19th Century European History

Ferdinand II

King of the Two Sicilies from 1830-1859. An absolute monarchist -one of the last of Europe.

The Ottoman Empire

"The Sick Man of Europe" Declining empire in the mid 19th century. Russia sought to take over the Ottoman's land, which proved to be the greater conflict of interest in the Crimean War.

1860 Military Reform Bill

... and so it goes

The Napoleonic Wars

1799-1815 A step toward modern warfare in Napoleon's constant struggle for the world domination which stretch to nearly every part of the globe.

July Revolution

1830 Ultimately doubled voters, brought forth reform efforts, and initiated a "Bourgeois Monarch."

The Great Exhibition

1851 Showcased the newest technological and cultural advancements.

Attila and the Battle of Legnano

A four-part opera backed with a score by Verdi and based on the play La Battaille de Toulouse by Joseph Méry

Civil Hospital at Renkioi

A pioneering prefabricated building made of wood, designed by Isambard K. Brunel as a British Army military hospital for use during the Crimean War. Florence Nightingale worked here.

Romanticism

A revamping of traditional values and rejection of reason and the scientific method. Upheld religion, the smallness of man, the purity of childhood, and the importance of the natural world.

Treaty of Plombieres

A secret pact between France and the Kingdom of Sardinia, signed in July of 1858 by Napoleon III and Cavour. The treaty required France to provide Sardinia with military aid for the liberation of Lombardy-Venetia from Austrian Rule.

Outcomes of the 1848 Revolutions

Abolition of Serfdom in Austria and Seigniorial Rights in Germany (one in the same). Establishment of the Prussian Constitution. Politicization of the masses.

Liberals

Advocated for the abolishment of the Bourbon monarchy in France. Demanded written constitutions, representative assemblies, greater suffrage, and freedom of the press.

Tennyson, "Charge of the Light Brigade"

After receiving incorrect tactical information via telegram, an English brigade went head-on into the unexpected fire of Russian defense, losing large numbers of men who became known as British martyrs for the cause of the war. Lord Tennyson's poem tells the gallant story of the brigade's suicidal charge.

Engles, "Conditions of the Working Class"

Article describing the working conditions and overpopulated living conditions of Manchester.

Realpolitik

Bismarck's method of actual enforcement. He encouraged whatever needed to be done into affect, leading his nation to the peak of its power.

Roger Fenton

British photographer - one of the first war photographers

Isambard K. Brunel

Built dockyards, the Great Western Railway, the first propellor-driven transatlantic steamship, and numerous important bridges and tunnels. Designs revolutionized public transport and modern engineering.

The Church of the Nativity

By 1846, the site lay in despair following a destructive earthquake -looting ensued. In 1852, Napoleon III forced the Ottomans to recognize France as the sovereign authority in the Holy Land.

The Siege of Sevastopol

Carried out by all allied powers including Turkish troops. The siege lasted for eleven months and proved successful. Russia sunk their own ships upon departure to prevent the allied forces from seizing them as well.

Piedmont-Sardinia

Cavour came to power over the Sardinian Ministry in 1852, pushing Sardinia to the forefront of Italian unification.

John Snow

Cholera- theorized water contagion

Delacroix's "Liberty Leading the People"

Commissioned in 1830- Painting that commemorated the July Revolution

National Workshops

Created by the Second Republic of France in order to provide work and a secure income for the unemployed; however, only low-paying, dead-end jobs were provided, which barely guaranteed enough money for citizens to survive off of.

Abbé Sieyés

Defined the Third Estate in France within an essay, "What is the Third Estate." Brought to light the unspoken true quintessential existence of the overwhelmingly massive Third Estate.

Big Germany/Small Germany Debate

Determining the best way to achieve German unification among the thirty-seven independent German states. The German Question.

John Thomson

Distorted truths of the working class through implementation of voyeurism. Described laborers and laboring with an alluring or romantic connotation.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Duties of man - 1860 Article synthesized his moral, political, and social thoughts

Congress of Vienna

Established following the defeat of Napoleon by the four dominant European nations - Russia, Prussia, Great Britain, and Austria. Here Metternich first introduced the importance of a newfound balance of power among the leading nations in order to prevent future power surges such as Napoleon Bonaparte. Consequentially, the Prussian borders were expanded.

King Bomba

Ferdinand II's nickname for having bombed revolutionaries during the uprisings of 1848.

Wilhelm I

First German Emperor under the new Constitution of German Unification

Napoleon III

First President of France to be elected by a direct popular vote. Coup d'etat brought him into true power in the year 1851. He then established the "Liberal Empire."

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Fought for total Italian unification. Very radical and revolutionary approach to unification, using guerrilla tactics to win battles against opposers.

The Thousand - The Red Shirts

Garibaldi's militants that fought for total Italian unification, opposing Cavour's half-assed struggle

Zollverein

German Customs Union: coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies within their territories

Carbonari

Groups of secret revolutionary societies founded in early 19th century Italy. Further influenced other revolutionary groups in Spain, France, Portugal, and possibly Russia

Teano, October 1860

Handshake of Teano between Garibaldi and Emmanuel II, formally recognizing Emmanuel's power as monarch. Garibaldi sacrificed the opportunity for an Italian republic so that all of Italy could be unified, even though it was under an absolutely monarchical.

Blood and Iron Speech

Insisted on military action over political debauchery

Giuseppe Verdi

Italian composer that the time of Italian liberalism opposing the Catholic control. Advocated Italian nationalism unification.

Victor Emmanuel II

King of Sardinia from 1859 until his death. Became king of Italy in 1861 - first King of Italy since the 6th century.

Northern Italian Kingdom

Kingdom of Italy founded in 1861. Emmanuel II of Sardinia was crowned. Founded as a result of Italian unification under the influence of Sardinia, the legal predecessor state.

July Ordinances

Loss of voting rights (from approximately 100,000 voters down to just 25,000). Suspended freedom of press. The cabinet was stacked with ultras brought to office by new elections.

July Monarchy

Louis-Philipp, King of France- Brought into power following the 1830 revolution

Risorgimento

Movement for Italian Unification that culminated in the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861

The Conference of Villafranca

Napoleon III of France met with Emperor Francis Joseph I of Austria to discuss peace

The Massacre of Sinope

November 30, 1853 Russian warships annihilated a patrol force of Ottoman ships. Conflict led to the involvement of both France and Britain in the Crimean War.

Francois Guizot

Opposed King Charles X attempt to usurp legislative power. Worked to sustain a constitutional monarchy after the revolution of 1830.

Young Italy

Political movement founded by Giuseppe Mazzini in 1831, the goal of which was to create a united Italian republic through promoting a general insurrection in the Italian reactionary states and in the lands occupied by the Austrian Empire

Franz Joseph

President of the German Confederation

Camillo di Cavour

Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia. Wanted a Kingdom of Northern Italy through peaceful means

Otto von Bismarck

Real politik - blood and iron - action, action, action - backed by all of Germany

Bonapartism

Refers to a political movement that advocates the idea of a strong and centralized state, where populist rhetoric supported strongman or voyeuristic leadership.

The Count of Artois, Charles X

Reigned as King of France, succeeding Louis XVIII. Ruled for six years and was then disposed by the French Revolution of 1830.

Friedrich Wilhelm IV

Reigned as King of Prussia from 1840-1861. Saw the completion of the Gothic Cologne Cathedral. Rejected the offer of German Emperor by the Frankfurt Parliament.

Bloody June Days

Response to the National Workshops, suppressed by French General Eugene Cavaignac. Resultantly, tens of thousands were slaughtered.

Florence Nightingale

Revolutionized nursing - especially through her help in the Crimean War.

The Treaty of Zurich

Signed in November of 1859, ending the Franco-Piedmont war against Austria for the retrieval of Lombardy and Venetia, two northern Italian territories under the control of Austria.

The Third of May, 1808

Spanish artist Fransisco Goya captured the crushed Spanish rebellion against the French occupation.

Reasons why the 1848 Revolutions failed

Strict class divisions, national conflict, memory of the 1789 and 1792 revolutions, and conservative control over armies which pulled support very easily

The Crystal Palace

The Great Exhibition was held within this surreal structure which eventually burnt to the ground.

Frankfurt Parliament

The first freely elected parliament for all of Germany

Irish Potato Famine

The hungry 1840s. Terrible conditions in Ireland predicted by the Malthusian Theory and vividly described by James Mahony.

Ancien Régime

The political and social system in France before the Revolution of 1789

Factors leading to the 1848 revolutions

The revolutionaries were essentially bourgeois-democratic in nature with the aim of removing the old feudal structures and the creation of independent nation states. ... simpler speech ... Uprisings came from discontent middle class laborers - tens of thousands were killed and many more were forced into exile

Thomas Malthus and the Malthusian Theory

Theorized that once anticipated exponential population growth outran agricultural output, society would no longer be able to sustain itself (i.e. the Irish potato famine).

Orientalism

To estrange certain elements especially toward a foreign context - journalistic technique of the mid-19th century.

Ultras

Ultra-Royalists supported the absolute monarchy in France

Crimean War

War over the control of sacred Christian holy land which was controlled by the Ottoman Empire at the time. Fought between Russia and an alliance of the Ottomans, France, Britain, and eventually Sardinia. The war turned into a general mission for the protection of the declining Ottoman Empire against the massive power of Russia.

William H. Russel

Writer who used the telegraph to send detailed reports of the Crimean War to Britain. Glorified many elements to keep British support high.