2.04

The nucleus is surrounded by a

nuclear envelope that protects the nucleus.

Where are ribosomes made?

nucleolus

The most visible structure within the nucleus is the

nucleolus, which is important for the synthesis of ribosomes.

Most of the cell's DNA is found in the

nucleus

where are proteins made and what are they also known as?

on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the cell and they are also known as the "factory" of the cell. They also float freely throughout the cytoplasm of the cell.

animal and plant cells have specialized structures called..

organelles

eukaryotes contain a variety of cell parts called..

organelles with specific structures and functions that are important to the cell.

Chloroplast is located only in which cells?

plant cells

The cell membrane is also called

plasma membrane. It is the protective outer layer of the cell.

Inside the nucleus, the cell's DNA and some _________ are packed together into __________________

proteins, chromosomes

what does rough ER have over it?

ribosomes

what is generally considered to be the cell's smallest organs?

ribosomes and they generally look like small dots through a microscope.

The cell wall also works to maintain

shape of the plant cell.

what is the function of ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

smooth ER has what kind of texture

smooth texture

what is the function of vacuole?

store water and food

When the cell is not in the process of dividing, the chromosomes are

stringy and entangled, which makes it too difficult to identify them as individual structures. The tangled mass of chromosomes is collectively called chromatin.

the Golgi apparatus works with the endoplasmic reticulum to do what?

to transport the proteins

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions to

transport material to and from the nucleus. It is also known as the "highway" of the cell."

Some cells only have one nucleolus inside the nucleus, while others have

two or more. This can depend on the species as well as the stage in the cell's reproductive cycle.

what is a lysosome and what is it used for?

A lysosome is a membrane sac that contains enzymes. These enzymes are used to digest or break down large molecules into smaller molecules to be used by the cell. Lysosomes and the enzymes they contain are both made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and then transferred to the Golgi apparatus for further processing. A cell contains a variety of lysosomes, each containing different enzymes that break down a specific type of macromolecule. A lysosome provides an acidic environment where enzymes can digest large macromolecules without disturbing the functions of other molecules important to the cell.

what are the structures and functions of the mitochondria cell membranes?

A mitochondrion is enclosed in a layer of two membranes. The inner layer has folds in the membrane, called cristae, while the outer layer is smooth. This structure suits its functions well because the folds in the inner membrane provide additional surface area on which important reactions occur, allowing each mitochondrion to do more work.

What does the mitochondria produce?

ATP energy

what is the purpose of chloroplast?

Chloroplasts are important because they convert energy from sunlight into chemical energy the cell can use. This process is called photosynthesis. Chloroplasts use energy from the sun to make glucose, which is an important energy source for plants and animals.

chromatin

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

what is cytoplasm?

Cytoplasm is the thick fluid that fills up a cell and surrounds all of the organelles. It is a mixture of water and dissolved salts, ions, and organic molecules. Many of these substances are involved in reactions that occur within the cytoplasm, while others are transported to various organelles to be used.

what are the 2 main places that ribosomes can be found?

Free ribosomes are found separated within the cell's cytoplasm, while bound ribosomes are found attached to another organelle called the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

what organelle packs and distributes proteins and is also known as the "post office" of the cell?

Golgi apparatus

what gives the chloroplasts their color?

Green chlorophyll gives the chloroplast its color.

Cristae

Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.

What does a lysosome do and what is it also known as to be in the cell?

It functions to break food down in the cell and known to be the digestion system of the cell. It digests nutrients in the cell. The lysosome uses enzymes to break down large molecules.

What is the nucleolus' function?

Makes ribosomes

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not have any ribosomes on its membrane. Its specific functions vary depending on the specializations of the cell in which it is located so what are some functions of the smooth ER?

The smooth ER participates in various metabolic processes, including the construction of lipids, the deconstruction of carbohydrates, and the detoxification of substances that may otherwise be harmful to the cell.

what is the difference between animal and plant vacuoles?

Plant cells have a large vacuole. This also helps to maintain the shape of a plant. Animal cells have smaller vacuoles.

Both animal and plant cells have a

cell membrane

animal and plant cells have

cell membranes, ribosomes, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes

What are ribosomes made of?

Ribosomes are made up of RNA and protein molecules. Although they appear like tiny dots under a microscope, ribosomes consist of two separate parts. Long protein chains are assembled between the two parts of the ribosome.

animal cells have..

Small vacuoles

what is the biggest structure in a cell?

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a maze of membranes so long that it accounts for more than half of the total membrane found in the cell. It is divided into two distinct sections of ER that differ in structure and function.

what is the function of the cytoskeleton?

The functions of the cytoskeleton are comparable to the bones and muscles of our bodies. Just as our skeleton forms the shape of our bodies and our muscles direct our movement, the fibers of the cytoskeleton give the cell shape, anchor many of the organelles in place, and direct the movement of organelles.

depending on the cell, the number of mitochondria varies but usually there are hundreds to thousands in eukaryotes, but why does it matter?

The number of mitochondria in a cell relate to its metabolic activity, or the amount of energy it needs. For example, muscle cells will probably have more mitochondria than nerve cells because muscle cells need more energy for movement. If a cell is not getting enough energy to survive, its mitochondria can reproduce and form more mitochondria to digest nutrients for the cell.

Where is the endoplasmic reticulum located?

near the nucleus

the ribosomes on rough ER do what and why is it important?

These ribosomes synthesize proteins, and the membrane of the rough ER keeps those proteins separate from the rest of the cell. In addition to making and storing proteins, the rough ER makes its own proteins and phospholipids to add to its membrane. This is important because portions of the ER's membrane are pinched off to form sealed sacs called transport vesicles. These vesicles carry the newly made proteins from the rough ER to the cell's Golgi apparatus.

what are the reactions that occurs in mitochondria and, how is it produced and how is it used?

They are organelles that take in nutrients and break them down. The chemical reactions that break down the nutrients release energy to power the cell. One of the most important reactions that occur in the mitochondria is called cellular respiration, a process that uses molecules like glucose to release forms of energy that can be used by the cell.

what are vacuoles and what are their functions?

Vacuoles are membrane-enclosed sacs that serve a variety of storage functions. Food vacuoles store food and nutrients that pass through the cell membrane, while water vacuoles store water, minerals, and ions. Some single-celled organisms that live in water have contractile vacuoles that act as small pumps to remove some of the water from the cell. Vacuoles and vesicles are both membrane-enclosed sacs, but vacuoles are usually larger. In a plant cell, there is often one large central vacuole that takes up around 80% of the cell's volume. Because many plant cells do not have specialized lysosomes, the central vacuole often serves as a storage area for enzymes as well.

Plant cells have an additional protective layer called

a cell wall

what are cell walls made up of and what does it do for the cell wall?

a mixture of cellulose, polysaccharides, and imbedded proteins, the cell wall is able to help maintain the shape of the cell and prevent excess intake or loss of water.

what is a nucleolus?

a small dense spherical structure in the nucleus

Each organelle has

a specific function that is responsible for cellular processes.

Nucleus controls the

activity in the cell

Eukaryotic cells can be found in which kingdoms?

animals, plants, fungi, and protists

what is the photsynthic organelle?

chloroplast

Animal and plant cells are called

eukaryotic cells

In the early days of electron microscopes, scientists thought the organelles were just floating in the gel-like cytoplasm. With improved microscope technology, they discovered a network of..

fibers throughout the cell, which they called the cytoskeleton.

Chloroplasts are enclosed by a double membrane and contain a system of membranes arranged in stacks of

flattened sacs.This provides a lot of surface area on which reactions can occur.

During photosynthesis, the chloroplast makes what for the plant cell?

food for the plant cell

what is the Golgi apparatus made up of and what is sent in the cell?

is made up of stacks of membrane sacs. Transport vesicles, carrying proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum, enter the Golgi apparatus to be modified and stored. Eventually, these proteins are sent on to their final destinations inside or outside of the cell.

it is easy to spot a nucleus in a cell because..

it contains a tangled mass of chromatin that appears darker than its surroundings.

What is the job of the ribosomes?

its job is to synthesize proteins. Genetic information is copied from the cell's DNA in the nucleus and carried by messenger RNA to the ribosomes. This is where the construction of large protein molecules occurs. These proteins are then released to the areas that require them. Cells that need to produce a lot of protein, like human liver cells, have a greater number of ribosomes than other cells. Free ribosomes tend to make proteins to be used within the cytoplasm. Bound ribosomes generally make proteins that are to be used for building membranes or exported from the cell for use in other parts of the body.

plant cells have..

larger vacuoles ( storage areas ) than those found in animals cells. cell walls and chloroplast

what is the function of smooth ER

lipid synthesis

membranes, like a cell membrane is made up of..

lipids and contains a variety of proteins

Ribosomes look like what on rough ER?

little dots on rough ER

Nuclear pores allow

material to enter and leave the nucleus.

Each organelle inside a eukaryotic cell is also surrounded by a

membrane.These membranes serve as a selectively permeable barrier for the organelles and determine what can enter or leave.