19th-20th Century World Cultures: Exam 3

The Cold War: 1. Post-World War II events took place "in the international context of the __________ War, a rivalry between the _____________ and the ___________." The Cold War did not involve armed conflict between these two nations, but it became a _________ experience in which each country backed rival ___________--it also imposed a division between _________ European countries allied with the U. S., and __________ European countries that the ______ brought into its zone of influence. The long, tense standoff became known as the Cold _________ (CW). 2. The CW originated in disputes over the _____________ outcome of WW II. Stalin insisted on control of eastern __________, FDR was inclined to accommodate that demand, but Truman demanded free __________, and Stalin ________. The U. S. had a monopoly on the atomic _________, while Stalin imposed compliant governments on eastern Europe—turning those countries into ___________ satellites.

Cold, United States, USSR, global, factions, Western, Eastern, Soviet Union, War political, Europe, elections, refused, bomb, Soviet

The People's Century: Communism, Rise and Fall: 6. During the ________ War (1947-1991) the U.S. took a stand to CONTAIN the spread of Communism as it was viewed as a form of government that did not respect basic human _________, such as freedom of _________ and the freedom of _________. In the 1950s the phrase "___________________" was added to the Pledge of Allegiances, as a way of distinguishing the U.S. from the atheist Communists. "Containment" was a policy that brought the U.S. into wars in Korea and Vietnam.

Cold, rights, expression, religion, under God

The Cold War: 6. In 1949 _______ forces under Mao got control of China. This influenced U. S. policy toward the reconstruction of the country of ________ to serve as a counterweight to Mao. In Asia, U. S. fear of the spread of _______ drew the country into conflicts in ________ and __________. Chinese Communists distributed land to __________ million poor peasants. They also conducted mass arrests that led to at least _______ executions and millions were deported to forced labor-camps. Perhaps this had something to do with U. S. fears about the spread of Communism, and maybe those fears were not as irrationally founded as the textbook seems to suggest—just maybe Truman was on to something. How many Chinese died when Mao's Great Leap Forward was implemented? ________ And yet Mao remained in power (!) and staged a comeback with the Great Proletarian ________ Revolution in 1965. Red Guards were formed, and they were devoted to Mao's Little Red _________, which proclaimed that "political power grows out of the barrel of a ___________." In their attempt to purify China, the Red Guards destroyed ancient monuments and countless works of ___________-books were destroyed and universities were shut down for years. As the Cold War intensified, the U. S. tried to contain Communism, in part, because it did not want the kinds of societies that emerged in Stalinist Russia, Eastern European Communist dictatorships or Mao's China to spread to places like South Korea and South Vietnam.

Communist, Japan, communism, Korea, Vietnam, 300, 800,000, 30 million, Cultural, Book, gun, art and antiques

The War in Vietnam: 10. In 1967 Westmoreland addressed a joint session of Congress: "We will prevail against the _________ aggression." The documentary asserts that as McNamara resigned he was overwhelmed with ___________. When LBJ heard Cronkite's February 1968 report on Vietnam he reportedly said, "If I've lost Cronkite I've lost middle ______________." 11. Morley Shafer claims that the U.S. effort in South Vietnam was "a __________ comedy of __________ from beginning to end." LBJ had a remarkable record on the issue of ____________, but he will be remembered for Vietnam. LBJ--"the man who had __________, rises to have ____________, and then loses it ___________." 12. LBJ's political demise paved the way for Nixon to win the Presidential race in 1968. Nixon wanted to use ___________ (gradual de-escalation of U. S. forces matched with turning the war over to South Vietnam) to achieve ___________ with ___________. The ____________ scandal of 1974 forced Nixon to resign, and in ___________ Vietnam was united as a Communist country.

Communist, guilt, America tragic, errors, Civil Rights, nothing, everything, all Vietnamization, peace, honor, Watergate, 1975

The Great Depression and Totalitarianism: 1. In Europe on the eve of the Second World War, liberal democratic governments were surviving only in countries like Britain and France--while in places like Japan and the Soviet Union __________ seemed the wave of the future. The mid-twentieth-century era of dictatorship is a deeply disturbing chapter in the history of civilization--it featured a resurgence of ________ rule, ruthless ______________ which led to World War II in which millions died on the battlefields. Millions more died in the _______, in Stalin's ______________ and forced imposition of ___________, and during Japan's supposed quest to create "Asia for ________." -_________- favoring or enforcing strict obedience to authority, especially that of the government, at the expense of personal freedom; is a form of government characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of a strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in the rule of law, separation of powers, and democratic voting

dictatorships, authoritarian, totalitarianism - fullest realization in the Soviet Union, Holocaust, Soviet Union from purges, communism, Asians, authoritarian

The Great Depression and Totalitarianism: 11. Mussolini and his followers were the first to call themselves "________"--from the Italian word for "a union of _______." By 1921 Mussolini was shifting gears and exalting _______ over class. As an example of the Fascist dismissal of Marxism, Mussolini said, we deny the existence of two ______, we deny that human history can be explained in terms of __________. His private army was known as the Black ______. By 1922 he was in control of Italy. Press _______ was abolished, elections were ______, and the government ruled by _________. For Mussolini it was "Everything in the _______, nothing outside the _______, nothing against the _______." In the Lateran Agreement of 1929, the _______ urged Italians to support Mussolini's government.

Fascists, forces, nation, classes, economic, Shirts, freedom, fixed, decree, state, state, state, Pope (Catholic Church - Vatican)

The Three Ideologies - Socialism, Classical Liberalism, Fascism -political spectrum - left, center, right Left: Socialism -equality, the collective takes precedence over individual rights -Goal: a society ruled by the ideal class -Communism is a radical revolutionary form of socialism -Bernie Sanders Stalin and Soviet Totalitarianism of the ______ Center: Classical Liberalism -democracy, capitalism - a market economy, voting - representative govt., the rule of law - to be the same for all, elections - free and fair for all, individual rights -rationality, factual basis - evidence -Goal: a puristic society; diversity as a strength -18th century Enlightenment ideas and medieval ideas found in the 1215 Magna Carta -FDR, Biden Right: Fascism -conflict - war, allegiance to a ______ and to the ______ -Goal: rule by the ideal race -Mussolini: we stand in opposition to the principles of '89 (French Revolution) which were liberty, equality, fraternity -Instead wanted ___________, ________, ______ -Hitler totalitarianism of the right

left, leader, state, slavery/bondage, inequality, war

FDR and the FDR Memorial: 1. The first memorial built to honor a President was the _______ Monument, and stylistically it is shaped like an ________ obelisk. In ______ Congress decided that three more memorials would be built to honor Presidents. In the 1920s the Republicans were in power and so the _________ Memorial was built, modeled after a ______ temple. In the 1930s the Democrats were in power and so the ________ Memorial was built, modeled after a ________ temple. 2. Designer Lawrence Halprin wanted the FDR Memorial to be different: it is ________ in style, built with stones from the state of ______. It is _______ in shape and designed to provide visitors with an experiential _______ lesson about the various _________ that FDR faced: ______, the Great _________, and World War ______. FDR WAS ELECTED PRESIDENT ______ TIMES, beginning in 1932. Skeptics doubted his ability to do the job, but William Allen White remarked "responsibility is a _________ that brings forth strange juices out of men."

Washington, Egyptian, 1901, Lincoln, Greek, Jefferson, Roman modernistic, SD, linear, history, crises, polio, Depression, II, 4, winepress

The Cold War: 13. The greatest post-communist tragedy was in ____________. Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic strove to create a "greater __________." Civil wars ravaged the area between 1991 and ___________, and eventually Yugoslavia was divided into a set of independent republics. 14. "In February 1990 the Soviet ___________ Party was defeated in local elections." The leader of the Russian parliament was Boris _________, who announced that Russia would declare its independence from the Soviet __________. Yeltsin emerged as a popular hero when he dramatically resisted a hardline Communist coup versus Gorbachev in 1991. The Soviet Union ceased to exist on December _______, 1991. Yeltsin's handpicked successor was Vladimir __________. Putin became progressively more _____________--placing restrictions on media ___________ and abolishing regional ___________. In 2014, Russian forces occupied the Ukrainian province of ____________.

Yugoslavia, Serbia, 2001 Communist, Yeltsin, Union, 25, Putin, authoritarian, freedom, elections, Crimea

World War II: 6. First, their countries seek no ______________, territorial or other. Second, they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the __________ concerned. Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of __________ under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self-government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them. Sixth, after the final destruction of the ________ tyranny, they hope to see established a peace which will afford to all nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own boundaries, and which will afford assurance that all the men in all the lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want.

aggrandizement, peoples, government, Nazi

World War II: 4. Hitler had promised "work and ___________." Nazi Germany engaged in rearmament and large public works projects and by 1938 the Nazis boasted of nearly full _____________. Which groups were considered undesirable by the Nazis? (6) _______________ 5. The Nazis supported the stereotypical view of women as _________ and ___________. List the three elements of German society that actively resisted Nazi rule: _________________

bread; employment; Jews, Slavs, Gypsies, Jehovah's Witnesses, Communists, and homosexuals housewives; mothers; Trade-union Communists and Socialists, Catholic and Protestant churches, and high-ranking army officers who feared the consequences of Hitler's reckless aggression

The War in Vietnam: 5. Neil Sheehan, who was a journalist in South Vietnam during the early 60s, and who later wrote A Bright Shining Lie, emphasizes the destructive manner in which the U.S. waged the war--he claims that at times whole hamlets were ___________ if sniper fire was detected and that around _________ civilians were killed per year--"we were blowing up and burning down this country we were supposed to be ___________." By July of 1965 the number of men drafted increased from _______ a month to _______ a month. 6. The LBJ administration did not appreciate Morley Shafer's 1965 Cam Ne story on the destruction of a 150 "house" hamlet--LBJ called CBS and demanded that CBS remove Shafer from South Vietnam--CBS refused as LBJ remarked "Your boys just shat on the _______ of the U. S." The Battle of la Drang in 1965 was touted as a "____________________", but over 300 elite American troops had been killed.

destroyed; 25,000; saving; 17,000; 35,000 flag, distinguished victory

FDR and the FDR Memorial: 10. During the 1930s America was profoundly _____________-, and FDR frequently promised the voters that he would not send Americans to fight in a foreign war. FDR had read Hiter's ___________ and privately took the Fascist threat seriously--when WWII started in _________ the U.S. remained neutral. 11. By the end of 1940 FDR had been elected for a third term, Great Britain was standing alone against Nazi Germany, and FDR suggested that the U.S. become the Arsenal of ___________, providing Great Britain what it needed to fight the war. 12. Neil Estern's sculpture of FDR was criticized because it does not show FDR in a ______________. This objection has since been addressed by including a wheel chair I the Interpretive Center, and another statue. Eleanor Roosevelt gets her own statue--after WWII she was named the first U.S. ambassador to the U.N.

isolationist, Mein Kampf, 1939 Democracy wheelchair

The Nazi Threat: 9. At the US Holocaust Memorial Museum, an exhibit on eugenics contained a quote from Goebbels, the Propaganda Minister of the Nazis, in which he openly states that the Nazis could not be concerned about _____________ in need, because their priority was to build a master __________. 10. General __________ and his troops liberated some of the Nazi death camps, and Eisenhower made sure that evidence of the atrocities was recorded, to make it more difficult for people to __________ that the holocaust ever happened. 11. The Nazi regime committed atrocities of such magnitude that the defeat of the Nazi regime was, many would contend, the single most significant event of the __________ century, furthermore, many contend that WWII was the most significant event in _________ history--given its ____________ and its ________________ nature--would Democracy, Communism or Fascism emerge triumphant? During much of WWII, it was very unclear which side was going to prevail.

people, race Eisenhower, deny 20th, world, scope, ideological

FDR and the FDR Memorial: 5. FDR observed that ________ of the nation was ill-housed, ill-clad, and ill-nourished and he argued that we are _________________ responsible to each other--rugged individualism was not enough. Harry ________ was appointed to direct the FERA (Federal Emergency Relief Administration), which distributed _______ billion to the states to hire unskilled workers for state and local government projects. FDR wanted direct relief to be connected to a _________ in order to preserve the dignity of the individual. In 1935 the _________ replaced the FERA. 6. The ________ Security Act of 1935 is a prime example of the shift in America's view of the function of government--it established the idea that government is responsible, at least to some _________, for the welfare of individuals. Since the New Deal the argument has been over the __________, rather than the basic idea of collective responsibility.

1/3, collectively, Hopkins, 3.1, job, WPA (Works Progress Administration) Social, extent, extent

The Nazi Threat: 2. By 1933 the Nazi Party was the largest single party in Germany, and Hitler and his Nazi Party (the French word Nationale was shortened to Nazi) assumed power on __________ newspaper commented: YANKTON PRESS AND DAKOTAN, JANUARY 30, 2008: ON THIS DATE 75 YEARS AGO MONDAY, JANUARY 30, 1933: "Adolf Hitler, national socialist party chieftain, was appointed chancellor of Germany today and selected a cabinet which was sworn in immediately by President Paul von Hindenberg. Official quarters, unalarmed by Hitler's accession to power, consider that the Nazis likely will be more moderate than speeches have indicated." The message was don't be ____________--now that the Nazis are in power they will moderate their views and policies. In a sharp contrast to this idea, in a conversation with a German POW, an American soldier named Ray Leopold, who was a ____________, was informed by a German POW that Hitler had plans to rule over the __________, as well as most of Europe. (from The War by Ken Burns, Episode Six "Ghost Front")

1/30/1933, alarmed, Jew, US

World War II: 14. In the Pacific side of the war, by 1943 the U.S. was producing ___________ aircraft a year, almost twice as much as Japan produced during the entire war. American soldiers were invading various islands, securing victory in hand-to-hand combat. Atrocities were committed by BOTH sides. The bloodiest battles of the Pacific war took place Iwo __________ and ___________, both in 1945. It was estimated that an invasion of Japan might cost a __________ American casualties and possibly _______ to _______ million Japanese lives. With the Potsdam Declaration of July, 1945, unconditional ___________ by Japan was still being demanded by the Allied powers--the Japanese felt compelled to __________ on. 15. In August of ___________ the US used a weapon known as the _____________ on Japan and the war ended. How many had died? ________

100,000, Jima, Okinawa, million, 10, 20, surrender, fight 1945, atomic bomb, 50 million soldiers and civilians

The Nazi Threat: 1. By the year _________ Hitler's political party--the National Socialists, had a ________ room office--soon they moved to a ________ room office. By 1928 the National Socialists had _______ seats in the Riechstag--Germany's legislative assembly. Propaganda minister Goebbels predicted that before long ___________ would replace ___________ as the religion of the state. (from The Goebbels Experiment film, Chapter 2 "The Propaganda Begins") Goebbels was the Propaganda Administrator

1926, 2, 4, 12, National Socialism, Christianity

The War and the Yalta Conference of 1945: -The documentary on WWII is woven around the experiences of Americans in four cities, with one being Luverne, MN, which is 23 miles east of Sioux Falls. Episode 4: "Pride Of Our Nation: Turkey Shoot: Quentin ________ was a P-47 fighter pilot form Luverne, MN. He killed so many Germans that he often had nightmares after the war--when he awoke his right hand would be "frozen". His wife, Jackie _________, without saying a word, would place his morning cup of coffee by his left hand. Paul ________ claims that only luck would keep you alive. In Sacramento, CA, shades were drawn and a Gold ______ was placed in a window when someone from a family was killed. 28 men form Bedford, West Virginia went in on Omaha Beach on D-Day, _______ were killed. Al _________ of the Rock County newspaper wrote a column about ___________, who was the first Rock County resident to be killed on European soil. Steal Weather: Quentin Aanenson reflects on killing Germans day after day in the Battle of Normandy.

Aanenson, Greer, Fussell, Star, 19, M. Intosh, Heman Smook

World War II: 4. In June of _______ Germany broke the Non-Aggression Pact with Stalin and invaded the Soviet Union. This set the stage for the Grand Alliance: _________, the ___________, and later, the _________ versus Hitler and Nazi Germany. Had Hitler not invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, he might have won a smaller war and even then maintained control over large parts of Europe, but his megalomania motivated him to invade the Soviet Union, which laid that groundwork for the alliance that would eventually cause Hitler to lose a much larger war--World War Two. So, some argue that Hitler lost WWII in 1941. 5. The US is still not in WWII, but _______ and _________ (Great Britain) agree to meet at the Atlantic Conference in August 1941. They will sign the ______________, a document which explained, from their point of view, why WWII was being waged, and established guidelines that would prevent future World Wars. During the conference, what kind of ceremony/ritual did Churchill use to link the U.S. and Great Britain? _________ During the church service, one of the hymns contained this verse "Our God our help in ages past, our hope for years to come, our shelter from the ___________, and our eternal home."

1941, Great Britain, Soviet Union, US FDR, Churchill, Atlantic Charter, a worship service, stormy blast

World War II: 7. Japan attacked the U.S. on December 7th, __________. A coalition developed and it included Britain, the U.S., and the _________. Winston Churchill referred to this coalition as the Grand Alliance. When Hitler's armies invaded France in 1940, Petain formed the ___________ government and accepted _____________--and as the war increased Petain increasingly collaborated w/ the Nazis--enabling the Nazis to deport thousands of Jews from France to concentration camps further east. "Only Great Britain, led by Winston __________ remained unoccupied." 8. Germany conducted a bombing campaign against Great Britain, and in June of 1941 Hitler broke his 1939 non-aggression pact and German armies suddenly attacked the _________- along a vast front. The Nazis drove deep into the Soviet Union, BUT THE SOVIETS DID NOT _____________. THIS MEANT THAT NAZI GERMANY HAD TO CONTINUE WAR VERSUS THE SOVIET UNION ON THE FIRST FRONT, AND IT MEANT THAT THE SOVIET UNION DEMANDED A SECOND FRONT IN THE WEST, WHICH WOULD FINALLY BE PROVIDED IN JUNE OF 1944.

1941, Soviet Union, Vichy, defeat, Churchill Soviet Union, collapse

The Great Depression and Totalitarianism: 8. The area of the Ukraine has some of the best agricultural land in the world. Forced collectivization in the Ukraine led to disaster--a terrible man-made famine which probably claimed ____ to _____ million lives. By 1938 _____% of peasant families had been herded into collective farms. Soviet industry produced _________ times as much in 1937 as in 1928--but all this had been achieved at a staggering human cost--millions had to die so that the Soviet state could be constructed. Orlando Figes on the impact of Collectivization. "Collectivization was the real revolution of Soviet history--the complete overturning of a peasant way of life that had developed over many centuries--and a catastrophe from which the country never recovered. It was a social holocaust--a war against peasants--uprooting millions of hardworking families from their homes and dispersing them across the Soviet Union. This nomadic population became the labour force of the Soviet industrial revolution, filling the great cities, the building-sites and labour camps of the Gulag." And yet as recently as 2011, in an opinion poll, 78% of the Russian people still believe that Collectivization had been justified (a terrible necessity) in order to achieve Soviet industrialization, and only 22% considered it a crime. IMAGINE IF A POLL WAS TAKEN IN THE CONTEMPORARY U.S., AND 78% OF AMERICANS BELIEVED THAT SLAVERY WAS JUSTIFIED IN THE 19TH CENTURY BECAUSE IT WAS IMPORTANT TO THE ECONOMY!

3, 5, 93, four

The Great Depression and Totalitarianism: 3. By 1933 unemployment in the U.S. soared to ____%--14 _______ were out of work and millions of people were depending on those 14 million for economic support. "The Great Depression and the response to it marked a major turning point in ________ history." After his election in 1932, FDR promised a "New _______ for the forgotten man." FDR's basic goal was to preserve __________ by reforming it--he rejected socialism, but advocated forceful government _________ in the economy. "His commitment to national ________ programs marked a profound ______ from the traditional stress on family support and local community ________." The WPA was established in 1935, and at one point it employed _______ of the entire U.S. labor force. In 1935 a national social ________ system with old-age pensions was created. The New Deal programs did not end the Great Depression--the Second World ______ did that. In Thomas Jefferson's day the word "liberal" was more connected to the notion of freedom from government--FDR's reforms redefined the word "liberal" to mean support for a more activist government that was at least partially responsible for the welfare of individuals.

33, million, American, Deal, capitalism, intervention, relief, shift, responsibility, 1/5, security, War

World War II: 2. By 1932 the Nazi party had ______% of the vote and was the largest party in Germany. The textbook explains Hitler's rise to power on the basis of his appeal to German youth and the breakdown of normal ____________ government. On January, 1933 Hitler was legally appointed ________ by Hindenburg. When the Nazis won 44% of the vote Hitler outlawed the _________ party, and the 1933 Enabling Act gave Hitler absolute __________ power for four years. The Nazis proceeded to have certain books _______ and modern ________ and _____________ were prohibited as life became violently _____________. In 1934 Hitler ordered that all civil servants and German armed forces swear a binding oath of "unquestioned __________" to Adolf Hitler.

38, democratic, chancellor, Communist, dictatorial, burned, art, architecture, anti-intellectual, obedience

13. The U. S. lost the war and __________ Americans had been killed. The American people drifted off into ____________ amnesia, and on the airwaves __________ replaced protest music. 14. Mark Bowden: -the Vietnam War was a _______ application of U.S. prestige and power -_______ can't be exported to all parts of the world

58,000, collective, disco misguided, democracy

D-Day: 7. Logistically it was estimated that the average soldier would need ________ bullets, ______ pounds of food, and ________ pints of water per day. In ________ weeks their equipment would need replacement. It would take ________ support troops to keep ________ soldier on the battlefield. _______ million tons of war material were shipped from the US. The US out produced all the other countries in the war combined, and more men worked in home front factories than served as soldiers on the war front. Every ______ days, fresh soldiers would be needed on the war front. The Allies brought their own _______ in order to get the men and war material ashore. 8. Of the 25 "Bedford Boys" who went ashore on D-Day, ______ were killed. 9. The costly, but successful D-Day invasion of June 6, 1944 established an effective ________ Front versus the Nazis, which helped end the war in Europe a year later. D-Day also ensured that __________ would survive on the European continent, because without a second front Stalin and the Communists would probably have extended the ________ to The Atlantic Ocean. We must remember the men of D-Day and Honor the Charge they made. Long may their _______ shine! Alex Kershaw is the author of "The Bedford Boys" and the National D-Day Memorial is located in Bedford, Virginia.

96, 6, 20, 2, 18, 1, 18, 200, ports 20

The Nazi Threat: 5. The 1936 Olympics were held in __________________ and Hitler relished the opportunity to display the "superiority" of the so-called Aryan race. An African-American athlete named ___________________ became an American hero when he won ______ Gold Medals. Since Owen's performance did not match Hitler's agenda, Hitler refused to meet him. In 1938 Jesse Owens and the Globetrotters came to _________________, South Dakota and were forced to sleep inside new cars at a car dealership when all the motels refused to rent them rooms. 6. In 1938 Hitler announced plans to ____________ the Sudetenland, a section around the rim of Czechoslovakia where many German-speaking people lived--by 1939 Germany brazenly annexed all of Czechoslovakia. A women with Czechoslovakian roots, Madeleine Albright, was nominated to be President Clinton's ___________--she became the first women to serve in this capacity. As her background was being checked, it was discovered that her family had converted to Catholicism at the start of World War II. She was now made aware of her ___________ roots back in Czechoslovakia, and proceeded to trace her family tree--discovering that some of her relatives were Holocaust victims. Madeleine Albright's research culminated in the publication of her book entitled ____________________, in which the story of Czech resistance to Nazi rule is told. In 1939, Czechs had decisions to make--would they sit back and let the Nazis run their country--would they collaborate and perhaps get rewarded by the Nazis, or would they develop a resistance movement? The Czech resistance movement assassinated _____________--the Nazi ruler of Czechoslovakia.

Berlin, Jesse Owens, 4, Yankton annex, Secretary of State, Jewish, "Prague Winter", Heydrich

The Great Depression and Totalitarianism: 2. Like the Great War, the Great _________ must be spelled with capital letters. Mass unemployment made insecurity a reality for millions. The U.S. stock market crash of October of 1929 is explained as the result of (1) the wealth ________ which set up a situation in which many people stopped buying and (2) the high number of "greater investment _______." "The financial panic in the U.S. triggered a ________ financial crisis" in which world output of goods felly by ______%. The relentless slide to the bottom came as a result of the lack of (1) the international economy lacked _______, and 2) government cuts in spending instead of running large _______ to stimulate economies--deficit spending was later advocated by John Maynard _______ as a way to end economic slumps and prevent drastic economic depressions.

Depression, gap, risks, worldwide, 38, leadership, deficits, Keynes

The Cold War: 12. Mikhail _________ became premier of the Soviet Union in 1985, calling for reforms to create "democratic _____________", sometimes referred to as socialism with a human face. Economic restructuring was called ____________ and a campaign for openness was called ____________. "Democratization under Gorbachev led to the first free _________ in the Soviet Union since __________." The country of __________ led the way, with the first Polish Pope, John Paul II electrifying Poland with his emphasis on inalienable rights. Lech ___________ was the leader of a trade union known as _____________. In Czechoslovakia a "Velvet __________" ousted Communist leaders and Vaclav Havel (who had spent five years in prison for his anti-Communist activity) was elected President. When Havel became President of Czechoslovakia in 1989, self-determination was restored to Czechoslovakia for the first time since 1939—as we learned from Albright's book Prague Winter, the Nazis had imposed a brutal regime on Czechoslovakia as WW II started, and then the Soviet Union took its turn at dominating the Czechs after WW II. The Communist regimes across Eastern Europe collapsed in 1989 and the Soviet Union failed in 1991. Resistance to Communist domination spread to a divided Germany, and in November of 1989 the Berlin ____________ came down.

Gorbachev, socialism, perestroika, glasnost, elections, 1917, Poland, Walesa, Solidarity, Revolution, Wall

D-Day: 1. The Grand Alliance included the countries of _________, the _______ and the _________. When Germany invaded the USSR in June, 1941 that battle line became known as the ______ Front. From that point on the USSR demanded a _______ Front versus the Nazis. From 1941 until 1945 the USSR would lose _____ million on the First Front. 2. The initial invasion featured ________ Allied troops against ________ German troops. The Stevens brothers from Bedford, Virginia were from a family of 14 children--they joined the National Guard in 1939 and earned ____ a day--they were two of the 25 "Bedford Boys" who went in on Operation _______, which was the code name for the invasion that stretched out over _____ named beaches. The Allies also had ________ planes and __________ landing crafts. Omaha beach was a strategic target because the village of _______ featured the only paced road leading inland.

Great Britain, US, Soviet Union, First, Second, 26 150,000; 40,000; $1; Overlord; 5; 11,590; 4,000; Vierville

The Nazi Threat: 3. While introducing Hitler before a speech in 1933, Goebbels warned the ______________ that if they continued to oppose the Nazis, "their __________ would be stuffed." Goebbels told Germans that _________________ had no place on the radio (another way of saying that content of all programs would be censored by the Nazis). In a 1933 speech Hitler boasts that he has eradicated the __________ Party, as well as all other political parties--in effect telling the German people that there would be no more need for them to make _____________ or _____________. Goebbels attended a meeting of the League of ____________ and dismissed all those in attendance when he proclaimed that Germans were ____________. Later in 1933, Hitler pulled Germany out of the League of Nations. (from the Goebbels Experiment film, Chapter 4 Power and Faith and Chapter 5 Superior Germans) 4. One of the first Nazi policies was to organize a _____________ burning in March 1933, which included All Quiet on the Western Front. In order to spread Nazism, radios were mass produced and Hitler learned how to speak in a studio. The serial number for these radios was ___________________--the date that the Nazis came to power.

Jews, mouths, experimentation, Marxist, decisions, vote, Nations, superior book, 1-30-1933

The Nazi Threat: 7. When the Nazis were given a tip that the village of __________ might have aided the resistance movement, they killed all the men, kidnapped some of the children, and sent the remaining women and children to death camps. While the Nazis tried to eradicate all evidence that Lidice ever existed, people with links to Czechoslovakia have vowed to never let it be forgotten. The main street of ___________, South Dakota is named after this village. In her book Prague Winter, Albright concludes that despite the savage manner in which the Nazis retaliated, resisting Nazi rule was the right thing to do. 8. Auschwitz, located in southern Poland, was originally designed by the Nazis to imprison their ___________ enemies. The sign above the entry reads ________________________, an ironic welcome to the largest crime scene in history--around _______ million people were killed in Auschwitz. Located near Auschwitz, ________________, sometimes called Auschwitz II, was the advanced extermination camp. Prisoners arrived here on trains and were divided into two groups--many were immediately killed and placed in ovens at the end of the train track--others were chosen to work for a short time before they were exterminated. As World War II came to an end, Auschwitz and Birkenau were " _______________" by the Soviet Union. People in places like Poland and Czechoslovakia went from living under _____________ rule to living under _______________ domination during the Cold War.

Lidice, Tabor political, Arbeit Macht Frei (Work Will Make You Free), 1.1, Birkenau, liberated, Nazi, Soviet Union

World War II: 3. In 1935 the ________ Laws classified as Jewish anyone having three or more Jewish grandparents and deprived Jews of all rights of _____________. In 1938 an event which became known as ________ or Night of Broken Glass signaled a public attack on all things related to the Jews, and many historians point to this events as the beginning of Hitler's Final ______________. Some Germans opposed these measures but ___________ went along or "looked the _______ way." Ten years after WWII, Milton Mayer wrote a book about ten Germans who became Nazis--here is an excerpt that reflects on how the Nazis got control: They Thought They Were Free by Milton Mayer, 1955, Excerpts Ch. 13 Explaining Hitler: "To live in the process is absolutely not to be able to notice it- please try to believe me- unless one has a much greater degree of political awareness, acuity, than most of us has ever had occasion to develop. Each step was so small, so inconsequential, so well explained or, on occasion, "regretted," that, unless one were detached from the whole process from the beginning, unless one understood what the whole thing was in principle, what all these "little measures" that no "patriotic German" could resent must someday lead to, one no more saw it develop from day to day than a farmer in his field sees the corn growing. One day it is over his head. Suddenly it all comes down, all at once. You see what you are, what you have done, or more accurately, what you haven't done (for that was all that was required for most of us: that we do nothing)"

Nuremberg, citizenship, Kristallnacht, Solution, most, other

D-Day: 5. Operation Overlord became Operation __________ as each soldier carried between _______ and _________ pounds of gear. Military commanders are sometimes placed in the unenviable position of calculating how many of their men will be killed in order to accomplish the _______________. 6. Germany artillery from as far as _______ miles away generated shrapnel that inflicted most of the casualties on Omaha Beach. After two hours, the allied forces had not gotten off the beach--the original plan now needed ___________. D-Day veteran Harley Reynolds observed that "we were being ________", and the only way to survive was to "get the hell of the _________." The turning point in the battle was when ordinary soldiers broke through obstacles and made their way around the sides of the bunkers--____________ mines made this maneuver treacherous. On the beach the Americans were ___________--but above the beach the Americans were ___________.

Overload, 70, 90, mission 6; improvisation; sacrificed; beach; 40,000; targets; hunters

World War II - also know as _____ _____: 1. By the 1930s, around ______ of Americans had concluded that the US should NOT have entered World War One, and most Americans were _________--determined not to enter the next war. Between 1935 and 1937 Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts. What were the Neutrality Acts? 1. No _______ on the ships of belligerent nations. 2. Trade w/ belligerent nations - only on a _____ and ______ basis. 3. No ________ traded to belligerent nations. Why were these acts flawed and unrealistic? 1. They ignored the _____ threat 2. Unrealistic - a nation at war would _______ w/ cash and carry 3. Based on a false notion - the European balance makes no ______ to the US

The War 70%, isolationists, travel, cash, carry, armament, Fascist, struggle, difference

World War II: 2. In 1938 Hitler announced that Germany would annex the __________, a portion of Czechoslovakia with a large German-speaking population. At the _________________, Hitler signed an agreement to annex just the Sudetenland. Respecting this agreement would have signaled that Hitler would function as a leader who respected law/diplomacy. But before long Germany proceeded to annex all of Czechoslovakia--proof that Hitler was a _______ statesman. Looking back with regret that Western leaders had tried diplomacy with Hitler, it would be said that practicing __________ to avoid war with Hitler in 1938 had been a huge mistake. Now the consensus was that Hitler's next act of aggression would mean war. 3. A Non-Aggression Pact with _______ in ______, enabled Hitler to expand Germany to the east without risking war with the Soviet Union. In September 1939 Germany invaded _________ and started WWII. Hitter's Non-Aggression Pact with the Soviet Union enabled Germany and the Soviet Union to divide and control sections of ________ Europe.

Sudetenland, Munich Conference of 1938, rogue, appeasement Stalin, 1939, Poland, Eastern

The Cold War: 7. In 1945 military occupation was applied to southern Korea by the _______, and to northern Korea by the _________. In 1950 Kim secured _______ and _________ backing for an invasion of the south to _________ Korea. President ________ sent a coalition of forces to stop "what he determined as a coordinated ________ effort to dominate Asia." The Korean War ended in ________, and in 1953 a fragile ________ was negotiated, but now the U. S. had expanded its policy of containing communism to ____________. 8. In 1945 nationalist leader Ho Chi __________ declared an independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam. In response, the French tried to reimpose imperial _________--they failed and Vietnam was divided into a North and South. The U. S. government _________ and _________ a government in South Vietnam—opponents of that government were known as the Viet ___________.

United States, Soviet Union, Stalin's, Mao's, unify, Truman, Communist, stalement, truce, Asia Minh, rule, organized, financed, Cong

D-Day: 3. The Nazis had constructed the "Atlantic ______" with _____________ bunkers designed to defend ________ miles of coastline. They had placed two large guns at each end of Omaha beach. Rommel and Hitler agreed that the Allied invasion had to be defeated on the ________. Obstacles placed on the beach meant that the invasion would have to take place at ______ tide, making the Allied forces highly vulnerable as they crossed 300 yards of open territory. Company A consisted of _______ men, including the Stevens twins. Weapons like the _______, known as Hitler's buzz saw, inflicted ________ casualties on Company A in just 5-10 minutes. 4. Several factors made the pre-invasion air attacks ineffective--low clouds hindered the accuracy of the bombing, and the German bunkers were made of re-enforced ________ and concrete. ________ tons of munitions were dropped--but no _______ were killed. During the invasion Robert Sales was asked what he saw on the beach and he said "________________."

Wall; 150,000; 2,400; beach; low; 160; MG42; 92% steel; 1,745; Germans; I only see dead bodies

The People's Century: Communism, Rise and Fall: 5. The cornerstone of Stalin's plan to modernize the Soviet Union was a plan to end private ownership of land and the means to do this was known as ____________. Three million _______ died and over _______ million died of starvation. G.B. Shaw did not see this on his trip. Figes on Collectivization: "Collectivization was the real revolution of Soviet history--the complete overturning of a peasant way of life that had developed over many centuries--and a catastrophe from which the country never recovered. It was a social holocaust--a war against peasants--uprooting millions of hardworking families from their homes and dispersing them across the Soviet Union. This nomadic population became the labour force of the Soviet industrial revolution, filling the great cities, the building-sites and labour camps of the Gulag." p. 4 One writer has estimated that _______ million were executed while Stalin was in power. At party rallies no one wanted to be the first to stop their _______ while Stalin proclaimed that the goals of Socialism had been achieved. Stalin's fear of opposition cause him to conduct _________ against those who had been architects of the Bolshevik takeover in 1917. And so, while Communism represented the left in the political spectrum, the Soviet Union emerged as a __________ society with many similarities to _________ Germany.

collectivization, Kulaks, 7, 42, applause, purges, totalitarian, Nazi

World War II: 11. Great Britain (the greatest _________ power, The U.S. (the greatest ___________ power, and the Soviet Union (the greatest _________ power) joined together in an unlikely military pact called the Grand Alliance. It featured a "Europe ________" approach to the war, and demanded the "unconditional ___________" of Germany and Japan. "This policy ______________ the Grand Alliance because it denied Germany and Japan any hope of __________ their foes." 12. Once the U.S. entered the war it used its population and its industrial capability to out produce the rest of the world __________! In 1942 the Nazis rallied in the Soviet Union and attacked the southern city of ___________, but Stalingrad did not fall. 13. On June 6, ______ Americans and British forces under General Dwight ___________ landed on the beaches of _____________. This was history's greatest naval _________ and it involved over 5,000 ships. In the days following D-Day, more than _________ million men went ashore. In February 1945 a _________ and ____________ Franklin _________ met with Stalin and Churchill at ____________. In March of 1945 _________ troops crossed the Rhine. In April of 1945 the ________ Army met American forces on the Elbe River. Hitler committed ______________ and the Europeans phase of the war ended on May 7, 1945.

colonial, capitalist, communist, first, surrender, cemented, dividing combined, Stalingrad 1944, Eisenhower, Normandy France, invasion, 2, sick, feeble, Roosevelt, Yalta, American, Red, suicide

The War in Vietnam: 1. By 1962 the documentary claims that JFK had made a _________ decision--South Vietnam would not fall to the Communists. Historian Robert Dallek claims that strategy was based on the _______ theory. __________ points out that there was a growing concern that the "military advisor" approach implemented by JFK was not working, and then the Buddhist Crisis of _______ took place. Richard Reeves describes Diem as "a western educated _______ who had been ________ by the U.S.--Diem was our _______." JFK's policies in Vietnam included: A) a counter _______ vs. the Viet Cong (Communists) B) military _______ to aid South Viet Nam in its battle against the insurgency 2. JFK knew that once the U. S. allowed Diem to be replaced by a coup "we had bitten into a bad _______." In taped conversations JFK remarked "we must bear a good deal of ________ for it" and "I should not have given my _________ to it without a round-table conference." There were ________ advisors in 1961-by November of 1963 there were ___________.

common, domino, Herring, 1963, Catholic, installed, boy, insurgency, advisors apple, responsibility, consent, 600, 16,000

1920 Nazi Party Platform -all Germans in one _______ -revoke the Treaty of _________ -land to feed excess population, expansion to the east --lebensraum - living space -no _______ allowed Stalin, Mussolini, Hitler - created ____ to stay in power

country, Versailles, Jews, fear

The War and the Yalta Conference of 1945: Episode 5: "Fubar" Life's Accidents: Paul Fussell comments on how courage diminishes when the reality of how brutal war really is sets in. A World of Death: Quentin Aanenson writes a realistic letter home to his fiancé, telling her that he lives in a "world of ________." Aanenson wrote the letter: ___________ The Yalta Conference was a meeting attended by Churchill, FDR and Stalin in late February and early March in 1945. The end of the war against the Nazis was in sight. Churchill and FDR both wanted assurance from Stalin that ___________ would be allowed in Eastern Europe, especially _________. But Stalin had leverage because the Soviet Union had paid to the highest price to win the war, losing around _________ million people in WWII. Stalin made a vague promise to allow elections in Eastern European countries, but in his view "to the victor belongs the spoils." Eastern European countries had Communist __________ installed, and these countries became buffer zone between the Soviet Union and Germany.

death, but never sent it, self-determination, Poland, 26, dictatorships

FDR and the FDR Memorial: 7. In 1936 FDR was nominated for a second term, and in his acceptance speech he claimed that the current generation of Americans was facing a "rendezvous with _________." 8. FDR was the first President to make effective use of the ______________ to communicate with the American people. His speeches were called _____________ and he only delivered around ___________. Why so few? 9. The FDR White House was highly unconventional. FDR and Eleanor had separate bedrooms and were free to entertain "guests" of their own choice. FDR promised to break off an affair with _______________, but broke that promise late in life. FDR and Eleanor agreed to continue an atypical marriage in order to maintain their public service ambitions.

destiny radio, fireside chats, 28, Sparingly use the media b/c then it would mean something when used Lucy Mercer

The War in Vietnam 3. In 1964 LBJ asked McNamara "what is going on out there" and McNamara replied "the frank answer is that we don't know what is going on out there. The signs I see coming through the cables are _________ signs." But on a visit to South Vietnam, McNamara promises that the U.S. will provide ________ it takes, however, in private, he was increasingly ________. LBJ expressed the dilemma he was in: "I don't' think it's worth fighting for and I don't think we can get ______. Of course if you start running from the Communists they might chase you right into your own ________." 4. George Herring contends that Westmoreland inherited the most _________ war the U.S. had even been in--and then Westmoreland proceeded with a _________ strategy for an ________ war. Contrary to McNamara, who claimed that the attacks on American ships in the Gulf of Tonkin were _________, the documentary claims they came after CIA sponsored attacks on North Vietnam, and Herring argues that the second attack never _________. The documentary presents the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution of 1964 as "the beginning of the slippery _______." Referring to the broad powers that this resolution gave him, LBJ remarked, "it's like grannies nightgown--it covers everything." LBJ's administration tried to bomb North Vietnam into submission in an operation known as ___________--but this failed, and so in 1965, LBJ had to choose from three options: A _____ _____- it would mean admitting failure B) ______ ____ _____ - WWIII could result + this would cost too much C) ______ _______ - 50,000 troops - eventually becomes 500,000 -The option chosen was option _____

disturbing, whatever, gloomy, out, kitchen complex, conventional, unconventional, unprovoked, happened, slope, Rolling Thunder, get out, all out war, gradual escalation, c

The People's Century: Communism, Rise and Fall: 1. In his film "October" Eisenstein depicts the taking of the Winter Palace in 1917 in a highly __________ fashion, but in reality there was little resistance and only ____ people were killed. This film worked to establish a key Soviet myth: the ________ had seized power in the 1917 (for the Bolshevik's rule over Russia to be legitimate, the Bolsheviks had to claim they represented the "will of the people"). Lenin told the crowd that from now on the ________ would run the country. True believers though that the ideal __________ society was just around the corner. 2. Now the Bolsheviks became known as the _________ and they moved the capital of Russia from St. Petersburg to __________. The Communists appealed to _______ around the world that it was time to end __________, and in 1920 Lenin called for the establishment of _________ (the Russian word for councils) on a world-wide scale. However, Communist uprisings were usually _________. In Russia a ___________ broke out between the ______ and the ________. By 1921 the Communists, known as the ______ won.

dramatized, 5, workers, masses, class-less Communists, Moscow, workers, oppression, Soviets, crushed, Civil War, Reds, Whites, Reds

The War and the Yalta Conference of 1945: Episode 7: "A World Without War" Introduction: A WWII veteran observes that because there is ________ we will always have _________. Upon his return from Yalta, FDR speaks to Congress and reminds Americans that Germany has yet to surrender and "it's a long road to _________"--the Pacific War against Japan has yet to be resolved. Exhausted from his travels and the pressures of being the Commander in Chief, FDR asks to ______ while he speaks, publicly revealing for the first time that he lives in a wheelchair. The Old Man: FDR died in early April, 1945 and Americans from all walks of life were devastated by the news. Paul Fussell observes that if only FDR had lived a bit longer he could have witnessed the end of WWII. A women from Alabama notes that FDR had led the country through the Great _________, and they were counting on FDR to help them win the _______ (notice how she turns "war" into two syllable word) It Happened: Fussell points out that at first, the young men that went to war in WWII were not thinking about "why we fight", but when they got to the Nazi camps, they realized they were engaged in a _________. To anyone who denies that the Holocaust took place, these eye-witnesses loudly proclaim "________________." In several instances Americans made Germans who were living near the Nazi camps take tours inside the camps and some were even required to bury the victims. In 1933 there were _______ million Jews living in Europe. By 1945 ______ of the Jews in Europe had been killed by the Nazis.

evil, war, Tokyo, sit Depression, war crusade, It Happened, 9, 2/3

World War II: 6. Once the Nazis had political control the next item on their agenda was aggressive territorial ____________. Hitler took Germany out of the League of _________ in 1933 and in 1935 he declared the __________ treaty disarmament clauses null and void. Britain adopted a policy of ___________ in order to avoid war with Germany. Conservatives around Europe underestimated Hitler, thinking that Soviet Communism was the real danger and that Hitler could be used to stop it. Winston Churchill bitterly condemned ______________ as peace at any price. In 1936 Hitler sent troops into the demilitarized ____________. By 1936 Italy, _________, and _________ were in an Axis Alliance, and in Spain, Germany and Italy intervened in the Spanish Civil War and helped Franco's ___________ movement defeat republican Spain. In March of 1938 Germany took control of the country known as ____________. Then Hitler announced plans to annex German-speaking area in Czechoslovakia known as the ___________--and after Chamberlain claimed to have achieved "peace with _________", Hitler broke the Munich agreement and took all of Czechoslovakia in 1939. Stung by Hitler's betrayal, Chamberlain announced that Britain and France would got to war against Germany if it invaded Poland. In August of 1939 Hitler signed a ____________ pact with Stalin. Next came the September, 1939 German Invasion of the country known as ___________--WWII was underway.

expansion, Nations, Versailles, appeasement, appeasement, Rhineland, Germany, Japan, Fascist, Austria, Sudetenland, honour, nonaggression, Poland

FDR and the FDR Memorial: 3. In his Inaugural Address of 1933 FDR spoke his most famous line when he said "the only thing we have to fear is _____ itself." Earlier, when he accepted the Democratic nomination in 1932, he had promised a ______ ______ for the American people _________ Americans wrote to FDR in his first week in office! When Hoover was President ____ person worked in the White House mailroom, but it took ______ to do that job when FDR took office. 4. In the first "100 Days" of his presidency FDR established the _______, used a Bank _________ to restore confidence in the banks and plans were made to end __________. In SD the CCC had ______ camps of 200 men. They were paid ______ a month and had to send ______ home to their families. Extreme drought created a ___________ in the Midwest and millions of farmers faced foreclosures.

fear, New Deal, 450,000, 1, 70 CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps), Holiday, Prohibition, 48, $30, $25, Dust Bowl

The Cold War: 9. "Cold War _________ and U. S. commitment to the ideology of __________ drove the U. S. to get involved in Vietnam." Lyndon Johnson greatly ________ America's role in Vietnam—the American strategy was to "___________" the war sufficiently to break the will of the North Vietnamese without resorting to "___________" which might risk war with the entire _____________ bloc. The U. S. was never in a position to use its full fire power in the Vietnam War for fears of starting World War III. 10. Nixon sought to __________ America from Vietnam with a process called Vietnamization and a peace agreement was reached in __________. But in 1975 the Communists proved victorious and created the Socialist ____________ of Vietnam. Over 58,000 American soldiers had been killed and the objective of preserving a non-communist South Vietnam was lost. 11. In the late 60s and early 70s a relaxation of Cold War tensions known as ___________ took shape, but Ronald Reagan moved away from détente and called the Soviet Union the "evil empire"—soon "the Soviet Union began reforms that culminated in the release of Soviet control over eastern ___________ and the dismantling of the Soviet Union and its Communist state."

fears, containment, expanded, escalate, overkill, Communist disengage, 1973, Republic detente, Europe

World War II: 8. During WWII the "______________" was in the east as the Soviet Union fought off the Nazi invasion. The Soviet Union demanded a "______________" in the west--to be delivered by Great Britain and the U.S. 9. In 1943 FDR and Churchill met in Africa for the Casablanca Conference. They announced that WWII was being fought on the basis of _____________ surrender. This was a message to the enemy--they had only one option and could make no demands, and to the ally--Stalin and the Soviet Union would not be left to fight the Nazis on their own. 10. In Asia, Japan modernizes its military and engaged in _____________. Eventually all the area inside the red line on this map was under Japanese domination. The US insisted that Japan had no right to occupy __________, and Japan refused to leave. Relations broke down and Japan attacked ________________ on December 7, 1941. This brought the US into the war. There were few ___________ in the US by the afternoon of 12-7-1941. Japan insisted they were following the lead of other countries when they engaged in imperialism. Look at the map--which other countries had colonies in Asia? ____________

first front, second front unconditional imperialism, China, Pearl Harbor, isolationists, US, Great Britain, France

World War II: 7. Seventh, such a peace should enable all men to traverse the high seas and oceans without hindrance; Eighth, they believe that all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well as spiritual reasons, must come to the abandonment of the use of ________. Since no future peace can be maintained if land, sea, or air armaments continue to be employed by nations which threaten, or may threaten, aggression outside of their frontiers, they believe, pending the establishment of a wider and permanent system of ________________, that the disarmament of such nations is essential. They will likewise aid and encourage all other practicable measures which will lighten for peace-loving peoples the crushing burden of ___________. FDR and Churchill have an idealistic view of WWII--it is being waged to establish __________ and end a major cause of war--__________. In contrast, Stalin has a ___________ view of the WWII--it is being waged for _______________.

force, general security, armaments, self-determination, imperialism, realistic, self-preservation

The Great Depression and Totalitarianism: 4. Conservative authoritarian governments usually limited popular participation in __________ and often jailed or exiled political opponents. (Hitler boasted that he had eliminated the Marxist party along with all other political parties, except the Nazi Party). By the mid-1930s a new kind of _______ dictatorship--termed ___________ had emerged in the Soviet Union and Germany. Although there has been debate over the definition of totalitarianism, more recently the term is used to explain and understand fascism, ___________, and __________ in the 20s, 30s, and 40s. "It was the Great ________ that must be viewed as the immediate cause of the modern totalitarian state."

government, radical, totalitarian, Nazism, communism, Depression

The Great Depression and Totalitarianism: 6. "Fascists, especially in Germany, also embraced racial ________, a fanatical obsession that led to the Holocaust. Indeed, while _________ was the driving force in communist ideology, ________ and racial purity were profoundly important to Nazi ideology." Totalitarianism viewed in this way enables us to understand that in the 1930s, Germany, the Soviet Union, and Japan made an unprecedented "total ______" on the ________ and _________ of their respective citizens. The fact that regimes constructed on radical ideologies that would cause the death of millions of people could emerge in the modern world is, back to question one on this study guide, what makes all this a "highly disturbing chapter" in the history of civilization.

homogeneity, class, race, claim, beliefs, behaviors

The Great Depression and Totalitarianism: 5. Six features of totalitarianism include (1) an official ________ that promised to lead a "perfect final stage of mankind", (2) a single ruling _________, often made up of a small group (Lenin and his Bolsheviks) and/or a dictator (Hitler/Stalin), (3) complete control of all ________, (4) a monopoly of all means of mass ___________ (the "Hitler radio"), (5) a system of __________, and (6) central control of the _________. With its emphasis on seizure of property and crushing the middle class in an attempt to create the ideal "classless society", Stalinist Russia represented "totalitarianism of the _______", Nazi Germany's acceptance of capitalism and the middle class in an attempt to build a society dominated by the ideal race represented a "totalitarianism of the _________." (Interpretation of totalitarianism presented in class.) "So, while Communists and Fascists both sought the overthrow of existing _________, their ___________ clashed, and they were enemies.

ideology, party, weapons, communication, terror, economy left, right, society, ideologies

The Cold War: 3. Placing a lot of blame on Truman, the author writes, "President Truman _________ these occupations as a campaign for world __________." The U. S. committed itself to "containing" communism by adopting the Truman ___________ and the Marshall ______, by creating NATO--which Stalin countered by creating the Warsaw ______________. Two years earlier, while speaking in Missouri, Churchill warned that an "_________ has descended across the Continent." 4. A deep ideological divide was at the core of the Cold War—how did the ______ define itself? - As the defender of a "free world" governed by liberal principles such as free markets, private property, and individual rights protected by democratic constitutions How did the ________ define itself? - As the defender of the rights of workers and peasants against their exploiters, the rights of colonial peoples against their colonizers, and economic development based on planning and equitable distribution 5. Which international peace-keeping organization was formed in 1945? __________ All countries on the Security Council have ____________ power. The UN gave critical support to decolonization as "its charter defended the right of _______________."

misread, domination, Doctrine, Plan, Pact, iron curtain U.S., Soviet Union The United Nations, veto, self-determination

World War II: 1. In Germany, Nazism grew out of complex developments including extreme _______ and ________. While living in Vienna, Hitler was exposed to extremists who believed Germans to be a _______ people and central Europe's natural __________. He eagerly absorbed virulent anti-________, racism, and hatred of _________. He developed an unshakeable belief in such notions as Social __________, the superiority of Germanic ________ and the inevitability of _______ conflict. "The _______ he claimed, directed an international ________ of finance capitalism and Marxist __________" (Hitler irrationally linked all Jews w/ Marxism". When Germany lost WWII, Hitler claimed that Jews and Marxists had _________ Germany in the back. In 1919 Hitler joined the German Worker's _________, which would later be renamed the Nazi _________. His early speeches featured "wild attacks on the __________ treaty." In his book Mein ___________ Hitler expounded on his basic ideas on race and anti __________, "living ________" (lebensraum) and the leader-dictator called the __________.

nationalism, racism, superior, rulers, Semitism, Slavs, Darwinism, races, racial, Jews, conspiracy, socialism, stabbed, Party, Party, Versailles, Kampf, Semitism, space, Fuhrer

World War II: 9. Hitler's New Order was based on the guiding principle of Nazi totalitarianism: _________ imperialism. "Hitler envisioned a vast eastern colonial _________ where enslaved ________, ___________, and Russians would die or be killed off while German peasants would resettle the abandoned lands." "Finally, the Nazi state condemned all European _________ to extermination in the __________." The Holocaust was the Nazi's "final __________ of the Jewish question." By 1945 about __________ million Jews had been murdered. In the 1990s studies appeared revealing a much ___________ participation of German people in the __________ and popular indifference (or worse) to the Jew's fate. 10. By 1938 1.5 million ___________ troops were bogged down in __________ where they were implementing a brutal "kill __________, burn _________, destroy _________" policy that included the infamous Rape of ___________. The Japanese are estimated to have killed _________ million Chinese people. Although the Japanese spoke of "Asia for Asians" they were really out to build a vast Japanese __________. When the U.S. cut off oil sales to Japan in 1941 they decided to attack Pearl ________. "Americans were ________ by this unexpected defeat. Thus Pearl Harbor overwhelmed American _____________ and brought the U.S. into the War."

racial, empire, Poles, Ukrainians, Jews, Holocaust, solution, 6, broader, Holocaust Japanese, China, all, all, all, Nanjing, 4, empire, Harbor, humiliated, isolationism

The People's Century: Communism, Rise and Fall: 3. Lenin had created a large _______ police force to eliminate __________. The Communists made wide spread use of ____________ to win popular support and articulate a vision of an ideal future. Russia's population was still ______% peasant and they lived in poverty. _________ was a goal of the Communists and women were to have ________ with men. Culturally there were attempts to eliminate all ___________ elements from society. In reality _________ had created a ________ party ________ ideology state by the time of his death in 1924. THE FOUNDATIONS OF STALIN'S TOTALITARIAN STATE WERE ESTABLISHED BY LENIN. 4. It took until 1929 before ________ emerged as Lenin's replacement. I an attempt to modernize the Soviet Union Stalin launched the first __________ Plan. True believers looked upon Stalin as a _________ leader and it was patriotic to be a pioneer in this new society. The Soviet Union lacked many of the machines and devices required to modernize a country, so they relied on ________ labor. During the Great Depression Communism was attractive to many in the West. Irish playwright ___________ traveled to the Soviet Union and came away a true believer. The Communists made an attempt to curb the influence of the __________________ Church as depicted in the film "Enthusiasm."

secret, opponents, propaganda, 80, literacy, equality, bourgeois, Lenin, 1, 1 Stalin, Five Year, benevolent, manual, G.B. Shaw, Russian Orthodox

FDR and the FDR Memorial: 13. FDR was politically unable to make great strides on Civil Rights issues because Southern Democrats still strongly believed that racial __________ was appropriate. 14. In a 1941 speech, FDR identified four basic freedoms: freedom of __________, freedom of ___________, freedom from _________, and freedom from ___________. 15. In 1943 FDR looked into the future and hoped that people would look back on the WWII generation and recognize the significance of their achievements. What evidence is there that this is currently taking place? (books, movies, monuments, etc.) 16. According to historian David Kennedy, why does FDR deserve "high marks"? FDR's reforms helped reform ________ and _______--enabling them to survive--when they were being crushed by other counties. FDR helped the Center (political spectrum) hold in the US.

segregation speech, religion, want, fear WWII Memorial (2004) D.C., WWII Museum New Orleans, Saving Private Ryan (1998), Unbroken, Fury, Hacksaw Ridge, Honor Flights w/ veterans capitalism, democracy

The Great Depression and Totalitarianism: 9. Daily life was hard in Stalin's Soviet Union. Most families lived in one room and shared a bathroom and kitchen with other families. But "many Communists saw themselves as heroically building the world's first _______ state while ________ was crumbling and _________ rose in the West." The Bolshevik Revolution immediately proclaimed complete _________ of rights for women, and in the 1920s divorce and ________ were made easily available. 10. In the mid-1930s, the push to build socialism culminated in ruthless police ________ and a massive __________ of the Communist Party. In 1936 sixteen "Old __________" confessed to posts against Stalin. One Stalin functionary admitted, "Innocent people were ________, naturally--otherwise no one would be ________." In all ____ million were arrested and millions were executed--or worked to death in labor camps that were called gulags. The opening of Soviet archives after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 has tended to support the traditional view--that Stalin was ________ involved and personally ________ the purges. "In short a ________ and ________ Stalin found large numbers of willing collaborators for ______ as well as achievement."

socialist, capitalism, fascism, equality, abortion terror, purging, Bolsheviks, arrested, frightened, 8, intimately, directed, ruthless, paranoid, crime

The War in Vietnam: 7. The impact of television on the war remains highly controversial--the documentary suggests that TV presented a split screen version of reality--on the one "screen" people were told that the U. S. was __________, while the other "screen" featured the return of _____________. 8. Anti-war activist Tom Hayden contended that the draft left young men with three options: go to _________, go to __________, or go to __________--none of which were good options. George Herring argues that college deferments favored the ___________ class. 9. The 1966 Fulbright hearings, according to Herring, brought dissent into the ____________ of American political culture. At these hearings, Senator Wayne ___________ of Oregon charged the LBJ administration with ___________ the American people for a long time. McNamara's doubts increased as he noted that the U. S. was using modern weapons against a band of ______________ that had the capability of continuing the opposition almost ______________. Vietnam Veteran Caputo remarked that as soldiers we lost _____________ in our leaders and they were either lying or did not really know what was going on in Vietnam.

winning, body bags Vietnam, jail, Canada, upper-middle mainstream, Morse, misguiding, beggars, indefinitely, trust

The Great Depression and Totalitarianism: 7. Stalin became ruler of the Soviet Union in 1928, and then launched his first five ______ plan. In an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry, Lenin had announced the New __________ Policy, which Brough rapid recovery, but Lenin died in ________ and a power struggle resulted. Stalin manipulated his way to power--he used the _______ to crush _________ and then turned against the _________ and destroyed them as well. In 1927 Stalin condemned all _________ from the party line. Stalin's first Five-Year Plan called for an increase of _________% in industrial output and a ________% increase in agriculture output. Stalin was driven to catch up with the advanced and presumably hostile Western _________ nations--pronouncing in a speech that "We are ________ or a _________ years behind the advanced countries." Next, Stalin launched a preemptive ______ against the peasantry to bring it under the state's absolute control. That war was ____________--the forcible consolidation of individual peasant farms into large, state-controlled enterprises. Stalin said the "kulaks" must be eliminated as a ________--soon Kulak meant any peasant who __________ the collectivization.

year, Economic, 1924, moderates, Trotsky, moderates, deviation, 250, 150, capitalist, fifty, hundred, war, collectivization, class, opposed