1a3 block3

flash memory

NON-volatile memory that can be electronically erased and reprogrammed

Read Only Memory (ROM)

NON-volatile memory the CPU can read but cannot change as easily refers to manufactured memory chips typically soldered to some type of logic board

Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)

128 bit hexadecimal address divided into eight 16- bit groups called hextets separated by colons

Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)

32-bit binary address divided into four 8-bit octets, each octet is separated by a dot

physical wireless

All devices connect using radio waves or infrared waves without a physical medium

control bus

Carries commands to and from the CPU to all devices connected to the motherboard (distributes letters)

power supply

Component of the system unit that converts AC power to the DC power that is used by a computer.

computer data

Composed of raw unorganized bits for computers

physical hybrid

Composes itself of different physical topologies to achieve full network connectivity

control unit (CU)

Directs operations of the CPU itself to include input and output Responsible for interpreting instructions and determining the sequences of data processing

computer

Electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory, that can accept data, process the data according to specified rules, produce results, and store the results for future use.

logical ring

Every time a device transmits, the data will move from one node to the next

Basic Input Output System (BIOS)

first system software a computer system runs. initializes comms with all hardware devices and performs a power on self test Load operating system from secondary memory helps operating system and the CPU interact with I/O devices

parallel bus

flows as several bits traveling together; or as a simultaneously traveling group

5 session layer

focuses initializing and terminating communications while allowing identification and recognition of users. resolves the bitrate and will transfer data and determine if they will transmit

3 network layer

focuses on addressing, routing between networks, and fragmenting. encapsulate data in pdus called packets

2 data link layer

focuses on controlling access to the medium and encoding the medium's signal. encapsulates data from the upper layers into the pdus called frames

6 presentation layer

focuses on network security at each end of communication. depends on operating systems; as the interface between the user and applications, they provide an additional level of secutirty.

7 application layer

focuses on the applications themselves and the needs application might have. the layer the user can see; applications are what allow the user to interface with the network

default gateway

gateways separate broadcast domains and also serve as translators between different media, operating systems, and data formats

1 physical layer

hardware used to move bits across these medium from one point to another. converts all encapsulated protocol data units from the upper layers into a bit stream of binary code

supercomputer

helps scientists by processing immense calculations

local area network (LAN)

high-speed network in a geographical scope. simplest network because it spans over a small area

4 application layer

houses multiple protocols which operating systems, network operating systems, and applications utilize to communicate with each other across networks.

logical topologies

identifies how the data flows through the physical network. it identifies how devices communicate across the network, the medium, specific devices, and IP address scheme

physical topologies

identifies the physical connections and the shape of the network. refers to how the network devices connect to each other by their mediums

Category 5 enhanced (Cat 5e)

improved for faster speeds greater number of twist per length and stricter signal quality standards for higher interference tolerance 1 GBPS

advanced technology attachment (ATA)

is a standard that defines connection of storage devices

domain name system (DNS) service

links names to IP address and vice versa

drivers

low-level program that allows an operating system to control devices. it translates between raw i/o data devices require, to the higher-level data the OS works with

worm

malicious code with the capability to replicate and travel without human action

non-volatile memory

memory that DON'T lose its contents

volatile memory

memory that loses its contents once the power is shut off

open systems interconnection reference model (osi/rm)

model that describes how information moves from one computer to another on a network

APIPA

on any device device that lost network connection

bit rate

refers to the total number of physically transferred bits in one second over a communication link

hard disk drives (HDD)

secondary memory storage device that uses magnetism to store data. Moving arm-magnet magnetically writes the data on a rapidly rotating circular platters with magnetic surfaces

network segment

separated portion within the network share same default gateway and be part of the same broadcast domain

universal serial bus (USB)

serial interface standard for attaching external I/O devices to a computer. Allows peripherals to connect using a single standardized interface socket

Registers

small areas within the CPU used to store temporary results and control data

address bus

specifies address for data (sender on the letter)

command-driven interface

user makes request to system by typing in commands at a prompt (them old ass "war games" computers)

solid state drive (SSD)

uses special ICs similar to flash drives to store data permanently. solid-state means that there aint no moving parts

Network Addressing

way devices find each other across a network

serail buses

when data flows one bit at a time sequentially

wire media

wire media refers to mediums composed of conductive material such as metal

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Spans a large geographic area. use of standardized protocols enabled to WANs to connect together and create the Internet

system clock

a chip or circuit that provides timing signals which synchronize all operations of the motherboard

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

a component that performs the basic operations of the system, exchanges data with the system's memory or peripherals and manages the system's other components

hub

a component that serves as a basic central connecting point that extends the medium by repeating a signal coming from any transmitting node and passing it to all other connected nodes. nodes connected to a hub are in the same collision domain and the same broadcast domain

server

a computer that provides services and information to other hosts

drives

a device distinct from its method of storing data

Broadcast Domain

a logical part or division of a network where devices can reach each other by broadcasts without the need of a routing device. may have many individual network segments and/or collision domains

switch

a network intermediate device utilized to connect end devices while moving and managing the data within a network. ensure broadcasts reach all connected nodes; all devices connected to a switch are part of the same broadcast domain

metropolitan area network (MAN)

a network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network (WAN).

operating system (OS)

a program(s) that manages a computer's hardware and software

filter server service

a server to act as a remote disk drive, functioning as a high-speed central computer that will store programs and data files

logic gate

a tiny device that receives two inputs and provides only one output

print service

access to print devices and manages the information sent by users to a networked printer

physical mesh

all devices relay data for the network

physical star

all devices share the same central connecting node

IP address

an address that serves as a logical pointer to a node on a network

collision domain

an area of a network where devices compete for access to the transmission medium. the more devices that share a medium, the more probability for collisions and the lower the network segment's efficiency

router

an inter-networking device that connects networks and separates broadcast domains

bridge

any network device that can connect, filter, and forward data traffic from one network segment to another. will connect devices from different segments using MAC address

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

automatically manages IP addresses and can also assign these IP addresses to connecting hosts

computer buses

backbone component of input and output (I/O); I/O speed depends substantially on the type of bus and its width

cache memory

closest available memory for the cpu it stores important data so that future requests for it are rapidly dally available

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

complication of protocols that allow communication between devices and different networks. standard protocol for internetwork connectivity

motherboard

connects all the parts of a computer together. main circuit board for logical data processing contains integrated circuits, connected thru busses which help establish control of all peripherals

Coaxial (coax)

consists of a central conductive core to encode the signal, an initial layer of insulation to protect the core, a mesh of conductive woven braid to absorb EMI, and an outer protective jacket for environmental protection

modem

converts analog signals into digital signals and vice versa through the process of modulation and demodulation (broadcasts information)

2 internet layer

corresponds to the network layer of the osi.. protocols at this layer are responsible for addressing, routing packets between networks and fragmenting

1 network access layer

corresponds to the physical and data link layers of the OSI reference model. this includes the specific protocols to handle all the hardware details of interfacing with the media and connecting devices to the network

4 transport layer

data flow control, segmentation, and error recovery. encapsulate data into PUDs called segments

byte

data unit expressed in computing composed of 8 bits

desktop

designed to stay on a desk and NOT designed for portability

optical disk drive (ODD)

disk drive that uses electromagnetic waves as part of its data read/writing process

logical bus

everytime a device transmits, the data will go to all nodes on the network

virus

executed by a user or another program and attaches itself to a file's internal code, altering it to achieve a desired effect

Data Encapsulation

Process of packaging one message format inside another message format in a sequence

what are the osi/rm 7 layers

1 physical 2 data link 3 network 4 transport 5 session 6 presentation 7 application

Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)

A serial interface standard design used to connect internal hardware devices to a computer's motherboard. (allows one to plug shit in)

Unicast

A transmission intended for only one particular node

twisted pair

Consists of pairs of insulated wires twisted together; Each pair intertwines together to enhance signal quality and minimize crosstalk

database management program (DBMP)

Organizes data so it can be easily accessed, managed and updated

Random Access Memory (RAM)

VOLATILE memory that serves as temporary electrical storage space for instructions and data

mainframe

perform critical tasks that involve bulk data processing

laptop

portable and suitable for traveling

flash drive

portable device that plugs into a specific port and stores data using ROM technology

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

portion of the CPU that performs all arithmetic and logical operations

primary memory

preferred memory of computer systems due to its speed fast enough to keep up with the speed and demands of microprocessors

Loopback

private device testing internal network interfaces

segmentation

process of dividing data into smaller pieces in a sequence

microprocessor

programmable integrated circuit that contains all or most of the functions of a cpu

3 transport layer

protocols at this layer are responsible for data flow control, segmentation, and error recovery; also ensures reassembly of the data at each destination

cloud server service

provides computing resources over networks such as the internet, allows users to use or rent data storage

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

provides pictures (shows the chrome logo)

Information Processing Cycle

the basic operations of input, process, output and storage

fiber optic

thin cylindrical glass core, surrounded by a concentric layer of glass called cladding, and a protective jacket to protect the cable from the elements. use laser or light-emitting diode (LED) technology to encode the signal through the core

data bus

transfers or carries the data back & forth from the cpu to primary memory, peripheral devices, and secondary memory (Post man)

broadcast

transmission intended for for all nodes on a network

multicast

transmission intended for more than one node

Media Access Control (MAC) address

uniquely identifies an actual node within a local network (hardware)

bit

unit of measurement expressed as a 0 or 1 in binary code