230 final freed

what is an internal summary

-type of transition -a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speakers preceding point or points

what is analogical reasoning

-valid vs. invalid -reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for first case is also true for the second case

what are some challenges in persuasive speaking

-you deal with controversial topics that touch your listeners basic attitudes, values, and beliefs -contend with audiences knowledge of a topic and their stances on that topic

what are the steps of the 8 step speech process

1) topic, purpose 2) speaker's acknowledge 3) audience analysis 4) research 5) preparation outline 6) revise 7) visual aids 8) speaking notes and practice

what is the third step of monroe's motivated sequence

satisfaction, provide a solution to the problem

what are the 4 types of reasoning

specific instances, principle, casual, analogical

what is a speech of introduction

speech that introduces the main speaker to the audince

what is a commemorative speech

speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea

what is a speech of presentation

speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition

what is evidence

supporting materials used to prove or disprove something

what is denotative meaning

the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

what is connotative meaning

the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

what does it mean mental dialogue with the audience

the mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech

what is Aristole's pathos

the name used by Aristole for what modern students of communications refer to as emotional appeal

what is Aristotle's logos

the name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. the two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning

what is burden of proof

the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary

what is rythym

the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words

what is a target audience

the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

what is persuasion

the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing peoples belifes or actions

what is reasoning

the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence

what is a thesaurus

a book of synonyms

what is the purpose of a commemorative speech

to inspire audience, arouse and heighten their appreciation of or admiration for the person, institution, or idea you are praising

wha is a preview statement

a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body

how can you use language appopriately

adapting to the particular occasion, audience, and topic at hand-to the occasion -to the audience -to the topic -to the speaker

how can you use language clearly

allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately -use familiar words -use concrete words -use abstract words -eliminate clutter

what is the main purpose of a speech of presentation

to tell the audience why the recipient is receiving the award

how many main points are usually used in a speech

two-five

importance of language in a commemorative speech

use language imaginatively to invest the occasion with dignity, meaning, and honest emotion

what are some tips for using evidence

use specific evidence, use novel evidence, use evidence from credible sources, make clear the point of your evidence

what is the fourth step of monroe's motivated sequence

visualization, intensify desire for it by visualizing its benefits

what are the informative organizational patterns

chronological, spatial, casual, problem-solution, topical

what are the factors of credibility

competence and character

what is clutter

discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea

what are abstract words

words that refer to ideas or concepts

what are concrete words

words that refer to tangible objects

what are the types of claims

fact, value, policy

what is an ad hominem

fallacy hat attacks a person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

what is a red herring

fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

what are hasty generalizations

fallacy where a speaker jumps to conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

what is an appeal to novelty

fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

what is an appeal to tradition

fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

what are the emotional appeals

fear, compassion, pride, anger, guilt, and reverence

how can you use language vividly

helps bring your speech to life -use imagery (concrete words, simile, metaphor -use rythym (parallelism, repetition, alliteration, antithesis)

what are the types of credibility

initial, derived, terminal

what are main points

major points developed in the body of the speech, central features of your speech

what is the problem-solution organizational pattern

method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

what is the chronological organizational pattern

method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

what is the second step of monroe's motivated sequence

need, make the audience feel the need for change, illustrate problem with strong supporting materials

what are the three basic issues for a claim of policy

need, plan, and practicality

what is strategic organization

putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience

what is the topical organizational pattern

-a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics -subdivisions are usually a reason why the speaker believes a certain point of view

what is a claim of fact

-a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion -usually organized topically

what is a claim of policy

-a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken -goes beyond a question of fact, or value -goal is to gain passive agreement r to motivate immediate action from listeners

what are the fallacies

-an error in reasoning -hasty generalizations, false cause, invalid analogy, bandwagon, red herring, ad hominem, either-or, slippery slope, appeal to tradition, appeal to novelty

why is organization important

-audience finds speakers more competent, and trustworthy -can boost confidence -improve ability to deliver message clearly

what are some ways of using inclusive language

-avoid the generic "He" -avoid the use of "men" when referring to both men and women -avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender -use names that groups use to identify themselves, avoid offensive naming

what are the guidelines for speech of introductions

-be brief -make sure your remarks are completely accurate -adapt your remarks to the occasion -adapt your remarks to the main speaker -adapt your remarks to the audience -try to create a sense of anticipation and drama

what are the elements of an argument

-claim- what your want people to do your think -data- evidence to back up claim -warrant- evidence and how they connect

what is reasoning from principle

-deductive, false premise -reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion

what is casual reasoning

-false cause -reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects

what are the four objective of an introduction

-get the attention and interest of your audience -reveal your topic of your speech -establish your credibility and goodwill -preview the body of the speech

what is reasoning from specific instances

-inductive, hasty generaliztion -reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion -fair, unbiased, and representative

what are the three basic parts of a speech

-introduction -body -conclusion

what are some tips for preparing main points

-keep main points separate, clearly independent of each other -use consistent wording pattern -allow sufficient time to develop each main point -use supporting materials to back up

what are some tips for preparing the conclusion

-look for possible conclusion material when researching -conclude with a bang, be creative -keep conclusion short 5-10 percent of speech -work the conclusion out in detail

what are supporting materials

-materials used to support a speaker's ideas -three major kinds are examples, statistics, and testimony

what is the spatial organizational pattern

-method of speech in which the main points follow a directional pattern (top to bottom, left to right, north to south)

what is the casual organizational pattern

-method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship -two main points cause & effect

what are some organizational patterns for organizing questions of policy

-problem-solution order -problem-cause-solution order -comparative advantages order -monroe's motivated sequence

what are some ways of gaining the attention of an audience

-relate topic to audience, how the topic effects them directly -use vivid language -state the importance of your topic and why they should think so too -startle listeners with an arresting or intriguing statement -use a series of statements to arouse curiosity -question the audience -use quatation

what does ethos refer to

-source credibility -factors of credibility, types of credibility

what are some ways to reinforce your central idea

-summarize your speech -end with a quotation -make a dramatic statement -refer to the introduction

what are the two functions of a conclusion

-to let he audience know you are ending the speech -reinforce the audiences understanding of or commitment to the central idea

what is an internal preview

-type of transition -a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next

what are the tips for preparing the introduction

1. keep the introduction relatively brief (10-20 percent of speech) 2. look for introductory materials during researching 3. be creative 4. finish preparing body of speech before finalizing introduction 5. work out introduction in detail 6. wait until audience is paying attention, then start the speech

what is a crescendo ending

a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity

what is a dissolve ending

a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement

what is a false cause

a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second

what is either-or

a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

what is a bandwagon

a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable

what is a slippery slope

a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to a subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

what is a problem-solution order

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point deals presents a solution to the problem

what is a problem-cause-solution order

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third presents a solution to the problem

what is the monroe's motivated sequence order

a method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. the five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action -tailor-made for policy speeches that call for immediate action

what is a comparative advantages order

a method or persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions

what does it mean to gain passive agreement

a persuasive speech in which the speakers goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy

what does it mean to gain immediate action

a persuasive speech in which the speakers goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy

What is a claim of value?

a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action

what is a rhetorical question

a question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud, does not require an answer

what is an acceptance speech

a speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition

what is practicality

a third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: will the speaker's plan solve the problem? will it create new and more serious problems?

what is cliche

a trite or overused exression

what are connectives

a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them

what are transitions

a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another

what is the fifth step of monroe's motivated sequence

action, ready to call for a plan of action, say exactly what you want the audience to do

what is invalid anaolgy

an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike

what is a simile

an explicit comparison, introduced with the work "like" or "as" between things that are essentially different yet have something in common

what is a metaphor

an implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as" between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common

what is the first step of monroe's motivated sequences

attention: gain the audiences attention

how can credibility be established

education level, experiences related to the topic, research

what are some ways to enhance your credibility

explain your competence, establish common ground with your audience, deliver speech fluently, expressively, and with conviction

what is competence

how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject

what is character

how an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of he audience

what is inclusive language

language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors

how to handle a direct question

present a cue for the audience to answer, wait for the audiences response, respond to the audiences answer, prepare the unexpected

what is credibility

the audiences perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic

what is credibility

the audiences perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. the two major forms influencing speakers credibility are competence and character

what is goodwill

the audiences perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind

what is terminal credibility

the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech

what is initial credibility

the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak

what is derived credibility

the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech

what is need

the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?

what is an antithesis

the juxaposition of contrasting idea, usually in parallel structures

what is a plan

the second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: if there is a problem with the current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

what is parallelism

the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences

what is imagery

the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas