive measures are taken].

An 87yo woman with a hx of HTN has acute breathlessness. She has a RR=32bpm, widespread lung crackles, pulse=120bpm, BP=160/90mmHg and elevated venous pressure. Her peripheral O2 sat=85%. What is the single most appropriate initial management? a. IV antibiotics b. IV furosemide c. Nitrate infusion d. Neb. Salbutamol e. 100% oxygen

E. 100% oxygen. [Most appropriate initial management is E. 100% oxygen.Oxygen saturation is low. So we have to give oxygen initially].

A woman has widespread metastasis from a carcinoma. She presented with severe back pain. Where do you expect the cancer to be? a. Lungs b. Cervix c. Ovary d. Uterus e. Breast

E. Breast. [In female breast and lung cancer and in male prostate and lung cancer are most common to metastasize to bone].

A 65yo man had a bowel resection 5d ago. He is anuric and breathless. His BP=150/110mmHg. He has crackles at both lung bases and sacral edema. Bloods: K+=6.8mmol/l, urea=58mmol/l, creatinine=600umol/l. What is the single most appropriate immediate management? a. Bolus of 20U insulin b. Calcium resonium enema c. Dextrose-saline infusion d. 5% dextrose infusion e. 10U insulin, 50ml of 50% dextrose infusion

E. 10U insulin, 50ml of 50% dextrose infusion. [There is renal failure with hyperkalemia. First we have to save heart from arrest or life threatening arrhythmia by shifting K+ into cell. 10U insulin in 50 ml 50% dextrose will help doing this].

A 65yo HTN man presents with lower abdominal pain and back pain. An expansive abdominal mass is palpated lateral and superior to the umbilicus. What is the single most discriminating inv? a. Laparascopy b. KUB XR c. Pelvic US d. Rectal exam e. Abdominal US

E. Abdominal US. The diagnosis is Abdominal aortic aneurism. Points in favour of AAA are i) hypertension ii) abdominal pain iii) back pain iv) expansile abdominal mass lateral and superior to the umbilicus.

A 37yo woman presents with heavy bleeding. Inv show subserosal fibroid=4cm and intramural fibroid=6cm. Which is the most appropriate tx? a. UAE b. Abdominal hysterectomy c. Hysteroscopic Myomectomy d. Vaginal Hysterectomy e. Abdominal myomectomy

E. Abdominal myomectomy. [As patient is young we should go for myomectomy. As hysteroscopic myomectomy is suitable for mainly submucosal fibroids. We should go for Abdominal myomectomy which will deal with both subserosal and intramural fibroids].

A 70yo man presents with acutely painful, pale paralysed and pulseless left leg. He is noted to have a-fib. What is the most probable dx? a. Intermittent claudication b. Cardiovascular syphilis c. Buerger's disease d. Chronic limb ischemia e. Acute limb ischemia

E. Acute limb ischemia. [AF may be the cause of thrombus leading to embolic acute limb ischemia].

A pt had TIA which he recovered from. He has a hx of stroke and exam shows HR in sinus rhythm. He is already on aspirin 75mg and anti-HTN drugs. What other action should be taken? a. Add clopidogrel only b. Increase dose of aspirin to 300mg c. Add warfarin d. Add clopidogrel and statin e. Add statin only

E. Add statin only. [He who is already on aspirin need no change in aspirin dose. Clopidogrel or warfarine is not indicated. Correct option is add statin only].

A 24yo woman is afraid to leave her house as whenever she goes out, she tends to have SOB and sweating. She has stopped going out except with her husband. What is the most likely dx? a. Social phobia b. Claustrophobia c. Depression d. Panic disorder e. Agoraphobia

E. Agoraphobia. [Agoraphobia: Extreme or irrational fear of open or public places].

A 7yo child presented with chronic cough and is also found to be jaundiced on examination. What is the most likely dx? a. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia b. Congenital cystic adenematoid malformation c. Bronchiolitis d. RDS e. Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency

E. Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency. Unexplained liver disease with respiratory symptoms are very suggestive of AATD.

A 7yo presented with chronic cough and is also found to be jaundiced on exam. What is the most likely dx? a. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia b. Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation c. Bronchiolitis d. RDS e. Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency

E. Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency. [In those with unexplained liver disease with or without respiratory symptoms should be evaluated for AATD].

A 75yo man who has DM and HTN experiences acute monocular blindness which resolves after 1h. What is the most likely dx? a. GCA b. Optic neuritis c. Lacunar infarct d. Pontine hemorrhage e. Amaurosis fugax

E. Amourosis fugax.

A young girl returns from holidays in Spain. She complains of discharge from her ear and complains of tragal tenderness. Exam: tympanic membance normal. Aural toilet has been done. What is the next appropriate med? a. Antibiotic PO b. Antibiotic IV c. Steroid PO d. Steroid drop e. Antibiotic drop with steroid

E. Antibiotic drop with steroid. [Discharge from ear and tragal tenderness are features of otitis externa. Key treatment is aural toileting. Drop advised is Sofradex (Framycetin + dexamethasone) OHCS, 9th edition, page 542].

A 37 yo man who has many convictions and has been imprisoned many times has a hx of many unsuccessful relationships. He has 2 boys but doesn't contact them. What is the most probable dx? a. Borderline personality disorder b. Schizophrenia c. Avoidant personality disorder d. Histrionic personality disorder e. Antisocial behavior disorder

E. Antisocial behavior disorder. [Antisocial personality disorder is a particularly challenging type of personality disorder, characterised by impulsive, irresponsible and often criminal behavior].

A 27yo female was brought to the ED by her friend from a movie theatre. She complains of sudden severe pain in the eye followed by vomiting and also was seeing colored halos. She gives a past hx of recurrent headaches which used to resolve spontaneously. Exam: fixed, dilated ovoid pupil seen. What is the first inv? a. CT head b. MRI orbits c. Blood culture and sensitivity d. Toxicology screen e. Applanation tonometry

E. Applanation tonometry. [Darkness can cause dilatation of pupil (which occurred in the darkness of theatre room) which (halfway dilatation) most often precipitate acute attack of angle closure glaucoma and the test to diagnose this is applanation tonometry].

A 40yo woman presents to the GP with low mood. Of note, she has an increased appetite and has gone up 2 dress sizes. She also complains that she can't get out of bed until the afternoon. What is the most likely dx? a. Pseudo depression b. Moderate depression c. Severe depression d. Dysthymia e. Atypical depression

E. Atypical depression. [Atypical depression is a subtype of major depression or dysthymic disorder that involves several specific symptoms, including increased appetite or weight gain, sleepiness or excessive sleep, marked fatigue or weakness, moods that are strongly reactive to environmental circumstances, and feeling extremely sensitive to rejection].

A 74yo lady who has had a stroke in the past has an indwelling catheter for 10m. She presents with bluish-purple discoloration of the catheter bag. What is the most likely explanation for this? a. Normal change b. Catheter degradation c. Acidic urine d. Alkaline urine e. Bacterial colonization of the urinary tract

E. Bacterial colonization of the urinary tract. [Purple Urine Bag Syndrome].

An 89yo man presents with carcinoma of posterior oropharynx. Which is the single most appropriate LN involved? a. Pre-aortic LN b. Aortic LN c. Submental LN d. Submandibular LN e. Deep cervical LN

E. Deep cervical LN.

A 6wk child is very sick-looking. Bloods: Na+=124, K+=2.8. Dehydrated. What would you choose to resuscitate? a. 0.18% NS + 4% dextrose + 20mmol KCl b. 0.9% NS c. 0.45% NS d. 0.45% NS + 5% dextrose e. 0.45% NS + 5% dextrose + 20 mmol KCl

E. But it is wrong key! The correct key is B. 0.9% NS. Explanation: Rsuscitation is mostly done with 0.9% NS or ringers lactate, or hartmans solution. Here is hypokalemia. To treat hypokalaemia the cut off value is below 2.5 mmol/L and absence of anuria during resuscitation. Maintenance is with fluid E.

A 46yo African-Caribbean man is found to have BP=160/90mmHg on 3 separate occasions. What is the best initial tx? a. ACEi b. Beta-blockers c. ARBs d. None e. CCB

E. CCB. [If age less than 55 years but Afro-Caribbean origin then CCB].

A 3yo girl presents with fever for 2d. She is drowsy and had a seizure causing twitching of the right side of the body for 4mins. Her RR=30bpm, sat=90%, temp=38.9C, capillary refill time=2s. Urine negative on dipstick. What is the single inv most likely to lead to dx? a. Blood for C&S b. ESR c. CXR d. Urine for C&S e. CSF analysis

E. CSF analysis. [It is really very difficult to differentiate between encephalitis and meningitis. Encephalitis is mostly viral and in UK herpes simplex virus is the main cause. Meningitis also has a viral predominance though less than encephalitis. Because encephalitis involves infection of the brain itself, symptoms of altered brain function--like confusion or decreased alertness--are usually present, while in cases of meningitis the patient is initially alert and, though understandably distracted by pain and misery, still in command of their mental processes. As CSF can not differentia between meningitis and encephalitis we have to take help of imaging like MRI. In herpes simplex encephalitis there is characteristic hyperintensity in fronto-temporal region. In the given case there are features of raised intracranial pressure like drowsiness and seizer and so we cannot proceed for LP unless guided by CT (or MRI). On the other hand there is no other option that can be diagnostic of the given condition. So we have to happy with CSF analysis as the key though at this moment we have to withheld this procedure].

A 68yo man gets repeated attacks of LOC and TIA. What is the most likely cause for this? a. Atrial fib b. Mitral stenosis c. Aortic stenosis d. HOCM e. Carotid artery stenosis

E. Carotid artery stenosis.

A 54yo man after a CVA presents with ataxia, intention tremors and slurred speech. Which part of the brain has been affected by the stroke? a. Inner ear b. Brain stem c. Diencephalon d. Cerebrum e. Cerebellum

E. Cerebellum. Ans. 2. i) Ataxia ii) slurred speech or dysarthria iii) dysdiodokokinesis iv) intention tremor v) nystagmus.

A 66yo man, an hour after hemicolectomy has an urine output of 40ml. However, an hour after that, no urine seemed to be draining from the catheter. What is the most appropriate next step? a. IV fluids b. Blood transfusion c. Dialysis d. IV furosemide e. Check catheter

E. Check catheter.

A schizophrenic says: life is unfair. I like fairs. Fairs have food. It must be good. What term describes this pt's speech? a. Neologism b. Flight of ideas c. Broc1a's aphasia d. Wernicke's aphasia e. Clang association

E. Clang association. [The rhymic use of words as described is known as clanging or clang association often seen in schizophrenia].

A 44yo woman complains of heavy bleeding per vagina. Transvaginal US was done and normal. Which of the following would be the most appropriate inv for her? a. Hysterectomy b. Endometrial biopsy c. CBC d. High vaginal swab e. Coagulation profile

E. Coagulation profile. [Transvaginal US is normal i.e. no endometrial hyperplasia, no fibroid or obvious cause for heavy bleeding was found. So now most appropriate investigation should be coagfulation profile].

All the following drugs do not cause bronchoconstriction except? a. Atenolol b. Salbutamol c. Salmetrol d. Ipratropium bromide e. Cocaine

E. Cocaine. [Atenolol is a cardioselective beta blocker with negligible bronchoconstriction effect while cocaine is a potent bronchoconstrictor

An 8m infant presented with FTT and constipation. Exam: large tongue and fam hx of prolonged neonatal jaundice. What is the most likely dx? a. Downs syndrome b. Fragile X syndrome c. Praderwilli syndrome d. DiGeorge syndrome e. Congenital hypothyroidism

E. Congenital hypothyroidism. Ans. 2. Points in fevour:i) FTT (failure to thrive) ii) constipation iii) macroglossia iv) prolonged neonatal jaundice.

At birth, a baby boy at 38wks GA weighs 1.8kgs. He has hepato-splenomegaly and a rash. Blood test show raised level of bilirubin and liver enzymes. What is the most likely dx? a. Galactosemia b. Biliary atresia c. G6PD deficiency d. Rh incompatibility e. Congenital viral infection

E. Congenital viral infection. [Congenital infections affect the unborn fetus or newborn infant. They are generally caused by viruses that may be picked up by the baby at any time during the pregnancy up through the time of delivery. The more common viruses linked to congenital infections include the Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Herpes, Rubella (German measles), Parvovirus, Varicella (chickenpox), and Enteroviruses].

A 25yo woman presents with a single lump in the breast and axilla. The lump is mobile and hard in consistency. The US, mammogram and FNA turn out to be normal. What is the most appropriate inv to confirm the dx? a. FNAC b. MRI c. Punch biopsy d. Genetic testing and counselling e. Core biopsy

E. Core biopsy. [The lump is suspicious but US, mammogram and FNA turn out to be normal. So most appropriate investigation to confirm diagnosis is core biopsy. It is often the preferred biopsy method because it is accurate and does not involve surgery].

A 50yo man with a known hx of stroke is unable to get out of his house because he can't find where the door is. He refuses help from his wife and says he is not blind. What is the single most likely defect? a. Paracentral scotoma b. Tunnel vision c. Total blindness d. Central scotoma e. Cortical blindness

E. Cortical blindness. [Cortical blindness is the total or partial loss of vision in a normal- appearing eye caused by damage to the brain's occipital cortex. Rarely, a patient with acquired cortical blindness may have little or no insight that they have lost vision, a phenomenon known as Anton- Babinski syndrome].

A 25yo woman presents with urinary freq, dysuria and fever. Urine microscopy shows 20-50 RBC and 10-20 WBC in each field. What is the most probable dx? a. Schistosmiasis b. Kidney trauma c. Ureteric calculus d. Bladder calculi e. Cystitis

E. Cystitis. [Hematuria and significant WBC in urine (>10 per HPF) makes cystitis the most likely diagnosis].

A 36yo man walks into a bank and demands money claiming he owns the bank. On being denied, he goes to the police station to report this. What kind of delusions is he suffering from? a. Delusion of reference b. Delusion of control c. Delusion of guilt d. Delusion of persecution e. Delusion of grandeur

E. Delusion of grandeur.

64yo man believes a female newscaster is communicating directly with him when she turns a page. What kind of delusions is he suffering from? a. Persecutory b. Control c. Grandeur d. Nihilistic e. Reference

E. Delusion of reference. [Delusions of reference - A neutral event is believed to have a special and personal meaning. For example, a person with schizophrenia might believe a billboard or a celebrity is sending a message meant specifically for them].

A 30yo man from Australia returned from a business trip to Indonesia 6d ago presenting with complaints of fever, joint and muscle ache and headache, in particular behind the eye for the past 2 days. What is the most probable dx? a. Malaria b. Chicken pox c. TB d. Lyme's disease e. Dengue

E. Dengue. [Fever, arthralgia, myalgia, headache these are common in dengue fever. Particularly retro-orbital pain is well recognized feature of dengue fever].

A 32yo female with axillary freckles and café au lait spots wants to know the chances of her child also having similar condition. a. 1:2 b. 1:4 c. No genetic link d. 1:16 e. Depends on the genetic make up of the partner

E. Depends on genetic make up of the partner. [Depends on the make up of the partner, ideally it's 1:2 since it's autosomal dominant with complete penetrance but if the patients spouse also has neurofibromatosis, it raises it to at least 75% with a possible 100%].

A girl with sickle cell anemia has painful bleeding and vaso-occlusive crisis during her periods. What is the best possible management for this pt? a. COCP b. Tranexamic acid c. Copper IUS d. UAE e. Depot provera

E. Depot provera. [Hormone and barrier methods are all acceptable choices but intrauterine devices are not recommended, as they may be associated with uterine bleeding and infection. Depot contraceptive (Depo-Provera®) is safe and has been found to improve the blood picture and reduce pain crises].

A 70yo woman is admitted with diarrhea, vomiting and dehydration. Exam: yellow visual halos in her eyes, ECG=bradycardia. She has a hx of chronic A-fib. Which drug causes the above mentioned side effects? a. Nifedipine b. Ramipril c. Atenolol d. Lithium e. Digoxin

E. Digoxin. [Digoxin toxicity causes diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, xanthopsia (yellow halos around light), bradicardia. History of atrial fibrillation is also a clue of digoxin use].

What is the most appropriate antibiotic to treat uncomplicated chlamydial infection in a 21yo female who isn't pregnant? a. Erythromycin b. Ciprofloxacin c. Metronidazole d. Cefixime e. Doxycycline

E. Doxycicline. [Doxycycline 100 mg twice-daily for seven days or a single dose of 1 g of azithromycin or Erythromyin 500 mg twice daily for 14 days or four times daily for seven days or Ofloxacin 200 mg twice-daily or 400 mg once-daily for 7 days. In pregnant Azithromycine 1g single dose is recommended then erythromycin 500 mg twice daily for fourteen days or four times daily for seven days. Then amoxicillin 500 mg three times daily for 7 days.].

A 48yo man has continuous ant chest pain which is worse on inspiration and has temp of 37.5C since 4wks after a MI. His ESR=45mm/h. What is the single most likely explanation for the abnormal inv? a. Acute pericarditis b. Cardiac tamponade c. Atrial thrombus d. Left ventricular aneurysm e. Dressler syndrome

E. Dressler syndrome. [Dressler syndrome usually occurring two to five weeks after the initial event but it can be delayed for as long as three months. It is characterised by pleuritic chest pain, low- grade fever and pericarditis].

A 2 yo pt presents with colicky pain which radiates from loin to groin. He complains of similar episodes in the past. Inv has been done and 7mm stone was found in the ureter. What is the most appropriate management? a. Percutaneous nephrolithiotomy b. Open surgery c. Ureteroscopy or laser d. Conservative tx e. ESWL

E. ESWL. Probably a wrong key! The correct key is C. Ureteroscopy or laser. [For 6-16 mm stone in pediatric group ureteroscopy is the treatment of choice. So answer here is C. Ureteroscopy or laser]. Stones < 5mm: pass spontaneously, Increase fluid intake. Stones 5mm-10mm /pain not resolving: medical expulsive therapy---> Nifedipine or Tamsulosin(and/or prednisolone). Stones 10mm-2cm: ESWL or Ureteroscopy using dormia basket. Stones > 2cm/large/multiple/complex: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

A 6wk pregnant woman presents with abdominal pain. She has prv hx of PID. What is the most likely dx? a. Preeclampsia b. DIC c. Placental abruption d. Placental previa e. Ectopic pregnancy f. Missed abortion g. Ectropion

E. Ectopic pregnancy. [H/O PID is a recognized cause of ectopic pregnancy. Also pain without bleeding at 6th week support the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy].

A 45yo man is admitted to ED with excruciating pain in the right leg. Exam: limb is pale and dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses are absent. Pulse=88bpm, irregular and he has a pansystolic murmur at apex. What is the most probable dx? a. Thromboangitis Obliterans b. Sciatica c. DVT d. Atherosclerosis e. Embolus

E. Embolus. [Pansystolic murmur at apex indicates mitral regurgitation and irregular pulse indicates AF which can lead to thrombus formation what probably is responsible for this embolus in leg].

A 32yo woman in tears describing constant irritability with her 2 small children and inability to relax. She describes herself as easily startled with poor sleep and disturbed nightmares following a house fire a year ago, while the family slept. What is the single best tx? a. Rassurance b. Relaxation therapy c. Quetiapine d. Lofepramine e. Fluoxetine

E. Fluoxetine. [NICE guidelines suggest that trauma-focussed psychological therapies (CBT or EMDR) should be offered before medication, wherever possible. As these are not in option the best answer here is Fluoxetine (SSRI). At present, there is evidence that EMDR, psychotherapy, behaviour therapy and antidepressants are all effective. There is not enough information for us to say that one of these treatments is better than another]. The diagnosis is post traumatic stress disorder. Ans. 3. Points in favour of PTSD: i) H/O stressor (house fire a year ago) ii) Nightmares of the stressor iii) Hyper arousal (very anxious and inability to relax (leading to irritability) iv) associated depression (poor sleep, tearful). Note: Fluoxetin and peroxetin are the drugs of choice in PTSD. CBT is the non-pharmacological treatment.

A teacher had a respiratory infection for which she was prescribed antibiotics. After the antibiotic course when she rejoined school, she lost her voice completely. What is the single most appropriate dx? a. Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy b. Angioedema c. Laryngeal obstruction by medication d. Laryngitis e. Functional dysphonia/vocal cords

E. Functional dysphonia/vocal cords. [Functional dysphonia is poor voice quality without any obvious anatomical, neurological or other organic difficulties affecting the larynx or voice box. It is often secondary to viral infection].

A 34yo female presents with a foul smelling discharge. What set of organisms are we looking for to be treated here? a. Chlamydia, gonorrhea b. Chlamydia, gardenella c. Chlamydia, gonorrhea, gardenella d. Gonorrhea, gardenella e. Gardenella only

E. Gardenella only. [Here foul smelling discharge is caused by gardenella. So most acceptable answer is E. Gardenella only].

A prv healthy 23yo presented a week hx of bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain with cramps and fever. Exam: tenderness in lower abdomen. What is the most appropriate dx? a. Celiac disease b. Colorectal polyps c. UC d. Laxative abuse e. Gastroenteritis

E. Gastroenteritis. [A short history (one week) of bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain with cramps, fever and tenderness in lower abdomen is indicative of gastroenteritis].

A 25yo male had an injury to the knee while playing football. XR=condylar fx of tibia. What is the single most probable deformity? a. Dinner fork deformity b. Gibbus c. Cubitus valgus d. Garden spade deformity e. Genu valgus

E. Genu valgus.

A 2yo child playing in the garden had a clean cut. She didn't have any vaccinations. Also, there is no contraindication to vaccinations. Parents were worried about the vaccine side effects. What will you give? a. Clean the wound and dress it b. Give TT only c. Give DPT only d. Give DPT and tetanus Ig e. Give complete DPT vaccine course

E. Give complete DPT vaccine course.

A 16yo boy presents with rash on his buttocks and extensor surface following a sore throat. What is the most probable dx? a. Measles b. Bullous-pemphigoig c. Rubella d. ITP e. HSP

E. HSP. [In HSP rash typically found in buttocks, legs and feets and may also appear on the arms, face and trunk. But in ITP it mostly occurs in lower legs. HSP usually follow a sorethroat and ITP follow viral infection like flue or URTI. HSP is a vasculitis while ITP is deficiency of platelets from more destruction in spleen which is immune mediated].

A child has just recovered from meningitis. What inv will you do before discharge? a. CT scan b. EEG c. Blood culture d. Repeat LP e. Hearing test

E. Hearing test. [deafness is a common complication of meningitis, so hearing test is suggested before discharge].

A 38yo pt presented with tingling, numbness, paraesthesia, resp stridor and involuntary spasm of the upper extremities. She has undergone surgery for thyroid carcinoma a week ago. What is the most likely dx? a. Thyroid storm b. Hyperparathyroidism c. Unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury d. External laryngeal nerve injury e. Hypocalcemia

E. Hypocalcaemia. Hypocalcaemia may be due to accidental parathyroid gland removal during thyroidectomy. Laryngospasm is a feature in hypocalcaemia which may cause stridor.

A 19yo man has been happier and more positive than usual, with more energy than he has ever felt before for no particular reason. He has been getting more work done at the office today and has been socializing with his friends as usual. What is the most likely dx? a. Atypical depression b. Marked depression c. Bipolar syndrome d. Psychosis e. Hypomania

E. Hypomania. i) elevated mood ii) more energy than before iii) getting more work done at the office (loss of inhibition). These features are common for both mania and hypomania!! Then why it is not mania? It is not mania as in mania you will get psychotic symptoms like i) delusion of grandeur ii) auditory hallucinations, which are absent here!

A 32yo presents with heavy blood loss, US: uterine thickness>14mm. What is the most appropriate tx for her? a. Mefenemic acid b. COCP c. POP d. IUCD e. IU system (mirena)

E. IU system (mirena). [Simple endometrial hyperplasia without atypia responds to high- dose progestogens, with repeat histology after three months. This can be effectively delivered by the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (IUS). Source: patient.info].

A 6wk child with profuse projectile vomiting. What is the first thing you will do? a. US b. Check serum K+ level c. ABG d. NG tube e. IV fluids

E. IV fluid. [We shall resuscitate first with normal saline].

A pregnant woman of G2, GA 11wks presents with heavy vomiting, headache and reduced urine output. Urine analysis shows ketonuria. Choose the next best step? a. US b. Oral fluid replacement c. Serum BHCG d. Parental anti-emetics e. IV fluids

E. IV fluids. [Hyperemesis gravidarum with oliguria and ketonuria. IV fluid should be started to prevent renal failure].

A woman who is 7wks pregnant presents with excessive and severe vomiting and put on IV fluids and anti-emetic (ondansteron). She is complaining of severe headache and can't take oral fluids. What is the most appropriate management? a. Termination of pregnancy b. TPN c. Feeds via NGT d. P6 acupressure e. IV hydrocortisone

E. IV hydrocortisone. [Termination is the last resort! Before it IV hydrocortisone is tried. 1st oral antiemetics if fail perenteral antiemetics if fail iv hydrocortisone. Last resort is termination].

A pt with prv hx of HTN, the membranes have ruptured and the cervix is 3cm dilated. 4h later on examination showed that the cervix was still 3cm dilated. What is the single most appropriate management for her labor? a. Repeat vaginal examination in 4h b. CTG c. C-section d. External rotation e. IV syntocin drip

E. IV syntocinon drip. [There is no progress of labour in 4 hours. Hence syntocinon drip should be given].

A primiparous woman with no prv infection with herpes zoster is 18wk pregnant. She had recent contact with a young 21yo pt having widespread chicken pox. What is the most suitable management for the pregnant lady? a. Acyclovir PO b. Acyclovir IV +IVIG c. Acyclovir IV d. Reassure e. IVIG

E. IVIg. [If the pregnant woman is not immune to VZV and she has had a significant exposure, she should be offered varicella-zoster immunoglobulin (VZIG) as soon as possible. VZIG is effective when given up to 10 days after contact (in the case of continuous exposures, this is defined as 10 days from the appearance of the rash in the index case). RCOG guideline].

A woman presents with a hx of poisoning 10x with different substances. There are no obvious signs of depression or suicidal behavior. What is the best preventive step? a. Open access to ED b. 24h help line c. CBT d. Anti-depressants e. Insight into problem

E. Insight into problem. [Patient is not depressed and there is no suicidal behaviour. Despite repeated poisoning may indicate she is facing some stress and so insight into her problem should be sought for].

A 23yo man comes to the ED with a hx of drug misuse. He recognizes that he has a prb and is willing to see a psychiatrist. Which of the following terms best describes this situation? a. Judgement b. Thought insertion c. Thought block d. Mood e. Insight

E. Insight. [in psychiatry, the patient's awareness and understanding of the origins and meaning of his attitudes, feelings, and behavior and of his disturbing symptoms (self-understanding) is known as insight].

A 5yo boy is rescued from a burning building and is presented to the ED. He has 5% partial thickness burns over the arms and legs and had soot in the mouth and nose. His breathing has become noisy. What is the single most immediate management? a. Nebulized adrenaline b. Nebulized salmetarol and oxygen c. Needle cricothyrodotomy d. Oropharyngeal airway e. Intubation of airway

E. Intubation of airway. [Soot in the mouth and nose and noisy breathing occurs in inhalation injury where intubation of the airway is indicated].

A young tall man and his wife are trying for babies and present at the infertility clinic. On inv the man has primary infertilitiy and azoopermia. What other inv should be done? a. Testosterone b. LSH c. FSH d. Estradiol e. Karyotyping

E. Karyotyping. [The likely diagnosis is Klinefelter's syndrome for which Karyotyping should be done to make the diagnosis established].

A 50yo man complains of being pursued by the police for a crime he denies committing. He has poor concentration and impaired short-term memory. He admits to drinking large amounts of alcohol for the last 20yrs. What is the most probable dx? a. Dementia b. Hallucination c. Wernicke's encephalopathy d. Schizophrenia e. Korsakoff psychosis

E. Korsakoff psychosis. [Dementia, i.e. short term memory loss is seen in korsakoff psychosis].

A 73yo man who was a smoker has quit smoking for the past 3yrs. He now presents with hoarseness of voice and cough since past 3wks. XR: mass is visible in the mediastinum. What is the best inv to confirm the dx? a. Bronchoscopy b. Thoracoscopy c. US d. CT thorax e. LN biopsy

E. LN biopsy.

A 45yo man with posterior gastric ulcer presented with severe excruciating pain which subsided after conservative treatment. 10 days later he developed swinging pyrexia. US shows a collection in the peritoneum. What will be the most likely location of the collection? a. Hepatorenal puch b. Left paracolic gutter c. Subphrenic d. Pelvic cavity e. Lesser sac

E. Lesser sac.

A 45yo man presented with pruritic purple papules on the flexor surface of his wrist and some white lacy markings on his buccal mucosa. What is the single most likely causative factor? a. ALL b. Lymphoma c. Polycythemia d. IDA e. Lichen planus

E. Lichen planus. [White lacy pattern of lesion is characteristic of lichen planus].

An 18yo female just received her A-Level results and she didn't get into the university of her choice. She was brought into the ED after ingestion of 24 paracetamol tablets. Exam: confused and tired. Initial management has been done. Inv after 24h: normal CBC, ABG = pH7.1, PT=17s, Bilirubin=4umol/L, creatinine=83umol/L. What is the next step in management? a. Observation for another 24h b. Refer to psychologist c. Give N-Acetylcysteine d. Discharge with psychiatry referral e. Liver transplantation

E. Liver transplantation. King's College Hospital criteria for liver transplantation in paracetamol-induced acute liver failure. arterial pH <7.3 or arterial lactate >3.0 mmol/L after adequate fluid resuscitation, OR if all three of the following occur in a 24-hour period: Creatinine >300 μmol/L. PT >100 seconds (INR >6.5). Grade III/IV encephalopathy.

A 71yo woman looks disheveled, unkempt and sad with poor eye contact. She has recently lost her husband. Which of the following describes her condition? a. Anxiety b. Hallucination c. Mania d. High mood e. Low mood

E. Low mood.

A 28yo woman has been admitted at 38wks gestation. Her BP=190/120mmHg and proteinuria +++. Immediately following admission she has a grand-mal seizure. What is the single most appropriate initial management? a. Diazepam IV b. Fetal CTG c. Hydralazine IV d. Immediate delivery e. Magnesium sulphate IV

E. Magnesium sulphate IV. [patient has established eclampsia. So she should be treated with Magnesium sulphate as with 4g magnesium sulfate in 100mL 0.9% saline IVI over 5min + maintenance IVI of 1g/h for 24h. Beware depressed respiration. If recurrent seizure give 2g IVI magnesium sulfate over 5 min. Check tendon reflexes and respiratory rate every 15min. Stop magnesium sulfate IVI if respiratory rate <14/min or tendon reflex loss, or urine output <20mL/h]. [OHCS, 9th edition, page 49].

A 19yo female is brought in by her parents. They are concerned about her BMI which is 12. She is satisfied with it. What is the next step? a. Psychiatric referral for admission b. Family counselling c. Social service d. Start antidepo e. Medical admission

E. Medical admission. [The diagnosis is anorexia nervosa. At this critical low BMI medical admission is indicated to improve her deficiency states and proper nutrition. ((BMI <15kg/m2, rapid weight loss + evidence of system failure) requires urgent referral to eating disorder unit (EDU), medical unit (MU) or paediatric medical wards].

A 44yo pt comes with right hemiparesis. Exam: left sided ptosis and left dilated pupil. Where is the lesion? a. Cerebral infarct b. Cerebellar infarct c. Medulla oblongata d. Pons e. Midbrain

E. Midbrain. Weber syndrome [presence of ipsilateral oculomotor nerve palsy and contralateral hemiparesis or hemiplagia].

A pt comes with 6m hx of painless bilateral swelling of the face which has been progressively increasing in size. On routine CXR, he is found to have perihilar lymphadenopathy. What is the most probable dx? a. Chronic sialadenitis b. Thyroid adenoma c. Carcinoma of salivary gland d. Adenoid cystic carcinoma e. Mikulicz's disease

E. Mikulicz's disease. [Mikulicz's disease (MD) is a well-known disorder characterized by enlarged lacrimal and parotid glands caused by infiltration with lymphocytes. When no specific cause is found it is called Mikulicz's disease; and if secondary to disease like sarcoidosis it is termed as Mikulicz's syndrome].

A 5yo boy is referred to the hospital and seen with his father who is worried that he has been listless. He is not sure why his GP suggested he should come to the ED and is keen to get some tablets and go home. Exam: tired and irritable, swelling around eyes. Renal biopsy: remarkable for podocyte fusion on EM. What is the most probable dx? a. NAI b. Myelodysplastic disease c. HSP d. Membranous GN e. Minimal change GN

E. Minimal change glomerulonephritis. [Podocyte fusion on electron microscopy]

A 72yo man has been advised to have antibiotic prophylaxis for some years now before dental tx. He has never experienced chest pain. Three weeks ago, he noticed breathlessness on exertion and for one week he had orthopnea. His pulse is normal. What is the most probable dx? a. Aortic regurgitation b. Ischemic mitral regurgitation c. Mitral valve prolapse d. Pulmonary stenosis e. Mitral valve stenosis

E. Mitral valve stenosis. [Mitral stenosis is the most common valvular complication of rheumatic fever].

A 26yo woman had amenorrhea for 10wks and is pregnant. She experiences hyperemesis. Now she presents with vaginal bleed. Exam: uterus=16wks, closed os. What is the most probable dx? a. Thyrotoxicosis b. Hyperemesis gravidarum c. Twins d. Wrong dates e. Molar pregnancy

E. Molar pregnancy. [In hytaditidiform mole uterus becomes more in size than actual gestational age and due to production of large amount of gonadotrophin by moles patient suffers from severe vomiting i.e. hyperemesis. There also occurs vaginal bleeding].

A 45yo woman presents with complains of abdominal pain and blood in stool. She brings the stool sample from home but has never been able to produce a sample at the hospital. Her urine and blood tests are normal. Exam: multiple scars on the abdomen consistent with laparoscopies and appendectomy. She insists on getting further inv although no abnormalities are found. What is the most likely dx? a. Malingering b. Somatization c. Hypochondriasis d. Conversion disorder e. Munchausen syndrome

E. Munchausen syndrome. [Munchausen syndrome is a psychiatric factitious disorder wherein those affected feign disease, illness, or psychological trauma to draw attention, sympathy, or reassurance to themselves].

A 16yo girl who is normally fit and well attends her GP complaining of heavy and painful periods. She is requesting tx for these complaints. She denies being sexually active. Select the most appropriate management for her menorrhagia? a. Antifibrinolytics (tranexamic acid) b. COCP c. Endometrial ablation d. IUS progestrogens (mirena) e. NSAIDS (mefenamic acid)

E. NSAIDs (mefenamic acid).

A boy was rushed to the ED unconscious after he had taken methadone belonging to the sister. He was given naloxone and he regained consciousness. After a while he started getting drowsy again. What is responsible for his present drop in level of consciousness? a. Naloxone is absorbed faster than methadone b. Methadone is absorbed faster than naloxone c. He has also taken another substance apart from methadone d. The methadone had already caused some brain damage e. Naloxone is eliminated faster than methadone

E. Naloxone is eliminated faster than methadone.

A boy injured his ear during a rugby match. He reported it being painful. Exam: red and tender pinna. Tympanic membrane was normal. What would be the next appropriate step? a. Topical gentamicin b. Oral flucloxacillin c. IV flucloxacillin d. Refer to ENT specialist e. No further intervention needed.

E. No further intervention needed. [As tympanic membrane is normal so this transient inflammation of pinna from injury during rugby match is self limiting which needs no further intervention].

A 29yo woman who was dx to have migraine presents with severe onset of occipital headache. She lost her consciousness. CT=normal. Neurological exam=normal. What is the most appropriate management? a. Repeat CT b. MRI c. LP d. XR e. No inv required

E. No investigation required. The diagnosis is basilar migraine. Points in favour i) history of migraine ii) severe occipital headache iii) LOC iv) CT normal v) neurological examination is normal.

A 5yo boy was brought to GP with high temp and many vesicles on his back. What is the most appropriate management? a. Topic acyclovir b. Oral acyclovir c. Oral antibiotics d. Topical steroids e. None

E. None. [A case of chickenpox. None of the given treatment is used in chickenpox. Symptomatic treatment like, acetaminophen if fever, antihistamine and calamine lotion is given].

A 73yo male presents with a 12m hx of falls. His relatives have also noticed rather strange behavior of late and more recently he has had episodes of enuresis. Exam: disorientation to time and place, broad-based, clumsy gait. What is the most probable dx? a. Dementia b. Pituitary adenoma c. CVD d. Syringomyelia e. Normal pressure hydrocephalus

E. Normal pressure hydrocephalus. [hx of falls and broad based clumsy gait (balance and gait disturbance), strange behavior and disorientation to time and place (due to dementia), episodes of enuresis (urinary incontinence) points towards normal pressure hydrocephalus. Classic triad of normal pressure hydrocephalus: i) gait abnormality ii) urinary incontinence and iii) dementia].

A pt presents with longstanding gastric reflux, dysphagia and chest pain. On barium enema, dilation of esophagus with tapering end is noted. He was found with Barrett's esophagus. He had progressive dysphagia to solids and then liquids. What is the single most appropriate dx? a. Achalasia b. Esophageal spasm c. GERD d. Barrett's esophagus e. Esophageal carcinoma

E. Oesophageal carcinoma. [there is dilatation in oesophagus which is seen both in achalasia and carcinoma. Dysphagia to solid initaially is very much suggestive of carcinoma and also barrett's change is a clue to carcinoma]

A 22yo man says that he can hear the voice of his deceased uncle telling him that he is being spied on. The pt is distressed by this becoming low in mood and anxious and has not left the house for 2wks. He is starting to drink increasing quantities of alcohol. He is noticed to have thought-block and passivity phenomena. What is the single most suitable med to treat his symptom? a. Diazepam b. Disulfiram c. Fluoxetine d. Lithium e. Olanzapine

E. Olanzapine. [Auditory hallucination, social withdrawal, thought block are features of schizophrenia. So olanzapine is the drug to be prescribed from the given option].

A pt whose pain is not relieved by oral codeine. What is the best management? a. Oral oxycodone b. Co-codamol c. PCA d. IV morphine e. Oral morphine

E. Oral morphine.

A 48yo woman who has been taking medications for asthma for a long time has now presented with decreasing vision. What is the most probable cause for her decrease in vision? a. Inhaled salbutamol b. Inhaled steroids c. Aminophylline d. Beta-blockers e. Oral steroids

E. Oral steroid. Ans. 2. Prolonged steroid use leads to cataract formation.

A couple attends their GP because of marital problems. The wife states that her husband is having affairs although she has no proof of this. The husband states that she even had him followed by a private detective and this is putting considerable strain on their marriage. What is the most likely dx? a. Fregoli syndrome b. Cotard syndrome c. Mood disorder d. Ekbom syndrome e. Othello syndrome

E. Othello syndrome. [Othello syndrome is delusion of infidelity (cheating, adultery, or having an affair) of a spouse or partner].

A 50yo man has had hoarseness of voice and drooping eyelid for 2m. a mass is palpable in the right supraclavicular fossa. He smokes 20 cigarettes/day for the last 30yrs. What is the most likely dx? a. Carcinoma larynx b. Carcinoma thyroid c. Carcinoma right bronchus d. Mesothelioma e. Pancoast tumor

E. Pancoast tumour. [Hoarseness of voice is due to compression of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, ptosis due to compression of the sympathetic ganglion, palpable mass in right supraclavicular fossa due to involvement of the supraclavicular lymph node. History of smoking and given picture indicates the diagnosis of Pancoast tumour].

A young man has been found in the park, drunk and brought to the ED by ambulance. He recently lost his job and got divorced. He thinks nurses are plotting against him. What is the most likely dx? a. Schizoid personality b. Borderline personality c. Schizophrenia d. Psychotic depression e. Paranoid

E. Paranoid personality disorder. [Patients disease (Paranoid personality disorder) is responsible for his divorce and loss of job. Suspiciousness to wife is reason for divorce].

A 6m baby had LOC after which he had jerky movement of hands and feet. What is the most probable dx? a. Infantile spasm b. Absence c. Partial simple seizure d. Atonic seizure e. Partial complex

E. Partial complex. [In partial simple seizer there is no LOC (loss of consciousness). Infantile spasm though may be associated with occasional LOC but its nature is more generalized rather than the focal nature described here. So the likely option is E. Partial complex seizure].

A 58yo lady presented with urinary incontinence. She looks anxious for her condition. Urine culture is sterile. Her urodynamic study is normal. What is the next step? a. Antibiotics b. Topical estrogen c. Systemic estrogen d. Duloxetine e. Pelvic floor exercise

E. Pelvic floor exercise.

A 52yo man known DM presents to ED with sudden onset of pain in the left loin and hematuria. Inv: 8mm stone in left lower ureter. Nifedipine with steroids was prescribed as initial tx with supportive therapy. He returned complaining of worsening pain, vomiting with passing of 2 stones. Renal function tests indicate impending ARF. How will you manage this pt? a. Continue same tx b. Start alpha blocker c. ESWL d. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy e. Percutaneous nephrostomy f. Open surgery

E. Percutaneous nephrostomy. [Percutaneous nephrostomy, or nephropyelostomy, is an interventional procedure that is used mainly in the decompression of the renal collecting system. Percutaneous nephrostomy catheter placement has been the primary option for the temporary drainage of an obstructed collecting system. Here impending ARF indicates obstructive uropathy].

A 35yo male builder presented with sudden onset of severe abdominal pain. He was previously fit and well other than taking ibuprofen for a long term knee injury. On examination he is in severe pain, pulse=110bpm, BP=110/70mmHg and has a rigid abdomen. What is the most likely dx? a. Biliary peritonitis b. Ischemic colon c. Pancreatic necrosis d. Perforated diverticulum e. Perforated peptic ulcer

E. Perforated peptic ulcer. [NSAIDs induced perforation. Points in favour- 1. Prolonged use of NSAIDs, 2. Sudden onset of severe abdominal pain, 3. Rigid abdomen].

An elderly lady with COPD has chronic SOB. She is listed for cataract extraction. What is the anaesthetic of choice? a. Facial nerve block b. Bupivacaine infiltration of the peri-orbital skin c. IV midazolam d. Peribulbar acupuncture e. Peribulbar lignocaine infiltration f. Topical xylocaine g. IV alfentanil h. Epidural anesthesia i. General anesthesia j. Retrobulbar xylocaine Inj

E. Peribulbar lignocaine. [The most used mode of anaesthesia in ophthalmic feild is peribulbar lignocaine].

A 4yo boy complains of pain around his right eye. He is unwell, febrile and also suffers from pain on the right side of his face. What is the most probable dx? a. Allergic reaction b. Furuncle c. Folliculitis d. Foreign body e. Periorbital cellulitis

E. Periorbital cellulitis.

A 70yo woman lives in a nursing home following a stroke has developed reddish scaly rash on her trunk. She has many scratch marks on her limbs and trunk with scaling lesions on her hands and feet. What is the single most appropriate initial tx? a. Aqueous cream b. Chlorphenaramine c. Coal tar d. 1% hydrocortisone ointment e. Permethrin

E. Permethrine. [This is a case of scabies and scaly rash denotes the infection of most severe type the crusted or Norwegian scabies. Should be treated with permethrine].

An 18yo man presents to his GP with thirst and polyuria. Some 6m ago he had a significant head injury as the result of a RTA. He is referred to the local endocrine clinic. Which of the following results would be the most useful in confirming the dx of diabetes insipidus after a water deprivation test (without additional desmopressin)? a. Plasma sodium of 126mmol/l b. Plasma sodium of 150mmol/l c. Plasma osmolality of 335mosmol/kg and urine osmolality of 700mosmol/kg d. Plasma osmolality of 280mosmol/kg and urine osmolality of 700mosmol/kg e. Plasma osmolality of 335mosmol/kg and urine osmolality of 200mosmol/kg

E. Plasma osmolality of 335 mosmol/kg and urine osmolality of 200 mosmol/kg. [In DI plasma osmolality will be high due to excess fluid loss with urine and urine osmolality will be low due to polyuria. Hence E. is the best option here(normal plasma osmolality 275-295 mosmol/kg and normal urine osmolality is 300-900 mosmol/kg)].

A 23yo male presents to his GP 2wks after a RTA concerned about increasing anxiety lethargy and headache. At the time he had a CT brain after banging his head on the steering wheel, which revealed no abnormality. 6m following this episode his symptoms have resolved. What did his original symptoms likely represent? a. Conversion disorder b. PTSD c. Somatization disorder d. GAD e. Post-concussion syndrome

E. Post concussion syndrome. [Post concussion syndrome is a set of symptoms that may continue for weeks, months, or a year or more after a concussion - a minor form of traumatic brain injury].

A 40yo female was on COCP which she stopped 6m ago. But she has not had her periods since then. Labs: FSH=22, LH=24, prolactin=700, estradiol=80. What is the most appropriate dx? a. Hypothalamic amenorrhea b. Post pill amenorrhea c. Prolactinoma d. Pregnancy e. Premature ovarian failure

E. Premature ovarian failure. [ FSH and LH are raised in ovarian failure; an FSH level ≥20 IU/l in a woman aged around 40 with secondary amenorrhoea indicates ovarian failure. In POF there is also a mild to moderate rise in prolactin].

A 55yo man who is hypertensive suddenly lost his vision. The retina is pale and fovea appears as a bright cherry red spot. What is the single most appropriate tx? a. Pan retinal photocoagulation b. Corticosteroids c. Scleral buckling d. Surgical extraction of lens e. Pressure over eyeball

E. Pressure over eyeball. [In central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) retina becomes pale and fovea becomes cherry red. Hypertension is a major cause of CRAO. Apply direct pressure for 5-15 seconds, then release. Repeat several times. Ocular massage can dislodge the embolus to a point further down the arterial circulation and improve retinal perfusion].

A 6yo boy is clinically obese, his BMI >95th centile. He has no other medical prbs, examination is unremarkable. His mother says that she has tried everything to help him lose weight. What is the most probable dx? a. Cushing's syndrome b. Congenital hypothyroidism c. Down's syndrome d. Lawrence moon biedel syndrome e. Primary obesity

E. Primary obesity.

A 3m baby was miserable and cried for 2h following his 1st routine immunization with DTP, HiB and meningitis. What is the single most appropriate action? a. Defer immunization for 2wks b. Don't give vaccine c. Give half dose of vaccine d. Give paracetamol with future doses of the same vaccine e. Proceed with standard immunization schedule

E. Proceed with standard immunization schedule.

A nonsmoker who has worked in coal mines for 20yrs presents with gradually increasing SOB, limited exercise tolerance and a dry cough. His CXR shows round fibrotic tissue demonstrating a mixed restrictive and obstructive ventilator defect with irreversible airflow limitation and reduced gas transfer. What is the single most appropriate dx? a. Churg-strauss syndrome b. Cryptogenic organizing c. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis d. Good pasture's syndrome e. Progressive massive fibrosis f. Molluscum

E. Progressive massive fibrosis. [Coal miners pneumoconiosis].

A child suffering from CF developed pneumonia. Which organism is responsible for this pneumonia? a. H. influenza b. Klebsiella c. S. aureus d. S. pneumonia e. Pseudomonas

E. Pseudomonas.

A 14yo girl has developed an itchy, scaly patch on her scalp. She had a similar patch that cleared spontaneously 2yrs ago. Her aunt has a similar undiagnosed rash on the extensor aspects of her elbows and knees. What is the single most likely dx? a. Eczema b. Fungal infection c. Impetigo d. Lichen planus e. Psoriasis

E. Psoriasis. [itchy, scaly patch on scalp are classic presentation of scalp psoriasis. Her aunts presentations (similar rash on extensor aspects of her elbow and knees) are suggestive of psoriasis. It is thought to be an immunological disease].

A 42yo lady had corrective surgery for cyanotic congenital heart disease at the age of 3y, after a palliative operation during infancy. There is a parasternal impulse and an early diastolic murmur. What is the most probable dx? a. Aortic regurgitation b. Ischemic mitral regurgitation c. Aortic stenosis d. Pulmonary stenosis e. Pulmonary regurgitation

E. Pulmonary regurgitation. [In the present day, some patients with tetralogy of Fallot have survived for longer than 15-20 years after their first operation. The major problem encountered by these individuals is the development of pulmonary valvular regurgitation. It appears that a number of these individuals require pulmonary valve replacement (ref: Medscape)].

A 56yo man was recently put on anti-HTN meds and recent biochemistry on 2 occasions showed: Na+=132, K+=7.6, Urea=11.3, Creat=112. Which of the following drugs is responsible for this result? a. Amlodipine b. Bendroflumethiazide c. Doxazosin d. Atenolol e. Ramipril

E. Ramipril. [ACEI and ARB are known to raise the serum potassium level].

A 25yo female complains of intermittent pain in her fingers. She describes episodes of numbness and burning of the fingers. She wears gloves whenever she leaves the house. What is the most probable dx? a. Kawasaki disease b. Takayasu arteritis c. Buerger's disease d. Embolism e. Raynaud's phenomenon

E. Raynaud's phenomenon. [Intermittent nature points towards some triggers and wearing of gloves during going out indicates cold weather. Also female sex makes the diagnosis of Raynaud's phenomenon more likely].

A 15yo boy has a soft painless swelling in the left scrotum, blue in color and can be compressed. What is the most appropriate next step? a. Analgesia b. Antibiotic c. Biopsy d. Immediate surgery e. Reassurance

E. Reassurance. Name of the condition is Varicocele.

A 3yo boy has a sudden onset of fever, vomiting and bilateral face swelling. Few days earlier the GP saw him for bilateral parotid pain and gave analgesics. What is the most appropriate next step? a. Analgesic b. Antibiotic c. Biopsy d. Immediate surgery e. Reassurance

E. Reassurance. [A case of mumps. Self limiting condition].

A 22yo lady who is in her last trimester of pregnancy comes with hx of exposure to a child dx with chicken pox 1d ago. She was investigated and was +ve for varicella antibody. What is the single most appropriate management? a. Give varicella Ig b. Quarantine c. Give varicella vaccination d. Oral acyclovir e. Reassure

E. Reassure. [If you have antibodies in your blood, this means you have had chickenpox in the past, or have been immunised. No further action is then needed].

A boy was admitted with partial thickness burn, what is your next step? a. Escharectomy b. Dressing c. Burst blisters d. Local antibiotics e. Refer to burn unit

E. Refer to burn unit.

A 6yo girl is being investigated for renal failure. She is found to have a congenital abnormality of the insertion of the ureters into the urinary bladder. What is the single most likely cause for renal failure in this pt? a. SLE b. PKD c. Wilm's tumor d. Acute tubular necrosis e. Reflux nephropathy

E. Reflux nephropathy. [Reflux nephropathy is kidney damage (nephropathy) due to urine flowing backward (reflux) from the bladder toward the kidneys; the latter is called vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)].

A HTN pt on bendroflumethiazide 2.5mg/d has come for his routine checkup. Exam: BP=145/85mmHg. Lab: K+=5.9, Na+=137. What is the most appropriate management for this pt? a. Stop meds b. Continue same dose c. Increase the dose d. Decrease the dose e. Repeat the blood test

E. Repeat the blood test. [Bendroflumethiazide causes hyponatremia and hypokalemia. But the findings are opposite which is probably error of test. Hence blood test should be repeated to confirm the level of potassium and sodium].

A 60yo lady who had stroke 3 years ago now reports having increased dyspnea on exertion and atrial fibrillation. CXR: straight left border on the cardiac silhouette. What is the most probable dx? a. Aortic regurgitation b. Ischemic mitral regurgitation c. Mitral valve prolapse d. Pulmonary stenosis e. Rheumatic mitral valve stenosis

E. Rheumatic mitral valve stenosis. Points in favour: i) Dyspnoea on exertion ii) Straight left border of the cardiac silhouette. To straighten the left heart border it requires underfilling of the left ventricle and aorta which occurs in mitral stenosis. Iii) Atrial fibrillation is a common association

In 85% of the population this artery is dominant. What is the single most appropriate option? a. Left ant descending artery b. Coronary sinus c. Circumflex artery d. Left main stem, post descending artery e. Right coronary artery

E. Right coronary artery. If the posterior discending artery is supplied by the circumflex artery then it is left dominant and if posterior descending artery is supplied by the right coronary artery then it is right dominant. As in 85% of population posterior descending artery is supplied by right coronary artery it is called the dominant that is right coronary artery is dominant.

A 24yo schizophrenic has been under antipsychotic tx for the last 1 yr and now complains of ED Erectyl Dysfunction). a. Fluoxetine b. Citalopram c. Clozapine d. Haloperidol e. Risperidone Which drug is most likely to have caused this?

E. Risperidone. [Haloperidol, raises serum prolactin levels to 20~40 ng/ml in therapeutic doses but risperidone causes around 171 ng/ml].

A 74yo man has been admitted unconscious with no hx. He has a GCS=6 and a dilated left puil which becomes insensitive to light. What is the single most likely dx? a. Extradural hematoma b. Meningitis c. Opioid OD d. Pontine hemorrhage e. SAH

E. SAH. [Extradural hematoma is very rare in elderly and there occurs lucid interval; Fteatures are not consistent with meningitis. Opioid and pontine hemorrhage causes myosis. So likely dx here is SAH].

A 12yo boy with T1DM has poor long-term control. He is unconscious, hyperventilating and dehydrated. His blood glucose is 28mmol/l. What is the single most imp initial tx? a. Albumin IV b. Bicarbonate IV c. Insulin IV d. Insulin SC e. Saline 0.9% IV

E. Saline 0.9% IV. [Probable diabetic ketoacidosis. Initial treatment is IV fluid (0.9% saline)].

A 34yo man from Zimbabwe is admitted with abdominal pain to the ED. An AXR reveals bladder calcification. What is the most likely cause? a. Schistosoma mansoni b. Sarcoidosis c. Leishmaniasis d. TB e. Schistosoma hematobium

E. Schistosoma hematobium. [Bladder involvement is caused by Schistosoma hematobium while Schistosoma mansoni causes intestinal disease].

A 36yo lady comes with hx of early morning stiffness of her small joints and with red and painful eye. What is the single most appropriate option? a. Iris b. Ciliary body c. Cornea d. Conjunctivitis e. Sclera f. Lichen planus

E. Sclera. [Ocular manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis is scleritis (red, painfull eye)].

A young man is brought to the ED after an RTA. His GCS on initial evaluation is 6. What is the most appropriate next step? a. CT b. MRI c. IV fluids d. Skull XR e. Secure airway

E. Secure airway.

A 30yo female has chronic diarrhea, mouth ulcers and skin tags. She complains of visual prbs, low back pain and morning stiffness. Inv: ESR & CRP=raised, Hgb=10mg/dl. What is the most probable dx? a. SLE b. Reactive Arthritis c. Gout d. Pseudogout e. Seronegative arthritis

E. Seronegative arthritis. [Chronic diarrhea, mouth ulcers and skin tags are features of IBD. There is a well known association between IBD and seronegative arthritis (particularly AS). Here low back pain, visual problem, morning stiffness, raised ESR and CRP, low hemoglobin indicates the diagnosis of Seronegative arthritis].

A 80yo man with prostatic cancer has confusion, thirst, abdominal pain and an abnormal ECG. What is the most appropriate inv? a. MRI spine b. Radionuclide bone scan c. DEXA scan d. Serum ALP concentration e. Serum calcium concentration

E. Serum calcium concentration. [Confusion, thirst, abdominal pain and ECG changes (marked shortening of QT interval) are features of hypercalcemia. So E. Serum calcium concentration is the likely option].

A 60yo man has had spontaneous painful swelling of his right knee for 3days. 5days prv he had an inguinal hernia repaired as a day case. He takes bendroflumethiazide 2.5mg daily. He is apyrexial. What is the single most appropriate diagnostic inv? a. Blood culture b. CRP c. D-dimer d. XR knee e. Serum uric acid

E. Serum uric acid. [Thiazide diuretics causes hyperuicemia which can precipitate acute attack of gout].

A 24yo girl comes to the woman sexual clinic and seeks advice for contraception. She is on sodium valproate. a. She can't use COCP b. She can use COCP with extra precaution c. She can use COCP if anticonvulsant is changed to carbamezapin. d. She can use COCP with estrogen 50ug and progesterone higher dose e. She can use COCP

E. She can use COCP. [sodium valproate has no effect on cocp]

A 70yo woman presents with recurrent episodes of parotid swelling. She complains of difficulty in talking and speaking and her eyes feel gritty on waking in the morning. What is the single most likely dx? a. C1 esterase deficiency b. Crohns disease c. Mumps d. Sarcoidosis e. Sjogrens syndrome

E. Sjogrens syndrome. [parotid swelling, difficulty talking and speaking (due to dryness or less salive), eyes feeling gritty on waking in the morning due to dryness of eye are suggestive of Sjogrens syndrome].

A person doesn't go outside the home because he thinks that people will look at him and talk about him. He finds it difficult to associate with his peers in a restaurant or under social settings. What is the most likely dx? a. Agoraphobia b. GAD c. Panic disorder d. Adjustment disorder e. Social phobia

E. Social phobia.

A 55yo man has a chronic cough and sputum, night sweats and weight loss. What is the single most likely causative organism? a. Coagulase +ve cocci in sputum b. Gram -ve diplococci in sputum c. Gram +ve diplococci in sputum d. Pneumocystis carinii in sputum e. Sputum staining for mycobacterium tuberculosis

E. Sputum staining for mycobacterium tuberculosis. [Chronic cough and sputum, night sweats and weight loss are classic features of tuberculosis].

A 35yo man has had acute pain and swelling below the mandible on the left side for 2h. The swelling occurred after eating a large meal. What is the single most likely dx? a. Laryngocele b. Ranula c. Neck abscess d. Parotid calculus e. Submandibular calculus

E. Submandibular calculus. [Pain and swelling below mandible is due to stone in submandibular salivary gland duct. Pain and swelling increased after large meal as the saliva produced during meal could not come out of the gland due to stone].

A 25yo woman has a recent cough, hoarseness and swelling in the neck. There are several nontender swellings on both sides of her neck. She has lost 13kgs. She takes recreational drugs. What is the most probable dx? a. Thyrotoxicosis b. Hyperthyroidism c. Vocal cord nodules d. Carcinoma bronchus e. TB

E. TB. [Cough, wt. loss, non-tender cervical lymphadenopathy, and immunodeficient state as a result of recreational drug use all these favours the diagnosis of TB. Laryngeal involvement may be the cause of horseness].

A young man presents with sudden, severe pain and swelling in the scrotum. Exam: one testis seems higher than the other. What is the most probable dx? a. Varicocele b. Hematocele c. Testicular tumor d. Epidiymo-orchitis e. Testicular torsion

E. Testicular torsion. [Sudden severe pain, scrotal swelling and higher position of the affected testis is diagnostic of testicular torsion. You may get further support from examining cremesteric reflex which is absent in testicular torsion!!].

A 6wk child presents with progressive cyanosis, poor feeding, tachypnea over the first 2 wks of life and holosystolic murmur. What is the most appropriate condition? a. ASD b. VSD c. Tricuspid atresia d. PDA e. TOF

E. Tetralogy of Fallot -WRONG KEY C. tricuspid atresia. Ans. 2. Points in favour: i) tachypnoea over first 2 wks of life ii)progressive cyanosis iii) poor feeding iv) holosystolic murmur of VSD.

A 40 yo manic depressive is noted to have high serum levels of lithium and profound hypokalemia. His GP had started him on anti-HTNs. Choose the single most likely cause? a. Verapamil b. Amiodarone c. Ranitidine d. Lithium e. Thiazide

E. Thiazide. [Thiazide was prescribed for Hpt and when lithium was prescribed its level increased due to thiazide and thiazide also caused hypokalemia resulting the given picture].

A 3yo boy is playing with his brother when he falls. He cries immediately and refuses to walk. His mother carries him to hospital. He had a full term NVD with no neonatal complications. His immunisations are up to date. Exam: looks well and well-nourished, no dysmorphic features. He has slight swelling, warmth and discomfort on the lower 1/3 of the left tibia, and refuses to weight bear. AP and lateral x rays of the tibia are normal. What is the most likely dx? a. Ankle fx b. Ankle sprain c. Fibular fx d. Knee dislocation e. Tibial fx

E. Tibial fx. [Toddler's fracture • Undisplaced spiral fractures of the tibial shaft in children under 7 years old often follow minimal trauma and may not be visible on initial X-ray.[8] • Can be difficult to diagnose but should be suspected whenever a child presents with a limp or fails to bear weight on the leg. • Treatment consists of immobilisation for a few weeks to protect the limb and to relieve pain. • Subperiosteal bone formation is usually apparent on X-rays by two weeks].

A 10yo boy is taken to his GP by his parents with behavioural prbs. He attends a special school due to inappropriate behavior and during the interview with his parents the boy barks at infrequent episodes and shouts expletives. What is the most likely dx? a. Asperger syndrome b. Cotard syndrome c. Rett syndrome d. Ekbom syndrome e. Tourette's syndrome

E. Tourette's syndrome. [Tourete's syndrome may have motor tics like blinking, facial grimacing, shoulder shrugging. Other complex motor tics may be sniffing, touching objects, hopping, jumping, bending or twisting. It has vocal tics like throat clearing, sniffing, grunting or barking and more complex like coprolalia (uttering socially inappropriate words) or echolalia (repeating the word or phrase of others)].

Midpoint between the suprasternal notch and pubic symphysis. What is the single most appropriate landmark? a. Fundus of the gallbladder b. b. Mcburney's point c. c. Stellate ganglion d. d. Deep inguinal ring e. e. Transpyloric plane

E. Transpyloric plane.

L1 level, what is the most appropriate landmark? a. Mcburney's point b. Stellate ganglion c. Deep inguinal ring d. Termination of the spinal cord e. Transpyloric plane

E. Transpyloric plane. [The termination of the spinal cord is between L1 and L2 (variable between people). L1 landmark- duodenum first part, superior mesenteric artery, hila of both kidneys, upper border of pancreas, splenic artery, pylorus and fundus of gall bladder].

A 40yo man has fallen off a roof. He is shocked and has chest pain. There is a delay between the radial and femoral pulse. His CXR=widening of the mediastinum. What is the single most likely dx? a. Cardiac tamponade b. Diaphragmatic rupture c. Fx ribs d. Tension pneumothorax e. Traumatic rupture of aorta

E. Traumatic rupture of the aorta. [A traumatic aortic disruption is caused by a rapid acceleration (or deceleration) causing a tear in the aorta. Normally this is immediately fatal, but those who survive may show a widened mediastinum on CXR. This can be confirmed with CT scan or angiography of the aorta and requires prompt surgical correction. Stable the haemodynamics and surgical correction. Note: pts with diaphragmatic rupture usually presents days after trauma with vague symptoms, history is vital].

An 82yo woman has developed painful rash on one side of her forehead and ant scalp. Lesions have also affected her cornea. What is the single most appropriate option? a. Accessory nerve b. Facial nerve c. Olfactory nerve d. Optic nerve e. Trigeminal nerve

E. Trigeminal nerve. [Probable herpes zoster opthalmicus].

A 75yo man with adenocarcinoma of the prostate which has spread outside the capsule of the gland has ARF. What is the most appropriate next inv? a. MRI spine b. Radionuclide bone scan c. Trans rectal US d. US pelvis e. US KUB

E. US KUB extension beyond capsule may cause obstruction of ureters, causing loin pain, anuria, symptoms of acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease (here ARF)] ref: patient.info

A 48yo man has intermittent left sided lower abdominal pain and feels generally unwell. He has lost his appetite and has lost weight. Temp=38.3C and he has BP=190/100mmHg. What is the single inv most likely to lead to dx"? a. Colonoscopy b. Endomysial antibodies c. Fasting serum glucose conc d. TFT e. US abdomen

E. US abdomen. [Probable diagnosis is diverticulitis and preferred investigation from given list is US abdomen].

A child with increasing jaundice and pale stools. Choose the appropriate test: a. Endomyseal antibodies b. Sweat test c. TFT d. LFT e. US

E. US. [This is obstructive jaundice where US may show dilatation of common bile duct or stones].

A 40yo man complains of severe colicky loin pain that radiates to his scrotum. He is noted to have microscopic hematuria. No masses are palpated. What is the single most likely cause? a. Acute cystitis b. Bladder ca c. Renal vein thrombosis d. Acute pyelonephritis e. Ureteric calculus

E. Ureteric calculus. [In ureteric stone there is radiation of pain from loin to groin or scrotum. There also occurs hematuria].

A 41yo woman who has completed her family, has suffered from extremely heavy periods for many years. No medical tx has worked. She admits that she would rather avoid open surgery. After discussion, you collectively decide on a procedure that wouldn't require open surgery or GA. Select the most appropriate management for this case. a. Endometrial ablation b. Hysterectomy c. Fibroid resection d. Myomectomy e. Uterine artery embolization

E. Uterine artery embolization. [Done by interventional radiologist expert in arterial embolization technique. Particles are placed in uterine artery to block circulation to uterine body. No operation or GA is required].

A 28yo woman at 39wk gestation is in labor. She develops abdominal pain and HR=125bpm, BP=100/42mmHg, temp=37.2C and saturation=99%. Exam: lower abdomen is exquisitely tender. CTG=prv normal, now showing reduced variability and late deceleration develops with slow recovery. She has had 1 prv LSCS for a breech baby. Choose the most appropriate CS complication for this lady? a. Endometritis b. UTI c. Urinary tract injury d. Pleurisy e. Uterine rupture

E. Uterine rupture. [Features of shock, exquisitely tender lower abdomen with abdominal pain, previously normal CTG now becoming non-reassuring and previous history of LSCS makes the diagnosis of uterine rupture].

A lady comes with a missing IUCD thread. Her LMP was 2wks ago. What is the single most appropriate next step in management? a. Abdominal US b. Prescribe contraceptives c. CT d. Serum BHCG e. Vaginal exam

E. Vaginal exam. [LOST THREAD: First confirm the thread is not in position by vaginal examination. If not present ultrasound should be arranged to locate the device. If ultrasound does not locate the device and there is no definite history of expulsion then abdominal X- ray should be performed to look for an extrauterine device. Expulsion should not otherwise be assumed. Hysteroscopy can be helpful if ultrasound is equivocal. Surgical retrieval of an extrauterine device is advised].

A 74yo man presents with weakness in his arm and leg from which he recovered within a few days and short term memory loss. He has an extensor plantar response. He has similar episodes 2 years ago and became unable to identify objects and to make proper judgment. What is the most appropriate dx? a. Alcoholic dementia b. Pick's dementia c. Huntington's disease d. Alzheimer's disease e. Vascular dementia

E. Vascular dementia. [hemiparesis, memory impairment, extensor planter reflex, inability to identify objects, poor judgment are features of vascular dementia].

65yo woman complains of a painful discharging ulcer above her ankle on the inner side of her left lower leg. Exam: the base of the ulcer is red and covered by a yellow fibrous tissue. The border is irregular. The skin is tight. What is the single most likely dx? a. Arterial ischemia ulcer b. Malignancy c. Neuropathic ulcer d. Pressure ulcer e. Venous stasis ulcer

E. Venous stasis ulcer. [Some people with venous insufficiency develop stasis dermatitis. Blood pools in the veins of the lower leg. Fluid and blood cells leak out of the veins into the skin. It is usually seen above ankle and inner side of leg].

A 45yo woman presents with rotational vertigo, nausea and vomiting, especially on moving her head. She also had a similar episode 2yrs back. These episodes typically follow an event of runny nose, cold, cough and fever. What is the most probable dx? a. Acoustic neuroma b. Meniere's disease c. Labyrinthitis d. BPPV e. Vestibular neuronitis

E. Vestibular neuronitis. [Here no sensoryneural hearing loss (SNHL present in acoustic neuroma, Meniere's disease and labyrinthitis). Runny nose, cold, cough and fever are recognized trigger of vestibular neuronitis but not BPPV].

A 65yo known alcoholic is brought into hospital with confusion, aggressiveness and ophthalmoplegia. He is treated with diazepoxide. What other drug would you like to prescribe? a. Antibiotics b. Glucose c. IV fluids d. Disulfiram e. Vit B complex

E. Vitamin B complex. [confusion and ophthalmoplegia points towards the diagnosis of Wernicke's encephalopathy].

A 46yo man with tachycardia has the following ECG. What is the most likely dx? [Short PR interval and slurred delta wave indicates WPW syndrome]. a. SVT b. VT c. Mobitz I heart block d. Atrial fibrillation e. WPW syndrome

E. WPW syndrome.

A 28yo man with complains of headache and nose bleeds also has pain in the lower limbs on exertion. Exam: radio-femoral delay, cold legs with weak pulse and mild systolic murmur with normal S1S2. What is the most probable dx? a. TOF b. ASD c. VSD d. PDA e. CoA

E. coarctation of aorta. [headache and nosebleeds - >hypertension, pain in lower limb on exertion -> as reduced blood supply to leg due to coarctation, radio-femoral delay, cold legs with week pulse, mid-systolic murmur are all features of coarctation of aorta].

A tall rugby player was hit in the chest by a player of the opponent team. He developed breathlessness and his face went blue and purple. You have been called to look at him, how will you manage him? a. Insert a needle in the 2nd ICS in the mid-clavicular line b. Insert a needle in the 5th ICS in the mid-axillary line c. Intubate the pt d. Start CPR e. Give oxygen

E. give oxygen.

In a group of cancer pts, 10 died that wasn't treated while 5 died in the tx group. Which statement is correct? a. Absolute risk =10 b. Relative risk =10 c. Relative risk =5 d. Absolute risk=5 e. Relative risk=2

E. relative risk = 2. [RR= Number of death in not treated group/number of death in treated group].

A 44yo pt has sudden onset of breathlessness and stridor few minutes after extubation for thyroidectomy. The pat had longstanding goiter for which he had the surgery. What is the most likely dx? a. Thyroid storm b. Hematoma c. Unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury d. External laryngeal nerve injury e. Tracheomalacia

E. tracheomalacia. [Prolonged pressure over trachea by goiter is a cause of tracheomalacia following thryroidectomy].

You suspect Cushing's disease in a 50yo woman who has attended clinic with glycosuria, HTN and a suggestive body habitus. Initial inv point you towards a dx of Cushing's disease. Which of the following findings would be against this dx? a. A normal 8am cortisol b. Failure to suppress morning cortisol with dexamethasone c. HTN requiring >2 antihypertensive agents d. Impaired growth hormone response to glucose loading e. Unilateral adrenal enlargement

E: Unilateral adrenal enlargement Cushing's disease Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia from an ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma. Peak age 30-50 years, male female ratio 1:1 A low dose dexamethasone test leads to no change in plasma cortisol but 8 mg may be enough

A 54 yo lady presents with sudden, severe pain in the left half of her skull. She also complains of pain around her jaw. What is the next likely step? a. CT b. MRI c. Fundoscopy d. ESR e. Temporal artery biopsy

ESR. The diagnosis is Giant cell arteritis or temporal arteritis. Points in favour: i) Age >50yrs ii) Female sex iii) Severe pain in the left half of skull iv) Pain around the jaw (jaw claudication).

7yo boy presents with epistaxis of 2h duration. The bleeding has been controlled. Inv: Plts=210, PT=13, APTT=42, bleeding time=normal. Which of the following is the most likely dx? a. Hemophilia b. Von willebrand disease c. ITP d. Vit K deficiency e. Liver disease f. Anatomical defect

F. Anatomical defect.

A patient with chronic neutropenia develops a chronic cough. A CXR reveals a cavitating intrapulmonary lesion containing a movable rounded ball lesion. A likely dx is? a. Tuberculosis b. Bronchiectasis c. Cystic fibrosis d. Pulmonary hemosiderosis e. Mitral stenosis f. Aspergillosis g. Wegener's granulomatosis h. Goodpasture's syndrome i. Pulmonary embolism j. Non-SCLC

F. Aspergillosis. [Mostly affects people with reduced immunity, reduced neutrophil count is also predilection for aspergillosis].

A 60yo man complains of tiredness, lethargy and itching that is severe after a hot bath. He also has nocturia, polyuria and nausea and vomiting. Exam: pallor, pigmentation and generalized edema. What is the single most likely dx? a. Hyperthyroidism b. Lichen planus c. Lymphoma d. Eczema e. Liver failure f. CRF

F. CRF. [Given picture is typical of CRF].

An 80yo woman suffering from RA presents with severe epigastric pain and vomiting. She also complains of shoulder tip pain. What is the single most discriminatory inv? a. US Abdomen b. Sigmoidoscopy c. Colonscopy d. Barium meal e. Upper GI endoscopy f. Erect CXR

F. Erect CXR. [Elderly patient with RA is usually on NSAIDs which may lead to perforated peptic ulcer which presents as severe epigastric pain, vomiting and shoulder tip pain. Diagnosis is made by seeing free gas shadow under the diaphragm on erect CXR].

A 28yo woman at 34wks GA for her first pregnancy attends antenatal clinic. Her blood results: Hgb=10.6, MCV=95, MCHC=350. What do you do for her? a. Folate b. Dextran c. Ferrous sulphate d. None e. IV FeSO4 f. Explain this physiologic hemodynamic anemia g. Blood transfusion

F. Explain this physiologic hemodynamic anemia. [According to NICE, cut offs for iron supplements: at booking (8-10 weeks)- if less than 11 at 28 weeks and further- if less than 10.5 if less than these values=> give iron].

A 48yo pt after surgical removal of mandibular ca presents with perioral paresthesia and severe pain which is not relieved by oral morphine. What is the next step in treating this pt? a. Oral amitryptiline b. Oral oxycodone c. PCA d. IV morphine e. Fentanyl patch f. Gabapentine

F. Gabapentine. [This pain is likely due to nerve injury during operation and both amitryptilin

A middle aged woman has severe collapse of the right femoral head requiring replacement. The removed femoral head is sent for pathology and is found to contain enlarged fat cells. The pathologist explains that this is the likely cause of the patient's femoral head collapse. A likely aetiology is a. Septic emboli b. Impaired venous drainage c. Hgb SS disease d. Steroid use e. Alcoholism f. Gaucher's disease g. missed fracture h. Cushing's disease i. Radiation j. Vasculitis

F. Gaucher's disease. [Couldn't get much reliable info about this question!]

A 55yo man presents with hx of weight loss and tenesmus. He is dx with rectal carcinoma. Which risk factors help to develop rectal carcinoma except following? a. Smoking b. Family hx c. Polyp d. Prv carcinoma e. High fat diet f. High fibre diet

F. High fibre diet. [except high fiber diet all others are risk factors to develop rectal carcinoma].

A child came to the ED with severe asthma and not responding to salbutamol nebulizer and vomiting many times. What is the most appropriate management? a. Salmetrol b. Montelukast c. Prednisolone d. Budesonide inhaler e. Oxygen f. IV salbutamol

F. IV salbutamol. [In acute attack there is no place for salmeterol. In the given case most appropriate management is IV salbutamol].

A 29yo woman has developed an itchy scaly rash particularly over her wrist with fine white streaks overlying the lesion. Her nails have ridges and her buccal mucosa is lined with a lacy white pattern. What is the single most likely dx? a. Psoriasis b. Scabies c. Urtericaria d. Dermatitis herpetiformis e. Hyperthyroidism f. Lichen planus

F. Lichen planus. ["Lacy white pattern" is used as a diagnostic description of lichenplanus].

A 39yo man comes with umbilicated papules on his face. His CD4 count is measured to be 35. What is the single most appropriate option? a. Mycobacterium avium intercellular b. CMV c. Streptokinase d. Toxoplasmosis e. Pneumocystis jerovici f. Moluscum contagiosum

F. Molluscum contagiosum. [CD4 count 35 is too low indicating immunodeficiency where molluscum contagiosum occurs more easily. Umbilicated papules are feature of molluscum contagiosum].

A 45yo woman presents with pruritis. Exam: skin pigmentation. Inv: raised ALP and presence of anti-mitochondrial antibodies. What is the single most likely dx? a. Psoriasis b. Scabies c. Atopic eczema d. Dermatitis herpetiformis e. Hyperthyroidism f. Primary biliary cirrhosis

F. Primary biliary cirrhosis. [Pruritus, skin pigmentation (increased amounts of melanin, widely dispersed throughout both epidermis and dermis), raised ALP, and presence of AMA are diagnostic of primary biliary cirrhosis].

A 61yo man, known smoker, comes to the hospital with complaints of painless hematuria, urgency and dysuria. He has been worried about his loss of weight and reduced general activity. Which inv would be diagnostic of his condition? a. Urine microscopy b. IVU c. CT d. Cystoscopy e. US abdomen f. KUB g. Cystoscopy with biopsy h. Mid stream urine for culture i. Trans rectal US

G. Cystoscopy with biopsy. [Painless hematuria in elderly man is due to Ca of bladder usually and in bladder cancer there are UTI like symptoms like urgency, dysuria. Also constitutional symptom like weight loss and reduced genral activity is feature of carinoma].

A 28wk pregnant woman presents with uterine bleeding after sexual intercourse. What is the most appropriate cause? a. Preeclampsia b. DIC c. Placental abruption d. Placental previa e. Ectopic pregnancy f. Missed abortion g. Ectropion

G. Ectropion. [Post coital bleeding can be either placenta previa or cervical ectropion. But as ectropion is commoner in pregnancy so it is the option here].

A 34yo man with a white patch on the margin of the mid-third of the tongue. Which is the single most appropriate LN involved? a. External iliac LN b. Pre-aortic LN c. Aortic LN d. Inguinal LN e. Iliac LN f. Submental LN g. Submandibular LN h. Deep cervical LN

G. Submandibular LN.

A 58yo man complains of nose disfigurement. He has a hx of facial erythema particularly of the cheeks and nose. Papules and pustules have been erupting at intervals over the last 10yrs. He admits to a moderate regular consumption of alcohol. Exam: noted to have rhinophyma. The most likely dx is? a. Eczema b. Herpes simplex c. Epidermolysis bullosa d. Dermatomyositis e. Tinea versicolor f. Pemphigus vulgaris g. Acne rosacea h. Malignant melanoma i. Psoriasis j. Atopic dermatitis

G. Acne Rosacea. [Acne Rosacea is characterised by recurrent episodes of facial flushing with persistent erythema, telangiectasia, papules and pustules.It is a chronic acneform disorder of the facial pilosebaceous glands with an increased reactivity of capillaries to heat, causing flushing and eventually telangiectasia.Rhinophyma is an enlarged nose associated with rosacea which occurs almost exclusively in men].

A 50yo woman returned by air to the UK from Australia. 3days later she presented with sharp chest pain and breathlessness. Her CXR and ECG are normal. What is the single most appropriate inv? a. Bronchoscopy b. Cardiac enzymes c. CT d. MRI e. Pulse oximetry f. V/Q scan g. CTPA

G. CTPA. [Prolonged plane journey is a recognized risk factor for thromboembolism and hence pulmonary embolism also! Sharp chest pain and breathlessness after 3 days of plane journey is highly suggestive of pulmonary embolism the investigation of choice for which is CTPA].

A 35yo man presents with hx of dyspepsia. H.Pylori antibodies are negative. No improvement is seen after 1m of tx. What is the next step? a. Urea breath test b. Gastroscopy c. CT d. MRI

Gastroscopy. Not responding to treatment D/D is: i) Jollinger Elison syndrome ii) Ca stomach Ans. 3. Indications of gastroscopy in a 35 yo man (for man of age <50): i) Acute symptoms with H/O previous episode (PUD) ii) Alarm features [weight loss, anaemia, vomiting, hematemesis and melaena, dysphagia, palpable abdominal mass], fear of cancer, evidence of organic disease.

A 6yo pt comes with easy bruising in different places when she falls. CBC: WBC=25, Hgb=10.9, Plt=45. Her paul bunnel test +ve. What is the most likely dx? a. Glandular fever b. ITP c. Trauma d. NAI e. Septicemia

Glandular fever. Suggestive lab. Values: WBC=25 (leucocytosis), Hgb=10.9 (usually patient is not anaemic), Plt=45 (thrombocytopenia-leading to easy bruising), Positive paul bunnel test.

A 55yo chronic alcoholic with known hepatic cirrhosis has been on a heavy bout of alcohol the night before and was brought home by friends after falling several times in the pub. While being taken up the stairs to his bedroom he falls down the flight of 5 steps but sustains no obvious injuiry. His wife calls the ED the next day because she could not rouse him in the morning. He is brought in in a comatose state and both pupils appear dilated. Skull vault XR appears normal. a. Hepatic encephalopathy b. Intracerebral hematoma c. Brain stem injury d. Extradural hematoma e. Chronic subdural hemorrhage f. Despressed skull fx g. Vertibrobasilar ischemia h. Acute subdural hematoma i. SAH j. Severe migraine attack

H. Acute subdural hematoma. [Acute subdural hemotoma, typical history of alcholics, falls and usually debilliated or elderly, hepatic cirrhosis increases coagulopathy and chances for bleed].

A young man develops nonfluent, effortful speech with dysarthria. He is able to undertsand speech. He fails to repeat the sentence. What would you do next? a. XR skull b. Non-contrast CT brain c. Contrast CT brain d. Contrast MRI optic nerves e. 4-vessel cerebral angiogram f. Single vessel cerebral angiogram g. Cerebral angiography h. MRI frontal lobe i. MRI pituitary gland j. MRI temporal lobe

H. MRI Frontal lobe. (Brocas area). [Production (Broca's) dysphasia/aphasia - lesions are located in the left pre-central areas. This is a non-fluent or expressive aphasia since there are deficits in speech production, prosody and syntactic comprehension. Patients will typically exhibit slow and halting speech but with good semantic content. Comprehension is usually good. Unlike Wernicke's aphasia, Broca's patients are aware of their language difficulties. Prosody is the study of the meter of verse. Here it means the rhythm of speech. Sensory (Wernicke's) dysphasia/aphasia - lesions are located in the left posterior perisylvian region and primary symptoms are general comprehension deficits, word retrieval deficits and semantic paraphasias. Lesions in this area damage the semantic content of language while leaving the language production function intact. The consequence is a fluent or receptive aphasia in which speech is fluent but lacking in content. Patients lack awareness of their speech difficulties. Semantics is the meaning of words. Semantic paraphrasia is the substitution of a semantically related but incorrect word].

A 20yo prv healthy woman presents with general malaise, severe cough and breathlessness which has not improved with a seven day course of amoxycillin. There is nothing significant to find on examination. The x-ray shows patchy shadowing throughout the lung fields. The blood film shows clumping of red cells with suggestion of cold agglutinins. a. Mycobacterium avium complex b. Coxiella burnetii c. Escherichia coli (Gram -ve) d. Haemophilus influenza e. Legionella pneumophila f. Strep pneumococcus g. TB h. Mycoplasma pneumonia i. PCP j. Staph aureus

H. Mycoplasma pneumonia. [Inability to respond to a seven day course of amoxicillin suggests atypical pneumonia, patchy shadows throughout lung fields and cold agglutination points towards mycoplasma].

A 63yo male has anal canal carcinoma with no evidence of spread to the pelvic wall, pelvic muscles or lymph nodes. This is typically managed by? a. Resection of the sigmoid colon b. Right hemicolectomy c. Left hemicolectomy d. Transverse colectomy e. Internal sphincterotomy f. CT guided drainage g. Diverticulectomy h. Transverse colostomy i. Chemotherapy and radiatherapy j. Abdominal perineal resection

I. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy. [This is T1 N0 M0 that is stage 1 cancer. (http://www.cancer.gov/types/anal/hp/anal-treatment-pdq#section/_45). BUT we don't have tumor size here and sphincter information. However surgery can be avoided To preserve sphincter. Chemo radiation is preferred ohcm 633; 9th ed].

Syphilis typically causes a. Lymphogranuloma Venereum b. Testicular Torsion c. Hydrocele d. Epididymitis e. Seminoma f. Mature teratoma g. Varicocele h. Lymphoma i. Orchitis j. Spermatocele

I. Orchitis.

A 29yo Afro-Caribbean man presents with a non-productive cough mild aches in the ankles. The symptoms have been present for 2m. His ESR is elevated. Ca: 2.69 mmol/l; PO4 3-: 1.20 mmol/l; ALP: 80 iu/L. Serum 25(OH) D: 180 nmol/l Normal values for Calcium: 2.12-2.65mmol/l; Phosphate: 0.8-1.45mmol/l; ALP 30-300iu/L; Serum 25(OH) D: 20-105nmol/l; Urea: 2.5-6.7mmol/l; Creatinine: 70-120μmol/l a. Osteoporosis b. Thiazide diuretics c. Skeletal metastases d. Primary hyperparathyroidism e. Hypoparathyroidism f. Osteomalacia g. Multiple myeloma h. Paget's disease of bone i. Sarcoidosis j. Hyperthyroidism

I. Sarcoidosis.

An 8wk pregnant lady is brough to the ED due to severe vomiting. She was administered IV fluids and oral anti-emetics. She still can't tolderate anything orally. What is the next best tx? a. IV feeding b. IV antiemetics c. Termination of pregnancy d. PPI e. IV steroid

IV antiemetics. [If oral antiemetics are not tolerated IV antiemetics are tried].

A 34yo pt presents with 50% partial thickness burns. What should be the most appropriate management? a. IV fluids calculated from the time of hospital arrival b. IV fluids calculated from the time of burn c. No IVF d. IV dextrose stat e. Burns ointment

IV fluids calculated from the time of burn. Resuscitation fluids required in the first 24 hours from the time of injury. For adults: 3 ml (in partial thickness burn) of Hartmann's solution/kg body weight/% total Body surface area. Half of this calculated volume is given in the first 8 hours and the other half is given over the following 16 hours.

A 61yo man has been referred to the OPD with frequent episodes of breathlessness and chest pain a/w palpitations. He has a regular pulse rate=60bpm. ECG=sinus rhythm. What is the most appropriate inv to be done? a. Cardiac enzymes b. CXR c. ECG d. Echo e. 24h ECG

Indications of 24 h ambulatory holter monitoring: • To evaluate chest pain not reproduced with exercise testing • To evaluate other signs and symptoms that may be heart-related, such as fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness, or fainting • To identify arrhythmias or palpitations • To assess risk for future heart-related events in certain conditions, such as idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, post-heart attack with weakness of the left side of the heart, or Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome • To assess the function of an implanted pacemaker • To determine the effectiveness of therapy for complex arrhythmias

A 60yo man who presented with metastatic adenocarcinoma of unknown source. He developed rapidly progressive weakness of his arms and was found to have a deposit of tumour in his cervical spine. This was emergently treated with radiation. He developed considerable nausea and vomiting during his therapy and at the end of the course began to have bloody vomiting. Following rescusitation with 6 units of blood, what is the next test of choice? a. Apt test b. Neck, chest, abdominal XR c. 24h esophageal pH probe test d. CT abdomen e. US abdomen f. MRI abdomen g. Barium swallow h. Angiography i. Nuclear scan j. Endoscopy

J. Endoscopy. [Whenever there hemetemesis endoscopy should be carried out immediately if the patients condition allows or it should be delayed till resucitation ,Underlying cause for hemetemesis needs to be sorted out.( High dose radiation is a cause Ulceration and any active bleeders must be treated)].

A 22yo has had recent chickenpox. He now presents with confusion. He is noted to have low urine output and large petechiae all over his body. CXR: a large patch of consolidation is seen. The management of choice should be : a. Ventilatory support b. Open surgical debridement c. Resection of superficial petechiae with wide margin d. Booster vaccine e. TENS f. Lontophoresis g. Nephrostomy h. Oral Corticosteroids i. Brivudin j. IV acyclovir

J. IV acyclovir.

A pt has fine nail pitting, small yellow-brown areas of discoloration in the nailbed involving the nails on both hands. These findings a re commonly associated with? a. Yellow nail syndrome b. Leukonychia c. Onychomycosis d. Lichen planus e. Pellagra f. Thallium toxicity g. Contact dermatitis h. Zinc deficiency i. Hypoalbuminemia j. Psoriasis

J. Psoriasis. [Characteristic nail changes include pitting, discolouration, subungual hyperkeratosis, crumbling of the nail plate, and onycholysis].

A young girl with a psychiatric hx on med tx is brought to the dermatologist by her mother because of recurrent patchy hair loss. Exam: the hair shafts revealed twisting and fractures. This suggests the following pathology: a. Infection with Trichophyton tonsurans b. Infection with Microsporum canis c. Alopecia areata d. Telogen Effluvium e. Androgenetic Alopecia f. Lichen planus g. Traction Alopecia h. Alopecia totalis i. Trichorrhexis nodosa j. Trichotillomania

J. Trichotillomania.

A pt came to the hosp with a complaint of severe chest pain lasting for >1h. Following ECG test, pt revealed to have ST depression. He was already on aspirin. What is the most specific tx for this pt? a. GTN b. Simvastatin c. Clopidogrel d. BB e. LMWH

LMWH. [Specific treatment means treatment particularly adapted to the special disease being treated. LMWH is vital to prevent further events or deterioration and seems to be the most specific drug in the given scenario].

A 32yo woman presents to the ED with headache and vomiting. She was decorating her ceiling that morning when the headache began, felt mainly occipital with neck pain. Some 2hs later she felt nauseated, vomited and was unable to walk. She also noticed that her voice had altered. She takes no reg meds and has no significant PMH. Exam: acuity, field and fundi are normal. She has upbeat nystagmus in all directions of gaze with normal facial muscles and tongue movements. Her uvulas deviated to the right and her speech is slurred. Limb exam: left arm past-pointing and dysdiadochokinesis with reduced pin prick sensation in her right arm and leg. Although power is normal, she can't walk as she feels too unsteady. Where is the most likely site of lesion? a. Right medial medulla b. Left medial pons c. Left cerebellar hemisphere d. Right lateral medulla e. Left lateral medulla

Left lateral medulla. [ There is a loss of pain and temperature sensation on the contralateral (opposite) side of the body and ipsilateral (same) side of the face. There is associated cerebellar symptoms and other cranial nerve involvement. The condition is known as Lateral Medullary Syndrome].

A 25yo male with a hx of frequent binge drinking presents 4h after having had a take away meal following a nights heavy drinking. He complains of nausea and has vomited on several occasions. After the last vomiting episode, he vomited approximately a cupful of blood. On admission, he smells of alcohol, pulse=100bpm, BP=140/80mmHg. He has some tenderness in the epigastrium. What is your dx? a. Gastric carcinoma b. Mallory-weiss tear c. Esophageal carcinoma d. Esophageal varices e. Esophageal varices f. Peptic ulceration

Mallory-weiss tear. [Repeated retching and vomiting is a recognized cause of Mallory- weiss tear which is supported here by vomiting a cupful of blood].

A 23yo lady was prescribed with azithromycin 1gm for her chlamydial pelvic infection. She has got a new boyfriend for the last 2 months. She has recently started contraception to avoid conception. Which of the following contraception method will be affected by azithromycin? a. Barrier b. IUCD c. POP d. COCP

None of them! Before it was thought that hepatic enzyme inhibitor drugs may affect COCP but later it was established that actually there is no such significant effect. Only drugs like refumpicin, rifabutin etc. can cause this. [For exam purpose if you have to choose one please choose D. COCP].

A 4yo boy who prv had normal hearing, has a mild earache relieved by paracetamol. He has been noticed to turn up the vol on the TV. He has bilateral dull tympanic membranes. His preschool hearing test shows symmetrical loss of 40dB. What is the single most likely dx? a. Acute otitis externa b. Acute OM c. Ear wax d. Foreign body e. OM with effusion

OM with effusion.

Pt had a fight following which he developed bleeding, ringing and hearing loss from one ear. What is the inv of choice? a. CT b. XR skull c. Otoscopy d. MRI vestibule e. Coagulation study

Otoscopy.

A 26yo political refugee has sought asylum in the UK and complains of poor conc. He keeps getting thoughts of his family whom he saw killed in a political coup. He is unable to sleep and feels hopeless about his survival. Because of this he is afraid to go out. What is the most likely dx? a. Acute stress disorder b. PTSD c. Social phobia d. OCD e. GAD

PTSD. [Keep getting thoughts of his family disaster, insomnia, to avoid similar circumstances he is avoiding going out these are suggestive of PTSD].

A mother brings her 1yo infant to her pediatrician. She describes that following a common cold her child's voice has become hoarse and has developed a cough that sounds harsh and brassy and was worse at night. Exam: the child was noted to have trouble drawing air into its lungs between coughs and had trouble drawing air into its lungs. There was visible stridor on inhalation. The cause is most likely to be? a. EBV b. Rhinovirus c. Parainfluenza d. Flavivirus e. HIV f. Rotavirus g. CMV h. Kemerovo i. Creutzfeld-Jacob j. Rubella

Parainfuenza. [Parainfluenza virus causes croup. A rough barking cough with hoarsness and wheezing, labored breathing, runny nose, fever, cough, decreased appetitie are common features]. Investigation: Viral culture of secretions. Treatment: Symptoatic supportive treatment Antibiotics incase of secondary infection.

A 37yo man slipped while he was walking home and fell on his out stretched hand. He complains of pain in the right arm. XR showed fx of the head of radius. What is the single most associated nerve injury? a. Radial nerve b. Musculocutaneous nerve c. Median nerve d. Ulnar nerve

Radial nerve. [At wrist, radial nerve injury cause finger drop with a normal wrist and intact sensation]. Root value of radial nerve: C5,6,7,8 and T1.

Pt with puffiness of face and rash showing cotton wool spots on fundoscopy. What's the dx? a. Macular degeneration b. Hypertensive retinopathy c. Diabetic background d. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy e. SLE

SLE. Puffiness is due to lupus nephritis. SLE, can involve the retina. The classic lesion of SLE is a white fluffy appearing lesion within the retina known as a cotton wool spot. The most common ocular manifestation in SLE is Keratoconjunctivits sicca.

A 32yo woman suffers an episode of severe occipital headache with vomiting and LOC. She is brought to the hosp where she is found to be conscious and completely alert. Exam: normal pulse and BP with no abnormal neurological sign. What is the next step in her management? a. Admission for observation b. CT brain c. MRI head d. Reassurance and discharge home e. XR skull

The key is B. CT brain. [To exclude any possible intracranial bleeding].

A 12m child with AIDS is due for his MMR vaccination. What is the single most appropriate action? a. Defer immunization for 2wks b. Don't give vaccine c. Give half dose of vaccine d. Give paracetamol with future doses of the same vaccine e. Proceed with standard immunization schedule

The key is B. Don't give vaccine. [MMR is live attenuated vaccine which should be avoided in AIDS]. [*** Please note!! In similar question where asked about HIV positive child's vaccination and the answer was give all vaccines except BCG!! HIV positive is not in a immunodeficient state and can receive live attenuated vaccines (except BCG), where as child with AIDS means he has criteria of immunodeficiency already for which all live attenuated vaccines should be avoided]. [Please note the two terms "HIV positive" and "with AIDS"].

A 33yo man presented to the GP with hx of headaches and photophobia. The GP examines him and finds a rash and is now ringing you at the hospital for advice. What would you advice the GP? a. Send pt home b. Start IV benzylpenicillin c. Conduct LP d. Start IV ceftriaxone

The key is B. Start IV benzylpenicillin. [Before hospitalization IV benzylpenicillin. In hospital Ceftriaxone can be given but not in calcium containing fluid instead give Cefotaxime (NICE). According to OHCM hospital management is Cefotaxime if <55yrs and Cefotaxime + Ampicillin if >55yrs ].

A 42yo female who is obese comes with severe upper abdominal pain with a temp=37.8C. She has 5 children. What is the most probable dx? a. Ectopic pregnancy b. Ovarian torsion c. Hepatitis d. Biliary colic e. Cholecystitis

The key is cholecystitis. [Fat, female, fare, forty and fertile are the pneumonic for cholecystitis! Here the presentation of severe upper abdominal pain with fever along with the pneumonic features points towards the diagnosis of cholecystitis].

A 32yo presents with heavy blood loss, US: uterine thickness>14mm. What is the best possible management for her? a. COCP b. UAE c. Hysteroscopy myomectomy d. Abdominal myomectomy e. Endometrial ablation

UAE. [COCP will not resolve the case. There is no fibroid so no myomectomy. Endometrial ablation may render the young lady non fertile. So UAE is the only suitable option here].

A young woman complains of diarrhea, abdominal cramps and mouth ulcers. AXR shows distended transverse colon with globet cell depletion on rectal biopsy. What is the most probable dx? a. CD b. UC c. Bowel Ca d. Bowel obstruction e. IBS

UC. In UC there is goblet cell depletion and less mucous production in contrast with CD where there may be goblet cell hyperplasia and mucous secretion is not reduced. Please note aphthous ulcer can develop in both CD and UC.

A 42yo female who is obese comes with severe upper abdominal pain and right shoulder tip pain with a temp=37.8C. She has 5 children. What is the most probable dx? a. ERCP b. LFT c. Serum amylase d. MRCP e. US abdomen

US abdomen. [5 "f". Fat, female, fair, fourty, fertile = cholecystitis].

A 2wk girl presents with E-coli which is confirmed by urine culture. What is the most appropriate next inv? a. US b. IVU c. CT kidney d. BUE e. MCUG

US. [Infants and children who have had a lower urinary tract infection should undergo ultrasound (within 6 weeks) only if they are younger than 6 months or have had recurrent infections. NICE (Probably to exclude VUR wich is a cause of recurrent UTI)].

A mentally retarded child puts a green pea in his ear while eating. The carer confirms this. Otoscopy shows a green colored object in the ear canal. What is the most appropriate single best approach to remove this object? a. By magnet b. Syringing c. Under GA d. By hook e. By instilling olive oil

Under GA. [Pea is not a magnetic material and hence it cannot be removed by magnet, it will swell up if syringing is attempted, as hook placement is likely with risk of pushing the pea deeper it is not also suitable in a mentally retarded child, and olive oil is not of help in case of pea. So to avoid injury it is better to remove under GA].

A child is brought in with high grade fever, runny nose and bark-like cough. He is also drooling. What is the most appropriate tx for this child? a. Corticosteroids b. Paracetamol c. Adrenaline nebulizer d. IV antibiotics e. Intubation under GA

a. Corticosteroids. [high fever, bark-like cough, drooling in a child suggest croup which is treated with corticosteroids].

A 46yo male presents with confusion and drowsiness. What is the most likely dx? a. Cryptococcus neoformans b. Toxoplasma gondii c. HSV d. CMV e. Candida albicans

a. Cryptococcus neoformans. [The key is doubtful as Toxoplasmosis is most common cns lesion in AIDS].

A 28yo man has developed a red, raised rash on trunk after playing football. His PMH shows he had childhood asthma. The rash is becoming increasingly itchy. What is the most appropriate tx? a. Oral chlorpheneraime b. Oral amoxicillin c. IM adrenaline d. Nebulized salbutamol e. Histamine

a. Oral chlorpheneramine. Diagnosis is Atopy (allergy).

A man has a BP of 160/90mmHg, proteinuria++. KUB US are equally reduced in size with smooth borders and normal pelvic calyceal system. What is the cause of HTN in the pt? a. Chronic glomerulonephritis b. Chronic pyelonephritis c. Bilateral renal artery stenosis d. Essential HTN e. Polycystic kidney

bilateral renal artery stenosis. This is probably a wrong key. The correct key should be A. Chronic glomerulonephritis. [In bilateral renal artery stenosis BP is very high].

A 32yo woman wants reversible form of contraception. She has one child delivered by emergency C-section. She also suffers from migraine and heavy periods. What is the most suitable form of contraception for this lady? a. COCP b. Mini pill c. IUCD d. Barrier method e. Abstinence

b. Mini pill. [IUCD causes increased bleeding. In migraine we cannot give COCP. So for contraception best option from the given ones are b. Mini pill though it does not improve menorrhagia].

A woman has electric pains in her face that start with the jaw and move upwards. Her corneal reflexes are normal. What is the most likely dx? a. Atypical face pain b. Trigeminal neuralgia c. Tempero-mandibular joint dysfunction d. GCA e. Herpes zoster

b. Trigeminal neuralgia. [Electric pains in her face that starts with the jaw and moves upwards [this description indicates neurological pain of trigeminal nerve. In trigeminal neuralgia transient loss of corneal reflexs are seen just after attacks but in between attacks corneal reflexes are quite normal].

A 65yo woman presented with transient arm and leg weakness as well as a sudden loss of vision in the left eye. Her symptoms resolved within the next couple of hours. What is the most appropriate next inv? a. CT brain b. Echo c. Doppler USG d. Arteriography e. 24h ECG

c. DOPPLER USG [A case of TIA. Probable cause carotid artery narrowing. Treated with Aspirin 300 mg daily for 2 weeks then aspirin + modified release dipiridamole daily [NICE guidelines].

A 5yo girl had earache and some yellowish foul smelling discharge, perforation at the attic and conductive hearing loss. She has no past hx of any ear infections. What is the most appropriate dx? a. Acute OM b. OM with effusion c. Acquired cholesteatoma d. Congenital cholesteatoma e. Otitis externa

c. Acquired cholesteatoma. [Acquired cholesteatomas develop as a result of chronic middle ear infection and are usually associated with perforation of the tympanic membrane at the attic (mass is seen in attick with perforation at pars flaccida- in contrast to medial to tympanic membrane which is in congenital). Clinical presentation usually consists of conductive hearing loss, often with purulent discharge from the ear].

A 23yo woman has been having pain at the base of her thumb, the pain is reproduced when lifting her 3 month old baby or changing diapers and also with forceful abduction of the thumb against resistance. What is the likely cause? a. Avascular necrosis of scaphoid b. Trigger finger. c. De Quervain's tenosynovitis

c. De Quervain's tenosiovitis. [Can be diagnosed by Finkelstein's test: The physician grasps the thumb and the hand is ulnar deviated sharply. If sharp pain occurs along the distal radius (top of forearm, about an inch below the wrist), de Quervain's syndrome is likely].

A 56yo man comes with hx of right sided weakness & left sided visual loss. Where is the occlusion? a. Ant meningeal artery b. Mid meningeal artery c. Mid cerebral artery d. Carotid artery e. Ant cerebral artery f. Ant communicating artery

d. Carotid artery. [Carotid artery divides to internal and external carotid of which internal continues as middle cerebral ultimately. But just before it becomes middle cerebral internal carotid gives rise to ophthalmic branch. So middle cerebral occlusion may give partial visual loss but not complete mono-ocular blindness. For complete mono-ocular blindness occlusion should be proximal to ophthalmic artery i.e. either in internal carotid or more proximally to carotid artery].

A 62yo woman complains of unsteadiness when walking. On examination she has pyramidal weakness of her left lower limb and reduced pain and temp sensation on right leg and right side of trunk up to the umbilicus. Joint position sense is impaired at her left great toe but is normal elsewhere. She has a definite left extensor plantar response and the right plantar response is equivocal. Where is the lesion? a. Left cervical cord b. Midline mid-thoracic cord c. Right mid-thoracic cord d. Left mid-thoracic cord e. Left lumbo-sacral plexus

d. Left mid-thoracic cord. Brown-sequard syndrome. [In brown-sequard syndrome paralysis and loss of proprioception on the same (or ipsilateral) side as the injury or lesion, and loss of pain and temperature sensation on the opposite (or contralateral) side as the lesion].

A 33yo drug (opiate) addict wants to quit. She says she is ready to stop the drug abuse. She is supported by her friends and family. What drug tx would you give her? a. Benzodiazepines b. Diazipoxide c. Lithium d. Methadone e. Disulfiram

d. Methadone. (used in opiate abuse)

A pt presents with mild dyskaryosis. 1y ago smear was normal. What is the most appropriate next step? a. Cauterization b. Repeat smear c. Swab and culture d. Cone biopsy e. Colposcopy

e. Colposcopy. [In mild dyscariosis colposcopy should be done with HPV test].

A 26yo man presents to ED with increasing SOB on left side and chest pain. He has been a heavy smoker for the past 4 years. He doesn't have any past med hx. What is the likely dx? a. Pulmonary embolism b. MI c. Asthma d. Pleural effusion e. Pneumothorax

e. Pneumothorax. [Increased shortness of breath and chest pain with no past medical history favours the dx of pneumothorax. Heavy smoking or tobacco is a risk factor for spontaneous pneumothorax].

A 35yo is agitated and euphoric. He claims to be helping the prime minister with economic policy, although this is not true when checked. What is the most likely dx? a. Mania b. Schizophrenia c. Hypomania d. Drug induced personality disorder e. Delusion of grandeur

mania. [Agitated, euphoric and delusion of grandiosity makes the likely dx to be "Mania". Agitation and euphoria are not feature of delusion of grandiosity but mania].

A 56yo pt whose pain was relieved by oral Morphine, now presents with progressively worsening pain relieved by increasing the dose of oral morphine. However, the pt complains that the increased morphine makes him drowsy and his is unable to carry out his daily activities. What is the next step in his management? a. Oral oxycodone b. Oral tramadol c. PCA d. IV Fentanyl e. Diamorphine

oral oxycodone

A 32yo woman had progressive decrease in vision over 3yrs. She is no dx as almost blind. What would be the mechanism? a. Cataract b. Glaucoma c. Retinopathy d. Uveitis e. Keratitis

retinopathy. Cataract is unlikely at this age. Uveitis and iritis doesn't have such degree of vision loss and iritis and anterior uveitis have pain, redness and photophobia. Open angle glaucoma mostly occurs after the age of 50yrs. Answer should be retinopathy (example retinitis pigmentosa).