2: Infectious Diseases

It is essential that gonorrhea is treated with two antibiotics rather than just one. true false

true

True or false: The body's immune system is a complex set of cells, chemicals, and processes.

true

The set of precautions that are designed to prevent the transmission of bloodborne infections and that include precautions such as the use of gloves and other protective wear are called _________ precautions.

universal

With early treatment, and an undetectable viral load, the risk of spreading HIV is ______. reduced by about a third very low, possibly even zero reduced by about half

very low, possibly even zero

Some of the smallest and most numerous pathogens, consisting of a genome and a capsid and being unable to reproduce on their own, are known as ______. vectors viruses reservoirs bacteria

viruses

Which of the following are typical symptoms of allergic reaction to pollen or animal dander? Multiple select question. watery eyes runny nose sneezing muscle pain nausea

watery eyes runny nose sneezing

Who is at highest risk for gonorrheal infection? young men young women old women old men

young men

Who of the following is at the greatest risk for chlamydia? young women young men old men old women

young women

Which of the following are controllable risk factors for infection? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. age hygiene diet genetics

hygiene diet

The complex set of cells, chemicals, and processes that protects the body against pathogens when they succeed in entering the body is known as the ________ system

immune

Which of the following are portals of exit for pathogens? Multiple select question. sneezing insect bites blood inhalation of droplets

sneezing blood

Type of T-Cells

- Helper T: works to activate T cells - Killer T: attacks cells that are infected or cancerous - Suppressor T: slows down the immune response after a threat has been dealt with

When can the mother-to-child, or vertical, transmission of HIV occur? Multiple select question. during breastfeeding during delivery during pregnancy at conception

during breastfeeding during delivery during pregnancy

There is no currently recognized postexposure prophylaxis treatment for HIV. true false

false

True or false: The CDC recommends that everyone between the ages of 13 and 64 be tested every 5 years for HIV infection.

false

Single-celled or multicelled organisms that include yeasts and molds are classified as ______. viruses fungi bacteria protozoa

fungi

Which of the following act as physical barriers to pathogens? Multiple select question. hair skin mucous membranes enzymes

hair skin mucous membranes

Parasitic worms (such as roundworms, flukes, and tapeworms) that live on or in a host are known as ______. helminths bacteria viruses prions

helminths

Which of the following are classified as parasites? helminths bacteria fungi viruses

helminths

Widespread vaccination shrinks the reservoir of infection agents, protecting the community through "_________" immunity

herd

Once you have survived a pathogenic infection, you often acquire ________ , which protects you from future infection by the same pathogen.

immunity

The flu shot is designed to trigger a response from the immune system and is a form of ______. elimination allergic reaction incubation immunization

immunization

The flu shot is designed to trigger a response from the immune system and is a form of ______. incubation allergic reaction elimination immunization

immunization

The process of exposing the immune system to part of an infectious agent to trigger an immune response that will be remembered by the immune system during subsequent exposures is known as ______. immunization allergic reaction acute inflammatory response infection

immunization

What is the second-most common method of HIV transmission in the United States? contact with infected body fluids day-to-day contact in the workplace injection drug use sexual contact

injection drug use

Which of the following are the two subdivisions of the immune system? Multiple select question. acute acquired innate lymphatic

innate acquired

Which of the following are portals of entry for pathogens? coughing and sneezing insect bites a cut on the skin inhalation of respiratory droplets

insect bites a cut on the skin inhalation of respiratory droplets

Bacteria

Single celled organism that are spherical, rodlike, or spiral in shape ex: staphylococcus aureus and MRSA / neisseria meningitides (meningitis) / tuberculosis / gonorrhea

Some _____ become memory cells when exposed to an infection agent and, if they encounter the same antigen in the future, they can respond quickly to destroy the invader before it causes illness. Multiple select question. natural killer cells T cells B cells

T cells B cells

What is anaphylactic shock? a sudden bacterial infection a condition caused by dehydration a life-threatening allergic reaction a response to rapid changes in body temperature

a life-threatening allergic reaction

Which of the following statements are true of acute inflammatory response? Multiple select question. a)It is the body's initial reaction to tissue damage. b)It consists of a simple cellular event. c)It decreases blood flow to the site. d)It increases blood flow to the site.

a)It is the body's initial reaction to tissue damage. d)It increases blood flow to the site.

Which of the following are true regarding methods of transmission for HIV? Multiple select question. a)It is transmitted through intimate contact. b)It can be found in an infected person's sweat. c)It can be found in an infected person's blood. d)It is transmitted through casual contact.

a)It is transmitted through intimate contact. c)It can be found in an infected person's blood.

Which of the following are portals of entry for pathogens? Multiple select question. coughing and sneezing insect bites inhalation of respiratory droplets a cut on the skin

insect bites inhalation of respiratory droplets a cut on the skin

A condition in which the immune system attacks the body (as with rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, or scleroderma) is referred to as a(n) ________ disease

autoimmune

The cell that attacks and destroys foreign cells and body cells that have been compromised by a virus or have become cancerous is known as the B cell. killer T cell. helper T cell. suppressor T cell.

killer T cell.

The white blood cells that circulate in the bloodstream and lymphatic system are called ______. antibodies antigens protozoa lymphocytes

lymphocytes

Tiny hairlike structures that protect the lungs by rhythmically pushing foreign particles up and out of the lungs are called ______. mucous membranes cilia lymph nodes flagella

cilia

ectoparasites

complex organism that usually live on the host's skin ex: fleas/ticks/lice

The collection of microorganisms that live on or on a human host in a mutually beneficial way is called the human ______. genome flora and fauna microbiome immune system

microbiome

An infection is caused by a ______. pandemic reservoir placebo microorganism

microorganism

Which of the following are the cells of the innate immune system? Multiple select question. neutrophils macrophages natural killer cells helper T cells

neutrophils macrophages natural killer cells

Which of the following are common symptoms of AIDS? Multiple select question. weight gain night sweats rapid weight loss memory loss increased energy

night sweats rapid weight loss memory loss

Infections that occur when the immune system is weakened and that would not usually occur in those with healthy immune systems are known as ______. opportunistic infections sexually transmitted diseases misanthropic infections allergic reactions

opportunistic infections

In a person with AIDS, Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia are examples of common __________ infections.

opportunity

Which of the following sexual behaviors are associated with the transmission of HIV? Multiple select question. casual kissing oral sex anal sex penile-vaginal sex close hugging

oral sex anal sex penile-vaginal sex

prions

organism believed to consist entirely of protein ex: bovine spongiform (mad cow disease) / Creutzfeldt Jakob disease / kuru

helminths

parasitic worms that lives on or in host ex: hookworm/liver flukes/pinworm

Bacteria are classified based on which of the following shapes? Multiple select question. spiral spherical cubical conical rodlike

spiral spherical rodlike

The ____________ of infection is the process by which an infectious agent passes from one organism to another.

chain

Current rates of syphilis infection are far higher among men than women. true false

true

In what year did the rate of new HIV infections (worldwide) peak? 2018 1997 2000 2010

1997

Taking a two-drug cocktail daily as a pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV can reduce the risk of infection for intravenous drug users by 25 percent. 40 percent. 74 percent. 99 percent.

74 percent.

Which of the following statements are true about viruses? (Choose every correct answer.) a)They are some of the smallest pathogens. b)There are only a few types of viruses. c)They typically remain active outside of hosts for a long time. d)They are among the most numerous of pathogens.

A D

immune system

DEF: complex set of cells, chemical, and processes that protects the body against pathogens when succeed in entering the body TYPES: - innate: rapid response design to catch and dispose of foreign particles or pathogen in nonspecific manner -acquired: highly specialized response that recognizes specific targets

chain of infection

DEF: process by which an infectious agent or pathogen passes from one organism to another. PROCESS: -susceptible host -infectious agent -reservoir -portal of exit -mode of transmission -portal of entry

Which of the following occur during the primary infection phase of HIV? Multiple select question. HIV is destroyed by the immune system. HIV replicates rapidly. HIV mutates quickly. The immune system unleashes a rapid response.

HIV replicates rapidly. HIV mutates quickly . The immune system unleashes a rapid response.

_______ is a bacterial infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, or ovaries. Chlamydia Human papillomavirus Pubic lice Pelvic inflammatory disease

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Which of the following statements about fungi are true? Multiple select question. a)Several kinds of fungi cause infection in human beings. b)Fungal infections frequently spread from person to person. c)Fungi reproduce by budding or making spores. d)Yeasts and molds are types of fungi that can cause infection in human beings

a)Several kinds of fungi cause infection in human beings. c)Fungi reproduce by budding or making spores. d)Yeasts and molds are types of fungi that can cause infection in human beings

What is the principal way that people who use injected drugs can reduce their risk of being infected by HIV? a)by using sterile needles b)by avoiding needle exchange programs c)by using syringes that have a space where blood can collect d)by sharing needles with others

a)by using sterile needles

In terms of controllable risk factors, which of the following have a positive impact on reducing your risk of infection? Multiple select question. a)eating a balanced diet b)getting enough sleep c)exercising 3 or more hours a day d)eating an 800-calorie diet e)keeping vaccinations up-to-date

a)eating a balanced diet b)getting enough sleep e)keeping vaccinations up-to-date

According to the CDC, who should be regularly (annually or even more often) tested for HIV? Multiple select question. a)men who have sex with men b)anyone getting tested for other STIs c)anyone in a monogamous d)relationship intravenous drug users

a)men who have sex with men b)anyone getting tested for other STIs d)relationship intravenous drug users

Which of the following groups are at relatively high risk of infection for gonorrhea? Multiple select question. a)persons who have exchanged sex for money or drugs b)persons in a monogamous sexual relationship c)women under 25 who have had more than two sex partners in a year d)persons with a history of gonorrhea episodes

a)persons who have exchanged sex for money or drugs c)women under 25 who have had more than two sex partners in a year d)persons with a history of gonorrhea episodes

What are the two functions of vaccination? Multiple select question. a)to protect the community b)to alter the human genome c)to protect the individual d)to eradicate diseases completely

a)to protect the community c)to protect the individual

The two subdivisions of the immune system are the innate immune system and the ___________ immune system, which is a specialized response system.

acquired

The body's ability to mobilize the cellular memory of an attack by a pathogen to throw off subsequent attacks is called ______. innate immunity natural immunity acquired immunity autoimmunity

acquired immunity

What does the acronym AIDS signify? autonomous infection syndrome acquired immunodeficiency syndrome anti-inflammatory sickness acute immunity sickness

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A marker on an invading microorganism that triggers the immune response is called ______. an antigen a recognizer an antibody a histamine

an antigen

A life-threatening systemic allergic response that requires immediate medical attention is known as ______. gluten intolerance anaphylactic shock hay fever asthma

anaphylactic shock

Gonorrhea is treated with ______. specific drug cocktails antivirals antibiotics antiretrovirals

antibiotics

Proteins produced by lymphocytes that can bind to specific antigens and destroy them are called a(n) ______. lymphocytes T cells antibodies neutrophils

antibodies

Which of the following statements about autoimmune disease are correct? Multiple select question. a)Autoimmune diseases are caused by parasites. b)Autoimmune diseases can cause damage to body cells and tissues. c)Autoimmune diseases are more common in women than in men. d)Genetics has no role in autoimmune diseases.

b)Autoimmune diseases can cause damage to body cells and tissues. c)Autoimmune diseases are more common in women than in men.

Which of the following are true regarding chlamydia? a)Screening for chlamydia is unnecessary. b)Rates of infection are increasing in the United States. c)Young men are at greatest risk for chlamydia. d)It is the most commonly reported bacterial STI.

b)Rates of infection are increasing in the United States. d)It is the most commonly reported bacterial STI.

Which of the following are true about infections? Multiple select question. a)They always result in death. b)They are caused by microorganisms. c)They are considered an illness if they interfere with your lifestyle. d)they are caused by macroorganisms.

b)They are caused by microorganisms. c)They are considered an illness if they interfere with your lifestyle.

In the United States, what has reduced the transmission of HIV from an HIV-infected mother to her child? a)vaccinating the mother before the second trimester of pregnancy b)treating the mother with antiretroviral medications during pregnancy c)encouraging mothers with HIV to breastfeed their infant children d)treating the fetus with hemoglobin

b)treating the mother with antiretroviral medications during pregnancy

Which of the following are portals of exit for pathogens? Multiple select question. blood inhalation of droplets insect bites sneezing

blood insect bites sneezing

The set of precautions that are designed to prevent the transmission of ______ infections are known as universal precautions. fungal bloodborne opportunistic foodborne

bloodborne

What is the primary cause of the common symptoms of AIDs? a)An allergic response to the presence of the virus triggers reactions in various organs. b)A compromised brain feedback mechanism causes a severe hormonal imbalance. c)A weakened immune system allows opportunistic infections. d)A damaged digestive system fails to draw sufficient nutrition from what is eaten.

c)A weakened immune system allows opportunistic infections.

Why do health experts prefer the term sexually transmitted infection instead of sexually transmitted disease? a)The term disease carries a negative connotation, and health experts do not want patients to feel ashamed. b)Health experts want to emphasize the infectious nature of sexually transmitted infections. c)Diseases are infections that have symptoms, and sexually transmitted infections often have no symptoms.

c)Diseases are infections that have symptoms, and sexually transmitted infections often have no symptoms.

Which of the following statements are true of the acquired immune system? Multiple select question. a)The white blood cells of the acquired immune system do not circulate in the bloodstream. b)The cells of the acquired immune system have no memory and thus treat each pathogen as a new pathogen. c)It develops as you are exposed to potential infections and vaccinations. d)The important white blood cells of the acquired immune system are lymphocytes.

c)It develops as you are exposed to potential infections and vaccinations. d)The important white blood cells of the acquired immune system are lymphocytes.

What happens during an allergic reaction? Multiple select question. a)The immune system is unable to identify any foreign substances. b)The body does not respond when a harmless foreign substance is identified as an infectious agent. c)The body mounts a full-blown immune response. d)The immune system identifies a harmless foreign substance as an infectious agent.

c)The body mounts a full-blown immune response. d)The immune system identifies a harmless foreign substance as an infectious agent.

Proteinacious infectious particles that are thought to be responsible for a class of neurodegenerative diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalitis are called ______. rotavirus bacteria protozoa prions

prions

The pathogens responsible for mad cow disease are the least understood of the infectious agents and are known as ______. viruses prions bacteria protozoa

prions

The ______ is the natural environment, in soil or water or within organisms, where a pathogen lives. reservoir infection host vector

reservoir

A natural environment in which a pathogen typically lives is called a(n) ______. habitat infection reservoir vector

reservoir AKA host

Drug cocktails are used in the treatment of HIV to combat ______. resistant strains insurance companies blood screenings immune systems

resistant strains

Which of the following are autoimmune diseases? Multiple select question. rheumatoid arthritis tuberculosis lupus erythematosus psoriasis

rheumatoid arthritis lupus erythematosus psoriasis

What is the primary exposure risk for the majority of HIV infection cases in the United States? sexual contact contact with infected blood sharing towels with an infected person injection drug use

sexual contact

Infections that are spread from one person to another predominantly through sexual contact are ______. staphylococcal infections streptococcal infections sexually transmitted infections tick-borne infections

sexually transmitted infections

bacteria are _________ -celled organisms that can be found in almost all environments.

single

fungi

single celled or multi celled organism ex: candidiasis (yeast infection)/tinea(athlete's foot, ringworm)/histoplasmosis

protozoa

single celled organism the generally live independently of host ex: giardia/toxoplasmosis/malaria

Despite progress in the global fight against HIV, an estimated 37.9 million people were infected as of the end of 2018. More than half of those people are in what region? China Eastern Europe Southeast Asia sub-Saharan Africa

sub-Saharan Africa

What are symptoms of the acute infection that many people experience 4 to 6 weeks after their initial exposure to HIV? Multiple select question. swollen lymph nodes constipation fever rash

swollen lymph nodes fever rash

What is the cause of AIDS? the human papilloma virus the herpes simplex virus the Staphylococcus aureus bacterium the human immunodeficiency virus

the human immunodeficiency virus

The bacterium Escherichia coli inhabits ______. the urinary tract the lungs the large intestine the bladder

the large intestine

Viruses

tiny pathogen consist of genome (DNA/RNA) and protein covering ex: HIV / common cold / influenza

What is the primary purpose of drug cocktails in treating HIV? to combat side effects to combat drug-resistant strains to lower costs to cure HIV

to combat drug-resistant strains

A pathogen passes from one organism to another via the chain of infection. True False

true

A person who is frequently in high-risk situations for exposure to HIV, taking a daily cocktail of two medications can significantly reduce your risk of acquiring HIV infection true false

true

Antiviral medications can suppress replication of HIV to the point where there is no detectable virus circulating in a person's bloodstream. true false

true