22 Respiratory system SB

Nasal conchae are also called ______.

turbinates

The sum of the expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume is the _____ capacity

vital

Which term refers to a deficiency of oxygen in a tissue?

Hypoxia

How many primary bronchi serve the right lung?

One

Which describes the respiratory cycle?

One complete inspiration and expiration

The sum of the expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume is the _____ capacity.

vital

Which condition would make oxygen toxic to the body?

100% oxygen at 3.0 ATM for 1 hour

How many lobes make up the left lung?

2

A normal inspiratory reserve volume would be ______ mL of air.

3000

Which term refers to the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane?

Alveolar gas exchange

Gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in which of the following?

Alveoli

How is hypoxia classified according to cause? Choose the four types of hypoxia from the list below.

Anemic hypoxia Hypoxemic hypoxia Ischemic hypoxia Histotoxic hypoxia

Where is the trachea located?

Anterior to the esophagus

The respiratory system does which of the following?

Assists in the removal of carbon dioxide Functions in vocalization and speech Plays a role in regulating blood pressure Supplies the body with oxygen

Where does systemic gas exchange occur?

At the capillary networks of the tissues

Which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one tertiary bronchus?

Bronchopulmonary segment

Which is true about carbon dioxide loading?

Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H20 into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.

What occurs during the "chloride shift" in red blood cells?

Chloride ions are transported into the RBC. Bicarbonate ions are transported out of the RBC.

Which is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by damaged and immobilized respiratory cilia, excessive mucus secretion, infection of the lower respiratory tract, and bronchial inflammation?

Chronic bronchitis

Which ring-shaped cartilage forms the inferior part of the voice box?

Cricoid cartilage

Which muscle (or muscle group) is the prime mover of respiration, producing about two-thirds of pulmonary airflow?

Diaphragm

Select two examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the list below.

Emphysema Chronic bronchitis

Identify the components of a respiratory membrane.

Endothelial cell of capillary One shared basement membrane Type I (squamous) alveolar cell

True or false: All of the oxygen transported in the blood is usually unloaded at a systemic capillary.

False

True or false: Intrapleural pressure is always greater than atmospheric pressure.

False

A person expelling air while yelling is performing which type of breathing?

Forced

In chronic bronchitis, which cells enlarge and secrete excess mucus?

Goblet cells

______ law states that the amount of gas dissolved in water is determined by its solubility in the fluid and the partial pressure of the gas in the surrounding air.

Henry's

Soda is bottled under high pressure so that more carbon dioxide will dissolve in the drink. When you open the bottle, you suddenly decrease the pressure and the carbon dioxide comes bubbling out of solution. This is a practical example of which law?

Henry's law

Which type of hypoxia can be caused by decreased oxygen availability at high altitudes or by drowning?

Hypoxemic

Which form of hypoxia would result from carbon monoxide poisoning?

Hypoxemic hypoxia

Hypoxemic hypoxia Ischemic hypoxia Anemic hypoxia Histotoxic hypoxia

Inadequate pulmonary gas exchange Inadequate circulation of blood Inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen due to anemia Metabolic poison prevents tissues from using the oxygen delivered to them

In a healthy individual, which of these volumes would have the greatest numerical value?

Inspiratory reserve volume

Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration? Choose two answers from the list below.

Intercostals Diaphragm

As the thoracic cavity expands, the visceral pleura clings to the parietal pleura, and the surface of the lung is pulled outward. Why does this increase in lung volume cause inspiration?

Intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than atmospheric pressure.

Exposure to smog and dust can lead to coughing and bronchoconstriction. Which type of respiratory receptors initiate this response?

Irritant receptors

Which best describes the action of carbonic anhydrase?

It converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.

How is air modified as it passes through the meatus in between two nasal conchae? Select three answers from the list below.

It is cleansed. It is humidified. It is warmed.

The trachea, primary bronchi and the alveolar sacs all belong to which of the following?

Lower respiratory tract

Which of these occurs during exhalation?

Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increases.

What is the respiratory membrane?

Membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus

Which best defines alveolar gas exchange?

Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane

Which are components of the upper respiratory tract?

Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx

Which term refers to the most superior portion of the pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity, and extending to the soft palate?

Nasopharynx

Clinically, cyanosis is very important because it indicates which underlying physiological problem?

Oxygen deficiency

Which are considered principal organs of the respiratory system?

Pharynx Lungs Larynx Trachea

Place the following airways in order of airflow as air enters the lungs.

Primary bronchus Secondary bronchus Tertiary bronchus Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct

With the exception of the vestibule, the nasal cavity is lined with which type of tissue?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

An inactive person, unconscious of their respiratory rate, is performing which type of breathing?

Quiet

The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs are the principal organs of which system?

Respiratory

At which level of the bronchial tree does gas exchange first occur?

Respiratory bronchiole

Which term refers to one complete breath, in and out?

Respiratory cycle

The majority of the surfaces of the nasal cavity are lined with which of the following?

Respiratory epithelium

Aspirated objects that enter the trachea are more likely to lodge in which primary bronchus?

Right

Which choice lists the respiratory structures in the order of airflow as air it enters the lung?

Secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole

Which form of lung cancer is most likely to become metastatic?

Small-cell carcinoma

Which is the most common form of lung cancer?

Squamous-cell carcinoma

_______ receptors respond to the degree of inflation of the lungs/alveoli.

Stretch

Which receptors associated with the respiratory system respond to the inflation of the alveoli?

Stretch receptors

Name the lobes of the human left lung.

Superior and inferior

What is the function of the mucociliary escalator?

Sweeps mucous toward the pharynx to be swallowed

Where is most carbon dioxide loaded into the blood?

Systemic capillary beds

Which term refers to the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells?

Systemic gas exchange

What is the final branch of the conducting division?

Terminal bronchiole

What is the distal-most portion of the respiratory system that is incapable of gas exchange?

Terminal bronchioles

Why do the lungs expand along with the thoracic cage during inspiration?

The cohesion of water causes the visceral pleura to cling to the parietal pleura.

Which best describes what happens during exhalation?

The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out

What is the intrapleural pressure?

The pressure in the fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleurae

The right lung has how many secondary bronchi?

Three

Which cartilage forms the anterior wall of the larynx and is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages?

Thyroid cartilage

_____ volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory cycle.

Tidal

The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration. The amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval.

Tidal Volume (TV) Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) Residual Volume (RV) Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)

Which term refers to the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one cycle of quiet breathing?

Tidal volume

What is the correct calculation for vital capacity?

Tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

Which structure conducts air from the larynx to the primary bronchi?

Trachea

True or false: Prolonged exposure to oxygen at 2.5 ATM can be toxic.

True

True or false: The chloride shift allows RBCs to continue to produce carbonic acid.

True

Which are cuboidal cells that are responsible for producing pulmonary surfactant and facilitating repair within the lung?

Type II alveolar cells

The ______ maneuver entails increasing abdominal pressure by holding a deep breath while contracting the abdominal muscles. The depressed diaphragm increases abdominal pressure and helps push out organ contents during childbirth, urination, and defecation.

Valsalva

RBCs usually leave the systemic capillaries at about 75% oxygen saturation. Which term refers specifically to the oxygen remaining in the blood after it passes through a capillary bed?

Venous reserve

Which term refers to the layer of serous membrane that covers the lung surface?

Visceral pleura

When do vocal cords produce low pitched sounds?

When they are relaxed

Why do women usually have higher-pitched voices as compared to men?

Women have shorter and thinner vocal cords.

Most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the many of the lungs.

alveoli

Chronic ___________is characterized by a reduction in the number of cilia lining the airway and increased mucus production.

bronchitis

The enzyme found in erythrocytes that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, is _______ anhydrase.

carbonic

COPDs are almost always caused by ______.

cigarette smoke

The ring of hyaline cartilage located inferior to the thyroid cartilage is called the _______ cartilage.

cricoid

A bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes due to ischemia or hypoxemia is called

cyanosis

The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after exhalation of the tidal volume is the ______ reserve volume.

expiratory

Excess oxygen in the body generates ______ that can destroy enzymes and damage nervous tissue.

free radicals

The Valsalva maneuver involves closing the ______ while trying to exhale.

glottis

he cells of the respiratory epithelium that secrete mucus are ______ cells.

goblet

he upward movement of cilia helps to move mucus up the trachea to the pharynx where it is swallowed. This system of cleaning out trapped debris is called the ___________ escalator of the trachea.

mucociliary

The ______ is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity.

nasopharynx

Central chemoreceptors Peripheral chemoreceptors Stretch receptors Irritant receptors

pH of the CSF Oxygen level, carbon dioxide level, and pH of the blood Inflation of the lungs Smoke, dust, pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, excess mucus

The layer of serous membrane called the parietal ______ lines the thoracic cavity.

pleura

The layer of serous membrane called the parietal ______ lines the thoracic cavity.

pleura

Each terminal bronchiole gives off two or more smaller ______ bronchioles.

respiratory

The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the ______ system.

respiratory

Tertiary bronchi are also called ______ bronchi.

segmental

The names of the secondary bronchi of the right lung are ______.

superior, middle, and inferior

Type II alveolar cells produce ______.

surfactant

The laryngeal prominence (also called the "Adam's apple") is an anterior peak on the _______ cartilage, the largest of the laryngeal cartilages.

thyroid