24

The part of the small intestine most likely to develop an ulcer from exposure to gastric juice is the A) pylorus. B) duodenum. C) ileum. D) caecum. E) jejunum.

b

A stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in all of the following, except in the A) anal canal. B) esophagus. C) stomach. D) oropharynx. E) oral cavity.

c

An intestinal hormone that stimulates mucus secretion by the submucosal duodenal glands is A) secretin. B) cholecystokinin. C) enterocrinin. D) GIP. E) gastrin.

c

G cells of the stomach secrete A) cholecystokinin. B) secretin. C) gastrin. D) enteropeptidase. E) pepsin.

c

An intestinal hormone that stimulates gastric secretion is A) secretin. B) cholecystokinin. C) enteropeptidase. D) gastrin. E) gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).

d

An obstruction of the common bile duct often results in A) undigested fat in the feces. B) jaundice. C) inability to digest protein. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

d

Bile is stored in the A) liver. B) duodenum. C) pancreas. D) gallbladder. E) appendix.

d

If the lingual frenulum is too restrictive, an individual A) has a condition called ankyloglossia. B) has difficulty eating. C) cannot speak normally. D) all of the above E) A and C only

d

In the center of a liver lobule there is a A) hepatic duct. B) portal area. C) sinusoid. D) central vein. E) portal vein.

d

Peyer patches are characteristic of the A) stomach. B) duodenum. C) jejunum. D) ileum. E) colon.

d

Sandwiched between the layer of circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscularis externa is the A) mucosa. B) submucosa. C) muscularis mucosa. D) myenteric plexus. E) submucosal plexus.

d

All of the following are true of the intestinal phase of gastric digestion, except that it A) precedes the gastric phase. B) functions to control the rate of gastric emptying. C) involves both neural and endocrine reflexes. D) helps ensure that the functions of the small intestine proceed with relative efficiency. E) begins when chyme enters the small intestine.

a

In response to the arrival of acid chyme in the duodenum, the A) blood levels of secretin rise. B) blood levels of cholecystokinin fall. C) blood levels of gastrin rise. D) blood levels of enterocrinin fall. E) both C and D

a

In response to the hormone cholecystokinin, the pancreas secretes a fluid A) rich in enzymes. B) rich in bicarbonate. C) rich in bile. D) rich in mucus. E) that contains only amylase.

a

Plicae and intestinal villi A) increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine. B) carry products of digestion that will not pass through the walls of blood capillaries. C) produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine. D) secrete digestive enzymes. E) produce hormones.

a

Submucosal glands that secrete mucus are characteristic of the A) duodenum. B) jejunum. C) ileum. D) pancreas. E) liver.

a

The hormone that stimulates secretion and contraction by the stomach is A) gastrin. B) enteropeptidase. C) secretin. D) cholecystokinin. E) CCK.

a

The layer of loose connective tissue that directly supports the digestive epithelium is the A) lamina propria. B) muscularis mucosae. C) submucosa. D) submucosal plexus. E) myenteric plexus.

a

The part of the stomach that functions as a mixing chamber for food and secretions is the A) body. B) antrum. C) pylorus. D) cardia. E) fundus.

a

Tom has hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe in Tom? A) jaundice B) elevated levels of blood glucose C) impaired digestion of protein D) blood in the feces E) overproduction of blood plasma albumin

a

Which of the following is greater? A) the pH of the blood in gastric veins during digestion of a large meal B) the pH of the blood in gastric veins following a 24-hour fast C) Can be either. D) Blood pH is constant because of buffering.

a

A disease that attacks and disables the myenteric plexus would A) increase intestinal motility. B) decrease intestinal motility. C) increase gastric secretion. D) decrease gastric secretion. E) interfere with both intestinal motility and gastric secretion.

b

Blockage of the common hepatic duct would interfere with digestion of A) proteins. B) fats. C) disaccharides. D) complex carbohydrates. E) vitamins.

b

Each of the following is a function of the liver, except A) synthesis and secretion of bile. B) antibody production. C) synthesis of plasma proteins. D) inactivation of toxins. E) storage of glycogen and iron reserves.

b

If the pancreatic duct was obstructed, you would expect to see elevated blood levels of A) bilirubin. B) amylase. C) cholecystokinin. D) secretin. E) gastrin.

b

In response to the hormone secretin, the pancreas secretes a fluid A) rich in enzymes. B) rich in bicarbonate ion. C) rich in bile. D) rich in mucus. E) that contains only amylase.

b

Lacteals A) increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine. B) carry absorbed fats to the lymphatic system. C) produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine. D) secrete digestive enzymes. E) produce milk.

b

Large blood vessels and lymphatics are found in the A) mucosa. B) submucosa. C) muscularis. D) adventitia. E) serosa.

b

Mary had her stomach mostly removed to try to overcome obesity. As a result you would expect Mary to be at risk for A) protein malnutrition. B) pernicious anemia. C) diarrhea. D) dehydration. E) an ulcer.

b

Plicae circulares are A) ridges in the wall of the stomach. B) circumferential folds in the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine. C) fingerlike projections on the surface of the mucosa of the small intestine. D) sacculations in the colon. E) abnormal structures formed by excessive pressure in the small intestine.

b

The enzyme pepsin digests A) carbohydrates. B) proteins. C) lipids. D) nucleic acids. E) vitamins.

b

The gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the A) sight, thought, or smell of food. B) entry of food into the stomach. C) entry of chyme into the small intestine. D) entry of chyme into the large intestine. E) release of cholecystokinin and secretin by the small intestine.

b

The intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release a watery, bicarbonate-rich fluid is A) enterocrinin. B) secretin. C) cholecystokinin. D) GIP. E) gastrin.

b

The pancreas produces ________-digesting enzymes in the form of proenzymes. A) carbohydrate B) protein C) sugar D) lipid E) nucleic acid

b

The part of the digestive tract that plays the primary role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients is the A) cecum. B) jejunum. C) stomach. D) duodenum. E) colon.

b

Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion? A) appendix B) pancreas C) spleen D) colon E) esophagus

b

Which of these descriptions best matches the term submucosal plexus? A) component of mucosa B) sensory neural network C) secretes a watery fluid D) coordinates activity of muscularis externa E) loose connective tissue layer containing blood vessels

b

Which region of the stomach does the esophagus connect to? A) fundus B) cardia C) body D) antrum E) pylorus

b

________ are arranged within a lobule of the liver into a series of plates converging toward a central vein. A) Kupffer cells B) Hepatocytes C) Bile canaliculi D) Portal areas E) Hepatic ducts

b

An intestinal hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile is A) enteropeptidase. B) secretin. C) cholecystokinin. D) GIP. E) gastrin.

c

During deglutition, which of the following phases is not present? A) voluntary B) pharyngeal C) laryngeal D) esophageal E) None of the above. All are phases in deglutition.

c

During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion, A) the stomach responds to distention. B) secretin inhibits parietal and chief cells. C) there is an increased flow of action potentials along the vagus nerve to the stomach. D) the intestinal reflex inhibits gastric emptying. E) production of gastric juice slows down.

c

Gastric pits are A) ridges in the body of the stomach. B) involved in absorption of liquids from the stomach. C) openings into gastric glands. D) acid scars in the esophagus. E) hollows where proteins are stored.

c

Muscles known as the pharyngeal constrictors function in A) mastication. B) moving the tongue. C) swallowing. D) esophageal peristalsis. E) opening the cardiac sphincter.

c

The ________ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that suspend the visceral organs and carry nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels. A) serosa B) adventitia C) mesenteries D) fibrosa E) lamina propria

c

The basic functional unit of the liver is the A) hepatocyte. B) Kupffer cell. C) lobule. D) portal area. E) bile canaliculus.

c

The duodenal ampulla receives secretions from the A) duodenum and the jejunum. B) duodenum and the pylorus. C) common bile duct and the pancreatic duct. D) duodenum and the pancreatic duct. E) duodenum and the bile duct.

c

The exocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of A) islets of Langerhans. B) pancreatic crypts. C) pancreatic acini. D) pancreatic lobules. E) triads.

c

The fusion of the hepatic duct and the cystic duct forms the A) hepatic portal vein. B) porta hepatis. C) common bile duct. D) common pancreatic duct. E) bile canaliculus.

c

The middle segment of the small intestine is the A) ileum. B) duodenum. C) jejunum. D) pylorus. E) cecum.

c

The portion of the small intestine that attaches to the cecum is the A) haustrum. B) appendix. C) ileum. D) duodenum. E) jejunum.

c

The portion of the stomach that is superior to the junction between the stomach and the esophagus is the A) cardia. B) pylorus. C) fundus. D) antrum. E) body.

c

The prominent ridges in the lining of the empty stomach are called A) cardia. B) papillae. C) rugae. D) plicae. E) villi.

c

The structure that marks the division between the right and left lobes of the liver is the A) lesser omentum. B) greater omentum. C) falciform ligament. D) ligamentum teres. E) hepatic ligament.

c

The villi are most developed in the A) stomach. B) duodenum. C) jejunum. D) gall bladder. E) cecum.

c

Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called A) segmentation. B) pendular movements. C) peristalsis. D) churning movements. E) mastication.

c

A blockage of the ducts from the parotid glands would A) reduce delivery of saliva. B) cause mumps-like swelling of the face. C) interfere with carbohydrate digestion in the mouth. D) A, B, and C E) B and C only

d

An enzyme secreted by the gastric mucosa of a newborn that coagulates milk proteins is A) pepsin. B) trypsin. C) gastrin. D) rennin. E) cholecystokinin.

d

Contraction of the ________ alters the shape of the intestinal lumen and moves epithelial pleats and folds. A) mucosa B) submucosa C) submucosal plexus D) muscularis mucosa E) adventitia

d

Digestion refers to the A) progressive dehydration of indigestible residue. B) mechanical breakdown of food. C) chemical breakdown of food. D) B and C only E) A, B, and C

d

Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract, except the A) stomach. B) pharynx. C) esophagus. D) bladder. E) colon.

d

Enzymes secreted by the pancreas include A) trypsin (as trypsinogen). B) amylase. C) lactase. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

d

Functions of the stomach include all of the following, except A) storage of ingested food. B) denaturation of proteins. C) initiation of protein digestion. D) absorption of triglycerides. E) mechanical breakdown of food.

d

Sensory nerve cells, parasympathetic ganglia, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers can be found in the A) mucosa. B) serosa. C) adventitia. D) submucosal plexus. E) lamina propria.

d

The esophagus has several variations from the standard plan of the gut tube. These include A) epithelium of mucosa is stratified squamous. B) epithelium of mucosa is simple columnar. C) muscularis externa may be striated muscle. D) A and C only E) B and C only

d

The essential functions of the liver include A) metabolic regulation. B) hematological regulation. C) bile production. D) all of the above E) A and C only

d

The gastroileal reflex A) empties the duodenum. B) promotes gastric secretion. C) decreases peristaltic activity. D) moves some chyme to the colon. E) is relayed through the CNS.

d

The greater omentum is A) the entrance to the stomach. B) attached to the stomach at the lesser curvature. C) important in the digestion of fats. D) a fatty sheet that hangs like an apron over the abdominal viscera. E) a sheet of mesentery that attaches to the liver.

d

The human liver is composed of ________ lobe(s). A) one B) two C) three D) four E) two large, four small

d

The lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the A) serosa. B) adventitia. C) muscularis mucosa. D) mucosa. E) submucosa.

d

The pancreas produces A) lipases and amylase. B) nucleases. C) peptidases and proteinases. D) all of the above E) A and C only

d

Tony is a chronic alcoholic with cirrhosis of the liver, a condition in which liver cells die and are replaced by connective tissue. Which of the following signs would you expect to observe in Tony? A) increased clotting time B) jaundice C) portal hypertension and ascites D) all of the above E) B and C only

d

Which of these descriptions best matches the term myenteric plexus? A) component of mucosa B) sensory neural network C) secretes a watery fluid D) coordinates activity of muscularis externa E) loose connective tissue layer containing blood vessels

d

A drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin would affect A) acid production by the stomach. B) the composition of pancreatic secretions. C) the delivery of bile. D) B and C only E) A, B, and C

e

A feature of the digestive epithelium that assists expansion of the organ is the presence of A) transitional cells. B) plicae. C) elastic cells. D) rugae. E) both B and D

e

All of the following are true of the lining of the stomach, except that it A) has a simple columnar epithelium. B) is covered by a thick, viscous mucus. C) is constantly being replaced. D) contains gastric pits. E) recycles bile.

e

An intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells is A) enterocrinin. B) enteropeptidase. C) secretin. D) cholecystokinin. E) gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).

e

Enterogastric reflexes A) inhibit gastric motility. B) inhibit gastric secretion. C) are triggered by chyme entering the duodenum. D) involve the enteric nervous system. E) all of the above

e

Nutrients are absorbed by all of the following, except A) active transport. B) diffusion. C) facilitated diffusion. D) cotransport. E) osmosis.

e

The Kupffer cells of the liver A) destroy RBCs. B) destroy bacteria. C) present antigens. D) are phagocytic. E) all of the above

e

The activities of the digestive system are regulated by A) hormones. B) parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons. C) the contents of the digestive tract. D) intrinsic nerve plexuses. E) all of the above

e

The pylorus empties into the A) ileum. B) colon. C) cecum. D) jejunum. E) duodenum.

e

The region of the stomach that empties into the duodenum is the A) antrum. B) fundus. C) body. D) cardia. E) pylorus.

e

Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system? A) mechanical processing B) absorption C) compaction D) ingestion E) filtration

e

Which of these descriptions best matches the term gastrin? A) where pancreatic juice and bile enter duodenum B) carries absorbed sugars and amino acids C) stimulates pancreas to secrete bicarbonate-rich fluid D) causes gall bladder to contract E) stimulates gastric secretion

e

Which of these enhance the absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine? A) the plicae circulares B) the villi C) the microvilli D) intestinal movements E) all of the above

e

Brunner glands are characteristic of the A) stomach. B) duodenum. C) jejunum. D) ileum. E) colon.

b

Chief cells secrete A) pepsinogen. B) gastrin. C) mucus. D) hydrochloric acid. E) intrinsic factor.

a