240 Quizzes

Formative Assessments

Assessment for learning. Usually mid-instruction assessment with the purpose of assessing student progress and informing the teacher so instruction can be altered as needed. example:graphic organizers, games

Summative Assessments

Assessment of learning. Given at specific points in time in order to determine what students know and don't know. Summative assessments are generally formal. example:State assessments, district benchmarks, semester or six weeks tests, and end of unit or chapter

Accommodations

Assistance or changes to the learning process to allow the student to learn the same material as others (Changes HOW they learn) Extended time on a test

Accommodations

Assistance or changes to the learning process to allow the student to learn the same material as others (Changes HOW they learn) example: Extended time on a test

Maurice is a fourth-grade student who is color blind. He is in an inclusion fourth-grade class. Which of the following strategies would be most helpful for supporting Maurice's vision needs when the class studies graphs, maps, and charts?

Avoid color-coded identifiers on graphs, maps, and charts. Consider using patterns instead. By using patterns for all graphs, maps, and charts, Maurice can interpret and analyze the data without attempting to rely on color-coded identification. If color key codes are built into certain visuals, his teacher can provide an accommodation by labeling the items with the name of the color.

It is time for an annual IEP meeting for a student. What sources should the teacher always use when gathering data about student progress? Select all answers that apply.

B general education teachers The teachers should always be consulted when planning for an annual IEP meeting. parents The parents should always be consulted when planning for an annual IEP meeting.

True or False: The Local Education Agency (LEA) must guarantee the protection of the confidentiality of the student records during collection, storage, disclosure, and destruction.

True, the LEA is responsible for the confidentiality of the student records. The LEA has the responsibility to espouse the integrity and fidelity of FERPA. The special education teacher implements the procedures outlined to secure and safeguard the confidentiality of the student records for students with disabilities.

Rapport

Trust and faith in a relationship

Phonics / Graphophonemic Principle

Using the relationship between symbols (letters and words) and sounds of a language to read and write

Individualized Education Program (IEP)

a plan created by a committee of general and special educators, parents, specialists, and administrators to provide a free and appropriate public education (FAPE) that is tailored to their needs and goals example: IEP Goals

Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP)

a plan for improving behavior that impedes learning as determined in the Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA) process

Response to Intervention (RtI)

a process to monitor and measure student progress in the general education curriculum after instructional intervention is provided EXAMLE: small group pull-out, tutoring

Response to Intervention (RtI)

a process to monitor and measure student progress in the general education curriculum after instructional intervention is provided example small group pull-out, tutoring

A fifth-grade student was asked to multiply 15 and 35. His work is provided below. As his teacher, what remediation would you plan on providing?

a remedial lesson on place value The errors come from a lack of understanding of place value. When the student multiplied 5 and 5, they should have decomposed the 25 into 20 and 5. The 20 would have carried as a 2 above the 3 and added to the product of 5 and 3. The student should have added an additional zero at the end of the result when he multiplied the 1 in the number 15 because its actual value is 10, not merely 1.

Transition Services

a results-oriented process to transition the student from school to post-secondary, career/vocational education, integrated employment, and/or community involvement. College or Technical School or Employment

Early Childhood Special Education (ECSE)

a service that provides special education support in public schools for students ages 3-5 Following completion of ECSE, students can be further evaluated for special education services in higher grades or dismissed from special education if their disability no longer impacts their educational services.

A third-grade teacher is planning an introductory lesson on perimeter. Which of the following would be the most appropriate to include in the lesson?

an activity in which students are given the dimensions of the school garden and asked to work in groups to determine how much fencing they would need to enclose the garden This student-centered activity allows students to explore the concept of perimeter in a real-world scenario before introducing formulas and standard mathematical processes. Allowing students to make their own discoveries about how to find the amount of fencing needed for the garden will help to solidify their understanding of perimeter.

Aphasia

refers to the loss of the ability understand or express speech as the result of damage to the brain

Withdrawal

refusal to participate or engage

Verbal Skills

Spoken and heard language EXAMPLE: talking

Learning Style

The manner in which a student learns best EX:Visual Learning

Curriculum-Based Assessments

testing the curriculum being taught

Accuracy (when reading)

the reader's ability to correctly pronounce words

Chelsea made a quick trip to the store to pick up 6 items. The costs of the items are listed below. What is the range of the prices for this trip? $2.31, $1.97, $2.58, $2.87, $1.54, $2.86

$1.33 The range is the difference between the largest and smallest number: 2.87 - 1.54 = 1.33.

Stuart needs to run by the store on his way to school. He begins at home, which on a coordinate plane is represented by the point (0,4). He walks to the store, which is the equivalent of walking 2 units right and 4 units down. After grabbing something to eat for lunch, he walks 3 units to the left and 5 units up to school. What point represents the school?

(-1, 5) From (0, 4), he ends up at the store which is at (2, 0). From there, he heads to school which is located at (-1, 5).

Triangle ABC has been plotted on a coordinate graph with the points A (-3, 1), B (-1, 3), and C (-1, 1). If the triangle is translated 5 units right and 2 units down, what are the new coordinates of point A?

(2, -1) A translation of a geometric figure moves the entire figure to a new location in the same coordinate plane. If the movement is a shift to the right, the x-coordinate (first coordinate) should be increased. If the movement includes a shift down, the y-coordinate (second coordinate) should be decreased. Therefore, if the point (-3, 1) is shifted 5 units to the right and 2 units down, the new point will be (-3 + 5, 1 - 2) = (2, -1).

Two color counters are often used to model addition and subtraction of integers. The red counters represent negative integers; the yellow represent positive integers. If the counters above were used to model the addition, what would be the result?

-2 The problem pictured above is -7 + 5 = -2. Using the chips, a red and a yellow chip are paired together to form a "zero-pair"-a model of -1 + 1 = 0. Pairs are matched and removed from the group leaving two red chips unmatched. This results in a representation of an answer of -2.

Rick pulled a card at random from a normal deck, noted it, replaced it, shuffled, and drew again. His draws were as follows: 10, J, 10, K, 1, 2, 6, 10, 11, 4 What is the probability that he will draw a 10 on the next draw?

1/13 If the cards are replaced and shuffled, each draw is a simple independent event. You should ignore the extra information of what he drew so far. Since there are 4 10's in a standard deck of 52 cards, the probability of a 10 is 4/52 = 1/13.

When were public schools first required to provide a free education to all students, regardless of disability?

1970s when the Education of all Handicapped Children Act was signed into law This was the first law that required public schools provide education for students with disabilities.

Accommodations

Assistance or changes to the learning process to allow the student to learn the same material as others (Changes HOW they learn) EX:Extended time on a test

Council For Exceptional Children Code of Ethics

A professional guide to ethical practice, standards and policies that ensure children with disabilities are valued in the educational system

Jessie draws a marble from the bag shown and then, without replacing the first marble, he draws a second one. Which expression shows the probability that he drew a red marble both times?

3/10 • 2/9 This is an example of dependent events. P(red) = 3/10 for the first draw. However, the first marble is not returned to the bag, changing our sample to 9 marbles. If the first marble drawn was red, that leaves only 2 red marbles, so on the second draw, P(red) = 2/9. The probability of both events happening is the product: 3/10 • 2/9.

Texas Education Code (TEC)

A code created by the Texas Legislature. Sets various rules, including ethics, and parameters for districts of innovations.

Task Analysis

Breaking a skill into small steps to guide students toward accomplishing a goal

Inquiry-Based Teaching / Student-Centered Learning

students drive instruction by asking questions and creating projects to answer the questions

Portfolio

A collection of student's work and achievements that is used to assess past accomplishments and future potential; can include finished work in a variety of media and can contain materials from several courses over time

Inference (when reading)

A conclusion or opinion based on information that is given, and that is sometimes called an educated guess. Sam's parents inferred that he had gotten in trouble at school when they received a call from the principal.

Medicaid

A federal and state funded program that assists with medical costs for families and individuals with a limited income

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)

A federal law that protects the confidentiality of students and their records. Safeguards student educational records kept by schools, including grades and attendance and discipline records. prevents schools from disclosing student records to the public while also requiring them to provide parents and guardians with access to their child's grades, disciplinary records, and attendance records.

Graphic / Pictorial Representation

A graph or picture that serves as a visual model of a mathematical equation. Number line

K-W-L Chart

A graphic organizer used throughout a unit that shows what students know (K), want to know (W), and learned (L)

Venn Diagram

A graphic organizer with two or more overlapping circles used to illustrate/examine similarities and differences between two subjects.

Ethnicity

A group of people who share a common language, heritage, and/or other traits. Some ethnicities in the US include Asians, Germans, and African Americans

504 Plan

the accommodations provided to a student who has an impairment that significantly impacts their life

Performance-Based Assessment

A kind of assessment that requires students to show mastery of specific skills by demonstrating, producing, or performing something example: designing and performing experiments, building models, writing poems or shorts stories, and developing portfolios

A kindergarten student with developmental delays uses a picture and symbol board for communication. What is the primary reason that students use this type of tool?

A kindergarten student with developmental delays uses a picture and symbol board for communication. What is the primary reason that students use this type of tool?

Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)

A label applied to individuals who have great difficulty concentrating on what they are doing

Dyscalculia

A math-related learning disability characterized by an inability to grasp and remember math concepts, rules and formulas, despite conventional instruction, adequate intelligence, and sociocultural opportunity

Numeric Representation

A model using numbers to display a mathematical concept.

Orthopedic Impairment

A physical disability where the bones or muscles do not work like a typical peer; many use braces or a wheelchair example: Cerebral Palsy, Spina Bifida, Paraplegic

Independent Reading Level

A reading level in which a student can read and comprehend independently. They have difficulty with no more than one out of every twenty words.

Instructional Reading Level

A reading level that is challenging for the student but manageable with teacher support. They have difficulty with no more than one out of every ten words.

Frustrational Reading Level

A reading level that is difficult for the student and would require extensive teacher support for student comprehension

Exit Slips

A short formative assessment given by a teacher after completing a lesson to determine the degree to which students have learned the material taught in the lesson.

Achievement Test

A standardized test designed to measure levels of knowledge, understanding, abilities, or skills acquired in a particular subject already learned example: State assessments

Speech or Language Impairment

A struggle with verbal communication that impacts their ability to effectively communicate thoughts or ideas in the classroom EX:Lisps, Speech Impediments, Language Impairment, Communication Disorders

A student has demonstrated some phonological awareness but continues to struggle with phonemic awareness. The student's struggle with phonemic awareness is likely to lead to which of the following literacy development challenges?

A student has demonstrated some phonological awareness but continues to struggle with phonemic awareness. The student's struggle with phonemic awareness is likely to lead to which of the following literacy development challenges?

Which of the following behaviors may best be addressed through a functional behavioral assessment (FBA)?

A student is leaving the classroom without permission and going to the playground. An FBA can be used to identify the reason why the student is leaving and then identify more appropriate methods of behavior that will address this need.

Multiple Disabilities

A student who has disabilities in more than 1 of the above categories Multiple Disabilities

I Chart

A type of graphic organizer especially used for inquiry and research, usually used beginning in upper elementary grades. There are three phases to this method of organizing information: "Planning," "Interacting," and "Integrating/Evaluating."

Which of the following conditions is most commonly associated with the category of "other health impairment"?

ADHD ADHD is a disability which falls under the classification of other health impairment. Other health impairment refers to physical and/or mental impairments that substantially limit one or more major life activities.

When evaluating a second-grade student for a learning disability, the diagnostician will look at a variety of work samples. Work from class, teacher-created tests, and an Independent Educational Evaluation (IEE) will be considered. What other summative assessment might be considered in the evaluation?

Achievement test An achievement test is summative and compares the child's performance to others at the same age.

A newly registered student who has an IEP for an specific learning disability has enrolled in a high school Exceptional Student Education (ESE) program at the beginning second semester. The student was placed in ninth grade courses to align with transcripts sent from his previous school. The assigned ESE teacher has reviewed the student's records which included data collected at the beginning of eighth grade, and the teacher determined that the student was performing on a 6.0 level in reading and a 5.0 level in math according to records from his previous school. The other students in the teacher's class are currently performing on approximately a 3.0 level in reading and a 2.5 level in math. How can the teacher meet this student's needs?

Administer diagnostic assessments to collect current data related to the student's current level of functioning and plan for instruction. Gathering data about present levels is the first step to support a newly enrolled student. This data can then be used by the IEP team to support the student's current placement or consider whether another placement should be considered as the least restrictive environment.

Specific Learning Disability

Affects a child's ability in math, reading, or writing EXAMPLE Dyslexia, Dysgraphia, Auditory Processing, Nonverbal Learning Disability

Marissa is a ninth-grade student with cerebral palsy. She uses a wheelchair and has limited fine motor skills. She performs on grade level in the area of math, and she performs above grade level in the area of reading comprehension. Which of the following accommodations would be most appropriate to support Marissa in her honors British Literature class?

Allow Marissa to use a human scribe for lengthy essay questions to reduce her need to write. Students with limited fine motor skills may struggle to write legibly for long periods of time. Having a teacher act as a human scribe will allow Marissa to verbalize her answers, and the teacher will record her responses. Marissa can then review for edits and punctuation and include any additional information.

Universal Screener

An assessment administered to all students to gather data and form groups, such as intervention groups

Disciplinary Alternative Educational Program (DAEP)

An educational and self-discipline alternative instructional program, adopted by local policy, for students in elementary through high school grades who are removed from their regular classes for mandatory or discretionary disciplinary reasons. A DAEP may be located on-campus or off-campus

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

An injury that occurs to the brain due to accident or trauma; depending on where in the brain the injury occurs will determine how the student is impacted

Disability

Any hindrance or difficulty imposed by physical, mental, or emotional problems

Visual Impairment

Any loss of vision that cannot be fully corrected with lenses example Visually Impaired, Blind

Lilly is a fourth-grade student who receives special education services for reading and related services for speech therapy. Her annual review IEP meeting is scheduled for next week (three days prior to the expiration of the IEP), and her parents have confirmed attendance. Lilly's speech therapist is unable to attend the meeting due to presenting at a conference on the same day. What would be an appropriate alternative to address the speech therapist's absence?

Ask the parents if they are willing to excuse the speech therapist and have her provide written input prior to the meeting. The speech therapist is a required IEP team member since the student's speech therapy goals and services are being discussed. Parents can agree to excuse a required team member if that person provides his/her input in writing.

A speech/language therapist is unable to attend an annual IEP meeting for a student who is identified as having a specific learning disability (primary) and speech/language impairment (secondary). The student's current IEP will expire in three days. How can the IEP team address the speech/language therapist's absence?

Ask the parents if they are willing to excuse the speech/language therapist if recommendations are provided by the therapist prior to the meeting. Due to the student's secondary disability of speech/language impairment, the speech/language therapist is a required team member. The parents may agree to excuse the therapist if input is provided prior to the meeting.

Which of the following interventions would be most beneficial for a visual learner who is struggling to differentiate between DNA and RNA?

Ask the student to color a picture of the DNA molecule and RNA molecule. Ask the student to highlight the differences. This intervention will give the student a visual product that they can reference in the future to easily see the differences between DNA and RNA.

Miss Cutler has been working with her students on word problems. All problems thus far have only contained relevant material. Today she wants to teach about distractors in problems. She asks her class if they know what a distractor is and one student shouts out that Sarah, a student with a diagnosed behavior problem, is a distractor. How should Miss Cutler respond?

Ask the student to step in the hallway for a private conversation and ask students to meanwhile write their own definition in their math journal. This method ends the conversation and keeps students focused on math. It also allows for redirection of the offending student in a private manner.

Diagnostic Assessment / Pre-Assessment

Assessment administered before instruction to determine students' strengths and weaknesses

Schema (when reading)

Background knowledge a reader brings to a text. Someone who plays baseball can use his experience to understand a biography of Babe Ruth.

Multi-modality learning approaches are recommended for students with disabilities. Which of the following multi-modality approaches could be used to help elementary students learn about different types of trees and where they grow?

Bringing small saplings or branches into the classroom and inviting students to touch and observe the trees, and then share what they have learned using Think Pair Share. This type of activity appeals to multiple types of learners since students can touch the trees, write their observations, and share with partners and whole group.

Modifications

Changes to the curriculum to allow a student to access material at their level (Changes WHAT they learn) A student learns only capitalization and periods, rather than all grammar concepts

Modifications

Changes to the curriculum to allow a student to access material at their level (Changes WHAT they learn) A student learns only capitalization and periods, rather than all grammar concepts.

Modifications

Changes to the curriculum to allow a student to access material at their level (Changes WHAT they learn) EX:A student learns only capitalization and periods, rather than all grammar concepts.

A third-grade teacher notes the following regarding her special education student's academic performance: Grades are decreasing as compared to the last grading period Assignments are not completed, even though the required accommodations are given Absences have increased over the past grading period What is the most appropriate next step?

Collaborate with the special education teacher, diagnostician, student, parents, and other general education teachers to review and discuss the student's academic progress and design instructional strategies All of the stakeholders are integral in the planning and development of the IEP objectives and to ensure FAPE.

Deafness

Complete loss of hearing that will not be regained over time EX:Deaf

A third-grade teacher is preparing to teach a unit on mythical creatures. A parent has asked why the teacher has selected this topic when it is not an assigned topic in the state's learning standards for third grade. How should the teacher respond?

Confirm that topics within the unit align with the state standards. Identify learning outcomes and share these with the parent. When planning a unit, the teacher should first consider the state's learning standards and what the learning outcomes will be. While the teacher did not pre-plan in this manner, the unit's activities can still be used or modified to align with state standards.

A third-grade student with an intellectual disability is having difficulty asking for help when she does not understand an assignment. She often sits quietly at her desk until the teacher comes over to help. Which of the following strategies would help to teach the student to ask for help independently?

Create a visual checklist that reminds the student to raise her hand to ask for help and tape the checklist to the student's desk. The visual checklist on the student's desk will remind her to stop and ask for help by raising her hand. It encourages independence because it does not require the teacher to verbally prompt her or go over to her desk first.

Transition Planning

Creating a plan for students as they age out of the educational system

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a condition in which the body is unable to remove wastes at a typical rate such as mucus from the lungs. Jack's parents have notified the school that he will need a special breathing treatment that lasts about 30 minutes once a day at school to help minimize the effects of his disease. Under what category would Jack qualify for special education services?

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a condition in which the body is unable to remove wastes at a typical rate such as mucus from the lungs. Jack's parents have notified the school that he will need a special breathing treatment that lasts about 30 minutes once a day at school to help minimize the effects of his disease. Under what category would Jack qualify for special education services?

A special education teacher is developing an end of unit test for her students. Which of the following considerations is most important when developing items on the test?

Do the test questions adequately reflect learning objectives that were taught throughout the unit? An end-of-unit assessment should appropriately capture students' level of mastery of skills that were taught throughout the unit and build upon skills taught in previous units.

Which of the following is a chromosomal condition that is associated with intellectual disability, a characteristic facial appearance, and weak muscle tone along with cognitive delays and intellectual disability?

Down syndrome This is the correct answer because Down syndrome occurs when an individual has a full or partial extra copy of chromosome 21.

Use the graph below to answer the following question. Which student improved their score the most from the midterm to the final exam?

Drew Drew's score improved by 36 points from the midterm to the final.

Jessa is a seven-year-old student with disabilities. An older student, Michael, has been asking Jessa to share her snacks with him at lunch. Michael has made fun of Jessa to his friends for giving snacks away. Jessa felt hurt because she thought that she was being kind by sharing. How can Jessa's teacher best address this situation?

Explain to Jessa that she does not have to share her lunch, and practice roleplaying so that Jessa feels comfortable saying no to Michael. Practicing how to respond to the situation using roleplay will help Jessa to feel comfortable advocating for herself.

How does formative assessment differ from summative assessment?

Formative assessment allows the teacher to gather information to shift their teaching as needed during the lesson; summative assessment provides the teacher information at the end of a unit of study to adjust their teaching in the future. Formative assessment allows the teacher to gather information to shift their teaching as needed during the lesson; summative assessment provides the teacher information at the end of a unit of study to adjust their teaching in the future.

Which of the following statements best describes a formative assessment?

Formative assessments measure what students know along the way. Formative assessments measure what students know along the way. They should be given on a regular basis. These are not summative assessments, which are used to determine what students know at the end of the year or at the end of a unit.

What community groups could offer social learning opportunities for students with disabilities?

Girl Scouts B Boy Scouts C religious organizations D All of the above All of these can provide social opportunities

Brielle is a nine-year-old student with multiple disabilities. She has limited mobility and language skills, but she is able to use eye gaze to respond or select yes/no choices from a switch board. Brielle's teacher would like to develop a visual schedule with preferred activities for breaks to encourage Brielle to complete school work. Which of the following is the best way for Brielle's teacher to select preferred activities for Brielle's breaks?

Give Brielle an opportunity to try a variety of activities and then add her favorites to the visual schedule. By giving Brielle the opportunity to select different reinforcers, her teacher will learn more about her likes and dislikes and can personalize the visual schedule accordingly with preferred activities that Brielle enjoys.

Development

Growth, adaptation, or change over the course of time

The summary information below contains information about Kristina's present levels of academic achievement and functional performance (PLAAFP). Kristina is a fourth-grade student with autism. Kristina receives special education services in an inclusion classroom and also participates in small group occupational therapy and speech/language therapy sessions on a weekly basis. Kristina was re-evaluated earlier this year and received a general intellectual ability score of 105. Kristina's achievement scores were all in the average range except for her written language scores which were in the below average range. Kristina has had a new annual goal added to her IEP which focuses on initiating and responding to social conversations with peers. Kristina responds to questions in class when verbally prompted by her teacher but struggles to recognize facial expressions and body language. Kristina inconsistently responds to peers when asked a question and struggles to continue conversation by asking a question to a peer in response or elaborating with more than one or two words. Which of the following teacher actions can be used to improve Kristina's social interaction skills?

Have Kristina identify three topics of interest and practice initiating and continuing conversations about these topics. Identifying topics of interest will help Kristina to become more comfortable initiating conversations. Practicing with her teacher will give her experience with taking turns and continuing conversation.

Which of the following strategies would be most effective for assimilating and training a student with a disability to be a product stocker at the school snack shop?

Have another student work beside the student to mentor and model proper behavior. Learning through mentoring and modeling is the most effective way for students with disabilities to effectively learn new skills.

Which of the following would be the best strategy to teach an elementary student the various forms of persuasive media?

Have students research a political cartoon, a computer editorial, and a highway billboard concerning environmental issues. This is the correct answer since it involves various kinds of persuasive media.

significantly low (below-average) intellectual functioning. In order to be identified as having an intellectual disability, a student must have deficits in two or more areas of adaptive skills and also have significantly below-average intellectual functioning.

His score was better than 65% of other students taking the test. Percentile rank shows the place at which others scored equal to or less than the student.

Which of the following would be an appropriate question to ask when viewing and analyzing thematic elements of entertainment media?

How does the director use the contrast of light and dark to influence the mood of this scene? Entertainment media can be analyzed in similar ways to literature. This question asks students to analyze the ways in which cinematography can impact the viewer's understanding of mood or tone, or how these changes can symbolize plot or theme elements.

Inclusion

Inclusion

Children may qualify for services through special education before entering school. What is the name of the plan designed for a child under 3 years old?

Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP) An IFSP identifies a child's needs and goals prior to entering school.

Ms. Colon, a new fifth-grade teacher, is planning her math lessons for the grading cycle. She thinks of all of the topics she needs to teach and makes discrete daily lessons. Each unit has an opening pre-test. Each lesson has instruction, guided practice, and independent practice. Which of the following are methods she should incorporate into her lesson planning? Select all answers that apply.

Instead of making single lesson plans, first create a thematic unit around which to frame her lessons. Planning discrete lessons does not leave much room for repetition of ideas. Planning lessons around a thematic unit allows students to be exposed to the ideas multiple times. C Plan time each day for students to explain concepts they have learned to their peers. Planning a time for students to explain concepts to each other is good practices. D Plan each lesson with a closure activity. Planning for a closure activity is good practice.

A kindergarten classroom is composed of 30% ELL learners whose native language is Spanish. What is one way the teacher can support these students in learning print concepts?

Label parts of the classroom in both Spanish and English. Labeling the classroom environment reinforces the idea that words are made up of letters. By using both languages, the student is able to understand the print concept without having to also decode the English word.

Lana is a sixth-grade student whose younger sister, Natalie, has Down Syndrome. Recently, Lana's friends have asked questions about Natalie, and Lana is unsure of how to respond. What advice may Lana's parents share with her?

Lana should consider the types of questions she is typically asked and practice her responses so that she feels comfortable sharing information with her friends. By practicing her responses, Lana will feel more comfortable answering her friends' questions. This type of response will help Lana to advocate for Natalie while also promoting diversity and inclusion with her friends.

Constructivism

Learning new behaviors by adjusting our current view of the world Research projects

Cognitivism

Learning new behaviors by connecting current knowledge with new knowledge Teaching fractions by talking about pizza slices

Auditory Learning

Learning primarily by hearing things EXAMPLE Lectures

Ms. Trask wants to create an authentic assessment to test her students about angles in triangles. Which of the following should she do first?

Look at the standards to determine what a meaningful task that students could complete to demonstrate their knowledge. Looking at the standards to design the assessment is a great first step.

Which situation could best be represented by the equation: 12x = 54?

Marty made car payments on her car for 54 months until it was paid off. What is x, the number of years it took Marty to pay off her car? To get the total months, 54, multiply the number of years, x, by the number of months in a year, 12; 12x = 5412x=54.

Which of the following statements is not a component of measurable IEP goals?

Measurable goals based on the student's grade level. With an IEP in place, measurable goals are based on students' disabilities and needs, not on students' grade levels.

Informal Assessments

More flexible than formal assessments and can be adjusted to fit the situation and particular needs of the student being tested example: observations during a lesson

Cassie is a sixth-grade student who qualifies for special education services with an other health impairment of ADHD. While she performs at grade level in all core classes when provided the accommodations specified in her IEP, Cassie has a history of discipline referrals for repeatedly disrupting class with impulsive behaviors and inappropriate comments. During Cassie's annual IEP meeting, the general education representative to the ARD committee suggests that Cassie's behavior might be less of a distraction if she were placed in a resource class with a lower student-to-teacher ratio. The proper response to this suggestion is:

No, Cassie's disability does not prevent her from succeeding academically in the general education setting, therefore a resource placement does not meet the federal standard for least restrictive environment. The federal standard for least restrictive environment specifies that a student with disabilities shall be educated with non-disabled peers to the maximum extent possible, so the general education setting is the correct instructional arrangement for Cassie.

Non-Verbal Skills

Non-spoken communication ex: body language

Which of the following statements about nonviolent crisis intervention is false?

Nonviolent crisis intervention is used to punish violent students. Punishment is not the purpose of a non-violent crisis intervention. The situation must be de-escalated while ensuring the safety and welfare of individuals on school premises.

Manipulatives

Objects used by students to illustrate and explore mathematical concepts, such as to represent numbers in an equation Blocks, Coins

Henry, a sixth-grade student with autism and an intellectual disability, has been chewing on his fingers, shirt sleeves, pencils, and other small objects during class. In order to reduce the spread of germs and eliminate this behavior, his teacher plans to try a new technique. The elimination of Henry's behavior may best be achieved with which of the following behavior management techniques?

Offer Henry a stick of gum when he appears anxious or is chewing on non-food objects. Students with autism often have unique sensory needs. By providing Henry with the opportunity to chew gum, his teacher is offering a more appropriate replacement behavior when stimulating his sensory needs.

There is a biology test next week and the general education teacher is unsure of how to modify the test for her students receiving special education services. How can the special education teacher collaborate with the biology teacher?

Offer to draft a modified test based on the original test and then they can edit it together. This approach ensures the teachers are collaborating and the students are accessing as much of the curriculum as is possible.

At the conclusion of an IEP meeting, the parent expresses a concern about Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) and the confidentiality of her child's records. The committee chair shares the Local Education Agency (LEA)'s responsibility with confidentiality of student records. What assurances can be provided to address the parent's concern?

Only personnel with direct instructional interaction with the student may access the records. They must sign the access log indicating the name, position, and purpose of reviewing the records. The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) states that only staff with direct instructional interaction with the student in question may view their records. They may only do so if there is a legitimate educational reason for doing so and they must document when and why they are accessing the information.

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the rights of parents of students who have disabilities?

Parents must provide consent for initial provision of special education services. The IEP team may not proceed with the initial provision of special education services without the parent's consent and agreement.

Hearing Impairment

Partial hearing loss that can improve or worsen over time. Students with hearing aids that correct the loss can still qualify for services EX:Hearing Impaired

Which of the following statements about phonemic awareness is most accurate?

Phonemic awareness is an early indicator of students becoming strong readers. The stronger a student's understanding and grasp of phonemic awareness, the more likely the student is to be a strong reader.

A second-grade teacher is finishing up a lesson on using graphs to analyze data and make predictions. She wants to make sure that students continue to use this knowledge instead of learning it as an isolated skill. Which of the following would be the best way for the teacher to achieve this?

Plan a science lesson in the upcoming weeks in which students graph the daily temperature using bar graphs. Integrating math content into another subject area is an effective way to reinforce previously taught concepts.

A teacher noticed that a number of her new kindergarten students are struggling with the difference between a letter, a word, and a sentence. Which of the following strategies would be best to improve the students' understanding of print concepts? Select all answers that apply.

Point to and orally read words on signs, posters, calendars, etc. This would continue to reinforce print concepts. C Read oversized books so students can watch the teacher point out the words. This would reinforce the ideas that letters make sounds and words, there are spaces between words, and reading moves from the top to the bottom of the page and from left to right.

A seventh-grade teacher has several students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the classroom. Which of the following strategies would be most effective for the teacher to improve students' initiation of tasks after entering the classroom?

Post and review classroom procedures at the start of each class period. Posting and reviewing classroom procedures is beneficial for all students and will help students to recognize expectations.

Lucy has anxiety and is in a third-grade self-contained classroom. Which of the following classroom strategies will best help Lucy manage her anxiety during class?

Practicing coping strategies, such as taking deep breaths, with the whole class and prompting Lucy to use these strategies when anxious. Practicing coping strategies with the whole class will reinforce the use of mindfulness techniques without singling Lucy out from her peers. Prompting her to use a specific strategy when needed will help her to begin using coping strategies more consistently.

As a formal assessment at the end of a unit, a teacher partners students and asks them to come up with a new product or service. Each pair will need to create an advertisement for the new product/service as well as a 15-second commercial promoting it. The teacher provides students with the following rubric. Category Points Teacher Notes Advertisement Use of Colors, Fonts, and Images _____ / 10 Overall Visual Appeal _____ / 5 Commercial Use of Rhetorical Devices _____ / 10 Clarity of Commercial _____ / 5 Both Uniqueness _____ / 2 Proper Grammar and Spelling _____ / 5 Based on the rubric provided and the description of the project, what is the most likely learning objective for this project?

Practicing persuasive techniques found in persuasive media. The goal of this assessment is to see how well students can replicate visual and auditory persuasive techniques found in advertising.

A sixth-grade teacher is teaching her students how to identify credible sources and check articles for trustworthiness and accuracy. Which activity would best help students analyze the credibility of news sources?

Present students with two articles covering the same event and conduct a compare and contrast activity. Finding multiple sources for an event that report and record the event in the same way is one way to ensure that the information presented is accurate.

Rae is a fifth-grade student with an intellectual disability who spends a portion of her day in a general education classroom. Recent assessment data shows that she is performing at a third-grade math level. Rae is able to solve one-digit multiplication problems using arrays and number lines and is making continuous progress in solving two-digit by one-digit multiplication problems. The general education teacher is currently planning a lesson on multiplying three-digit numbers by two-digit numbers using standard algorithms. Which of the following modifications would be most appropriate for the general education teacher to provide for Rae?

Provide Rae with alternate assignments covering two-digit by one-digit multiplication. This is an appropriate modification for the given scenario. Rae is making progress on her current math level, so this progress should be supported and continued.

A teacher is teaching his students about converting between units. He gives the students a project where they have to build a map of a room using units of their choice to an appropriate scale. He gives students rulers, measuring tape, and assorted objects like shoes and sticks to make their model. He finds that many students are confused by the assignment. Which of the following will improve the activity? Select all answers that apply.

Provide a rubric that details how the project will be graded. Rubrics give students clear directions for completing an assignment. C Give students an exemplar of previous students' work so they have an idea of the desired work product. Students often benefit from an exemplar when doing a project. D Interact with students to hear and gently correct their thoughts. One on one interaction will help the students succeed.

As Mrs. Peterman, a diagnostician, collaborates with a parent to complete the parent inventory, she realizes that the language difference may influence the parent's understanding of the referral and assessment process. What would be the next step the diagnostician should take?

Provide all of the printed and verbal information in the parent's home language. The LEA has the responsibility to provide FAPE as outlined in the Procedural Safeguards according to IDEA.

A special education teacher has a student whose parents do not speak English. What is the most appropriate way for the teacher to communicate with parents?

Provide copies of IEP documents and other paperwork in English as well as the parents' native language. Providing paperwork in the parents' native language allows them to meaningfully participate.

Which of the following is the most appropriate way for a teacher to help young students develop an understanding of print elements?

Provide direct and indirect instruction on concepts like punctuation, the progression of text, and the difference between letters, words, and sentences. This is a clear, concrete way to help develop an understanding of print elements.

An elementary student who is visually impaired is participating in a unit in his science class that focuses on learning the names and locations of 20 bones in the human body. At the end of the unit, students are required to label all 20 bones on a diagram of a skeleton. What would be the most appropriate way to assess the student's mastery of this objective?

Provide the student with a 3D skeleton on which he can locate and label 20 bones. Using a tactile model of a skeleton allows the student to learn and identify bones in the body using touch.

A functional life skills teacher has a classroom with several elementary students with Down syndrome. He would like the students to have more opportunities to learn social and communication skills. What would be the best way to accomplish this?

Provide the students with inclusion opportunities to interact with same-aged typical peers. By interacting with peers in an inclusion setting, the students with Down syndrome will have an opportunity to observe appropriate social interactions and communication skills modeled by their peers and then can implement these new skills.

Students in an inclusion kindergarten classroom are learning a new procedure to pack up materials and prepare to exit the classroom for bus and car rides home. Which of the following methods would be most effective in teaching the students this procedure?

Provide the students with multiple opportunities to practice the routine of packing up and exiting the classroom. Providing the students with multiple opportunities to practice the routine will be the best way for students to remember the routine and follow it.

An inclusive middle school English language arts class is reading a novel. Students are asked to read one chapter of the novel each evening and then engage in a class discussion about that chapter on the following day. Aria, who has dyslexia, is working with the special education teacher to participate in the class discussion. Which of the following accommodations will be most beneficial to Aria?

Providing Aria with an audio version of the novel so that she can listen as she reads at night. Students with specific learning disabilities often struggle with decoding words which impacts fluency. When fluency is impacted, so is reading comprehension. Providing Aria with an audio version will allow her to listen as she reads the text which will not impact fluency but will help her to focus on comprehending what is being read.

Paraphrase

Putting something that was read, heard, or viewed into your own words. The principal told me we might be getting raises this year.

A student with a service dog will soon join a second grade class. Which of the following activities will help the class to prepare and foster a welcoming classroom environment?

Read a story about a service dog and watch a video clip, then discuss ways to help neighbors in the community. Reading a story and watching a video clip are two methods of sharing real life experiences with the students. Discussing ways to help others provides an inclusive method of explaining that everyone is welcome and valued.

A mother notices her three-year-old child does not respond to her voice and is concerned it is a symptom of a hearing disability. The mother expresses this concern to the social worker at the child's daycare. Of the following, which would be the best response from the social worker?

Recommend the mother to contact the LEA for an evaluation. Recommending the mother to a professional diagnostician is the best approach as this specialist can provide further, more accurate assessment of the child's hearing.

Students in Mr. Jaffrey's class were discussing in pairs if the following mapping diagram represents a function: As Mr. Jaffrey was circulating, he overheard Reena tell her partner that the relation is not a function because every input gives the same output. Of the following, which is the best response for Mr. Jaffrey to give Reena?

Reena, you are incorrect. Even though each input gives the same output, there is only one output for every input, so the relation still represents a function. The only thing that determines if a relation is a function is if each input gives only 1 output. This is true for this relation, so it is a function.

Reliability

Reliable exams produce the same scores when given in the same conditions (same individuals on different occasions or with different sets of equivalent items)

Ms. Smith taught a lesson on sight words to her students in an inclusive first-grade classroom. When she assessed the students on the three new sight words taught that day, she noticed that most of the students could only correctly identify one of three new sight words. Which of the following would be the most appropriate next step?

Reteach the sight words the next day using new strategies and reassess students to see if they have made improvements. This is an example of differentiated instruction and formative assessment. Since students are not making progress, Ms. Smith will reteach and reassess.

Sven is a tenth-grade student with an emotional disability. He has difficulty answering questions in class and often puts his head on his desk if called on. His teacher would like to encourage participate to include Sven in class and also gauge his understanding. Which of the following interventions is most appropriate for Sven?

Review the class schedule daily at the beginning of class. Use a nonverbal cue, such as highlighting a question on a worksheet, to notify Sven of which question he may be asked to answer. Reviewing the day's schedule is beneficial for all students and will help Sven anticipate group discussions. Providing a nonverbal cue of the question that he may be asked to answer will allow him to prepare his response in advance.

Samuel is a student in eighth grade who qualifies for special education with an intellectual disability. Samuel participates in general education science with in-class support and accommodations. Samuel's science teacher has open-ended questions on every end-of-unit test and Samuel's teacher has noticed that he's an eager participant in class but always struggles with writing the answers on the test paper. What is the best way for Samuel to demonstrate his knowledge on the end-of-unit test?

Samuel can give an oral response instead of a written response. This is an appropriate shift in support for Samuel.

Gina is a fifth-grade student with a reading comprehension goal on her IEP. The goal has four objectives associated with it. Gina's teacher regularly collects data on her progress. By the second quarter, she has mastered all objectives on her reading comprehension goal except for one. What would the IEP team recommend to address Gina's reading comprehension goal for the remainder of the year?

Schedule an IEP meeting to consider adding an additional goal to begin addressing new skills while Gina works on the final objective of the first goal. Since Gina has shown mastery on all other objectives, her teacher should continue to teach and assess the remaining objective. She should assess all objectives before her annual IEP meeting to confirm maintenance of mastery of skills. If she has mastered almost all objectives, the IEP team can consider adding a second reading goal to begin working on new skills.

A third-grade student with a specific learning disability has an IEP goal related to identifying the main idea for fiction texts. The special education teacher is preparing to write the student's first semester IEP goal progress report, and the student has not demonstrated any progress toward mastery of this goal. Which of the following is the most appropriate way for the teacher to address the student's lack of progress?

Schedule an IEP meeting to discuss the student's limited progress and consider adjustments to the IEP that will allow the student to make progress. The IEP team should meet to discuss ways to provide the student with access to the curriculum. The student may benefit from adjustments to specially designed instruction and services which will facilitate progress on the goal.

Tom is a fifth-grade student with an intellectual disability who participates in an inclusion classroom. Tom has an IEP goal related to independently packing up his desk materials and backpack to prepare to leave school at the end of the day. Which of the following supports can help Tom to meet this goal?

Seat Tom next to a peer who models this behavior so he has daily opportunities to observe. Students with intellectual disabilities benefit from observing peers who model appropriate skills.

Which of the following legislative acts prevents discrimination against individuals with disabilities in any programs that receive federal funds?

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act prevents discrimination of individuals with disabilities in any program that receives federal funds.

Self-Assessment

Self-review of one's progress with the assignment Rubric, Exit Ticket

A third-grade teacher is introducing the concept of multiplication using manipulatives, pictures, and arrays. Last year several parents asked why their child wasn't learning to multiply the same way that they did. What should the teacher do in order to address potential questions this year?

Send an email to parents that explains how multiplication will be introduced and include tips for practicing these skills with their child. This keeps parents informed by explaining ahead of time how multiplication will be taught, and it allows parents the option to become involved in their child's learning by giving tips on practicing multiplication strategies with their child.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Social and/or communication issues that can also impact behavior; can also include intellectual disabilities or learning differences Autism, Aspergers, Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD)

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Social and/or communication issues that can also impact behavior; can also include intellectual disabilities or learning differences EXAMPLE Autism, Aspergers, Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD)

give directions while facing the class. Students with mild hearing loss benefit from teachers who face the class when giving directions. This support is the least restrictive support of the supports listed.

Some cultures promote interdependence over independence and the students are applying that cultural characteristic to their academic performance. This is important to consider when correcting student behavior.

After experiencing the tragic death of his father, Michael, a preschool student, does not verbally interact with his classmates or teacher. This is a characteristic of which of the following?

Speech Impairment-SI The description in the question prompt is nonverbal communication in a school setting. This condition is referred to as selective mutism.

What professionals, other than special education teachers and paraprofessionals, can provide services as a part of the IEP?

Speech Therapist B Occupational Therapist C Educational Diagnostician

Which of the following scenarios best provides an example of a curriculum focused on transitionary skills for everyday life?

Student receive instruction related to maintaining a bank account and developing a budget. This is an example of a functional curriculum which focuses on functional independent living skills.

A fifth-grade classroom has been analyzing nonfiction articles that include charts or graphs. The class has learned the terms for all the parts of a graph and have spent time discussing how graphs add to and support the main idea of the text. Which of the following activities should the teacher include next to continue developing her students' understanding of the purpose and importance of charts and graphs?

Students create their own charts or graphs to accompany an informational article of their choice. By requiring students to compile the data themselves to create the image, they will further understand how graphs and charts enhance the reader's comprehension of a text.

English Language Learners (ELLs)

Students who are learning the English language, or for whom English is not a first language

Section 504 of The Rehabilitation Act of 1973

Students who do not have a disability that is severe enough to qualify for an IEP can fall under 504. A student under 504 must be able to perform on grade level but needs assistance to accomplish this.

Which of the following is the best rationale for using formative assessment?

Students will show what skills they have mastered and what skills still need to be practiced. A formative assessment is used by teachers to determine what concepts students have mastered following instruction and then identify areas in which additional practice is needed. Teachers use formative assessment data to plan subsequent lessons.

A parent of a child receiving in class support through special education is complaining about the general education teacher. She often contacts the special education teacher with concerns. What is the best response from the special education teacher?

Suggest asking the general education teacher for a conference and offering to also attend for support. This is the best response to build a collaborative relationship among all stakeholders.

Luis is an eleventh-grade student in an inclusive geometry class. While working with a group of students, Luis slams his fist on the table and puts his head on his desk, refusing to work for the remainder of class. His teacher has not seen this type of behavior from Luis before. Which of the following methods would be the most appropriate way to first respond to Luis's behavior?

Talk to Luis privately to gather more information and discuss appropriate ways to behave in class. Talking to Luis privately gives him an opportunity to share more information without feeling called out in front of his peers. It is important to determine if Luis's behavior was a result of something that happened in class that day or if he was upset about something outside of school.

Which of the following describes the primary benefit of using frequent progress monitoring?

Teachers are able to adjust specially designed instruction according to student needs. Frequent progress monitoring allows teachers to easily identify areas of growth and areas of need and then adjust instruction accordingly.

Due Process Rights / Assurances

The legal obligation of the government to respect an individual's legal rights, guaranteed by the 5th and 14th amendments. the rights of parents of students with disabilities to agree or disagree with student services, change of placement or behavior plans

Criterion-Referenced Tests

Tests in which a standard has been set for the test taker to achieve in order to pass the test. example: A multiple choice or short answer test on the content of a unit of study in which a 70% is needed to pass.

Norm-Referenced Tests

Tests that compare an individual's performance/achievement to a group called the "norm group." example: An IQ test

Organizational Structure

Text structure can include cause/effect, problem/solution, main idea/details, and/or sequence Students often find problem/solution text structure as more interesting.

Code of Ethics and Standard Practices For Texas Educators

The Code of Ethics states that educators will obey the law and have integrity in their professional life

Which of the following procedures should be addressed when developing and implementing the IEP objectives in instructional planning for students with disabilities?

The IEP committee develops the IEP based on existing evaluative data from the general education teacher and related services personnel, current campus, district, and/or state assessments, and any evaluations and information provided by the parents. All relevant data from the stakeholders is important in the planning, development, and implementation of the IEP objectives to ensure student access, participation, and progress within the general education curriculum.

Admission, Review, and Dismissal (ARD) Committee

The IEP committee that determines the eligibility for specialized services, based on the assessment of the data and the goals to be set for an eligible student

As the IEP committee designs the student's plan, which statement best describes how the IEP correlates with the state assessment?

The IEP must be designed in close correlation with the state assessment. IDEA mandates student participation in state and district assessments. The instructional goals should be written based on each student's present level of performance and provide the opportunity to access, participate, and progress within the general education curriculum.

In discussing the state assessment, State of Texas Assessment of Academic Readiness (STAAR), the parent wants to understand how it would be supported in the IEP. Which response should the ARD committee chair offer the parent?

The IEP objectives closely align with the STAAR assessment for all students. The IEP objectives correlate with STAAR standards and TEKS.

How should the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) be reflected in a student's Individualized Education Program (IEP)?

The IEP objectives should try to align as closely as possible with the appropriate TEKS. The IEP objectives should align with the corresponding TEKS so that they are appropriate for the student and based on what they are learning.

Which of the following statements outlines the responsibility of the Local Education Agency (LEA) with assessing children with limited English proficiency?

The LEA must administer a state identified English language proficiency assessment to kindergarten through 12th-grade students who demonstrate limited English proficiency in listening, speaking, reading, and writing. This would fulfill an LEA's legal requirement in the assessment of an English language learner.

Reading Fluency

The ability to read with appropriate speed, accuracy, and prosody

Alphabetic Knowledge

The ability to recognize, name, and write letters.

Empathy

The ability to understand the feelings of another person by putting oneself in someone else's shoes

Writing Process

The steps a writer goes through to compose a finished, polished text. Prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, publishing

The core qualities of life that should be considered when determining programming for students with severe disabilities are emotional, physical, material well-being, human rights, and:

The core qualities of life that should be considered when determining programming for students with severe disabilities are emotional, physical, material well-being, human rights, and:

Jean is a student in third grade who has difficulty being understood by teachers and peers due to how he pronounces words. Jean's family speaks French at home and Jean speaks English at school. What should the speech therapist take into consideration when deciding if Jean should be tested for speech therapy?

The errors Jean is making could be due to a confusion between French and English vowel blends. Because there is a difference in the approach to vowels in each language, Jean could certainly be confusing the vowel sounds in English and French.

A third-grader who recently qualified for special education services with an intellectual disability and an IQ of 47 was directly placed into a life skills class at the initial admission meeting instead of starting with resource and in-class support. The family did not agree with the decision. Which of the following actions is most appropriate for the family to take?

The family should follow the procedures to request a due process hearing. The family should follow the procedures to request a due process hearing.

Writing Process - Publishing

The final step in the writing process where the writer ensures the neatness and understanding of the final product

Writing Process - Prewriting

The first step in the writing process when the writer decides on a central idea/topic for writing and formulates a thesis or main idea statement

Which of the following examples does not demonstrate a collaborative relationship between a general education teacher and a special education teacher?

The general education teacher instructs the whole group, and the special education teacher works individually with students with IEPs. This is not a collaborative relationship, since both teachers are providing instruction independently of one another, and it may become obvious to students that certain peers have IEPs.

Print Concepts

The general rules governing text text is read from left to right and top to bottom

The Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 (EHA)

The original federal law that mandated all children with disabilities receive free public education

Which of the following scenarios indicates a situation in which a parent has the right to request an independent educational evaluation (IEE)?

The parent disagrees with the district's re-evaluation which found a student only eligible under specific learning disability (SLD) when the student previously had a secondary disability qualifier also. If the parent does not agree to the district's re-evaluation, the parent has a right to request an IEE.

Writing Process - Drafting

The second step in the writing process where the writer brings together similar ideas and organizes them into paragraphs

A second-grade class is co-taught by a general education teacher and a special education teacher. Which of the following scenarios describes the best way for the two teachers to collaborate?

The special education teacher plans with the general education teacher so that they can both provide direct instruction to the whole group and small groups that are based upon students' needs. This is most appropriate because both teachers are seen as leading the class since they both provide whole group instruction. By grouping students according to needs rather than IEP status, students will have opportunities to work with both teachers as well as their peers.

A student has fine motor challenges and also has a specific learning disability with math computation. The student is able to use a calculator but frequently makes mistakes when pushing the numbers on the keypad. What is the best accommodation that can be provided to support the student?

The student can use a talking calculator with built-in speech output to read the numbers and symbols aloud. This is the least restrictive option and will support the student by confirming that the student has pressed the calculator key they intended to press.

Which of the following characteristics may be used to describe a student who is identified as having a specific learning disability?

The student demonstrates deficits in academic achievement when compared to cognitive abilities. Students with specific learning disabilities typically have average to above average intelligence but experience academic achievement deficits.

A seventh grade student in Exceptional Student Education (ESE) with a disability in the area of autism scored at the 10th percentile in reading fluency when a diagnostic assessment was administered. What conclusion can be made from this information?

The student has a reading fluency rate that is higher than 10% of same-aged peers. The student's score in the 10th percentile indicates that the student is reading significantly below grade level and has a faster reading fluency rate than 10% of same-aged peers.

Which of the following scenarios indicates that a student may meet certain eligibility criteria for a specific learning disability?

The student has received Tier 3 reading interventions but continues to read below grade level. Students who fail to make progress despite receiving research-based interventions may be eligible as having a specific learning disability.

A teacher notices that a student has misspelled the words "pain" and "boat" as "pane" and "bote." Based on this observation of the student's spelling, which of the following would be a reasonable assumption for the teacher to make about the student's decoding skills?

The student requires additional phonics instruction. The student is applying phonics rules incorrectly and needs practice with vowel digraphs.

Which of the following IEP goals would best prepare a student to meet postsecondary employment goals?

The student will participate in a summer internship related to a career field of interest and will develop a resume that includes four relevant experiences from the internship by October. This is a measurable goal which will help the student to gain experiences and develop a resume in preparation for gaining employment after high school.

A third-grade teacher is preparing to teach a social studies lesson to an inclusion class. Many of the students read below grade level, so the teacher has chosen to play an audio version of a non-fiction text rather than having the students read the text independently. What is the primary reason for using an audio version of the text?

The students struggle to read grade level texts fluently. Students who struggle to read fluently but have grade level or near grade level comprehension skills can access the curriculum through an audio version of the text.

A special education teacher is the case manager for a student in seventh grade who has autism. The PE teacher comes to the case manager in May with a concern: when the student changes for PE, the student layers on all of their gym clothes, including shorts, a t-shirt, a hoodie, and sweatpants. With the warmer weather, the PE teacher has noticed the student becomes overheated but continues to put on all the layers of clothing. What can the case manager suggest to the teacher to help the student understand the appropriate layers of clothing needed for PE?

The teacher can post visual cue cards in the locker of the student which show the appropriate clothing choices for the day. Posting visual reminders of what the student should wear for PE and what the student should keep in their locker is an excellent strategy to help ensure the safety of the student and support their learning differences. Continue

A first-grade student in Exceptional Student Education (ESE) is having difficulty organizing materials at the end of the day due to talking to a friend at his table. The teacher plans to use extinction to address this behavior. Which of the following is an example of extinction?

The teacher moves the student's seat so that he is not seated by his friend. This is an example of extinction because the teacher has stopped the behavior (talking to a friend and not organizing materials) from occurring. Since the student is distracted due to talking to his friend, changing seats causes gradual extinction of the behavior by allowing the student to focus on organizing his materials to go home.

A first-year elementary teacher is concerned that Ricardo, a student with learning disabilities and limited English proficiency, does not engage in the class or group discussions. The teacher requests that the special education teacher observe the student's behaviors. What should the special education teacher consider when responding to this request?

The teacher should consider all aspects of the student's behaviors to prevent preconceived ideas. The special education teacher should coach the new teacher in considering all aspects of the student's behaviors that impact student access, participation, and progress within the general education curriculum. An action plan should be developed to determine the most appropriate intervention and instructional strategies.

A third-grade student informs the teacher that he is constantly being called inappropriate names by other students in the classroom. He feels that he does not belong to any group of students in the class. The teacher monitors the behaviors of the students and agrees that the student is frequently excluded from activities. How should the teacher respond to this situation?

The teacher should design collaborative group and team building activities to promote a learning environment inclusion for all students so they feel a sense of belonging and safety. It is the teacher's responsibility to create an inclusive, safe, and orderly learning environment for all students.

A computer programming course at a high school uses a computer program that features audio cues as students work on assignments. The audio cues notify the students of errors in programming or confirm their programming will work. The teacher also has a student in the class who is deaf. In addition to wearing an FM transmitter and seating the student in a place in class where they will be able to see their interpreter, what is the best additional step the teacher should take to make the class content accessible to the student?

The teacher should enable the visual cues accessibility feature within the software. This accommodation allows for the student to participate in the content of the class in nearly the exact same way as her nondisabled peers.

Which of the following scenarios accurately describes the use of skill reinforcement through hierarchy of prompts?

The teacher uses hand over hand to teach a student how to form letters and then transitions to sticky tape on the pencil to reinforce appropriate pencil grasp. By transitioning from using hand over hand to sticky tape, the teacher is using a hierarchy of prompts from most to least prompts.

Which of the following instructional methods demonstrates a teacher's behavioral approach to student learning when teaching basic multiplication facts to a class of third-grade students?

The teacher uses positive reinforcement such as clapping, praise, and high fives for students who answer multiplication problems correctly. By offering positive praise and feedback, the teacher is using a behavioral approach to reinforce correct responses to multiplication problems.

Alphabetic Principle

The understanding that there is a logical/systematic relationship between the sounds of spoken English and the letters and letter-patterns of written English.

Place Value

The value of each digit in a number based on its location, or place In 135, the 3 is in the tens place and has a value of 3 x 10 or 30.

Emerson is a sixth-grade student receiving special education services for dyslexia and ADHD. She is given extra time on tests and additional white space on each page. Categorize these as accommodations or modifications.

These are both accommodations. Emerson is continuing to learn the same curriculum, but she accesses it in a different way. Additional time is an accomodation for ADHD and additional white space is an accommodation for dyslexia.

Persuasive Media

Visual and media elements that seek to convince the audience to feel or believe a certain message. Commercials, political ads, editorial cartoons

Mr. Wheeler has taught prime factorization to his class this week. In an effort to differentiate instruction, he decides to block off time to provide remediation for students with learning disabilities. What is the main problem with this approach?

This targets only one group of students, which may or may not have struggled with this specific concept. He needs to evaluate who struggled with this concept before providing additional instruction.

Draw Conclusion

To make final comments/summation over what has been read or written.

A rural local education agency (LEA) is unable to provide FAPE for a student with autism and multiple disabilities. True or False: The LEA is legally required under IDEA to refer the parent to a program and incur all financial obligation associated with the placement.

True, in all cases. FAPE refers to the requirements outlined in Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. It is the responsibility of the LEA to provide free appropriate educational services for students who qualify for a disability. To comply with the law, the LEA must comply regardless of their financial circumstances.

True or False: Special education and related services are considered support services that provide academic and behavioral support for students with disabilities from age three to twenty-one years old in order to receive Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE).

True, it is the responsibility of the LEA to provide free appropriate educational services. FAPE refers to the requirements outlined in Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. It is the responsibility of the LEA to provide free appropriate educational services for students who qualify for a disability.

True or False: The transition plan for a high school student is reviewed and updated every year during the annual Admission, Review, and Dismissal (ARD) committee meeting.

True, this is a requirement of the IDEA and the Texas Education Code As required by IDEA and the Texas Education Code, the ARD committee must discuss, review, and update the transition plan annually. The special education teacher implements the procedures needed to facilitate the transition process.

Which of the following activities would be most effective for a tactile learner to learn about the phases of mitosis?

Use color-coded pieces of yarn to represent the chromosomes. The yarn acts as a manipulative the student can use to represent the phases of mitosis. This activity would benefit a tactile learner the most, because it involves physical activity on the part of the student in order to represent the phases.

Attending Behavior

Use of verbal and non-verbal cues by listeners that demonstrate they are listening with attention to what is being said. eye contact

Concrete Representations

Using physical pieces to represent mathematical problems Manipulatives

Genre

Various forms of texts including short stories, essays, folktales, fairy tales, poetry, historical fiction, biographies and autobiographies, memoirs, comedies and tragedies. Night by Elie Wiesel is an example of a memoir.

Assessment Tools

Various materials used to gather data on individual students EX:Teacher reports, IQ tests

Which of the following supports would be most beneficial in helping a student with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) learn and apply new vocabulary?

When introducing new vocabulary, connect the terms to images that help illustrate key elements of the correct definition. In general, students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) process images more easily than verbal or printed information. An image that demonstrates the proper use of the new term is likely to create a stronger connection in the student's mind to the word and its correct definition.

Which of the following interventions would be most beneficial for a visual learner who is struggling to differentiate between DNA and RNA?

Which of the following interventions would be most beneficial for a visual learner who is struggling to differentiate between DNA and RNA?

Summarizing

Writing or speaking a brief description of more extensive information by covering only the main/most important points, without details.

Retell

a comprehension strategy in which students retell or tell differently what they have read or listened to When students retell a story, they are demonstrating their comprehension of the most important parts.

Which of the following behaviors of a three-year-old may indicate speech impairment to the parents?

a continuous tongue thrust This behavior may be an indicator of a neurological condition called apraxia. Apraxia is when an individual displays facial grimaces or unusual movements that may be associated with speech communication.

No Child Left Behind (NCLB)

a 2002 federal law that focused on holding schools accountable for student learning and achievement and was initially developed to assist disadvantaged students

Positive Behavioral Intervention and Support (PBIS)

a 3-tiered system that provides positive attention for desired behaviors from all students and becomes more specific and motivating for struggling students Praise for students raising their hand, rather than punishing the student who shouts out

When the IEP committee determines that a student's behavior is a manifestation of the student's disability, the IEP committee must conduct or complete which of the following?

a Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) An FBA is necessary to evaluate how the behavior is impacting the student's ability to function and learn. An FBA refers to a problem-solving framework to address student behavior, determine strategies to identify the reason for the behavior; review and consider the social, emotional, and cognitive factors of the behavior; and design interventions to address and redirect behavior. The special educator must be cognizant of the ethics, the LEA (Local Education Agency) policies, state and federal laws, and Procedural Safeguards relative to planning, facilitating, and implementing discipline procedures for students with disabilities.

Epilepsy

a central nervous system disorder that causes sudden seizures that may or may not be convulsive

What transition services must be established for program continuity when transitioning a student with multiple disabilities from preschool to elementary school?

a developmentally appropriate program that engages the student in critical thinking and problem-solving skills in collaborative grouping The key words to focus on are "student engagement, critical thinking and problem-solving skills." The special educator understands and is cognizant of the programs and services available to facilitate planning for transition.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

a disorder in which a person has intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and feels compelled to repeatedly perform rituals and routines (compulsions) to try to ease anxiety EX:A person with OCD can display constant irrational worry about germs or excessive concern with safety or orderliness.

Depression

a disorder of the brain that leads a person to feelings of sadness that persist and interfere with everyday life Symptoms of depression can include loss of interest in activities one used to enjoy, difficulty sleeping or oversleeping, change in weight, and loss of energy.

Hudson v. Rowley

a family sued the public school because the school would not provide an interpreter for their daughter that was hard of hearing

Endrew F. v. Douglas County School District

a family sued the public school because they believed the school could not provide an adequate learning environment for their son with autism; they wanted to be reimbursed for private school tuition and fees

Small Group Instruction

a few members of the class learning together, as opposed to whole-group instruction The students rotated through learning stations while the teacher pulled a few students to her table at a time for small group instruction.

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act requires all schools to provide the following to students who have disabilities:

a free appropriate public education in the general education classroom Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act requires schools to provide a free appropriate public education in the general education classroom to all students with disabilities who receive or are eligible for services through Section 504.

Two life skills teachers work to create a yearlong unit for students to run a weekly beverage delivery cart. The students have to create order sheets, create invoices, collect money, and deliver the beverages to the staff members who have ordered them. This is an example of:

a functional curriculum. This is an example of a functional curriculum, which focuses on teaching and applying daily living skills and vocational skills.

Pie Chart

a graph in which a circle is divided into sectors that each represent a proportion of the whole. Pie charts are helpful when displaying the relative distribution of categories.

A teacher provides students a table on the historical populations of the United States during the 19th century, divided by decade. Which of the following would be the most appropriate display for the information?

a histogram A histogram is best suited to numerical data that is sorted into bins, such as decades here.

The mother of a three-year-old girl notices one of the following behaviors and believes it may be an indicator of a hearing impairment. Which behavior is the mother most concerned with?

a lack of response to her (the mother's voice) If a toddler does not respond to her mother's voice, there is a strong indication of a hearing disability.

Ms. Larson is a special education teacher in an inclusion classroom. After reading a short story to the class, she decided that students with significant specific learning disabilities (SLD) would be asked to label the sequence of events from the story using a list of choices, while all other students would be asked to describe how the tone and characterization impacted the story's theme. This is an example of:

a modification. A modification changes the standard by which students are being assessed. While some students were assessed on their comprehension of the story's theme, the students with specific learning disabilities were assessed on their ability to identify the story's sequence of events, which is a different standard of the curriculum.

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

a number representing a person's reasoning ability as compared to the norm for their age

Ashley is a first-grade student with cerebral palsy and fine-motor deficits. She is learning to write her name with help from her special education teacher and the occupational therapist. Which of the following accommodations would best support Ashley when practicing writing her name?

a pencil grip and slant board A pencil grip and slant board will allow Ashley to more easily hold the pencil and write her name.

Brooklyn needs direct instruction to obtain specific strategies when adding two numbers together to find a known sum. This is an appropriate statement for an IEP.

a pictorial diagram of using labeled arrows to indicate the changes A pictorial diagram is a visual support that helps visual learners make sense of material.

Which of the following instructional strategies will be most helpful for Aaron, a kindergarten student with an intellectual disability, to remember the order to independently complete personal care tasks, such as washing hands after using the restroom?

a picture checklist posted in the restroom A picture checklist is most appropriate because Aaron's teacher can review the checklist with him in advance. Visual cues in the restroom will remind Aaron of the steps in the process.

Individualized Education Program (IEP)

a plan created by a committee of general and special educators, parents, specialists, and administrators to provide a free and appropriate public education (FAPE) that is tailored to their needs and goals EX:IEP Goals

Individualized Education Program (IEP)

a plan created by a committee of general and special educators, parents, specialists, and administrators to provide a free and appropriate public education (FAPE) that is tailored to their needs and goals IEP Goals

Response to Intervention (RtI)

a process to monitor and measure student progress in the general education curriculum after instructional intervention is provided small group pull-out, tutoring

Educational Diagnostician

a professional who has been trained to assess and diagnosis various disabilities in an educational setting Diagnostician

Educational Diagnostician

a professional who has been trained to assess and diagnosis various disabilities in an educational setting example Diagnostician

The Council for Exceptional Children (CEC)

a recognized leader in advocacy for special education policy that aims to improve public policy affecting students and adolescents with exceptionalities, their families, and the professionals who work with them

Transition services consist of which of the following?

a results-oriented process to transition the student from school to post-secondary, career/vocational education, integrated employment, and/or community involvement According to Legal Framework, the IEP committee must consider all possible outcomes and available settings based on the data including each student's interests, preferences, and strengths, and input from the stakeholders.

A high school special education teacher has a student who has bipolar disorder. In order to continue to teach the student skills that will help them be successful after graduation, the teacher has implemented:

a standard, specific schedule in order to reduce the occurrence of manic episodes. Using a standard, specific schedule helps to reduce the occurrence of manic episodes with students who have bipolar disorder, and the implementation of a schedule is a skill that they can continue to use after graduation.

Number Line

a straight line where each number is equal distance from the next one

Closure Activity

a time to summarize the learning for the day What question(s) do you still have about today's lesson?

Students are reading a nonfiction article about the events leading up to WWII. Which of the following graphic organizers would most likely help them comprehend the article?

a timeline A timeline would be the best chart to graph out the events that lead up to WWII. This would allow students to pull out the events and see them summarized linearly.

Bar Graph

a visual representation of data which compares values in different categories the number of people who prefer each genre of movie

Which of the following areas should be considered when evaluating the quality of life of a 15-year-old student who has significant physical disabilities?

ability to experience social interaction with peers Social interaction is essential to students' quality of life and emotional well-being.

An African American parent notices that over half of the special education class is non-white. She is concerned that the Local Education Agency (LEA) is trying to place her son in special education because of his ethnicity. How might the IEP committee best address her concern?

acknowledge her concern and review the assessment data and eligibility requirement criteria for her son It is imperative to maintain the focus on the academic needs of the student based on the data obtained from the assessments and stakeholders.

Reductive Strategies

actions that decrease the probability of negative behaviors occurring removing the audience means letting the student know that you will address their behavior later and moving on so that no one can give attention to the negative behavior

Proactive Strategies

actions that increase the probability of positive behaviors occurring providing clearly defined expectations and building relationships

Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)

activities performed daily to meet an individual's basic needs Washing hair and body

Based on the screening responses listed below, which of the following assistive technology devices would be most appropriate for the student's needs? Screening for Assistive Technology: Writing Check all observed difficulties Including appropriate details when responding to essay questions Knowing and applying basic punctuation rules Organizing thoughts and ideas into a paragraph X Writing legible words and sentences X Demonstrating appropriate line spacing Editing for clarity Correct spelling

adaptive paper Adaptive paper can have raised or bold lines as well as specific colors which can help with letter positions and line spacing.

Basic Operations

addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division Math in early elementary school grades focuses on basic operations.

A student has recently had an initial evaluation completed and was determined to be eligible for special education services. When can the student begin receiving special education services?

after the parents sign/agree to the IEP and placement The student cannot begin to receive special education services until the parent(s) sign and agree to the IEP and placement recommendation.

Behavioral (Instructional) Objectives

aims of instruction (or any learning activity stated in terms of observable behavior)

Factors to consider when proposing special education and related services for the student's IEP include the

alignment of services with goals and specially designed instruction Special education and related services should align with student's annual goals and present levels of academic and functional performance (PLAAFP).

A sixth-grade student with a traumatic brain injury has difficulty completing tests as quickly as peers. The student often becomes flustered as it gets closer to the end of the class period and rushes to finish the test even if he is selecting answers at random. If added to his IEP, which of the following accommodations would address this student's needs?

allow extended time to complete classroom tests Providing extended time will allow the student to take his time without feeling rushed to finish the test before the end of the class period. This will allow the student additional time for processing information on the test.

Augmentative Communication Aids

allow for expressive (expressing thoughts/ ideas) and receptive (understanding what others are saying) communication in children with limited to no communication Speech to Text Communicator or Text to Speech Communicator

Environmental Control Aids

allow students to independently interact with/control their environment Adapted switches or Adapted appliances

Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)

allow students to independently perform activities of daily living (eating, grooming, toileting, etc.) Adapted cups that prevent choking and spills Velcro/hooks that allow for independent dressing

Computer Access Aids

allow students with disabilities to easily use classroom computers Adapted keyboard or Special software

A special education teacher has been working with her students to use the textbook's glossary to find the meanings of unknown words during instructional reading. Which of the following is the greatest benefit to this approach?

allows students to take active control of their learning process By teaching the students how to use the glossary, the teacher is providing the students with a life-long skill that they can use independently in the future to assist with their own learning.

In a co-teach classroom, seating students in collaborative groups is most likely to be beneficial because grouping:

allows students with disabilities to work closely with non-disabled peers One of the primary benefits of the inclusion instructional model is that students with disabilities are able to observe and learn from the behaviors of non-disabled peers.

A prekindergarten teacher gives each student a tray of sand and asks them to trace the letter "s" into the sand while making the /s/ sound out loud. This lesson is best designed to support the development of what concept?

alphabetic principle Since they are repeating the letter's sound, they are reinforcing the connection between the letter and the sound it makes.

As the special education teacher plans for the instructional day for a student with autism, he should be most cognizant of which of the following factors?

amount of transitions and/or unstructured time scheduled Transition time and unstructured impacts instructional and behavioral progress as these moments can be moments of high stress for some students with autism.

Manifestation Determination Review (MDR)

an ARD committee meeting that must be held before any disciplinary action which would remove a special education student from the prescribed placement in his or her IEP for more than 10 days; the meeting must determine if the behavior which led to the discipline is a direct result of the student's disability or not

Individualized Family Services Plan (IFSP)

an IEP for a child 0-3 years old to ensure that they receive early interventions through special education services

A third-grade teacher is working with a small group of students on representing fractions. She asks students to use the method of their choice to represent ¾. All of the students choose to draw a circle divided into 4 equal parts and color 3 parts. She then asks students to represent the same fraction in another way. Which of the following is NOT a method that the students could use to represent ¾?

an array Arrays are used to represent multiplication or division problems, not as a way to represent fractions.

Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)

an educational right of all children to receive instruction tailored to their needs at no cost to their family

The Local Education Agency (LEA) must provide prior written notice to the parents indicating the intention to identify, evaluate, or change educational placement for the student. This notice must include the following

an explanation of the proposed actions. B the contact information of the representative to assist with understanding IDEA. a copy of the Procedural Safeguards.

Tourette syndrome is characterized by motor tics, such as facial twitching or abnormal eye blinking, and vocal tics, such as throat clearing or squeaking. In order to qualify for special education services under IDEA, a student with Tourette syndrome must experience what in the classroom?

an impact to their learning In order for any student to qualify for special education services, their learning must be impacted.

A student was recently found to be eligible as having an emotional disability. The parents disagree with the eligibility determination and feel that the evaluation was not comprehensive. What may the parents requests if they disagree with the school's evaluation?

an independent educational evaluation Parents have the right to one independent educational evaluation after every school-based evaluation if they disagree with the results of the school's evaluation.

Writing Conference

an individual meeting with students to discuss their drafts to help them revise their work before submitting a final product, and to help the teacher assess student understanding and modify instruction as needed

Post-Secondary

any educational setting beyond secondary school; students with disabilities may continue to receive accommodations following high school but must understand that they are responsible for arranging to have these services provided

Assistive Technology

any item, piece of equipment, or product system that is used to increase, maintain, or improve the functional capabilities of children with disabilities Audiobook

Assistive Technology

any item, piece of equipment, or product system that is used to increase, maintain, or improve the functional capabilities of children with disabilities example: Audiobook

Irreversible Hearing Impairment

any permanent decrease in hearing which interferes with a student's ability to access the general education curriculum

reading expiration dates on food labels Reading expiration dates on food labels will help Rebecca gain a skill for independence.

aphasia This is the correct answer because aphasia is a communication disorder that results from damage to the parts of the brain that contain language

A third-grade teacher is planning a lesson on representing multiplication facts. She wants students to be able to model multiplication problems using a variety of different representations. Which of the following includes ways that the students could model a basic multiplication fact?

arrays, equal-sized groups, number lines All of these are common ways to represent multiplication problems. Arrays are used to arrange pictures in columns and rows to represent a multiplication problem. Equal-sized groups are a way for students to draw a picture to represent a multiplication problem. Number lines are used to model a multiplication problem in terms of repeated addition.

Which of these is not considered a typical negative behavior in a classroom setting?

arriving late Arriving late is not ideal, but it is not an overtly negative or defiant behavior.

A student has a speech disorder that is characterized by repeated sound errors that are not developmentally appropriate for the student's age. The student's sound errors are frequent and impact his intelligibly when speaking to peers and adults. Over the past year, the student has become more aware of his sound errors and is now reluctant to participate in class discussions due to fear that he will be mocked for his speech. His parents have said that he appears sad and does not socialize as much at family gatherings. The student is most likely to qualify for speech therapy services for which type of condition?

articulation disorder This student would be found eligible as having an articulation disorder due to sound errors that are not developmentally appropriate for the student's age. The student's speech disorder is demonstrating a significant impact in home and school life.

A kindergarten teacher would like to assess her students' understanding of print concepts. Which informal assessment activity would best achieve this goal?

asking students to point to the words of a familiar text while they read with the teacher Pointing to the words of a text while reading would be the best way to assess whether or not a student can recognize a word in a line of text, as well as use appropriate tracking and directionality skills.

Which of the following is an example of a self-monitoring strategy that may be beneficial for a second-grade student with significant behavioral needs (using inappropriate language, not keeping hands to self, demonstrating aggression toward staff)?v

asking the student to rate himself using a color-coded system at set intervals in the school day Asking the student to rate himself will encourage him to monitor his behavior and identify areas of need.

Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)

assesses what the negative behaviors are, what causes them and what can be taught in order to lessen the frequency

Which of the following best describes an example of a criterion-referenced test?

assessing a ninth grade student's knowledge and application of the parts of a cell after completing a plant and animal cell unit in biology This is the best example of a criterion-referenced test since students are asked to demonstrate mastery of a specific area of content they have received instruction in.

Assistive Listening Devices / Environmental Aids

assist students who are hard of hearing/deaf process auditory information Amplification devices

Academic and Learning Aids

assist students with certain disabilities that impact learning and effect child's ability to master academic content Calculator

Micah is a high school junior with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). His Individualized Education Program (IEP) includes the use of a speech-to-text device for classroom assessments and standardized assessments. This device is an example of:

assistive technology. A speech-to-text device allows a student to verbalize their responses, and the device types the responses. This allows the student to access grade-level curriculum.

The Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) is most likely to be used for consideration of identification in the area of:

attention deficit disorder (ADHD). A behavior rating scale may be used as part of a multi-disciplinary process when determining eligibility for other health impairment (OHI) which includes the classification of ADHD. Children are often rated by both parents/guardians and teachers/staff.

What type of assistive technology could help a third-grade student who has dyslexia and, therefore, difficulty reading? Select all answers that apply.

audiobooks Students with dyslexia have a difficult time processing information. Audiobooks help processing by having a passage read aloud. B text-to-speech Students with dyslexia have a difficult time processing information. Text-to-speech recognition helps processing. C optical character recognition Students with dyslexia have a difficult time processing information. Optical character recognition helps convert printed text to digital, which can then be read aloud.

Patrick is an eighth-grade student with Treacher Collins syndrome. He participates actively in class and reads on grade level. Patrick wears corrective lenses and has mild hearing loss. Which of the following supports may be most beneficial for Patrick?

audiological services Patrick has mild hearing loss, so he may benefit from audiological services which may include direct or consultative services.

A third-grade general education student, James, has been displaying limitations with social interactions for several years. James enjoys playing games with much younger children, but he struggles to be included with his peers during classroom activities and recess. James has difficulty interpreting body language and pragmatic language such as puns, idioms, and sarcasm. Recently, he has been sent to the school counselor's office for making inappropriate comments during class. He has started complaining that he doesn't want to go to school, although he is typically a student who earns As and Bs. Which of the following disability categories may be indicated by James' behavior?

autism James' behavior is characteristic of a student with autism due to impairment with social interactions and pragmatic language.

A kindergarten teacher is working on adding one-digit numbers with a small group of students. Which of the following would NOT be a manipulative that the teacher might plan to use?

base ten blocks Base ten blocks are most often used for teaching place value, not one-digit addition problems.

In order to decode unfamiliar words while reading, students must first:

be able to correctly match sounds to individual letters in a familiar word. Students who are able to correctly match letters to their sounds are able to decode unfamiliar words by using this phonological knowledge.

In Ms. Jackson's emotional behavior support self-contained class, her nine students are most likely to have difficulty with which of the following aspects of communication development?

being able to interpret a speaker's feelings from their tone of voice This is the correct answer because students with emotional and behavioral disability don't understand nonverbal communication well such as tone of voice.

Which characteristic below is common for students who have autism?

being withdrawn It is common for students with autism to show signs of being withdrawn when in social situations.

A third-grade teacher wants to do a cross-curricular activity involving math and social studies so she plans a big project. Students must make a paper good to sell in the market and they can earn play money in class to buy goods from other students on market day. They also learn about paying taxes and renting booth space at the market. What type of skills are being taught through this project?

career B academic C social

Which of the following teaching strategies would provide the best opportunity for differentiated instruction of preschool students?

center-based independent practice Independent practice in centers allows the teacher to work with students individually according to their needs.

Setting Accommodation

changes the location or conditions of the testing environment to reduce distractions for the student or other students alternate location, small group administration

Sensory Processing Disorder

characterised by over- or under-stimulation of one or all of the five senses (taste, smell, touch, hearing, and sight)

Self-Contained Special Education Classroom

class with a smaller number of students receiving special education services with similar needs that are taught by special education teachers with paraprofessional support

Severe Intellectual Disability

classified as an IQ range from 20-25 up to around 35-45

Moderate Intellectual Disability

classified as an IQ range from 35-45 up to around 50-55

Profound Intellectual Disability

classified as anything below 20-25 IQ score

Mild Intellectual Disability

classified as having an IQ in the range from 50-55 up to around 70

Which of these does not help build rapport?

closed communication Open communication, not closed, should occur.

Mr. Burke is a second-grade teacher working on counting sets of coins with a small group of students. Students are each given a set of play coins and asked to find the total. Mr. Burke watches one student, Elijah, as he counts a set of 3 dimes, 2 nickels, and 2 pennies. Elijah separates the coins into two sets: a row of dimes and nickels and a separate row of pennies. He then begins counting the row of dimes and nickels by saying, "five, ten, fifteen, twenty, twenty-five." Next, he moves to the pennies and continues to count on, saying "twenty-six, twenty-seven." Based on this observation, which of the following skills should Mr. Burke plan on reviewing with Elijah?

coin identification Based on the fact that Elijah groups the dimes and nickels together and then counts by fives, it is evident that he is struggling to distinguish between dimes and nickels and therefore needs to review how to identify different coins.

A student is suspected to have an emotional or behavioral disorder. A key step in determining if the student has characteristics of an emotional or behavioral disorder is to:

collect input from a variety of individuals who see the student in a variety of settings. When a student is suspected to have an emotional or behavioral disorder, information from multiple people with whom the students works is a key collection of data.

An Individual Education Plan that involves vocational preparation usually requires agreement by all parties below except a:

community representative. Representatives from the community are not included in developing an IEP unless they have been invited to discuss transition into adult life and parental consent has been obtained to allow the community representative into the IEP.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

condition resulting from the consumption of alcohol by a pregnant mother and characterized by brain damage and issues with growth and development

A student has shown a significant increase in inappropriate behaviors. These behaviors continue to occur in structured and unstructured school settings. The teacher has not seen an improvement in behavior despite providing specially designed interventions. What should the IEP team consider next in order to support the student?

conduct a functional behavioral assessment (FBA) Conducting an FBA will allow the IEP team to gather information about why the behavior is occurring and then take steps to address the behavior more effectively.

Cerebral Palsy

congenital disorder that impairs coordination, affecting muscle tone, movement, and posture; typically caused by brain damage before or during birth

In order to write an effective summary of a text, a student must first be able to do which of the following?

correctly paraphrase information Students who are unable to paraphrase what they have read will not be able to summarize the information. A student who cannot paraphrase will only be able to directly quote the text, and a good summary is written in the student's own words.

Which of the following is an appropriate functional skill to teach a student in elementary school who has a moderate intellectual disability?

counting money Counting money is an appropriate functional skill for a student to learn who has a moderate intellectual disability.

A first-grade student with a severe stutter does not like to orally participate in class. When working in groups, he often acts out until he is removed from the work and can then complete his work independently during recess. What can the teacher implement to decrease the negative behaviors?

create group tasks that can be done verbally or written with some that must be done silently Giving the child an option for how to complete tasks may increase willingness to participate.

The IEP for a student with multiple disabilities contains the following language arts objective. The student will write a sentence using appropriate punctuation and spelling in 4 out of 5 trials. Which of the following classroom activities would be most appropriate to provide data to meet this objective?

creating a thank you card for a staff member that includes a greeting Creating a thank you card is an opportunity to practice fine motor skills as well as writing skills by including a sentence inside the card that demonstrates proper spelling and punctuation.

Which one of the following disabilities is not recognized as a major disability category by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)?

deaf-mute Deaf-mute is not a major disability category recognized by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).

When conducting a Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA), it is important to follow the correct sequence of actions and steps. Which answer below correctly outlines the steps of an FBA?

define the behavior; gather and analyze information; find out the reason for the behavior; make a plan The correct steps in an FBA are: define the behavior; gather and analyze information; find out the reason for the behavior; make a plan.

Ellie is a student in Ms. Lee's prekindergarten class. She is exploring a set of blocks with a friend at one of the classroom centers. Ms. Lee observes Ellie as she lines up seven blocks in a row. Ellie looks at the blocks and says, "One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine. I have nine blocks!" Based on this description, Ms. Lee can best help Ellie by:

demonstrating how to physically touch each block as she counts out loud. Based on the scenario, Ellie seems to be struggling with one-to-one correspondence when counting. Having her physically touch each item while she counts will likely help with this skill.

Which of the following is the most appropriate functional math skill to teach a high school student with multiple disabilities?

developing a budget for weekly trips to the grocery store Developing a budget for weekly trips to the grocery store is an appropriate functional math skill for high school students.

A fourth-grade inclusion teacher has been teaching grammar skills as a daily warm-up activity for language arts class. After practicing this skill for two weeks, the teacher asks students to label the parts of speech in a sentence. The table below summarizes students' responses to this prompt. Number of Responses Response Content 5 Students gave off-topic or incorrect responses (ex: labeled parts of speech inaccurately, made corrections to spelling, or made corrections to punctuation) 14 Students labeled at least three parts of speech correctly on the sentence (ex: noun, verb, adjective, pronoun) 2 No response How should the teacher use this data to support the students?

developing mini-lessons around specific parts of speech that can be taught to struggling students in small groups Since most of the students have demonstrated proficiency with parts of speech, it is most appropriate to address this skill in the small group setting with students who have not yet demonstrated mastery.

A teacher who identifies strengths and weaknesses for each student, designs instruction according to students' areas of need, uses varying instructional strategies according to each students' needs, and develops custom learning paths for each of the students is using:

diagnostic-prescriptive method. A diagnostic-prescriptive method adjusts learning paths according to students' needs, so each student may be working on different skills according to their current levels and abilities.

An inclusion teacher assists the sixth-grade math teacher with individual and small group instruction for the students with learning disabilities. Which instructional strategy would be appropriate to recommend when designing instructional lessons?

differentiated instruction Differentiated instructional strategies provide an opportunity to create a teaching and learning environment for all students to access, participate, and progress in the general education curriculum. The teacher connects the learning to the student's current instructional level. The instructional design compels the student to develop the knowledge and skills for academic success.

Which of the following characteristics is most commonly associated with a receptive language disorder?

difficulty understanding spoken language Students with receptive language disorders demonstrate difficulty understanding spoken language.

Learned Helplessness

disconnection between an individual's understanding of their own role in determining their success or failure

Bipolar Disorder

disorder of the brain that causes extreme feelings of happiness (known as "mania") followed by extreme feelings of sadness (depression) example If not treated, bipolar disorder can lead to damaged relationships, trouble at work or in school, and even depression.

Which of the following would be considered an activity of daily living (ADL)? Select all answers that apply.

eating balanced meals ADLs are activities that any person must do regularly such as eating C showering ADLs are activities that any person must do regularly such as bathing or cleaning oneself. D toileting ADLs are activities that any person must do regularly such as using the restroom.

A curriculum that focuses on teaching academic and social skills, utilizes therapeutic and behavioral strategies, and provides support during transitional activities is most likely used with students with:

emotional disabilities. Students with significant emotional disabilities may benefit from a therapeutic or emotional support program that incorporates social skills and coping strategies into classroom instruction.

A student with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) experiences panic attacks and psychosomatic symptoms such as headaches and stomach aches which affect the student's participation and attendance. Which of the following disability categories may be most appropriate?

emotional disability Emotional disability may be most appropriate due to the student's mental health diagnosis and the impact on social/emotional and behavioral needs.

Which of the following pairs does not match the associated description of an individual with this disability?

emotional disability: has significant cognitive impairments and deficits in adaptive skills This description is more reflective of a student with an intellectual disability as these students have significant cognitive impairments and deficits in adaptive skills. Students with emotional disabilities may appear socially withdrawn and have difficulty related to peers and adults.

Inclusion

ensuring students with disabilities are included in classroom activities as much as possible

Which of the following is a provision of Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act?

ensuring that students are provided with reasonable accommodations to access the curriculum Section 504 requires that students with disabilities that substantially limit one or more major life activities are provided with reasonable accommodations in order to access the curriculum.

Which of the following is the best example of a formative assessment and summative assessment? The answer choices are formatted using the following sequence: formative assessment; summative assessment

esponse to questions during teaching; end of unit test The student responses to a teacher while the teacher is teaching qualify as formative assessment when the teacher uses them to shift their teaching; an end of unit test is an example of a summative assessment because it does not impact the delivery of instruction during the unit.

At the end of a lesson about the life cycle of a ladybug, a teacher hands an index card to each student and asks the students to draw one of the parts of the life cycle and label it. The teacher tells the students to hand the index cards to her as they leave to go to their next class. The teacher will then review the cards before the students return to class the next day to determine what, if anything, needs to be retaught. The teacher is using the index cards as a/an:

exit ticket. The teacher is using the strategy of an exit ticket to make instructional decisions for the following day.

A second-grade teacher wants to establish a positive classroom environment. A good strategy to use to establish this kind of environment is to:

find something positive to say to each student every day. Finding something positive to say about each student every day is a strong strategy to use to create a positive classroom environment.

Cultural Stereotypes

fixed impression which may have little basis in fact EXAMPLE: all Asian students are above average intelligence

During social studies instruction, the teacher periodically asks the students to spend a few minutes and write in their journals on the information just discussed. What type of assessment is being used in this social studies class?

formative Formative assessment is the periodic review of the students' assignments in monitoring their progress.

Which type of assessment allows students to show their thinking and allows the teacher to analyze their cognitive process through feedback, observations, and discussions?

formative Formative assessments allow students to show their thinking and allow the teacher to analyze their cognitive process through feedback, observations, and discussions.

Mr. Waller begins an English lesson on the structure of sentences. After a few example sentences, Mr. Waller asks each student to list the parts of a sentence. As the students write down the parts of a sentence, Mr. Waller walks around the room looking at their answers. After a few minutes, Mr. Waller returns to the front of the class and resumes instruction. Which type of assessment is being used by Mr. Waller?

formative Formative assessments focus on qualitative feedback. Examples would include an oral examination over a reading assignment or having students brainstorm information related to an instructional activity before beginning an activity so that the teacher can her best to scaffold information.

Ms. Cooper uses think-pair-share as a way to evaluate progress and adapt instruction. Which type of assessment is this?

formative assessment This is the correct answer because formative assessment is a process used by teachers and students during instruction that provides feedback to adjust ongoing teaching and learning to improve students' achievements of intended instructional outcomes.

Academic Goals

foundational, content specific standards to address the real work experiences Practice making change to work at a store as a cashier

modifications. This is an example of a modification because the teacher has changed the assessment as well as the expectations for the student.

frequency, location, duration, and intensity of the identified services needed by the student This is the correct answer because LRE considerations include frequency, location, and duration of the special education and related services.

When a teacher wants to see how often a student exhibits a behavior within a set period of time, they are capturing the:

frequency. The frequency of a behavior is captured when a teacher studies how often a behavior occurs over a set period of time.

A student with an intellectual disability will likely benefit from each of the supports below except:

frequent restroom breaks. An intellectual disability does not mean a student needs to frequent the restroom more often.

At what age is a child eligible to be evaluated for developmental delays that may qualify for special services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)?

from birth Under Part C of IDEA, babies and toddlers are eligible from birth for support to assist with any identified condition that causes developmental delay. The definition of "developmental delay" is intentionally broad in federal law, allowing each state to more clearly define what qualifies.

A teacher continues to struggle to manage the behavior of a student in special education. The teacher wants to conduct a study to identify the causes of the behavior. This study is called a/an:

functional behavioral assessment. A functional behavioral assessment should identify the causes of a behavior.

Which of the following is not considered an appropriate placement for a student after transitioning from high school?

gap year Planning for a student to take a year off prior to college is not an appropriate placement. The transition team should plan for community service or job training during the year off.

Cystic Fibrosis

genetic condition that damages the lungs and digestive system due to the body producing excess fluids and mucus, often leading to blockages in the body, especially within the lungs and intestines

Fragile X

genetic condition that usually results in developmental delays including learning disabilities and cognitive impairment

Down Syndrome

genetic disorder caused by a third copy of chromosome 21 usually resulting in growth delays, mild to moderate intellectual disability, and distinct facial features

When working with students who have mild hearing loss, a positive first intervention is to:

give directions while facing the class. Students with mild hearing loss benefit from teachers who face the class when giving directions. This support is the least restrictive support of the supports listed.

Fetal alcohol syndrome can be prevented by:

good prenatal care. Fetal alcohol syndrome can be prevented by good prenatal care, including the mother following medical advice regarding the consumption of alcohol.

An Informal Reading Inventory can assess for all of the following reading skills except:

grammatical comprehension. An informal reading inventory would not assess a student's understanding of grammatical rules or concepts.

Students are asked to solve the word problem below. The school carnival is coming up and Jenny and Sarah plan to sell cupcakes. Since the school carnival is a fundraiser, Jenny and Sarah's parents make a donation to their cupcake booth to get them started. Jenny starts with a $5 donation and sells her cupcakes for $3 each. Sarah starts with a $10 donation and sells her cupcakes for $2 each. How many cupcakes do Jenny and Sarah have to sell for their profits to be equal? One student's response is "Zero, because if Jenny sells her cupcakes for more money, then she will always have more profit." Which of the following activities could help the student realize his misconception?

graphing the scenarios Graphing the two scenarios will help the student see where the graphs intersect and therefore are equal in profit.

Which of these would not be a needed source of data for a student going through the referral process for a potential learning disability?

growth reports

Which of the following would be the most beneficial activity to include in a seventh-grade lesson introducing circumference of a circle?

having students measure the distance around various circular objects using a string or measuring tape This hands-on activity would be an effective way to introduce circumference, as it will provide students with a concrete understanding of the distance around a circle.

A first-grade teacher is reviewing expanded form with her students and is using the number 74 as an example. She explains to students that since the value of the 7 is actually 70, the expanded form of 74 is 70 + 4. She notices that several students seem confused. What step could she take to improve students' understanding of expanded form?

having students model 74 using base ten blocks and asking them what the 7 tens are worth Using base ten blocks will allow students to visualize and understand that 7 tens is worth 70, which will deepen their understanding of the actual process of writing numbers in expanded form.

Formative assessments measure what students know along the way. Formative assessments measure what students know along the way. They should be given on a regular basis. These are not summative assessments, which are used to determine what students know at the end of the year or at the end of a unit.

he teachers should document any instructional interventions they are implementing. In order to show adequate proof that a student has received as many lower-tier interventions as possible before being referred for special education testing, teachers must document the interventions and supports they are providing in the general education setting and the result of the interventions.

The classification of a traumatic brain injury (TBI) is determined primarily on the basis of:

head injuries that cause impairments in one or more areas of a major life function. Individuals may be found eligible for special education services due to a traumatic brain injury if the head injury causes a significant educational impact in one or more areas of major life functions such as memory, cognition, language, or motor abilities

Physical Therapist

health care professional who works with a person's muscles, movement, and strength Physical therapists help patients to recover from injuries.

Speech Therapist

health care professional who works with children and adults who have trouble with speaking, language, and/or swallowing Speech therapists know the strategies to help people communicate more clearly.

Occupational Therapist

health care professional who works with children with developmental delays or adults recovering from a stroke in order to help them perform basic daily functions Occupational therapists help patients to live better lives with injuries.

A general education teacher is concerned about teaching an upcoming unit to the student receiving special education services in the class. What is the most effective way for the special education teacher to collaborate with the general education teacher?

help the general education teacher implement the instructional accommodations that are outlined in the student's IEP The first step in planning instruction for a student receiving special education services is always referring to the I E P. The plan has already been created to help the student learn content in class, and it's the special education teacher's responsibility to assure the accommodations are being followed in the general education classroom.

A fifth grade inclusion teacher has students with specific learning disabilities complete a K-W-L chart during a science lesson about photosynthesis. What is the main purpose of using this type of graphic organizer?

helping students to connect prior knowledge and expand their ideas A K-W-L chart asks students to record what they know as well as what they would like to learn before reading. Then, students record what they have learned while reading in order to make connections.

An audiologist:

identifies children with hearing loss, provides/directs habilitation services, counsels stakeholders, and facilitates individual amplification devices. The role described is that of an audiologist.

Which of the following steps is a parent or guardian required to take in order to file a due process complaint?

identify any issues related to identification, evaluation and free appropriate public education (FAPE) When the parent files a due process complaint, he or she must include information related to identification, evaluation, and provision of FAPE as well as any potential IDEA violations.

What is the primary purpose of a Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)?

identify the purpose or reason that a student is demonstrating certain behaviors A functional behavior assessment is used to identify specific behaviors and the reasons why a student is demonstrating these behaviors. Once these things have been identified, the IEP team can formulate a Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP) to target or replace the behaviors.

A 10 year-old student with an intellectual disability is learning to identify colors. Which of the following activities would be most appropriate to help her to grasp an understanding of the color green?

identifying a green chair in the classroom, a green ball on the playground, and a green cup in the cafeteria Identifying common objects that are green will help the student to recognize and generalize the color.

Which of the following is the primary reason that teachers administer formative assessments?

identifying mastered skills and skills in need of further development - A formative assessment is used to provide feedback on students' progress and identify which areas in which students need further instruction so that teachers can develop lesson plans to address these skills.

Which of the following is the primary reason that teachers administer formative assessments?

identifying mastered skills and skills in need of further development A formative assessment is used to provide feedback on students' progress and identify which areas in which students need further instruction so that teachers can develop lesson plans to address these skills.

While reading a big book to the class, a preschool teacher routinely points to the illustrations and asks students to identify plot points, feelings, or interesting features in the illustration. By doing so, the teacher is reinforcing the idea that:

illustrations carry meaning relevant to the written text. By engaging students in a critical analysis of the contents of the illustration, the teacher is conveying the idea that illustrations carry meaning and are important to understanding and comprehending the text.

A student with a learning disability needs help with mathematical computation skills. The special education teacher is planning to teach basic math skills and mathematical reasoning through software for reinforcement. This type of software would be valuable for the teacher's purpose because of its ability to produce:

immediate feedback on answers. This is the correct answer because research has shown that using math software is an effective instructional strategy to use with students who have a specific learning disability in mathematics because it provides students immediate feedback that helps ensure that students are not learning facts incorrectly.

A new student just moved into a small town and qualifies for special education services because he is hard of hearing. He primarily communicates using sign language. The Local Education Agency (LEA) does not have a certified sign language interpreter, but they do have a certified special education teacher. What is the district required to do in this situation?

immediately hire an interpreter This is the correct answer because this is the student's only way of fully accessing the curriculum.

Recreational and Leisure Aids

increase independent and active participation in physical activity and leisure activities Adapted toys or Adapted exercise equipment (stationary bike)

The reauthorization of IDEA in 2004 brought about which of the following?

increased accountability for students with disabilities to participate in state and local assessments IDEA ensures that students with disabilities are provided with access, participation, and progress within the general education curriculum to the maximum extent possible to receive educational benefits with students without disabilities. To ensure that schools were held to this standard, the reauthorization of IDEA in 2004 increased accountability for schools to include special education students in as many general education activities as possible.

Time / Scheduling Accommodation

increases the length of time designated to complete an assignment or alters the way the time is organized extended time, frequent breaks

A student with a behavior disorder has a functional behavioral assessment (FBA) completed to determine if the child needs an intervention plan. The results of the FBA should be included in the:

individual education plan. The IEP is the document that includes the child's special education plan for services and includes an FBA if necessary.

The purpose of the procedural safeguard document is to:

inform guardians of the legal protections during the evaluation and IEP process. The procedural safeguard document informs guardians of the legal protections during the evaluation and IEP process.

A parent attends an initial IEP committee meeting. After review and discussion of the evaluation, the parent disagrees with the results presented. All of the following are appropriate response from the IEP committee chairperson except:

inform the parent that they do not have the right to express their disagreement with a formal evaluation Parents have the right to disagree. The Procedural Safeguards outline the process for parents who disagree with the evaluation.

Paola is an eleventh-grade student who participates in an inclusion classroom for algebra. She has a vision impairment as well as an emotional disability. Which of the following accommodations would be most appropriate for Paola when being administered the state assessment?

ing Paola to use a large-print test booklet Providing a large-print test booklet will address Paola's visual impairment.

Executive function includes

initiating tasks. B transitioning. Transitioning is an aspect of executive function. organizing.

One of the most essential components of an educational program for a student with a significant intellectual disability is to:

instruct the student using a functional academic curriculum with emphasis on independent living skills. Students with significant intellectual disabilities struggle to grasp grade-level concepts even with accommodations and modifications. They may participate in an alternative curriculum with functional academics which also includes independent living skills such as personal care, social skills, or daily living.

Which skill below is the least valuable math skill for a student with an intellectual disability to master before they graduate high school?

investing Investing is the least valuable skill for a student with an intellectual disability to learn because investing money does not directly relate to a monthly budget.

intellectual disability Fetal alcohol syndrome is the leading cause of intellectual disability.

is planning instruction on a complex concept. Task analysis takes complex concepts and breaks it down into smaller chunks or steps.

Tourette's Syndrome

neurological disorder that affects the nervous system, causing involuntary sounds and movements, sometimes with the compulsive vocalization of obscenities

Word Awareness

knowing that individual words make up a sentence "A brown cat jumped over the car." has 7 words

Letter-Sound Correspondence

knowing what sound(s) each letter makes the letter "f" makes the first sound in the word "foot"

Language Delay

language is developed in a typical manner, but more slowly than average

Language Disorder

language is not developing as expected, or is developing abnormally

Dysgraphia

language-based disorder, in which one struggles with the mechanics of writing resulting in impaired or illegible handwriting EX:Messy handwriting (due to issues such as poor formation of letters, improper size, spacing between letters or words, or slant of words) is the main sign of dysgraphia.

Dysgraphia

language-based disorder, in which one struggles with the mechanics of writing resulting in impaired or illegible handwriting Messy handwriting (due to issues such as poor formation of letters, improper size, spacing between letters or words, or slant of words) is the main sign of dysgraphia.

Which of the following is not an example of assistive technology?

laptop A laptop alone is not an example of assistive technology because there is no guarantee that there is specific technology on the laptop that will assist the student; the laptop is a way to access an assistive technology tool but is not a tool in itself.

Which of the following is atypical language development between 2-3 years of age?

less than 50 words by age two This is the correct answer because late-talking children are those at age two with a vocabulary of fewer than 50 words.

A prekindergarten teacher reads a big book aloud to her class. The book emphasizes alliteration, with many words starting with the letter B. As she reads, she uses a pointer to follow along in the text. Read the following excerpt from the book: The big brown bear began each day with a big, hearty breakfast. After reading the book, the teacher points to the better "b" and asks her class what letter it is. Next, she asks her class what sound the letter makes. Which of the following skills is this teacher assessing in this activity?

letter recognition and alphabetic principle When the teacher points to the letter "b" and asks the name, she is assessing letter recognition, and when the teacher asks what sound that letter makes, she is assessing alphabetic principle. Continue

Removing The Audience

letting the student know that you will address their behavior later and moving on so that other students can not give attention for negative behavior

Which of the following would be the least helpful for a teacher to use with a second-grade student that has dyslexia?

long handwriting assessments Many students with dyslexia have illegible handwriting.

Schizophrenia

long-term disorder involving a breakdown in the relationship between thought, emotion, and behavior which can lead to faulty perception, innappropriate actions and feeling, withdrawal from reality, and mental fragmentation

Annotate

making notes in a text and questioning unfamiliar ideas while reading something new

Which of the following skills would be most appropriate to practice with high school students with intellectual disabilities using mock scenarios?

making purchases using bills and coins Making purchases using bills and coins is an independent living skill that can be practiced in both mock scenarios and real life scenarios on community-based trips. They will also need to have this skill once they transition out of school.

An elementary teacher is expected to model and teach students to comprehend, interpret, and use which of the following? Select all answers that apply.

maps Maps, by themselves, are only part of the correct answer, since teachers need to model and teach a wide variety of graphic organizers. B timelines Timelines, by themselves, are only part of the correct answer, since teachers need to model and teach a wide variety of graphic organizers. C charts Charts, by themselves, are only part of the correct answer, since teachers need to model and teach a wide variety of graphic organizers.

Ezra is a second-grade student with a specific learning disability in mathematics. Ezra is currently struggling with comparing three- and four-digit numbers despite receiving intensive in-class support from his teacher. Which of the following is the best action for Ezra's teacher to take in this situation?

meeting with the campus math interventionist to discuss additional support strategies for Ezra The question states that the teacher is already providing intensive in-class support. Therefore, the next appropriate step would be to meet with the math interventionist or similar professional to discuss strategies to support Ezra.

Active Listening

method of communication that focuses on mutual understanding to prevent confusion. Includes attending, listening, and responding. focused attention

A sixth-grade student with a health impairment is performing significantly below grade level. The student participates in an inclusion language arts class. The class is currently studying figurative language. As a final assessment, the students have been asked to write a short story that incorporates and labels at least five types of figurative language. This student is given a short story and asked to label five examples of figurative language in the story using a word bank. The changes made to the assessment are known as:

modifications. This is an example of a modification because the teacher has changed the assessment as well as the expectations for the student.

A self-management plan could help a 13-year-old student with autism:

monitor their own behavior and improve it. A self-management plan will help the student monitor their own behavior and improve it.

A third-grade special education teacher is using a behavior recording system for a student who has been drawing pictures during class instead of completing assignments. Which of the following methods will gather information about the duration of the behavior?

monitoring the amount of time that the student draws pictures during an observation period Monitoring the amount of time that the student draws pictures during an observation period will provide data about the duration of the behavior.

Federal safeguards in IDEA require parental consent to be obtained prior to each of the steps below except:

monitoring the implementation of supports. Parental consent is not required before monitoring the implementation of supports.

Students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are more likely than peers to have which of the following co-existing conditions?

mood disorder Students with ADHD are more likely than other peers to have a mood disorder such as anxiety or depression.

Instructional and/or testing accommodations must be provided for a student with a disability by the school when it is

necessary in order for the student to access the curriculum Accommodations are provided in order to allow students to access the general curriculum.

Spina Bifida

neural tube defect that occurs when the spine and spinal cord do not form properly; the most common permanently disabling birth defect

Noncompliance / Defiance

not doing what is expected or asked and possibly giving excuses or reasons the student cannot or will not comply

As the special education teacher plans for the instructional day for a student with autism, the teacher must be cognizant of all of the following except:

number of siblings in the household The student's siblings have no relevance in the instructional planning.

Non-proportional Manipulatives

objects that are not proportional to each other with respect to shape and size. Often all of the items are the same size. counting tokens

Proportional Manipulatives

objects that are proportional to each other with respect to shape and size tangrams

A fifth-grade teacher is concerned about the lack of academic achievement for one of her students. The teacher requests that the special education teacher observe and conference with her regarding appropriate instructional strategies. What is the best response that the special education teacher can offer?

observe and recommend the RtI process RtI is a scientific research-based instructional method of intervention that is delivered in the general education classroom to provide early, systematic, and appropriate assistance to those students who are at-risk for underperforming at their age- or grade-level. RtI is a process to monitor and measure student academic and behavioral progress in the general education curriculum.

A second-grade teacher has noticed that a student is unable to hold her pencil properly and has difficulty with tasks such as tying her shoes and zipping her jacket. Which of the following professionals would be most appropriate to consult?

occupational therapist Occupational therapists address fine motor deficits. The occupational therapist may be able to provide strategies that can be implemented in the classroom or recommend a screening if there are further concerns.

The state and the Local Education Agency (LEA) require all special education staff and designated administrators to participate in nonviolent crisis intervention training to provide for all of the following except:

on-campus security On-campus security is not an expectation for special education staff.

After an evaluation for special education services, the results must be presented to which of the following individuals: Select all answers that apply.

only classroom teachers of the student Classroom teachers of the child must be informed of evaluation results. B administrators Administrators must be informed of evaluation results. parents or guardians of the child Parents must be informed of evaluation results.

Professional Development

opportunities for teachers to learn, earn, or maintain professional credentials by attending conferences, taking classes, or participating in workshops

Career Goals

opportunity for real work experiences centered on skill development for the specific career interests Working in a retail store

A special education teacher in a functional life skills classroom is teaching a student how to brush her teeth. When first introducing the skill, she held her hand over the student's hand as she showed the student all steps in the process. Now, the student is able to get her toothbrush and toothpaste independently. The teacher lightly taps the student's hand to prompt her to apply toothpaste to the toothbrush. What type of prompt is the teacher currently using?

partial physical prompt The teacher is using a partial physical prompt by tapping the student's hand to prompt her to apply toothpaste.

Which of the following statements support an effective means of transitioning a student with disabilities from a high school program to the workforce?

participating in a transition IEP committee meeting Transition IEP meetings provide the opportunity to review the existing data; discuss the student's interests, preferences, and strengths; and gather input from all the stakeholders.

Which of the following activities would best support students' work to improve their reading prosody?

participating in choral reading Choral reading supports the development of prosody because the students will hear fluency modeled by the teacher, and also receive the benefits of both rereading a text and reading aloud.

A secondary teacher is having difficulty engaging Jose, one of her learning-disabled students, to complete his math assignments. She knows that he is highly motivated by peer interaction. Which instructional strategy would be a great motivator for the student?

peer coaching Peer coaching fosters shared knowledge, builds collaboration and trust, extends critical thinking and problem-solving skills, and increases learning outcomes. All of these outcomes will address the student's need for peer interaction and academic achievement.

A fifth-grade student with high function autism is having difficulty with social interaction in class. Which strategy would best address this concern in the general education classroom?

peer tutor in class This is the correct answer because pairing students with typically developing peers helps to create opportunities for natural interactions that encourage incidental learning about social behaviors.

An eight-year-old student in Exceptional Student Education (ESE) who has muscular dystrophy has limited fine motor strength. The student is having difficulty writing with a pencil for long periods of time. An appropriate adaptation for the student is a

pencil grasp trainer A pencil grasp trainer will help the student with proper pencil grip and also activate muscles needed to hold the pencil.

Progress Monitoring

periodic assessments to monitor student growth and evaluate the effectiveness of instruction example: The teacher prepared a progress monitoring assessment to see how much each student had improved and learn if his new instructional approach was effective.

Contractures

permanent tightening of the muscles, tendons, skin, and nearby tissue, that causes joints to shorten and become stiff

A second-grade student with an Individualized Education Program is working with a special education teacher on phonemic awareness. The student is consistently able to break down a word into separate sounds. Which of the following skills should the teacher plan to cover next with this student?

phoneme manipulation The student is demonstrating phoneme segmentation and needs to proceed to a more complex skill like phoneme manipulation.

A teacher divides her class into groups and ask the students to work together to identify the last sound in each group member's name. What skill has the teacher asked her students to practice?

phoneme segmentation They are practicing phoneme segmentation because the students are starting with the whole name and attempting to break apart the sounds in order to identify the last sound.

Which of the following is not considered a print concept?

phonemic awareness Phonemic awareness refers to an awareness of the sounds that make up language. These are the sounds you hear, not a concept of print.

While working one-on-one with a student, the teacher administers a nonsense word test. Which of the following skills is the teacher most likely trying to assess?

phonics A nonsense word test is used to determine students' knowledge and application of letter-sound relationships, also known as phonics skills.

As a teacher reads a large print book to the class, she points to each word as she moves along the page. This instructional strategy is beneficial for teaching:

print awareness. Tracking words across the page with a finger is one strategy to use to engage students in understanding print concepts and develop print awareness.

Every day as part of his class' morning routine, a special education teacher has his class clap out the syllables of the day of the week and the month of the year. He then says a simple sentence about the day's activities and prompts his students to tell him how many words are in the sentence. Last, he names an object in the classroom and asks his students to identify the first sound, then share more words that start with the same sound. What type of skills is this teacher trying to promote through all these activities?

phonological awareness All of these activities have to do with sounds. Hearing the words that make up a sentence, the syllables that make up a word, and specific sounds in words are all examples of phonological awareness skills.

Which of the following strategies would be most effective in helping students in the emergent literacy stage of development?

phonological awareness skills These students need lots of practice in such activities as hearing and making rhymes; discerning beginning and ending sounds; and listening to and/or participating in chants, poems, and stories.

A teacher receives notification that they will receive a new student who has an IEP. The teacher reads the IEP before the student arrives to class and decides to rearrange the furniture to make the supplies in the classroom and the environment more accessible to the student. It is likely that this student has a/an:

physical disability and may require the use of a wheelchair. Because the environment was changed to become more accessible to the student, it is likely that the student has a physical disability.

Aggression

physical or verbal hostility that is intended to harm the recipient a student hitting another student

The summary information below contains information about Kristina's present levels of academic achievement and functional performance (PLAAFP). Kristina is a fourth-grade student with autism. Kristina receives special education services in an inclusion classroom and also participates in small group occupational therapy and speech/language therapy sessions on a weekly basis. Kristina was re-evaluated earlier this year and received a general intellectual ability score of 105. Kristina's achievement scores were all in the average range except for her written language scores which were in the below average range. Kristina has had a new annual goal added to her IEP which focuses on initiating and responding to social conversations with peers. Kristina responds to questions in class when verbally prompted by her teacher but struggles to recognize facial expressions and body language. Kristina inconsistently responds to peers when asked a question and struggles to continue conversation by asking a question to a peer in response or elaborating with more than one or two words. The primary purpose of teaching Kristina to initiate and respond to social conversations with peers is to help her to develop:

pragmatic language skills to promote inclusion. Developing pragmatic language skills will provide Kristina with more opportunities to participate in academic and social opportunities with same-aged peers.

A special education teacher is administering a reading fluency assessment during the first week of the school year. Results will be used to assign the students to reading groups and plan instructional activities and interventions. Which of the following types of assessments is the teacher using?

pre-assessment The teacher is using a pre-assessment to determine students' current reading levels and assign reading levels and interventions accordingly.

Congenital

present from birth EX Congenital conditions account for 1.5% of unintentional deaths.

A 2nd grade student's Individualized Education Program (IEP) includes the following goal: "The student will answer reading comprehension questions of grade level texts with 70% accuracy" Which of the following examples of reading activities would most directly support her achievement of this goal?

preview and make predictions about texts Previewing and making predictions about a text is a good way to increase comprehension because it gives students an idea of what is coming in the text as well as the opportunity to practice metacognition by proving their predictions right or wrong while reading.

A prekindergarten teacher observes her student pick up a book and begin flipping through the pages from the back of the book toward the front of the book. This is evidence that the student has not yet mastered which of the following skills?

print concepts Text directionality, understanding the direction that text is read, is a print concept skill. This child would benefit from a combination of explicit instruction on text directionality and continued modeling.

When student behavior interferes with the learning process, the IEP committee must consider all of the following except:

private therapy plan Usage of private therapy is determined by the family outside of school and is not a part of the IEP process.

Which of the following situations requires signed parent consent and agreement before proceeding?

proceeding with an initial evaluation The IEP team cannot proceed with an initial evaluation without obtaining parent consent and agreement.

The summary information below contains details about Finley and her present levels of academic achievement and functional performance (PLAAFP). Finley is a tenth-grade student with an intellectual disability and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Finley participates in a functional life skills classroom with a certified nursing assistant (CNA). Finley's CNA is on staff to assist with feeding, toileting, and monitoring for seizures. Finley participates in art and music classes with general education peers when accompanied by the CNA. Finley has limited mobility due to a traumatic brain injury during infancy and uses a wheelchair which is operated by her CNA while at school. Finley uses a switch attached to her wheelchair due to limited head and limb movement. Her teachers prompt her to respond to simple questions using the switch. Finley's teachers were unable to progress beyond baseline questions when assessing her functional academic skills during her most recent re-evaluation. Her cognitive ability is estimated to be between 13 and 18 months of age. Finley participates in classroom activities by operating the switch and using eye gaze to show interest. She smiles and laughs to show pleasure. Finley's level of functioning would best be described using which category?

profound intellectual disability Finley's level of functioning may best be described as a profound intellectual disability due to her significant limitations with self-care tasks, mobility, and functional academics.

A small group of students has been scoring below average on math benchmarks. The teacher pulls this group for small group remediation. Which of the following assessments would be most appropriate for this group of students?

progress monitoring These students need to have their progress monitored to ensure they are making gains in the math curriculum.

According to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), a school district is required to use written notice to inform parents of changes to the child's program as it relates to all of the following areas except"

proposal of new goals. Parents are not required to be informed of the proposal of new IEP goals separately from the IEP, but the rationale for new goals is typically included in the IEP progress notes on the prior IEP and/or is incorporated into the present levels of performance.

A student with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) recently returned to school after a period of absence. The student is able to follow along with consistent classroom routines but becomes overwhelmed with multi-step directions or changes in typical routines. Which of the following accommodations may best support this student?

provide a written schedule or visual chart of daily routine Providing a written schedule or visual chart will help the student to follow along with class routines and anticipate changes in usual activities.

A parent of a student with disabilities informs the special education teacher that she is unable to attend the initial IEP committee meeting due to her work schedule. Which of the following would be the best next step?

provide alternate dates to accommodate the parent's work schedule Parental involvement is integral to designing an appropriate IEP. The special education teacher is responsible for engaging the parents to be active participants in planning, designing, and implementing a developmentally appropriate IEP through collaborative, informative, and respectful parent conferences.

Seating and Positioning Aids

provide safe, comfortable, and easily-accessible seating/ position options Gait belt or Adjustable chairs

A teacher has reorganized the classroom library to make it easier for students to browse and select texts to read during silent reading time. In addition to this reorganization, the teacher decided to conduct a reading interest survey, so that she can be of assistance when students need prompting. After assessing the results of students' reading interest surveys, the teacher should:

provide students with a variety of titles across genres related to the students' interests. Students should be exposed to a variety of genres. By providing a list that spans writing types, the teacher is encouraging students to read about their interests while also developing their understanding of fiction and nonfiction literature.

A student who has a severe hearing impairment and uses hearing aids has just entered a fifth-grade class. Which of the following classroom strategies would be most beneficial for this student?

provide written directions to accompany all verbal directions Providing written directions to accompany verbal directions will benefit the new student who has a hearing impairment without calling attention to this student.

When a change is proposed to a student's individual education plan (IEP), federal law requires school personnel to:

provide written notice of the change to the guardian(s). School personnel must provide guardians with written notice of any change to an IEP.

Curriculum-based assessment is a valuable tool for special education teachers because the assessment:

provides information to the teacher regarding how well the student is mastering the curriculum with the current service schedule. Curriculum-based assessment is a valuable tool for special education teachers because the assessment provides information to the teacher regarding how well the student is mastering the curriculum with the current service schedule.

A kindergarten teacher notes that one of her students, Chris, is unable to explain which number is larger or smaller in a pair when the numbers are presented as written numerals. Which of the following strategies would be most appropriate in this scenario?

providing Chris with counter manipulatives and tens frames to represent the numbers before comparing them Providing concrete manipulatives will give Chris a visual representation of the larger and smaller numbers. This strategy will likely give Chris the support he needs until he is able to compare numbers without physical counters.

Mr. James is a fifth-grade special education teacher in a co-taught inclusion classroom. Which of the following is least likely to be one of his teaching responsibilities?

providing Tier 3 interventions for general education students This would not be a responsibility of the special education teacher and would likely be provided by a specialist who works at the school.

Zoey is an eighth-grade student with ADHD. She shows a strong understanding of various pre-algebra concepts during class and is often able to explain concepts to her peers. However, her class assignments are often incomplete, causing her grades to misrepresent her abilities. Which of the following accommodations would be most beneficial for Zoey? Select all answers that apply.

providing Zoey with a quiet area of the room to work on assignments Providing a quiet area to work is a common and effective accommodation for students with ADHD. This will remove several auditory distractions that might prevent Zoey from staying on task. C allowing Zoey to take breaks at designated stopping points during assignments Frequent breaks between tasks or assignments is a common and effective accommodation for students with ADHD who are struggling to complete assignments.

Below is an excerpt from Journey's Present Level of Academic Achievement and Functional Performance (PLAAFP) statement on her Individualized Education Program (IEP). Journey is a seventh-grade student with a specific learning disability in the area of reading. Journey demonstrates strengths with auditory memory but experiences deficits in the area of processing speed. She attends general education classes in the inclusion setting with support from a special education teacher. Journey advocates for herself by asking for help when she does not understand. She benefits from the use of checks for understanding, repetition of directions, and positive support and feedback. Which of the following assessment accommodations may be most appropriate for Journey?

providing a human reader for assessments Since she has strong auditory comprehension skills but struggles with reading fluency, a human reader would be the most appropriate accommodation.

a functional curriculum. This is an example of a functional curriculum, which focuses on teaching and applying daily living skills and vocational skills.

providing checklists for task completion Providing checklists will aid the student in organizing steps in a process and maintaining a sense of independence.

Which of the following are accommodations allowable under IDEA? Select all answers that apply.

providing large print materials Large print materials are replicas of what other students are using so it is an accommodation. providing extended time for tests Extended time does not change what is learned making it an accommodation.

Reinforcement

providing positive responses to positive behaviors in an effort to increase the frequency

When a teacher stands next to a student who is showing signs of becoming disruptive, the teacher is using the strategy of:

proximity control. When the teacher stands near a student and offers no other intervention, the teacher is practicing proximity control.

Which of the following scenarios could be most effectively be addressed by conducting a task analysis for a kindergarten student with Down syndrome?

purchasing lunch in the cafeteria and sitting at a table to eat with peers The student's participation in lunch in the cafeteria can be broken into smaller parts so that the teacher can teach individual skills such as ordering lunch, purchasing food, sitting with peers, and eating lunch.

Interest Survey

questions that ask students the types of books they enjoy reading given by the teacher at the beginning of the year to determine what books to assign to meet the interests of the class

Early Fluent / Fluent / Proficient Reader (Stage of Reading Development)

readers recognize many words and can apply phonics and word analysis skills to figure out unfamiliar words

Independent Reading

reading done by students independent of the teacher. This reading can be either assigned or student selected. Typically silent.

Rebecca is a student in a high school life skills class who has an intellectual disability. What is a supplementary curriculum component for life skills that will help Rebecca gain skills to be independent?

reading expiration dates on food labels Reading expiration dates on food labels will help Rebecca gain a skill for independence.

Blake is a twelve-year-old student who has a specific learning disability. He tested on grade level in math but tested two grade levels below in writing and four grade levels below in reading. Blake also receives speech therapy to address articulation errors. What accommodation would be most appropriate for Blake when taking tests?

reading test questions aloud to Blake due to reading deficits Since Blake performs four grade levels below in reading, having a test examiner read questions aloud will address fluency challenges and allow him to focus on comprehension of test questions.

A student who qualifies for special education by having an emotional disturbance continues to become upset in class each time materials are passed out. The student does not like waiting for their materials and becomes frustrated if the materials are not handed to her in the correct order. Which of the following approaches is likely to help the student become more comfortable during material distribution time in class?

reading/modeling a social story about waiting your turn and organizing materials as needed Modeling and working with a social story is a good strategy to reteach expected behavior.

A first-grade student is asked to find the total value of the following coins: 3 dimes, 1 nickel, and 4 pennies. The student's response is that the coins are worth $0.12. Based on this response, what concept does this student likely need help with?

recognizing different coins and their respective values Based on their answer, the student most likely recognized the nickel as 5 cents but thought that the dime and pennies were all the same type of coin and worth 1 cent each. The teacher should plan on working with the student on recognizing the difference between dimes and pennies and recalling the values of each.

Community Based Instruction (CBI)

reinforcement of academic and social skills in community settings such as the local grocery store Bagger at the store

Bias

rejudiced feelings, outlook, or leanings for or against a particular person, race, ethnicity, age, or group, often without taking others' opinions into consideration. assuming all English language learners are less intelligent than native English speakers

A student with a disability has a deficit in the area of working memory. This student would most likely benefit from being taught strategies such as

repeating the steps in a given task Repeating steps will help the student to build working memory skills by increasing the information stored at a given time.

Self-Stimulation

repetitive actions, sounds, or words that are generally not socially appropriate, but help the individual soothe or calm themselves Flapping hands, making clicking sounds with mouth

Using reinforcement contingencies with students help to do all the following except:

replace daily communication with guardians. Reinforcement contingencies do not replace daily communication with guardians.

Jessica, a high school sophomore, has attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Her post-secondary education goal is to study journalism. Which of the following transition activities would be most appropriate for her IEP's postsecondary transition plan?

research colleges that offer journalism programs Researching colleges with journalism programs is an appropriate transition activity for a tenth-grade student who plans to pursue a career in journalism.

A special education co-teacher is addressing multiplication skills with a group of fourth-grade students. Which of the following activities could be used to determine whether the students are ready to begin instruction on word problems involving multiplication?

responding to a sample real world prompt involving multiplication The sample prompt can be used to collect pre-assessment data to determine the students' levels of understanding and topics with which to begin instruction.

The teachers of a student who uses a communication board have determined that the student is able to only accurately use half of the symbols on the communication board when interacting with staff and peers. What is the next best step to support the student to develop a more accurate use of the communication board?

reteaching the unknown symbols and focus on context The symbols on a communication board should be taught in context so they make sense to the student.

During a collaborative group ELA lesson, the special education teacher observes that the third-grade students are having difficulty working as an effective group. Which of the following strategies would be the most effective to build teamwork with the students?

reviewing the expectations for group work and exploring problem-solving strategies that can be used if those expectations are not met. Coaching strategies will provide the students with appropriate problem-solving skills that are paramount to student academic achievement and will also provide the framework for collaborative learning experiences.

A teacher wants to introduce a lesson on probability and simulations to her students. Which manipulative would not be good to use?

ruler A ruler is not a manipulative used for probability simulations.

A teacher has facilitated a functional behavioral assessment (FBA) regarding a student. As the teacher works to determine the target behavior based on the FBA, which of the following criteria is most important to consider?

safety The safety of the student should always be the highest priority when selecting a target behavior.

The secondary students with severe learning disabilities have successfully mastered the concept of counting money when purchasing campus store supplies. What would be the most appropriate next step to reinforce and generalize these skills?

schedule Community Based Instruction (CBI) at the community general store Scheduling a CBI provides relevant real-world experience to reinforce and generalize the skills.

While discussing a new short story about living in the Arctic with a student, a teacher discovers the student is struggling to comprehend the text even though she has previously been capable of comprehending other grade-level texts with little struggle. What is the student likely missing in order to be able to fully comprehend the text?

schema Since the student usually does well with grade level texts, the most likely cause of lack of comprehension would be that she doesn't have enough schema (prior knowledge about the topic) to accurately picture and understand the text.

A fourth-grade teacher has noticed that one of the general education students has appeared more sad and withdrawn. Which of the following professionals may be able to provide support?

school counselor The school counselor can provide support and interventions related to the student's social/emotional needs.

An assessment that is common with young students to determine if further testing is needed is called a/an:

screening. Sreening is used early in a student's life to collect information about a variety of potential future educational needs including, but not limited to, cognitive, sensory, dyslexia, and/or motor skills.

During her morning opening, Mrs. Martin sings a welcome song with the class. Mrs. Martin says, "Good Morning, Good Morning, Jill, how are you?" While she sings, she claps along with each word. The student she calls on is expected to reply, "Good morning, I'm (insert feeling), How are you (insert another student's name)," and clap for each word she speaks. Then the student Jill calls will repeat the reply, clapping along with his response. Clapping along with their speech helps students to practice:

segmenting sentences into words. Clapping for each word in a sentence helps to develop a student's concept of word awareness. Students need to understand word awareness before they can master syllable and phonemic awareness.

Epilepsy is characterized by:

seizures caused by imbalances in the brain. Epilepsy is characterized by seizures caused by imbalances in the brain.

Ms. Merriman teaches in a classroom for students who are participating in a functional academic curriculum. Her students have severe cognitive and physical disabilities. The school's occupational therapist visits the classroom weekly to provide individual and small group services. Which of the following skills may be addressed by the occupational therapist?

self-care skills such as using utensils to eat or fastening buttons or zippers on clothes Occupational therapists provide services and support for fine motor, sensory, and self-care tasks.

A student with a specific learning disability is receiving services in a part-time Exceptional Student Education (ESE) classroom. The student is struggling to make progress and is showing increased behavioral challenges. The IEP team is considering another placement that would be more appropriate for the student's current needs. Choose the next least restrictive placement.

self-contained ESE classroom at current school If the student is unable to make progress in a part-time ESE classroom, the IEP team may consider a self-contained ESE classroom at the student's current school.

Penny is a student in fifth grade who has a behavior contract. Her teacher has created a tracking sheet that segments her day into the components present in each of her classes, such as independent work, whole group, and independent reading. At the end of each segment, she determines to what degree she was on task during that segment and indicates her decision on the tracking sheet. The teacher of record for the class she is in signs the sheet to confirm her decision. Penny is using the strategy of:

self-monitoring. Because Penny is assessing her own level of behavior, she is using the strategy of self-monitoring.

Related Services

services that supplement classroom instruction to help a student meet their educational goals Physical Therapy or Occupational Therapy

Lisa is struggling to comprehend grade-level texts during independent reading and her oral reading is jerky and irregular. Mr. Harris wants to improve Lisa's reading comprehension. Which of the following instructional strategies should Mr. Harris focus on?

sight-word automaticity The evidence describing Lisa's reading indicates she is struggling with decoding words and skills related to reading fluency. Sight words are words that are quickly recognized. Increasing Lisa's sight word vocabulary will help increase reading fluency.

Which of the following is not a criterion used to determine a child eligible as having an intellectual disability?

significant behavioral limitations Behavioral needs are not a required criterion when considering eligibility for an intellectual disability, although some students identified as having an intellectual disability do have behavior goals/services.

When a student has been identified as having an intellectual disability, they have deficits in two or more areas of adaptive skills and:

significantly low (below-average) intellectual functioning. In order to be identified as having an intellectual disability, a student must have deficits in two or more areas of adaptive skills and also have significantly below-average intellectual functioning.

Which example below describes characteristics of a person with an intellectual disability?

significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning, with deficits in adaptive behavior The characteristics shared are those of an intellectual disability.

A local high school has a campus coffee shop where students can work. Three days a week, a special education class works a morning shift at the shop. They have a number of jobs assigned to them, including check-out, preparation, and maintenance. This program reinforces which of the following? Select all answers that apply.

social skills The students will be interacting with their classmates and teachers in a positive and structured setting, acquiring basic social skills along the way. B career skills Working at cafe provides the students with hands-on learning experiences in the area of career skills. C financial literacy Cashiering and dealing with money can increase the students' understanding of finances.

Identify the correct sequence of prerequisite skills required for solving AND graphing the problem: y >(-)-x^{2}+9y≥−x2+9.

solving quadratic equations, graphing quadratic equations, graphing inequalities on the coordinate axes Before graphing the inequality, students must be able to solve and graph quadratic equations.

Which of the following IDEA categories of disability impacts the highest percentage of students?

specific learning disability Specific learning disabilities are the most common.

Picture cards are an appropriate tool for students who are preverbal because:

students can point to the picture cards to communicate wants, needs, and responses. Picture cards are an appropriate tool for students who are preverbal to use to communicate wants, needs, and responses.

Nathaniel is a student in third grade who struggles with spelling. When he tells a story, his ideas are complete and his intention is clear; however, when he writes the story it is difficult for his teacher to read the story and understand what Nathaniel is attempting to convey because of his spelling errors. For example, he spells fish as "fiss" and hush as "huss." When the teacher listens to him speak, he notices Nathaniel pronounces fish as "fiss" and hush as "huss." Which of the following support services will likely benefit Nathaniel? .

speech therapy Nathaniel is writing the words the same way he says them, so speech therapy is the best option to help him say the words the correct way so he will be able to write them the correct way.

Which assistive technology would help a student with a specific learning disability in the area of writing?

speech-to-text software Speech-to-text software allows the student to speak into a device that transcribes the student's speech.

A seventh-grade student has spinal muscular atrophy and uses a wheelchair. He attends inclusion classes and receives related services for occupational therapy and physical therapy due to motor skill deficits. The student is struggling to complete writing assignments due to limited mobility of his hands and fingers. To allow the student to complete writing assignments, his teacher should consider:

speech-to-text software. Speech-to-text software will allow the student to dictate his responses, and the software will record his answers.

Counting On

starting on one number and counting until reaching the second number; a typical technique is saying the counting numbers out loud while using fingers to keep track of how many numbers have been used 30 plus 5: 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 (at 30, zero fingers would be held out and at 35, 5 fingers)

When thinking about Extended School Year (ESY) or summer school for a student with severe learning disabilities, the IEP committee must consider which of the following?

substantial regression proven with data evidence Substantial regression must be considered when determining ESY. The review of existing evaluation data will provide assessment information to determine the need for ESY.

Mrs. Price has just completed a two-week instructional unit. She gives the students a unit test over this material. The test consists of multiple choice, short answer, and true/false questions. Which of the following types of assessments is Mrs. Price using?

summative Summative assessments focus on how much a student has learned during a particular period. The goal is to assess a student over a particular period of time, not against a preset standard (as with formal assessments). Examples would include mid-term or year-end exams

The semester exam administered to students at the end of the term is considered to be a:

summative assessment. A semester exam is a form of summative assessment.

Ramona, a high school junior with a specific learning disability (SLD), plans to enroll in a nursing program after high school. Which of the following goals would be most appropriate to include in her Individualized Transition Plan (ITP)?

taking anatomy and physiology Taking anatomy and physiology in high school will provide Ramona with foundational knowledge that will better prepare her for entry-level courses in a college nursing program.

When a teacher breaks down a life skill task, such as brushing your teeth, into small chunks, the teacher is approaching the lesson with:

task analysis. Task analysis is the breaking down of a life skill task into small chunks.

Differentiated Instruction

teaching that offers multiple options for learning the material based on different student needs and learning styles

Rhyme Awareness / Rhyming

the ability first to hear words that rhyme and then to be able to produce a rhyme(s) "Blue" and "Flew" rhyme

Phoneme Blending

the ability to blend two sounds to make a word Blend together these sounds to make a word: /b/ /a/ /t/ to form bat.

Antecedent

the behavior, event of circumstance immediately preceding an observed behavior by a student ex. Susie is called on to answer a question that Jacob wanted to answer, prompting Jacob to stick his tongue out at Susie.

Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)

the classroom or setting where the child can be successful, with or without accommodations, and with typical age/grade level peers EX:General Ed Classroom

Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)

the classroom or setting where the child can be successful, with or without accommodations, and with typical age/grade level peers General Ed Classroom

Executive Function

the cognitive abilities to control one's thoughts, emotions, and actions - this includes working memory, inhibitory control and flexible thinking EXAMPLE: Executive function is responsible for many skills, including paying attention, organizing, planning and prioritizing.

Directionality

the direction in which a language is read The directionality of written English is from left to right.

Local Education Agency (LEA)

the education agency responsible for the school

Articulation

the formation of clear and distinct sounds in speech using the teeth and tongue example: speaking

Constructivism is based on the following tenet(s):

the idea that children actively construct their own learning The theory stated is the theory of constructivism.

A prekindergarten teacher is finalizing his daily language arts routine. The teacher plans to start with circle time, where the class will read a big book together. After reading and answering some basic comprehension questions, the class will discuss the title of the book, pointing out what letters the words in the title start with, what those sounds are, and other words that start with that same sound. The teacher picks one word from the title, suggests one rhyme and asks the class to volunteer any more rhymes they can come up with. Next, the class will move on to either a whole group lesson or individual or small groups to work on a previously taught skill. By structuring lessons this way, the teacher shows that he understands:

the importance of dedicated, intentional instruction in phonological awareness. By taking time every day to discuss letter sounds, the teacher is emphasizing the importance of early, frequent, and explicit instruction in phonological awareness.

Duration

the length of time for which an observed behavior persists A teacher times how long a student spends rolling around on the floor instead of completing his work and compares the length of time spent rolling to other instances of the behavior to see if it is improving or worsening.

A teacher has decided to use the psychoeducational model to help a student develop new behavior management skills. A benefit to using this model is that:

the model brings new insights to the student about their behavior. The psychoeducational model helps bring insights to the student about their behavior.

Frequency

the number of ocurrences of an observed behavior over a set time period A teacher counting the number of times Jacob sticks his tongue out at a classmate during a one-hour class would be collecting frequency data.

Speed (when reading)

the pace at which the reader reads the text

Percentile Rank

the percentage of scores in its frequency distribution that are equal to or lower than it. a test score that is greater than 55% of the scores of people taking the test is at the 55th percentile, where 55 is the percentile rank. In a non-skewed, normal distribution (shown below) most students are around the 50th percentile.

Explicit Teaching

the process of teaching by communicating clear expectations and giving specific feedback to students

Prosody

the reader's ability to convey expression, including using correct emphasis, punctuation, and tone, while reading aloud

Consequence

the result, either positive or negative, of an observed behavior Jacob sticks his tongue out at Susie, so Susie calls Jacob a "jerk."

Procedural Safeguards

the rights of parents of students with disabilities, noting specifically these things: student discipline, change of placement, behavior, restraint, and confinement Notification of discipline Notification of change of schedule

Phoneme

the smallest individual sounds in a word The word "bit" has three phonemes - b - i - t.

Students who receive services through special education are recipients of a variety of supports and accommodations. When the teacher creates the learning environment, it is important for the teacher to remember that any student — regardless of their various academic and social-emotional needs — will likely succeed when:

the student feels safe, engaged, and valued. Students are more likely to succeed in school when they feel safe, engaged, and valued. The teacher has the ability to shape the learning environment to help the student feel this way.

Which of the following would NOT be considered when determining whether a student is a fluent reader?

the student's ability to infer unfamiliar word meanings A student's ability to infer word meaning is important to reading comprehension, but is not a skill that is considered when determining a student's reading fluency.

Behaviorism is a theoretical approach that includes:

the study of stimulus-response actions. Behaviorism studies stimulus-response actions.

It is appropriate for a special education teacher to contact an occupational therapist from the school district when:

the teacher needs assistance to instruct students regarding work, play, and self-care skills. Occupational therapists consult with teachers when students need to grow skills in the area of work, play, and self-care.

Classroom Management

the teacher's system of establishing a climate for learning, including techniques for preventing misbehavior and handling student behavior

Concrete Operational Stage

the third stage of Piaget's Theory of Cognitive development, occurring from 7 years old to adolescence, in which children begin to think logically and use inductive reasoning

Phonological Awareness

the understanding and ability to hear individual words, syllables, and sounds in spoken language apart from print

Why is formative assessment important to students' academic achievement?

to assess students' academic progress and plan lessons accordingly The goal of formative assessment is to provide progress monitoring and focus targeted instruction on specific students' expectations to increase their knowledge and skills.

Which of the following is the most beneficial reason for a sixth-grade teacher to show her students various video clips, TV ads, posters, magazine ads, etc.?

to demonstrate some of the functions/purposes of media such as persuasion, information, entertainment, and education A selection of video clips, TV ads, posters, magazine ads, etc. would likely contain examples of the main purposes of media: to entertain, inform, or persuade. Comparing and contrasting items within the collection would provide students models of these different purposes.

Which of the following statements describes the purpose of having a student repeatedly read aloud?

to increase the student's fluency and reading rate Reading aloud repeatedly benefits fluency and reading rates because it helps develop automatic word recognition.

What is the purpose of an achievement assessment?

to measure academic ability An achievement assessment tests how well an individual responds to questions in the areas of reading, writing, and mathematics and may be used to identify deficits related to a specific learning disability (SLD) or other disability.

Counting

to name or list one-by-one in order to reach the total quantity Popsicle sticks can be used by young children to practice counting. When there is a group of ten popsicle sticks, they can be grouped together with a rubber band as "one set of ten."

Assessment

tools used to evaluate student growth and determine whether educational goals are being met

The IEP committee determines that a student needs access to the assistive technology in order to receive Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE). The Local Education Agency (LEA) must allow the student access to campus assistive technology devices at home and in other instructional settings. This statement is:

true for all students with disabilities. FAPE refers to the requirements outlined in Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. It is the responsibility of the LEA to provide free appropriate educational services for students who qualify for a disability.

Daniel is a ten-year-old who scores within the average range for his age on standardized tests but performs significantly below grade level in most academic subjects due to difficulties with organization and focusing. This profile is most consistent with a classification of:

ttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A student with ADHD often has cognitive abilities at or above grade level but performs lower than his/her ability level due to difficulties with attention.

Which of the following is the most appropriate way for a second-grade teacher to ensure that a student who uses a hearing aid will be able to participate in class discussions?

turn toward the student when speaking and use an amplification system Turning toward the student when speaking will allow the student to read lips. Using an amplification system will allow the student to hear the teacher more easily.

alignment of services with goals and specially designed instruction Special education and related services should align with student's annual goals and present levels of academic and functional performance (PLAAFP).

understanding facial expressions The skill of understanding facial expressions is an appropriate skill to be in an IEP for a student with autism.

A preschool-aged child scribbles on a piece of paper and calls it her grocery list. On the back, she draws a picture of her and her mom in the grocery store. At the store, she pretends to read food items off the side containing the scribbles, asking her mom to buy various items. This behavior suggests that the child:

understands that text functions differently than pictures. The child described in the question is demonstrating an understanding of how text differs from drawing pictures.

A student with fine motor coordination and writing difficulties who receives in class support with the occupational therapist would benefit from what accommodation?

use of adaptive writing utensils This is the correct answer because adaptive writing utensils, such as pen grips and weighted holders, are handwriting tools geared to help these children become more successful with writing tasks.

Contextual Analysis

use of surrounding information in a text to help determine a word

A third-grade student with an intellectual disability struggles with written directions but responds well to auditory learning activities. Which of the following strategies can be used to support the student's learning style?

use songs to teach key facts Since the student responds well to auditory stimuli, songs can be used to teach important facts, new vocabulary, or rhymes.

Elizabeth is a student with a specific learning disability in the area of math. She is learning the order of operations but is having difficulty solving math problems in the appropriate order. Which of the following self-monitoring strategies would be most beneficial for Elizabeth?

using a checklist Using a checklist will help Elizabeth to remember the sequence to follow when solving problems. She can also use an acronym such as "PEMDAS."

Which of the following is the best strategy for introducing the concept of addition to a kindergarten student with a learning disability?

using concrete manipulatives, such as two colors of unifix cubes, to demonstrate the process of adding two numbers Concrete manipulatives are an important tool to use when introducing new concepts. This applies to students with or without learning disabilities.

A high school resource teacher is teaching her math class learning about equivalent fractions. She has taught about fractions at the front of the room and students have tried working problems at their desk. Some of them are continuing to struggle. What other activity can she engage her students in to ensure all learning styles have been addressed?

using fraction tiles to identify equivalent fractions This allows kinesthetic learners to practice fractions with a manipulative and have hands-on practice.

Structural / Morphemic Analysis

using meaningful word parts (morphemes) to study a word and determine its meaning

Positive and Meaningful Reinforcers

using various techniques to encourage and reinforce desired behaviors from a student Praise when a child raises their hand and waits to be called on

Social Goals

verbal and nonverbal communication skill development and social interactions and appropriate verbal and nonverbal responses in social settings Practicing potential customer encounters for a grocery store

Which of the following is a major disability category that is recommended under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)?

vision impairment A vision impairment is one of the thirteen disability categories that is recognized under IDEA.

A teacher notices a new student in her class has difficulty copying notes, is regularly squinting at the board, and asks students around her to read information posted in the classroom. This student is most likely dealing with which of the following areas of exceptionality?

visual impairment Visual impairments are one of the 13 categories identified by IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Act), but new students could have issues that either have not been addressed in an IEP, or that do not qualify. Students with a broad range of issues with sight can benefit from preferred seating and a wide range of other accommodations.

The development of gross motor skills is likely to be highly negatively impacted by a/an:

visual impairment. A visual impairment negatively impacts the development of gross motor skills because the visual impairment alters the way the individual interacts with the physical world around them.

Jaden is a 16-year-old student who uses a walker. Jaden's reading and math skills are on grade level, but his penmanship skills are far below grade level. Jaden works with an occupational therapist to improve typing speed and handwriting legibility. Which of the following assistive technology devices may be most beneficial for Jaden when working in a small group to complete an activity on the computer?

voice recognition software Voice recognition software would be beneficial for a student who has limited fine motor skills. This will allow Jaden to navigate on the computer more easily.

In general, which of the following should NOT be considered when planning math instruction for a student with learning disabilities?

ways to incorporate extra credit opportunities to help the student pass the class The focus of planning instruction for a student with a learning disability should be on helping the student master the material, not on simply "passing the class."

When should an IEP committee consider positive behavior interventions?

when behavior interferes with the learning process PBI must be considered and addressed in the ARD committee meeting when the academic performance is impacted by the student's behaviors.

Emergent Reader (Stage of Reading Development)

when children understand that written language has meaning and gives messages

When is a student required to be invited to his/her IEP team meeting?

when the IEP team is developing a transition plan IDEA requires that students are invited to their IEP meetings when they are transition age (defined as ages 16 or older, but some states may begin transition plans earlier) and the IEP team is developing a transition plan

What should teachers consider when studying the student answers on an informal assessment?

whether the data collected is based on subjective evaluation Because informal assessments can be based on conversations or observations, the nature of informal assessment is very subjective.

Kate is starting a new babysitting job in which she will make $7 per hour that she works. Currently, she owes her parents $15, which she will have to pay back from her earnings. Below is a table of the amount of money Kate has saved since starting her job. Which of the following equations could best be used to demonstrate the relationship between x and y? Total hours worked, x Amount of Money Saved, y 0 -15 2 -1 4 13 6 27

y=7x−15 This matches the values in the table. If Kate makes $7 per hour, this represents her slope. The $15 she owes her parents represents the y-intercept and is negative.

Collaborative Relationship

A relationship in which all members are working together towards a desired outcome

Observable Behavior

An overt act by an individual

Culture

a set of shared attitudes or beliefs common to a group or area

A teacher writes the problem shown below on the board for a warm-up. 7x + 4 - 3x + 2 = 127x+4−3x+2=12 She asks students to combine like terms as the first step in solving the problem. Which equation demonstrates an understanding of the first step?

4x+6=12 This correctly combines like terms, which should always be the first step.

What is the perimeter of a square with an area of 81 cm2?

36 cm A square has congruent sides, so if the area is 81 cm2, then one side is 9 cm. Since a square has four sides, 9 cm x 4 = 36 cm.

Simplify the expression: 3x + 2(3x - 2) + 5 - 2(2x + 1)3x+2(3x−2)+5−2(2x+1)

5x-1 First, each value from the front of each set of parentheses must be distributed into the parentheses and multiplied appropriately, with attention to positive and negative signs: 3x + 6x - 4 + 5 - 4x - 23x+6x-4+5-4x-2. Next, like terms must be collected to be combined: (3x + 6x - 4x) + (-4 + 5 - 2)(3x+6x-4x)+(−4+5-2). Finally, like terms can be combined: 5x - 15x-1.

A gas pump can pump a quarter gallon of gas every five seconds. If a person is filling up an empty gas tank that can hold 18 gallons of gas, how long will it take the gas pump to fill the empty gas tank?

6 minutes If a gas pump can pump a quarter of a gallon every five seconds, then the pump can deliver a gallon of gas every 20 seconds, and 3 gallons of gas every minute. If the tank is 18 gallons, then it will take 6 minutes (3 gallons per minute × 6 minutes = 18 gallons).

What is the perimeter of the shaded portion of the figure?

68 in To find the perimeter, add the perimeter of the outside with the perimeter of the inside. P=[2(11)+2(8)]+[2(9)+2(6)]=38+30=68 \text{ in}P=[2(11)+2(8)]+[2(9)+2(6)]=38+30=68 in

Standardized Test

A commercially developed test that samples behavior under uniform procedures; used to provide accurate and meaningful information on students' levels of performance relative to others at their age or grade levels

Dyslexia

A disorder manifested by a difficulty in learning to read, write, or spell, despite conventional instruction, adequate intelligence, and sociocultural opportunity

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A label applied to individuals who have great difficulty concentrating on what they are doing AND are extremely active, impulsive, distractible, and excitable

Prior Written Notice

A legal requirement of school districts to provide notice to parents prior to evaluations, placement, or service changes within special education

Emotional Disturbance / Emotional Disability

A mental illness that impacts their behavior and ability to function in the classroom EX: Anxiety, Bipolar Disorder, Depression, Obsessive-compulsive Disorder

Symbolic Representation

A model using symbols or variables to display a mathematical concept. Formula

A mother notices her three-year-old child does not respond to her voice and is concerned it is a symptom of a hearing disability. The mother expresses this concern to the social worker at the child's daycare. Of the following, which would be the best response from the social worker?

A mother notices her three-year-old child does not respond to her voice and is concerned it is a symptom of a hearing disability. The mother expresses this concern to the social worker at the child's daycare. Of the following, which would be the best response from the social worker?

Informal Reading Inventory

A multi-step reading assessment used to gauge a student's oral and silent reading abilities

A ninth grader with learning disabilities has severe asthma and controls the asthma with a preventative inhaler and nebulizer treatments during the school day. One day during class, he experiences an asthma attack. Which of the following behaviors may signify that the student is experiencing an asthma attack?

A ninth grader with learning disabilities has severe asthma and controls the asthma with a preventative inhaler and nebulizer treatments during the school day. One day during class, he experiences an asthma attack. Which of the following behaviors may signify that the student is experiencing an asthma attack?

A parent-teacher conference is hosted for a seventh grade student with an IEP. During the conference, a new Exceptional Student Education (ESE) teacher informs the parent that because the student is reading four grades below grade level, he will not pass the end of course exam. Another more experienced ESE teacher speaks with this staff member after the conference. Which of the following comments from the experienced ESE teacher would be most beneficial for a newer teacher?

A parent-teacher conference is hosted for a seventh grade student with an IEP. During the conference, a new Exceptional Student Education (ESE) teacher informs the parent that because the student is reading four grades below grade level, he will not pass the end of course exam. Another more experienced ESE teacher speaks with this staff member after the conference. Which of the following comments from the experienced ESE teacher would be most beneficial for a newer teacher?

Rubric

A scoring guide based on several criteria rather than a single numerical score

Which of the following attributes would be most indicative of an expressive language disorder?

A student provides one-word answers when responding verbally and provides limited details in written responses. A student who has difficulty providing adequate details in verbal or written responses may have an expressive language disorder. Students with this condition have difficulty stating or expressing their responses, but they often are able to hear and understand what others are saying to them (receptive language).

Deaf-Blind

Students with both vision and hearing loss; visual or hearing impairment services alone would not adequately address their needs EXAMPLE Deaf-Blind

Which is the best example of an Exceptional Student Education (ESE) teacher conducting a work sample analysis?

A teacher reviews a writing sample to identify types of grammatical errors. By reviewing the writing sample, the teacher can identify the student's current strengths and deficits.

A high school sophomore recently became deaf after an unfortunate accident. Since the accident, the student has hardly left his home and is becoming more and more socially reclusive because of the fear that his friends will become bored with his limited options for activities. Which of the following would be the special education teacher's best response to this situation?

Ask the student what social activities he would like to partake in and work with him to develop the skill set. The student will be more engaged in learning if they have input in how they are taught.

Which activity below would best help young students understand that written text has meaning?

Ask them to write a caption under a picture they created. Even though the students would likely caption their pictures with nonsense words, by writing the caption they begin to understand that written words carry a meaning.

Diagnostic Test

An evaluation that provides information that can be used to identify specific areas of strength and weaknesses

a number representing a person's reasoning ability as compared to the norm for their age

An impairment related to a student's ability to focus and maintain attention during instruction EXAMPLE: ADD, ADHD, Seizures, Cancer, Diabetes

Who is required to receive notice of any changes or updates to a student's IEP?

Any person with an educational interest in the student should be given relevant sections of the student's IEP. The IEP is intended to help teachers and other school personnel provide necessary supports to help students with disabilities succeed academically. Therefore, any individual with an educational interest in a student with a disability should have access to IEP information.

Ashley is a fourth-grade student with ADHD. Proximity to the teacher during instruction doesn't seem to impact Ashley's learning, but her concentration is vastly improved when she is able to get up and move around while reading or working on assignments. Which of the following would be the best seating arrangement for Ashley?

Ashley should sit near the back of the room so she can get up and move without feeling self-conscious or distracting others. If Ashley is able to take her materials with her and continue working while moving around the room, the back of the room is most conducive to this. She can simply get up and stand behind the rest of the class when she feels herself getting restless, instead of relying on a teacher to redirect her.

Michael is a student with a disability who is having a hard time identifying the differences between nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. His teacher works with him every day on grammar skills. The teacher gives Michael 40 words and asks him to classify them as nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. On Monday, Michael successfully identified 10 words, Tuesday he successfully identified 8 words, Wednesday he successfully identified 12 words, and Thursday he successfully identified 11 words. Which of the following steps should the teacher consider as the next step in Michael's instruction?

Begin implementing a different instructional method to address Michael's needs. Michael's erratic performance on the homework implies that he is not learning given the current instructional method. It is best that the teacher tries a different instructional method to convey the same concept in a different manner to Michael.

Brooklyn is a student in the fifth grade who qualifies for special education with a specific learning disability in math. Her teachers have noticed that when she is adding two numbers to create the sum of 21, Brooklyn has to start counting on her fingers at number one as she works with each number to find the sum. Which of the following would be an appropriate IEP statement regarding this mathematical characteristic?

Brooklyn needs direct instruction to obtain specific strategies when adding two numbers together to find a known sum. This is an appropriate statement for an IEP.

A fifth-grade science lesson is preparing students for the required skill of comparing/contrasting information. Which of the following strategies would best provide practice for this skill?

Deliver a lesson on various plants and have the students create a Venn diagram. A Venn diagram gives an area to record a comparison of likenesses and differences of each plant.

Mr. Hernandez is a special education teacher who co-teaches with several seventh and eighth grade teachers in their inclusion math and language arts classrooms. Which of the following three responsibilities are most likely to be assigned to Mr. Hernandez in the inclusion classrooms? Select all answers that apply.

Develop IEP goals for students on his caseload. Special education teachers are responsible for developing IEP goals for students on their caseloads. D Provide accommodations during classroom assessments. Special education teachers are responsible for providing accommodations. E Identify ways to modify the curriculum. Special education teachers work with general education teachers to modify curriculum in order to meet students' needs.

The parents of a child with autism are getting ready to register him to begin kindergarten in the fall. His parents shared concerns with the kindergarten teacher at an enrollment event at the school that they are worried about how he may adapt and would like to help him prepare. Which of the following suggestions should the teacher advise his parents to try at home to help the student get ready for kindergarten?

Develop a consistent morning routine that involves waking at a consistent time and following a set of steps to get ready for the day. Consider practicing driving or walking to the school so that he becomes familiar with the building or schedule a tour so he has an opportunity to visit. Developing a routine will help to reduce anxiety as the child becomes familiar with this new morning routine. His transition from home to school may go more smoothly if he recognizes the school building and has had an opportunity to visit prior to the first day.

How can a special education teacher develop a lesson plan for an inclusion classroom that demonstrates appropriate knowledge of using an approved curriculum to plan lessons?

Develop a post-assessment that includes questions aligned with state standards. The teacher can demonstrate knowledge of using an approved curriculum for lesson planning by developing lesson activities that address state standards and closing the lesson with a post-assessment that will demonstrate the students' level of understanding of those standards.

Assessing the validity of an assessment will help to determine whether the assessment:

Discrepancy between ability and achievement, with the student's ability being higher than achievement. A discrepancy between ability and achievement is often an indication that a student may have an SLD.

Early Reader (Stage of Reading Development)

Early readers begin understanding that reading from the printed page needs to make sense - both from the pictures and from the print

Paraprofessional / Para

Educators who are not certified teachers, but who provide direct instruction, behavior management, and other related educational services under the direction of the classroom or special education teacher. Para

Nonsymbolic Communication

Emotional offerings or gestures to communicate needs where the caregiver must guess what the person is trying to say EX: crying, pointing to things

Mrs. Marks is a general education teacher at Kam Middle School. She collaborates with the special education teacher regarding appropriate instructional strategies to effectively teach linguistically diverse students with disabilities. What is the most effective strategy the special education teacher can offer Mrs. Marks?

Engage the students with the vocabulary presented during the learning process. Student engagement with the vocabulary provides the opportunity for students to make connections with the text as the special education teacher should be cognizant of culturally and linguistically diverse differences and their effects on instructional delivery for students with disabilities.

Which of the following is the best strategy for providing an effective continuity to ease the transition of special education students from the elementary program to the middle school program?

Ensure both programs implement developmentally appropriate instruction that accounts for varying differences in the students' academic ability. This is the best answer because as student's transition, it is important that their individual's needs are still being met. If the instruction implements the appropriate adjustments, then the transition will much smoother. This requires communication between the elementary and middle grades special education coordinators.

Independent Educational Evaluation (IEE)

Evaluation conducted by independent qualified assessment personal not associated with the local education agency ex: medical Tests, psychiatric Tests, outside testing

Which of the following statements best describes the function of expository text features?

Expository text features, such as captions, headings, charts, and graphs, are embedded in informational texts to make information easier to process. This correctly explains the purpose of expository texts and gives examples of their text features.

True or False: Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) permits access to student records to all school personnel without parental consent.

False, FERPA is careful to keep all access to student records as confidential as possible The key words to focus on are "all" and "without parental consent." FERPA refers to the privacy of student records and the protection of parental rights.

True or False: IDEA prohibits the LEA from cooperating with authorities and reporting a crime by a student with disabilities.

False, for students with any disability IDEA does not prohibit the LEA's cooperation and reporting of a crime by a student with disabilities.

Is the following statement true or false: If the student does not participate in the IEP committee meeting when transition services are discussed and considered, the committee does not have to consider the student's interests, preferences, and strengths.

False, student preferences, interests, and strengths are critical to the design of the transition plan The student's interests, preferences, and strengths are important in any decision made.

A fifth-grade teacher explains to the special education teacher that a student is in need of special education services and that RtI will be the best education service to meet his academic needs. This statement is:

False. RtI is a scientific research-based instructional intervention method delivered in the general education classroom, not the special education classroom. The RtI process is an instructional intervention method consisting of strategies that are supported, delivered, and facilitated in the general education classroom. It is not special education.

Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)

Federal Law that replaced the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) to provide all children significant opportunity to receive a fair, equitable, and high-quality education, and to close educational achievement gaps Impacts SpEd by setting a 1% statewide cap on which students are eligible to participate in alternative assessments

As the special education personnel reviewed the federal regulations regarding Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE), they noted a discrepancy between among procedures. Which procedure should they adhere to?

Federal law The federal law supersedes the state and the LEA. As a special education teacher, it is important to be cognizant of the function and correlation between the federal, state, and local entities relative to laws, regulations, and procedures for students with disabilities.

A local education agency (LEA) must provide prior written notice to the parents indicating the intention to identify, evaluate, or change educational placement for the student. This process refers to:

Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) FAPE refers to the requirements outlined in Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. It is the responsibility of the LEA to provide free appropriate educational services including identifying, evaluating, or changing placement for students who qualify with a disability.

In determining a change of placement due to a violation of the Local Educational Agency (LEA) code of conduct, the LEA must convene which of the following within ten school days?

Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) meeting If the behavior is a manifestation of a disability, then the committee conducts a Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) and designs a Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP). If the behavior is not a manifestation of the disability, the LEA may proceed with the code of conduct as with a student without a disability. The special educator must be cognizant of the ethics, the LEA policies, state and federal laws, and procedural safeguards relative to planning, facilitating, and implementing discipline procedures for students with disabilities.

The parents of a student who receives special education services are unable to attend the annual IEP in person. What is the next best alternative to having guardians attend an IEP in person?

Guardians can attend IEPs over the phone. Guardians can attend IEPs over the phone if they are not able to attend in person.

A mathematics teacher determines that the median score for the most recent test was 80 percent. Which of the following is the most accurate interpretation of the result?

Half the students scored an 80 percent or below. Median is the middle number in a data set. It is calculated by arranging the numbers from least to greatest and finding the number in the middle; if there is not one middle number, then the median is the average of the two numbers. For example, in the data set 1, 2, 3, 4 the median is 2.5 because 2.5 is the average of 2 and 3. If the median score is 80, then it can be assumed half the students scored below 80 and half the students scored above 80.

Working with a small group of kindergarteners, a teacher reads aloud a short book that is written using repetitive language and mostly decodable CVC words. Next, the teacher writes down the following examples of rhyming words that were in the book. cat hat sat Using this set as an example, the teacher explains that the reader can use the pattern established by the rhymes from the book to decode the words "pat" and "mat." She then writes the word, "rat" and asks for a volunteer to read the word aloud. Which of the following elements could the teacher add to the lesson in order to support student understanding of print concepts?

Holding the book up so that it is visible to the students, the teacher points to the words as she reads them aloud. This is a good way to support print concepts because it will draw their attention to text directionality.

State and federal laws require that the LEA include all students with disabilities in the participation of the state and district assessments with appropriate accommodations as noted in the:

IEP document The IEP must note the student's present level of performance and the measurable annual goals including the LEA, district, and state assessments to determine and monitor progress within the general education curriculum as supported by the accommodations.

Which of the following characteristics are most likely to be seen in a child with an intellectual disability (not a specific learning disability)? Select all answers that apply.

IQ below 70 Students with intellectual disabilities typically have IQ scores below 70. C significant deficits in adaptive skills Students with intellectual disabilities often have significant deficits in adaptive skills, such as difficulty with personal hygiene, functional communication, or social interaction.

A sixth-grade teacher is beginning a unit on probability. She utilizes the following steps in planning her unit: Determine the necessary prerequisite skills. Begin planning probability activities that involve the collection of data. Determine what the students already know by using a KWL chart. Plan the final assessment for the unit. What is the best order for the teacher to organize these steps?

IV, I, III, II The teacher should begin by planning the final assessment. This serves as her destination goal, where she wants her students to be at the end of the unit. Once the assessment is developed, the teacher needs to determine what prerequisite skills are necessary for successful mastery. The third step would be to assess what the students already know about probability. The teacher should follow the steps: plan assessment, determine prerequisite skills, determine what students already know, and plan activities to get to the destination.

Ayden, a student with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), has been making inappropriate comments during class. The behavior intervention team determined that Ayden is doing this to seek attention from the teacher. Which of the following responses will help to decrease the inappropriate comments?

Ignore Ayden until he asks or comments appropriately. Ignoring the behavior will help to reduce the behavior because Ayden will not receive attention. Praising Ayden for making appropriate comments will also help to reinforce the desired behavior.

In order to help her students with their overall study skills now and in the future, Mrs. Gibbs, a fourth-grade reading teacher, decides to teach a variety of strategies. Which of the following would be the least effective strategy for Mrs. Gibbs to include in her activity?

In order to help her students with their overall study skills now and in the future, Mrs. Gibbs, a fourth-grade reading teacher, decides to teach a variety of strategies. Which of the following would be the least effective strategy for Mrs. Gibbs to include in her activity?

Decoding

In reading out loud, being able to sound out words by breaking them into simple forms. In reading for comprehension, the understanding of how to read each letter or letter pattern in a word to determine the word's meaning

A seventh-grade teacher is teaching his students to determine area of circles. He wants to use manipulatives to help students truly understand the material. He brings coins of various sizes so students can measure and calculate area. He then has students count the number of drops of water that fit on each coin to see how closely the two are related. Which activities would improve this activity? Select all answers that apply.

Include accommodations for students with disabilities who may have trouble handling coins, rulers, and droppers. It is essential to include accommodations for students with disabilities. D Add an additional set of manipulatives so that students can experience more than one activity. It is important that students are exposed to multiple types of manipulatives to help them understand the material.

A second grade student is identified as having autism and receives instruction in an inclusion classroom. The student also receives speech/language therapy on a weekly basis in a small group setting. Throughout the school year, the student has demonstrated increases in behavioral difficulties which appear to be related to understanding social interactions with peers. Which of the following would be an appropriate consideration when the IEP team discusses this student's services and placement?

Increase speech/language therapy sessions for addressing social pragmatics. Increasing these services will address the student's social needs and allow time to learn and practice social skills.

The IEP team is preparing to hold an initial eligibility meeting for a student whose parents do not speak English. What should the IEP team do to ensure adequate participation?

Invite a translator who understands special education terminology to participate and translate for the parents. Inviting a translator who understands special education terms will allow the parents to meaningfully participate in discussion.

A teacher notices several of her students are excluding three disabled students from many classroom activities. In her response to this situation, which of the following is most important for the teacher to remember?

It is the responsibility of the teacher to build a classroom environment that promotes a learning community where all students feel safe and accepted. The teacher should first look to adjust the classroom environment to promote a learning community that encourages community and where all students feel safe and accepted. Learning cannot take place in an environment where students do not feel supported and protected.

How should fluency practice for a struggling reader differ from fluency practice for a student who is on or above grade level?

It should use a text at the student's reading level regardless of how far below grade level that is. Students working to build fluency need to be reading texts on their independent reading level, even if it is below grade level.

Juliana's Individualized Transition Plan (ITP) includes activities such as developing self-advocacy skills with prompting, navigating public transportation with support, and participating in a functional academic curriculum. Which of the following may be an appropriate long-term goal for Juliana?

Juliana will live with assistance in a group home. A student who is participating in a functional academic curriculum may have the goal of living in a group home with assistance.

Visual Learning

Learning primarily by seeing things EX:Written examples

Kinesthetic Learning / Tactile Learning

Learning primarily by touching things or doing an activity EX:create and act out plays or skits

Behaviorism

Learning theory rooted in the notion that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment

All students with disabilities are entitled to which of the following through IDEA? Select all answers that apply.

Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) LRE is a requirement mandated by IDEA. It guarantees that a student with disabilities will be educated in an appropriate educational environment with their nondisabled peers. It ensures access, participation, and progress within the general education curriculum as determined to address their educational needs. D Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) FAPE refers to the requirements outlined in Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. It is a cornerstone of IDEA. It is the responsibility of the LEA to provide free appropriate educational services for students who qualify for a disability.

Backward Design / Planning

Lesson planning that begins with the desired outcome in mind

A first-grade teacher plans her reading lessons so that they always include time for the teacher to read at least part of the text aloud to students. What is one way in which teacher-modeled reading can benefit students' fluency skills?

Listening to the teacher read will help students learn to develop prosody in their own reading. Listening to how a fluent reader adds emotion and punctuation to a story is one way in which students can develop prosody.

A sixth-grade student with autism has the following goal on his IEP. Given a grade level text, the student will respond to ⅘ reading comprehension questions orally or in writing with 80% accuracy. The teacher has been regularly assessing this skill and is preparing to write a progress report for the IEP goal. The student currently has a 40% accuracy rate average for this goal. How can this be addressed?

Make revision to lesson activities to provide student with more opportunities to learn this skill. The teacher should examine lesson plans to determine how the skill is being taught and assessed. Activities may need to be modified to better suit the student's needs, or the skill may need to be practiced more frequently.

A kindergarten student with autism has an IEP goal to independently complete the steps associated with washing and drying hands after using the restroom. The student has been working on this goal for eight weeks, but he has not made any progress toward initiating or completing the steps without partial physical prompts. The student is beginning to express frustration when the teacher intervenes. Which of the following is an appropriate next step for the teacher to take?

Meet with the IEP committee to discuss ways to teach this skill. The IEP committee should discuss ways to support the student and consider whether there are strategies that related service providers can use to incorporate this goal into their therapy sessions.

Austin, a student with mild vision impairment, often has difficulty viewing text when the teacher writes on the board or shows PowerPoint presentations to the class. Which of the following suggestions is the most appropriate first step to try to help Austin view text?

Move Austin's seat to the front row of the classroom and enlarge font size for presentations. Moving Austin to the front of the room may be sufficient. If he still has difficulty reading, the teacher can enlarge font size for all so that it is easier to read.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

The law mandating that all students with disabilities must receive a free and appropriate education that is tailored to their needs and abilities example IEP Goals

A parent of a student with disabilities confides in the special education teacher that she in uncomfortable with the IEP meetings due to her lack of understanding of the process. What is the most effective response for the special education teacher?

Offer to schedule a parent conference prior to the IEP committee to discuss and review the special education process and procedure It is the responsibility of the LEA to provide a representative that can assist with understanding IDEA and the IEP process.

Bias

Prejudiced feelings, outlook, or leanings for or against a particular person, race, ethnicity, age, or group, often without taking others' opinions into consideration. EX:assuming all English language learners are less intelligent than native English speakers

Bias

Prejudiced feelings, outlook, or leanings for or against a particular person, race, ethnicity, age, or group, often without taking others' opinions into consideration. assuming all English language learners are less intelligent than native English speakers

Marisol is a second-grade student with a specific learning disability (SLD) in reading fluency. Which accommodation would her teachers most likely find in her IEP?

Provide reading assignments with syllable boundaries and vowel sounds pre-marked. Pre-marking syllable boundaries and vowel sounds helps a student who struggles with fluency by reducing the amount of effort required to decode the words. This helps the student to gain confidence and increase reading comprehension.

A special education teacher is preparing to hold an IEP meeting for a student whose parents do not speak English. Which of the following is the most appropriate way to address the parents' language needs?

Provide the parents with translated copies of IEP documents and offer translation services for the meeting. The parents have the right to meaningful participation in IEP meetings and copies of documents in their native language. Providing translated documents and offering translation services will allow the parents to meaningfully participate.

Raphael is a tenth-grade student with autism. While participating in his annual review IEP meeting, Raphael informed the team that he would like to attend a technical college and earn his driver's license after graduating from high school. Which of the following transition goals on Raphael's IEP will help him to prepare to meet these goals?

Raphael will attend a college night and identify at least three programs of interest at local schools. Participating in the college night and identifying programs of study that interest Raphael will help him to prepare for his goal of earning a degree from a technical school.

Guided Reading

Reading done by students with teacher support. This reading will be done within the framework of a lesson and often in a small group setting with the teacher.

A parent expresses a concern to the special education teacher regarding the instructional delivery strategies and the accommodations noted in the IEP for her child's ELA class. How best should the special education teacher respond to the parent?

Recommend that the parent schedule a parent conference with the teacher The focus here is on collaboration and to come to a mutually agreed upon solution to ensure FAPE. As the special education teacher, it is her job to facilitate the collaborative and consultative functions and responsibilities of special and general education campus and district staff to include students with disabilities in the general education learning environments.

What is the best strategy for maintaining professional and effective communication during an IEP committee meeting with a parent who becomes contentious and expresses strong dissatisfaction with the services being provided by the school district?

Remain calm and evaluate the district's recommendations objectively to ensure that all input is based on reliable data and research-based practices. Properly supporting the district's proposed plan of action with reliable data and proven tactics is the best way to handle disagreement during an IEP committee meeting. It is also important to remain calm and justify decisions without becoming defensive.

Which of the following statements about Individualized Family Service Plans (IFSPs) is accurate?

Students with IFSPs have transition meetings to consider re-evaluation and transition to school age services. The Early Intervention team must prepare for the student's transition to school age services. This often includes a meeting with the parent and team as well as consideration of re-evaluation.

Asher is a ten-year-old student with emotional disabilities. He has been participating in inclusive classes at his local school, but the IEP team recommended a therapeutic placement out of district at his most recent IEP meeting. Asher's parents disagree with this recommendation and stated this at his IEP meeting. Which of the following responses is most appropriate for Asher's parents?

Request a due process hearing due to disagreement with Asher's placement. Parents have the right to a due process hearing if they disagree with the IEP team. Parents may also choose to pursue mediation, but this is not required prior to filing for due process.

Julia is a third-grader who has recently been identified as a student with an emotional disturbance. Her initial IEP committee determined that Julia needs a behavior intervention plan (BIP) to help her successfully navigate the school day and function in the general education setting. Which of the following steps is NOT part of the process for drafting and implementing a BIP?

Request outside counseling to prepare Julia for the changes her BIP will necessitate. Scheduled counseling sessions can be an important part of an effective BIP, but preliminary counseling before the BIP is put into effect will serve little purpose in helping to draft an effective plan.

Writing Process - Revising

Reviewing the draft and making necessary corrections for sentence usage, organization, coherence, and audience

Writing Process - Editing

Reviewing the draft for corrections in grammar, mechanics, and spelling

The fifth-grade ELA teacher informs the special education teacher that RtI is a means to place students into special education. All of the following are appropriate responses except:

RtI is the first step to the special education referral process. The key words are "first step." RtI is not the first step for special education services. First, a general or special education teacher, caretaker, or parent observes the student's lack of progress in the general education curriculum, or in social or behavioral interactions based on all assessment data.

Intellectual Disability

Students with an IQ below 70; this will affect all of their academic areas and their ability to care for themselves example Down Syndrome

Validity

The ability of a test or question to measure what it purports to measure

Self-Care

The ability to independently take care of one's self EX:Going to the restroom

Which of the following reflects the legal requirement that must be adhered to when drafting and implementing a functional goal for a student's IEP?

The goal must directly address a known deficit in the student's functional capacity and should be measurable for the purpose of tracking and reporting progress. IDEA specifies that functional goals are to be measured using evaluation procedures that meet the same standards as the other evaluation standards contained in the law.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

The law mandating that all students with disabilities must receive a free and appropriate education that is tailored to their needs and abilities EX:IEP Goals

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

The law mandating that all students with disabilities must receive a free and appropriate education that is tailored to their needs and abilities IEP Goals

VIndividuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

The law mandating that all students with disabilities must receive a free and appropriate education that is tailored to their needs and abilities IEP Goals

A fourth-grade English Language Learner (ELL) is currently identified as having an intermediate level of English proficiency (able to hold simple conversations and understand meanings of basic words in English). The student has been referred for an initial evaluation by the special education due to concerns that her struggles with reading comprehension are not just due to language barriers but may be the result of a learning disability. Which of the following would be most appropriate to consider when referring the student for an initial evaluation?

The student should be assessed in her native language to ensure accurate and valid scores. Due to the student's intermediate level of English proficiency, there may be concerns that assessing her in English only will produce invalid results that are not an accurate representation of her true ability. By assessing her in her native language, the IEP team can determine whether she may have a disability or if limited academic progress is due to language barriers.

What is the best explanation as to why a fourth-grade inclusion teacher would allow students with specific learning disabilities and intellectual disabilities to use manipulatives when solving word problems during a math activity?

The students struggle with math application skills, so using manipulatives allows them to focus on implementing math skills. Manipulatives allow students to focus on solving math problems and focus on application of skills rather than memorization of facts.

The special education teachers on a campus sent out a survey to all parents who have children who receive services through special education. Of the 100 surveys they sent home, 15 were returned from families who speak English and three were returned from families who speak Spanish. The teachers were hoping they would receive at least 20 more surveys from families who speak Spanish based on the demographics of students who participate in the special education program. As the teachers review the responses to the questions on the returned surveys, what should they keep in mind?

The surveys very likely do not reflect the complete input from the families. Because of the low return rate, the teachers need to keep in mind that they do not have a clear voice from parents. There are many families who do not have their voices represented through the surveys.

A fifth-grade teacher has a chart in class showing class jobs. Every student has a job, and the jobs rotate every week. Which of the following is not a benefit of using this approach?

The teacher will not have to manage the classroom because the students will manage the environment themselves. Even with a clear rotation of class jobs, the teacher still holds responsibility for managing the classroom.

A teacher would like her students to develop their phonological awareness. Which of the following activities would best help students develop their phoneme substitution skills?

The teacher writes the word "lake" on the board and says it out loud. She then puts up a picture of a cake next to "_ake" and asks students what sound would fill in the blank. This activity would help students develop their ability to substitute phonemes because they are learning to change the first phoneme in the word from the "l" in "lake" to the "c" in "cake." In this case, one phoneme is being substituted and the rest of the word stays the same. This activity will help students develop their overall phonemic awareness.

Karson is a student in third grade who qualifies for special education with specific learning disabilities in reading and math. Karson often becomes upset with peers and teachers when they ask him to return their property when he takes it, and he challenges students to fight him if they look at him when they should be working. His behavioral challenges are impeding his access to education because he has to be taken away from class after he threatens a student or engages in inappropriate physical contact. Which of the following should be the first step Karson's teachers take in trying to determine the cause of his behavior challenges?

The teachers should fill out an antecedent-behavior-consequence chart and analyze it together. An antecedent-behavior-consequence chart will help the teachers see what happens before a behavior occurs, as the behavior occurs, and after the behavior stops/how it stops.

Before introducing a new text, a teacher leads a discussion about a theme that students will encounter during the reading and asks questions about how the theme is relevant to the students' lives. What is the primary benefit of having a pre-reading discussion?

To help students make connections with the text. By relating the theme to students' lives, the teacher is hoping to provide a connection that will enable the students to more thoroughly understand and appreciate the text.

In order to practice the drafting stage of the writing process, a teacher might ask her students to do which of the following activities?

Write for five minutes about a teacher-designated topic without worrying about structure or grammar. Participating in short, low-stakes freewriting time would provide students with an opportunity to put pen to paper and practice writing paragraphs.

A student with autism and multiple disabilities lives in a rural school district that does not have adequate programming to meet his needs. He will attend school in a nearby urban district with the appropriate program. The parents are unable to provide transportation to the urban LEA program. Does the rural school district need to provide transportation to and from the program at no cost to the family?

Yes, as this is the legal responsibility of the rural school district Students must be provided transportation if needed

Regarding the violations of the Local Education Agency (LEA) code of conduct for students with disabilities and the days of removal, are half-day removals considered a day?

Yes, for students with any disabilities According to legal precedence, removal for any part of the day is considered a day of removal and constitutes a change of placement.

When a child experiences a traumatic brain injury, they also often exhibit:

a change in personality. A traumatic brain injury can cause a change in personality.

Resource Class

a classroom that provides only special education services to students who have been identified as disabled Resource Reading Class

Which of the following is not required to be consulted when developing a transition plan?

a community representative A community representative does not have to be present, but if the school can find someone knowledgeable in local opportunities, it is ideal.

Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) provisions under Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) allow the Local Education Agency (LEA) and the state to implement the term "developmental delay" for students three to nine years old. What does the term refer to?

a delay in one or more area (cognitive, physical, social or behavioral development) A developmental delay is also referred to as "non-categorical" for ages 3-9 years old.

Child Find

a legal requirement that schools evaluate any child that it suspects may have a disability and who may be entitled to special education services Child Find requires school districts to have a process for identifying and evaluating children who may need special education and related services.

Review of Existing Data (REED)

a mandated review of all existing evaluation data including the initial evaluation, any re-evaluations, classroom observations, and standardized testing to determine if dismissal of services is necessary

Word Problems

a math question written as one sentence or more that requires children to apply their maths knowledge to solve a 'real-life' scenario Jack had $10 and spent $4. How much money does he have left?

Latency

a measure of the length of time it takes for a behavior to occur after a verbal cue or inciting incident A teacher times how long it takes for a student to begin working after being reminded to get back on task.

Intensity

a measure of the severity or volume of a behavior when it occurs A teacher notes that over time, with coaching and reminders, an autistic student's verbal self-stimulation has gotten quieter and less disruptive.

The skills of telling time and reading environmental signs are likely to be seen in an IEP for a student in 12th grade who has:

a severe-to-profound intellectual disability. The skills of telling time and reading environmental signs are skills that will help the student navigate their environment before and after graduation.

A student with a learning disability experiences negative side effects from their ADHD medication. Which of the following accommodations may be appropriate for the ARD committee to consider in designing the IEP for this student?

a snack during the morning ADHD medication can affect hunger, so a snack would be an appropriate accommodation.

Which of the following would NOT be an appropriate incentive to offer a fourth-grade student who exhibits impulsive behaviors and blurts out inappropriate comments during class?

a soda Sugary treats like soda and candy should never be given to young students without prior parent permission. Even with parent approval, these rewards may lead to an increase in impulsivity depending on the student's reaction to sugar or caffeine.

Self-Determination

a stage of development where students are encouraged to make their own choices, learn to effectively solve problems, and take responsibility for their own actions As part of the transition services required under IDEA, ARD committee members should focus on the goals of the student and their family and do their best to help them achieve those goals.

A teacher gives a sticker to a second-grade student with an emotional disability each time he uses polite words or raises his hand. At the end of the day, he can trade in his stickers for a prize. What behavioral strategy is the teacher using?

a token-reward system This is a system in which the student is given small tokens for displaying target behaviors, and the tokens can be exchanged for a larger reward.

Thematic Unit

a unit that has an overarching, uniting idea or topic, and incorporates skills into that theme. It can be within one subject-area or support cross-curricular instruction. When teaching the rainforest, Writing - write poems focused on rainforest imagery Research - researching a rainforest related topic Science - lessons about the rainforest ecosystem Geography - studying the locations of rainforests Math - using real-world story problems using the rainforest

Formal Assessments

a usually post-instruction assessment with the purpose of assessing student knowledge, retention, and application. Often involve the use of a standardized rubric or scoring guide based on several criteria. example: chapter tests, semester tests

Graphic Organizer

a visual display of the relationships between facts and ideas Graphic organizers, such as story maps, timelines, venn diagrams and K-W-L charts, help students organize information.

Line Graph

a visual representation of data which shows change over time or in response to a manipulated variable

Children who are eligible in the area of developmental delay have a significant delay (typically defined as 25% decrease in ability in comparison to same-aged peers) in two or more areas of development. Which of the following areas below is not an area in which a child may be identified as having a developmental delay?

academic skills Academic skills are not a classification of developmental delay. Although students with developmental delays often struggle to acquire and demonstrate academic skills, this is the result of other areas of deficit, such as cognitive skills or social/emotional skills.

Assessing the validity of an assessment will help to determine whether the assessment:

accurately measures what it is supposed to measure. A test that is valid accurately measures what it is intended to measure. Tests should be both valid and reliable.

Which of the following best describes a testing accommodation that may be appropriate for a student who experiences panic attacks?

administering the test in a small group setting with familiar test examiner Having the student test in a small group with a familiar examiner will help to reduce anxiety.

The main purpose for a teacher to use formative assessment is to:

allow the teacher to review student responses and make changes to the instructional plan based on the responses. Formative assessments allow the teacher to review student responses as they are collected or observed and change their instructional plan based on the data they have collected.

Jaden is a 16-year-old student who uses a walker. Jaden's reading and math skills are on grade level, but his writing skills are below grade level. Jaden works with an occupational therapist to improve typing speed and handwriting legibility. Which of the following accommodations may be most appropriate for Jaden?

allowing Jaden to circle answers and write responses directly on a test booklet instead of the answer sheet Students with fine motor needs may benefit from answering directly on the test booklet rather than transferring answers to an answer sheet. This may be more appropriate, particularly if there are bubble items which may be challenging for students with fine motor needs.

Paola is an eleventh-grade student who participates in an inclusion classroom for algebra. She has a vision impairment as well as an emotional disability. Which of the following accommodations would be most appropriate for Paola when being administered the state assessment?

allowing Paola to use a large-print test booklet Providing a large-print test booklet will address Paola's visual impairment.

Xavier is a ninth-grade student with a learning disability that affects his ability to solve multi-step problems. Which of the following strategies would best help Xavier solve algebraic equations with one variable?

allowing Xavier to use a checklist with the steps for solving algebraic equations This is an appropriate accommodation for the given scenario; a checklist will help Xavier keep track of what step he is on while solving algebraic equations.

Jonah is a seventh-grade student who has a health impairment due to multiple sclerosis (MS). Jonah's disability causes vision problems, pain, and fatigue. Which of the following accommodations is most appropriate for Jonah during his inclusion English language arts class?

allowing him to listen to audiobook versions of novels or short stories Audiobooks will allow Jonah to focus on comprehension of text by being able to listen as he reads, particularly when he is experiencing vision difficulties or significant pain.

Aaron is a seventh-grade student with a specific learning disability. Aaron's reading comprehension and math reasoning skills are on grade level. Aaron's math calculation skills are below grade level. He is taking a math test which includes word problems. Which of the following accommodations would be most appropriate?

allowing the use of a calculator Since Aaron struggles with math calculations, this accommodation would be most appropriate.

Presentation Accommodation

allows students to access information in ways other than reading standard print lEX:arge print, braille, human reader, audio recording

Presentation Accommodation

allows students to access information in ways other than reading standard print large print, braille, human reader, audio recording

Response Accommodation

allows students to complete assignments in different ways EX:scribe, word processor, calculator, spelling or grammar device

Response Accommodation

allows students to complete assignments in different ways scribe, word processor, calculator, spelling or grammar device

According to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), all committees working on a student's IEP must be comprised of at least one general education teacher responsible for implementing the student's IEP, at least one special education teacher, the student's parent(s), a person trained in interpreting instructional implications of the evaluation results, and:

an administer acting as a representative of the local education agency A representative of the local education agency (LEA) is required for all IEP committees. Additionally, IDEA specifies that this representative be knowledgeable about the general education curriculum and available resources of the school district, and be qualified to provide or supervise the provision of specially designed instruction to meet the unique needs of students with disabilities. Typically, this role is filled by a campus administrator.

Modeling

an instructional strategy in which the teacher demonstrates a concept or skill and students learn by observing When a teacher encounters a difficult word in a text, she thinks aloud to model how she can use the context clues to discover the meaning.

Anxiety Disorder

an overwhelming feeling of panic and worry over situations that aren't considered to be dangerous or threatening EXAMPLE: Some anxiety disorders are related to social situations and the fear of judgment.

Which of the following elements of a lesson plan is most beneficial for Ms. Jackson to use for her ADHD students on an instructional objective related to avoidance behaviors?

anticipatory set This is the correct answer because the anticipatory set occurs at the beginning to engage the students in the topic which is when avoidance behaviors occur.

Average to above average intelligence, difficulty with working memory and executive functioning skills, and challenges with distractibility are characteristic of which of the following conditions?

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Students with ADHD often have average to above average intelligence but demonstrate deficits with executive functioning skills.

Which of the following is the best example of a formative assessment and summative assessment? The answer choices are formatted using the following sequence: formative assessment; summative assessment

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A student with ADHD often has cognitive abilities at or above grade level but performs lower than his/her ability level due to difficulties with attention.

Marcus is an 8-year-old student who reads below grade level and struggles to communicate effectively with peers and adults. He exhibits self-soothing behaviors, including hand-flapping and spinning. Marcus's parents report that he was late meeting several verbal milestones and that he tends to become immersed in singular areas of interest. These traits are most likely related to a diagnosis of:

autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by delays in speech and communication, difficulty adhering to social norms, self-stimulation, and intense focus in narrow areas of interest.

Which of the manipulative materials below would be most suitable for teaching decimal notation to the hundredths place? Select all answers that apply.

base ten blocks Base ten blocks are hands-on manipulatives consisting of a large cube (made up of 1000 smaller cubes), a flat (10 x 10 grid or a 100 square), a long (1 x 10), and a unit cube (1 x 1). Base ten blocks allow the representation of decimals from 0.001 (the smallest cube) to 1 whole (the largest cube). decimal squares Decimal squares are tag-board pictures of 10x10 grids that have portions of the 100 smaller squares shaded. Students are asked to name the decimal represented by the shaded or unshaded area. They see that the sum of the shaded and unshaded areas always equals 100 hundredths or 1. Base ten blocks are hands-on manipulatives consisting of a large cube (made up of 1000 smaller cubes), a flat (10 x 10 grid or a 100 square), a long (1 x 10), and a unit cube (1 x 1). Base ten blocks allow the representation of decimals from 0.001 (the smallest cube) to 1 whole (the largest cube).

A kindergarten student is falling behind as the class progresses through phonetic instruction. She has memorized most of the sound-to-letter pairings, but as the class prepares to move on to more complex letter combinations, the teacher is concerned that she will not be able to catch up without additional help. How should the teacher support this student's phonetic skills development?

by providing additional instruction, either small-group or individualized, on the letters and the corresponding sound(s) New reading skills build on those that were taught before. It is reasonable to anticipate that these gaps will lead to more reading challenges as the skills being taught become more advanced. Giving the student additional instruction and practice now can help prevent those challenges from developing.

A middle school science teacher is establishing routines and procedures on the first day of school. She has students work in assigned small groups to decide what procedures are important for a successful learning environment. First they discuss what made their favorite class from last year successful and then they decide what procedures to include for this year. When they share as a whole group, the teacher praises students who raise their hand to contribute. What type of learning theory is the teacher reinforcing when having students reflect on the previous year?

cognitivism Cognitivism draws on prior knowledge to support new learning and ideas.

A new student from Mexico does not make eye contact with the teacher during one-on-one conversation. The teacher is offended and requests that the student look at her when she is talking. The teacher must understand that this behavior is a result of the student's:

cultural influence. In some cultures, eye contact with adults is considered disrespectful.

A kindergarten teacher is planning a lesson about holidays. When planning the lesson, he considers all holidays that are celebrated by students in his class and how to incorporate aspects of all into the lesson. This teacher is demonstrating an understand of:

culturally responsive instruction. The teacher is demonstrating culturally responsive instruction by incorporating all holidays celebrated by students in the classroom rather than just focusing on one holiday that may be celebrated by most students in the class.

A teacher is preparing for an annual review IEP meeting. Which of the following assessments is most beneficial to determine current levels of academic performance?

curriculum-based assessment Curriculum based assessments will provide the most current information about how the student is performing with the current services. This will help the IEP team to determine whether what is currently in place is working well or if revision is needed.

The length of time in which a student demonstrates a specific behavior is called:

duration. The duration refers to the length of time during which a behavior occurs.

Voice recognition software, such as a speech-to-text program, is of greatest benefit for students with which of the following?

dysgraphia Students with dysgraphia struggle with written expression and mechanics. Providing assistive technology such as a speech-to-text program allows students to share responses verbally which are then recorded as text.

Amir, a ten year old boy with a specific learning disability (SLD), has difficulty with decoding words, phonemic awareness, reading fluency, and comprehending grade level passages that he has read independently. Which of the following disorders is described above?

dyslexia Dyslexia causes difficulty decoding single words or difficulty recognizing the connection between letters and sounds. Students with dyslexia may mispronounce or confuse similar words which impacts reading fluency and consequently decreases comprehension.

An algebra teacher is preparing to introduce the method of completing the square in order to solve quadratic equations. Which of the following concepts is it most important for the teacher to assess, prior to beginning this topic?

factoring trinomials Completing the square is used to form a perfect square trinomial that can be represented as the square of a binomial. Factoring trinomials is a prerequisite skill.

Students are called individually to read a short passage to the teacher. As students read, the teacher marks whenever the student misreads a word. The following chart represents the results for the first 10 readers. Student Number of Errors Percentage Correct Tiffany 5 92% Michael 15 77% Kaz 12 82% Seraphina 4 94% Atlas 16 75% Jordyn 10 85% Izze 8 88% Declan 2 97% Willow 13 80% Johnny 10 85% Based on the data in this chart, the majority of the students are at which reading level for this text?

frustrational For a text to be at the frustrational reading level, a student would read with less than 90% accuracy. The majority of students are reading in the 80% range, which is an example of frustrational reading level.

When designing instruction, it is important to remember that students who have severe intellectual disabilities greatly benefit from participating in a learning environment that utilizes/has:

functional curriculum. Students with severe intellectual disabilities benefit from a functional curriculum because the tenets of the curriculum help them to grow skills that are useful at home, at school, and in the community.

Which of the following would be most beneficial for a student with an emotional disability who has a tendency to leave campus when transitioning between classrooms or from inside to outside?

having a paraprofessional or other staff member accompany the student during transitions Having a staff member accompany the student during transitions would allow the student to remain focused and safe in the event that he/she tries to leave.

In which disability below could an FM device be useful, and how would it be useful?

hearing impairment; the device helps to amplify sound near the transmitter to the receiver An FM device can be used with students who are deaf/hard of hearing, for students who have a hearing impairment, or for students who are deaf-blind. The FM device has a receiver (worn by the student) and a transmitter (placed close to the speaker).

A ninth grader with learning disabilities has severe asthma and controls the asthma with a preventative inhaler and nebulizer treatments during the school day. One day during class, he experiences an asthma attack. Which of the following behaviors may signify that the student is experiencing an asthma attack?

heavy, wheezing breathing Heavy, wheezy breathing is the most frequent characteristic of an asthma attack.

Visual Aids

help students with visual impairments/blindness process visual information Magnifiers or Screen reading software

When a special education teacher is considered "highly qualified," it means they:

hold a bachelor's degree, are certified through their state to teach special education, and demonstrate subject matter competence in the academic subject areas they teach. For a teacher to be considered "highly qualified," they must hold a bachelor's degree, be certified through their state to teach special education, and demonstrate subject matter competence in the academic subject areas they teach.

The transition service section of an IEP contains information pertaining to:

how the student will move from public school to post-graduation and adult life. The transition service section of an IEP contains information pertaining to how the student will move from public school to post-graduation and adult life.

Alexander is a ninth-grade student who is identified as having autism and an intellectual disability. His most recent evaluation indicates that he is functioning on a first grade level. Alexander participates in a self-contained classroom and is instructed using functional curriculum. Which of the following IEP goals would be most appropriate for Alexander?

identifying sight words and using those words to form simple sentences A student who is functioning on a first-grade level may be able to identify simple sight words and write simple sentences using those words.

Mobility Aids

increase student mobility Wheelchair or Walker

A student has a mild hearing impairment and uses an FM system. An anticipated result of the use of the FM system is:

increased access to academic information. An FM system will increase a student's access to academic information by allowing them to hear the speaker with more clarity.

Students in Mr. Carson's third-grade class are often asked to work in small groups. Mr. Carson noticed that students picked the same partners or group members, so other children often felt left out. When he assigned group members, students had difficulty choosing roles and working together, so the workload appeared unbalanced and not all students remained focused. Mr. Carson recently began assigning designated roles to each group member when students complete small group assignments. Which of the following is the most likely benefit to students of this type of classroom?

increased on-task behavior By assigning groups as well as roles and responsibilities, Mr. Carson has taken some of the planning out of the process so that students can immediately begin working together and remain focused on their group assignment. Continue

Below is an excerpt from the Present Level of Academic Achievement and Functional Performance (PLAAFP) for a student named Kevin. Kevin is a 17-year-old tenth-grade student with multiple disabilities (spina bifida, intellectual disability) who receives daily instruction in a self-contained classroom. Kevin is participating in a functional life skills curriculum and is alternatively assessed. Kevin has a full-scale IQ of 55. Kevin is able to read fluently and decode words when given third-grade level texts. He is able to write basic sentences with capitalization and punctuation. Kevin struggles to respond to figurative language questions, but he is able to respond to comprehension questions involving setting and sequence of events when reading first and second grade level texts. Kevin is able to complete addition and subtraction problems involving numbers with up to three digits. He is able to complete one-digit multiplication problems using a calculation. Kevin is unable to complete math problems involving fractions or percentages. Kevin attends all core classes in the self-contained life skills classroom and participates in art and PE with grade level peers when accompanied by a special education teacher or paraprofessional. Kevin enjoys interacting with peers but struggles to initiate and reciprocate conversation. Which of the following settings would be most appropriate to address Kevin's social skills needs?

increased opportunities to participate with peers in general education settings Additional opportunities to interact with same-aged peers will give Kevin real-world experiences and also allow him to learn from the positive social interactions modeled by his peers.

The mathematics teacher and art teacher work together to create an interdisciplinary lesson using tessellations, which are basic geometric shapes set to a repeating pattern. The students cover a large piece of poster board with the patterns they create. Which of the following mathematical concepts is most closely reflected in this activity?

infinity The tessellations will continue in infinity. The teacher is introducing a mathematical concept that does not end, but repeats continually. This is the concept of infinity.

Functional Curriculum

instruction and practice in completing the activities of daily living, usually provided to life skills students The standard activities of daily living include bathing, toileting, cleaning, preparing food, and eating, among others.

When developing measurable post-secondary goals, the IEP committee must review transition assessment data supported by all of the following

integrated employment education D training

Which disability below is most often caused by fetal alcohol syndrome?

intellectual disability Fetal alcohol syndrome is the leading cause of intellectual disability.

The major difference between intellectual disability and deafness is that:

intellectual disability is related to below-average intellectual ability, while deafness is a hearing impairment that is so severe a child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing. Intellectual disability is related to below-average intellectual ability; deafness is a hearing impairment that is so severe a child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing.

Which of the following is a required section of all Individualized Education Programs (IEPs)?

least restrictive environment The least restrictive environment (LRE) is the setting in which the student receives his/her education and services. If a student cannot be fully included with general education peers, the IEP team must provide justification as to why the student needs to be removed from general education peers for a portion of the school day in order to receive services.

which of the following is a required section of all Individualized Education Programs (IEPs)?

least restrictive environment The least restrictive environment (LRE) is the setting in which the student receives his/her education and services. If a student cannot be fully included with general education peers, the IEP team must provide justification as to why the student needs to be removed from general education peers for a portion of the school day in order to receive services.

A student who receives services through special education has been removed from their class to receive a discipline consequence on nine separate occasions. The IEP committee must come together to discuss and document if the behavior of the student is related to their disability and determine if the student's IEP is being implemented correctly in all settings. This meeting is called a/an:

manifestation determination review. The manifestation determination review is a process that determines whether the behavior of the student is related to their disability.

Isaiah and Matthew, who sit at the same table, often talk during independent work time and are the last in class to finish their assignments. They rush to complete their work in the last five minutes so that they can line up to go to computer lab. Their teacher tried walking around the room and praising all of the students who were working, but this didn't change their rate of work completion. Then she started a new policy in which students cannot go to computer lab until their work has been reviewed for completion and accuracy. She reminds students of this rule before giving directions for the independent assignment. What type of technique did their teacher use?

manipulating the consequent stimulus The teacher manipulated the consequent stimulus by adjusting class rules so that students could not go to computer labs (a preferred activity) until their assignments were reviewed for completion and accuracy.

Which of the following disabilities is not included in the 13 disability categories specified by IDEA?

mental retardation In 2010, President Obama signed Rosa's Law which changed IDEA's use of the phrase mental retardation. It is no longer legally recognized and has been replaced by the more appropriate term, intellectual disability.

A middle-school classroom has been working on a rough draft of a descriptive, autobiographical essay. After the first round of teacher review, Mr. Xu projects his draft on the board. Mr. Xu selects a sentence that he feels requires a rewrite. He chooses new adjectives to replace those that he originally used and adds a modifying phrase. Once this is done, he asks students which sentence they prefer, the original or updated. In this scenario, Mr. Xu is using what kind of writing instruction?

modeling In this example Mr. Xu is modelling for students how he would revise his paper to improve description.

A fourth-grade student was recently found to be eligible for special education services as a student with a health impairment. This decision was made at an eligibility meeting, and the student's parents agreed with the decision. The IEP team met to develop and proposed an initial IEP. What is the appropriate next step?

obtain parent agreement and consent to begin services The IEP team must receive parent consent and agreement to the proposed IEP and placement prior to beginning to implement the IEP and provide services.

Which of the following is not a legal responsibility of the special education teacher?

obtaining consent to evaluation on an annual basis This is not a responsibility of the special education teacher because students are typically evaluated on a triennial basis unless there is a reason that the parent or IEP team requests an evaluation earlier.

A student is easily distracted and is often described as lacking focus. The student struggles to organize his materials for school and frequently loses important materials such as pencils, erasers, and notebooks. The student is earning low scores due to missing or incomplete assignments but has not demonstrated any specific delays. Which of the following areas of eligibility may be most appropriate to consider when evaluating this student?

other health impairment Other health impairment is the most appropriate area to consider. The student's behaviors are characteristic of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Peter is an eighth-grade student who has epilepsy. He experiences seizures which range in frequency and intensity. After a seizure, Peter may become fatigued, experience headaches, or may not recall what happened prior to the seizure. According to the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA), his disability falls into which disability category?

other health impairment (OHI) Other health impairment is a category that includes physical and mental impairments that significantly impact one or more major life activities. Epilepsy is an example of a physical health impairment.

traumatic brain injury. Trouble sleeping, slurred speech, and staring off into space — such as during a seizure — can be symptoms of a traumatic brain injury.

pairing vocabulary words with pictures when reading a story aloud A student with a receptive language disorder struggles to understand spoken language or listen closely. Pairing vocabulary words with pictures when a story is read aloud will provide context and help the student to understand the words' meanings.

Mr. Johnson and Ms. Swan co-teach an inclusion middle school language arts class. After reading a short story as a whole group, Mr. Johnson and Ms. Swan split the students into two groups. Each of the teachers takes a group of students and works with that group to complete a post-reading activity and discussion. This type of collaborative teaching is an example of:

parallel teaching. This is an example of parallel teaching since each of the teachers are providing the same instruction, but they have divided the class into two groups to complete the same assignments.

How can students be empowered to assist when they need help physically moving?

place them on their stronger side and provide prompts to help This allows them to have a role in moving.

When a student with emotional behavioral disability needs home and hospital teaching because of a crisis, what parts of the IEP must be changed?

placement Educational placement is determined by calculating the amount of time the student is with nondisabled peers and home/hospital instruction changes the time he is with nondisabled peers.

A group of students in a middle school inclusion social studies class are demonstrating difficulty asking for help when they do not understand a question. The students will often put their heads on their desks or stare out the window until the teachers comes over to prompt them to complete work. What would be the most appropriate way to address this behavior?

practicing ways to ask for help that include verbal and nonverbal signals The students may not be asking for help because they do not know how or are afraid. Using verbal and nonverbal cues will help the students develop self-advocacy skills and find methods that work best for them.

A special education student's IEP contains the following accommodation: During the writing process, the student will organize information using a graphic organizer. At which stage of the writing process does this goal apply?

prewriting Prewriting includes deciding on the central idea/topic of what will be written. It is during this stage that a student would use a graphic organizer to organize his or her information.

Early Childhood Intervention (ECI)

provides services for children with disabilities, developmental delays, or other medical issues that impact their development from birth to age 3

A fifth-grade teacher has a student who is colorblind. The teacher is developing a math test that involves pie charts. Last year's version of the test involved colored sections of the pie, but the teacher edits the graphic so that the pie charts are in black and white with patterns to represent each section. What is the teacher doing by replacing colors with patterns?

providing an accommodation The teacher is providing an accommodation by adjusting the visual graphic so that it is accessible to the student who is colorblind.

A second-grade student has limited use of his fingers and struggles to grasp a pencil for long amounts of time. Which of the following accommodations would be most appropriate for the student?

providing an adaptive pencil with a pencil grip Providing an adaptive pencil with a pencil grip will assist the student with holding the pencil and writing for longer amounts of time.

A special education teacher has a student with a specific learning disability that has been showing regression in collected data when returning from school breaks over the holidays. The teacher is getting worried about summer vacation. The teacher can best advocate for her student by:

recommending that the student receive extended school year during the summer. This is the correct answer because some students may suffer severe losses of social, behavioral, communication, academic, or self-sufficiency skills during interruptions in instruction.

In order for a special education teacher to monitor IEP progress on reading goals on fluency and accuracy for a small group of fourth-grade students, which is the best assessment procedure?

record each student's accuracy and speed on a weekly graph

Ali, a sixth-grade student with learning disabilities, has exhibited some aggressive behaviors. The teacher observed her yelling and pushing her classmates when working in collaborative groups. The teacher consulted with the special education teacher. What is the best response that the special education teacher can recommend?

redirect the behaviors by assigning collaborative group roles specifically for the student and coach the student with specific responses when working in collaborative groups Specific collaborative group roles will provide the opportunity for active participation. Coaching strategies will provide the student with appropriate problem-solving skills that are paramount to her success with collaborative group learning experiences

A third-grade student with learning disabilities requires constant redirection when working in collaborative groups. The teacher requests the special education teacher begin the initial evaluation process. What is the best response to provide the general education teacher?

refer the teacher to the RtI process -_RtI is a process to monitor students' academic and/or behavioral progress based on results-oriented data. RtI is a systematic process for students who are experiencing academic difficulties and who may not meet the grade level achievement standards. RtI is highly qualified instruction grounded in scientifically researched instructional intervention strategies.

Shifting Hearing Impairment

refers to a temporary or fluctuating decrease in hearing which interferes with a student's ability to access the general education curriculum

Which continuum of service model has students with disabilities receive all of their classroom instruction from special education teachers?

self-contained A self-contained classroom is where a special education teacher is responsible for the instruction of all academic subjects. The classroom is typically separated from general education classrooms but within a neighborhood school.

A five-year-old student with autism has a significant aversion to washing his hands. During sessions with the school's occupational therapist, the student practices turning the water faucet on and off. Then he transitions to keeping his hands under the water for 1-5 seconds. Eventually, he is able to wash his hands for 30 seconds while using soap and water. What type of intervention is being implemented for the student?

sensory-integration therapy Sensory-integration therapy is a structured intervention that provides repeated exposure to a sensory stimulation through repetition.

A teacher displays the following paragraphs for her class, and they discuss the differences between the two paragraphs. . I like to eat breakfast tacos. My favorite foods are eggs and cheese. Almost all breakfast tacos have both of those foods inside of them. Sometimes I add salsa. I'm not always in the mood for it to be spicy. I like to eat breakfast tacos because my favorite foods are eggs and cheese. Almost all breakfast tacos have both of those foods inside of them. Sometimes I add salsa, but I'm not always in the mood for it to be spicy. Next, she displays a set of sentence frames that contain a variety of coordinating and subordinating conjunctions. She asks her students to look back in their writer's notebooks to identify examples of each sentence type. Which of the following best describes the writing skill the teacher is supporting with this lesson?

sentence variety The teacher is demonstrating the difference between the first paragraph that uses only simple sentences, and the second that uses compound and complex sentences. The model and the sentence stems are being used to encourage student use of a variety of sentence types in their writing.

Which of the following methods would be an effective way for a parent to establish a home environment that encourages academic achievement for a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

set clear rules, limits, and expectations A student with ADHD will benefit from clear rules, limits, and expectations. It may be helpful to post specific family rules where the student can see them and review rules and expectations often.

A six-year-old student who is nonverbal has had an augmentative communication evaluation. This student recognizes letters and common pictures but does not yet read. Which of the following assistive options may be most appropriate?

single-meaning pictures This type of device has a word association with each picture and does not require literacy skills.

In a self-contained model, services to students with disabilities are provided in:

small group setting with students with disabilities. A small group setting in which services are provided to a group of students with disabilities is a self-contained model.

The core qualities of life that should be considered when determining programming for students with severe disabilities are emotional, physical, material well-being, human rights, and:

social inclusion. Social inclusion is a core quality of life that should be considered when determining programming for students with severe disabilities.

A kindergarten student who has displayed aggression watches his peers take turns at recess. Over time, he begins playing appropriately with peers. Which of the following theoretical approaches is demonstrated in this situation?

social learning theory Social learning theory asserts that children learn by observing and imitating others.

A first-grade student is working on the problem 11 + 9. His teacher observes him as he draws 11 circles, then 9 more circles, and then counts the total. As he is counting, he counts one of the circles twice and gets an answer of 21. His teacher encourages him to try another strategy to check his work. Which of the following is a reasonable method that the student should choose?

solving the problem using a number line A number line is a good way for first-grade students to represent addition and subtraction problems. Using the number line would be an effective way for the student to check his work.

The results for a student who has been tested for special education eligibility show that the student has a discrepancy between achievement and ability, specifically in the areas of reading and math. The student likely has a disability of:

specific learning disability. When a student has a discrepancy between ability and achievement in specific subject areas, they likely have a specific learning disability.

An individual education plan (IEP) has many components. Some of the required components are listed correctly below, with the exception of:

specific programs to be used. An IEP should not list specific programs to be used.

A severe hearing impairment is most likely to primarily affect a child's development in which of the following ways?

speech errors related to pronunciation or voice A student who has a significant hearing impairment may mispronounce words or demonstrate difficulties with voice volume or rate of speech.

The Woodcock-Johnson IV Test of Cognitive Abilities may be administered as part of a multi-disciplinary process for consideration of all of the following disabilities except:

speech/language impairment. It would be more appropriate to administer a speech/language evaluation such as the Goldman Fristoe Test of Articulation (GFTA-3) or Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals (CELF-5) when considering speech/language impairment.

Clara is a student with special needs who spends approximately 75% of her day in a resource room with a special education teacher and 25% of her day in a general education classroom. The general education teacher comes to the special education teacher with questions about how to help Clara succeed. Which of the following topics would be the most beneficial for the two teachers to discuss?

strategies and accommodations that the special education teacher uses with Clara This would be the most beneficial topic for the teachers to discuss, because the general education teacher would then be able to utilize the same strategies and accommodations that have already shown to be effective with Clara.

A student is attempting to determine the pronunciation and meaning of a word while reading a sentence. Which of the following could help with this unfamiliar word? Select all answers that apply.

structural analysis Structural analysis is breaking up a word and using the recognizable pieces and would help in decoding. contextual analysis Contextual analysis is the use of surrounding information in a text to help determine a word's meaning. This would work well with decoding skills to ensure that a new word has been deciphered correctly.

Which of the following considerations would NOT be included in the process of determining whether or not a student is eligible as having an emotional disability?

student's adherence to a medicine and therapy regime While medicine and therapy may be beneficial for some students, the IEP team cannot require a student to take medicine or pursue therapy outside of school, and this cannot be used as a basis for whether or not the child is eligible for services.

A second-grade teacher wants to improve his student's reading fluency. Which activity would be an effective way to achieve this goal?

supervised oral reading Teacher-supervised oral reading is one of the best ways to monitor multiple skills associated with fluency, and allows for immediate teacher intervention and correction.

Ben's inclusion social studies class is studying the Industrial Revolution. Students are reading a chapter in an electronic textbook and reviewing electronic versions of magazine and newspaper advertisements from the time period. Ben has cerebral palsy and often experiences pain from eye strain. Which of the following types of assistive technology would be most beneficial for this activity?

text-to-speech software Text-to-speech software will allow Ben to independently select when to have the computer read text aloud if he is experiencing pain from eye strain or fatigue.

In reviewing all of the available data, the IEP committee determines that positive behavioral interventions and behavioral supports are needed to increase a student's academic achievement. These interventions should be documented in which of the following?

the IEP The IEP must note the student's present level of performance and the measurable annual goals including the LEA, district, and state assessments to determine and monitor progress within the general education curriculum as supported by the accommodations.

Phoneme Segmentation

the ability to break down a word into separate sounds, as they say and count each sound How many sounds are there in the word bug? /B/ /u/ /g/? There are three.

Phoneme Isolation

the ability to can hear and recognize the individual sound in words What is the first sound you hear in dog? /d/

Expressive Language

the ability to express meaning through language

Onset and Rime Production

the ability to hear and understand that the sound(s) before the vowel in a syllable is the onset, and the vowel and everything that comes after it in a syllable is the rime In the word cat, the onset is /c/ and the rime is /at/

Syllable Awareness / Syllabication / Syllable Segmentation

the ability to hear individual parts/syllables of words "Education" has four syllables "ed-u-ca-tion"

Phonemic Awareness / Sound Awareness

the ability to hear, identify, and re-create individual sounds in spoken words A student can hear that"B" makes first sound in the word "blue"

Phoneme Addition

the ability to make a new word(s) by adding a phoneme to an existing word What new word can you make by adding a sound to the beginning of at? Bat, cat, rat, and sat.

Letter Recognition

the ability to name the letters in the alphabet and identify the characteristics of each letter Letter recognition requires direct instruction that connects the letter shape to the letter name.

Phoneme Manipulation

the ability to perform phoneme deletion, addition, and substitution.

Reading Comprehension

the ability to read a text and understand its meaning Jessie read the book and was able to explain to me why the character lied in Chapter 3.

Phoneme Deletion

the ability to recognize and understand a word or sound(s) that remain when a phoneme is removed. "What is bat without the /b/?" "at"

Phoneme Substitution

the ability to substitute one phoneme for a different one replace the first sound in 'bug' with 'r' . Rug

Receptive Language

the ability to understand meaning from language

A kindergarten teacher incorporates the use of Big Books into the daily lesson, pointing to each word as she reads. Which of the following would this activity best reinforce?

the concept that oral language is represented by text Watching the teacher point to words while she reads would reinforce the concept that writing corresponds to what the teacher is saying aloud.

The Local Education Agency (LEA) is required to conduct a Review of Existing Evaluation Data (REED) for all of the following reasons except:

the student is experiencing fewer behavior issues in class Improved behavior is a positive change, but it does not require the LEA to conduct a REED.

After discussing the components of multiple charts, tables, and graphs together in class, a 6th-grade teacher divides her class into pairs to analyze the data. She then has them imagine the graphic had been included as part of an informational text and asks them to predict what the topic and content of that text would be. What is the instructional goal of this lesson?

to prepare students to interpret information that has been presented in various formats This lesson exposes the students to information in various formats and is meant to help them understand the data. It also provides a chance for them to imagine how the information relates to a larger idea. This will help students interpret graphic representations of information that they will likely encounter in expository texts.

Throughout the week, a kindergarten teacher chooses a new student to have a one-on-one discussion with. During this discussion, the teacher writes down parts of their conversation, sometimes creating lists together or generating notes to parents from the student. The most likely purpose for these writings is:

to reinforce the concept that words and print carry meaning. The teacher is able to reinforce the idea that print carries meaning by providing students with a written copy of what they've discussed. Generating lists, notes, or stories together helps students connect written and spoken words.

Nonviolent Crisis Intervention Training

training for professionals to de-escalate behaviors through nonverbal and verbal techniques to ensure the safety and welfare of the students and staff A signal that a student uses to step outside when feeling anxious

During back-to-school inservice, the third-grade teaching team is planning their weekly schedule. What factors should be considered as they create a schedule? Select all answers that apply.

transition times and activities Minimizing transition times maximizes learning. creating a similar routine day to day Creating a routine helps students establish routine and feel successful.

The parents of a four-year-old student report to the teacher that their child had a busy weekend attending a family birthday party with a bounce house and has had trouble sleeping. The teacher notices the child has slurred speech — when he did not before — and stares into space at different moments of the day. It is possible that the child experienced a:

traumatic brain injury. Trouble sleeping, slurred speech, and staring off into space — such as during a seizure — can be symptoms of a traumatic brain injury.

A fifth-grade science teacher wants to determine if the reading from the textbook and some assigned outside readings are on the correct reading level for her students. She asks the campus reading specialist what she can do to find out if the materials are on the instructional reading level, in particular with several students who are English Language Learners. Which of the following is the most likely response by the reading specialist about how to decide the appropriate reading level?

tudents read aloud a passage of 80 words while the teacher counts to see if they make more than 8 errors in their reading. For reading that is challenging but manageable, as in many textbooks, students should not miss more than 1 word out of every 10 to be on their own instructional reading level.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

type of behavioral disorder characterized by an individual's ucooperative, hostile, and/or defiant responses to peers, parents, teachers, and other authority figures

Conduct Disorder (CD)

type of behavioral disorder in which a child exhibits antisocial behavior, either by disregarding social norms when interacting with others or refusing to engage socially with peers or adults

Braille

type of printing using raised dots to represent letters, allowing students with severe visual impairment to read by touch

Which of the following supplementary aides will best assist a student with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who has demonstrated deficits in executive functioning skills and is working to improve those skills?

using checklists to break lengthy assignments into smaller chunks The use of checklists will help the student to identify a sequential process to complete assignments and remain focused on each individual portion.

Mrs. Jones is a fourth-grade reading specialist and has been asked by a number of teachers how to enhance the comprehension skills of their students, especially with expository text. Mrs. Jones checks for the teachers' understanding of various comprehension strategies. Which one of the following responses is NOT a comprehension strategy?

using phonological awareness skills Phonological awareness is when a student can hear distinct sounds, words, and/or syllables. They don't necessarily comprehend these words even if they do figure out how to pronounce them.

A third-grade student with a degenerative neurological disorder and dysphagia requires an adult to assist with feedings. Which of the following would be most important for a special education teacher to know?

what type of consistency a student's food and liquids should be This is the correct answer because diet modification is necessary to understand the value and use of modified food and drink consistencies such as puree, mechanical soft, pudding-thick, nectar-thick, honey-thick and thin; and being able to educate others about diet modifications for safe swallow.

Which of the following behaviors is more often seen in girls with depression than in boys with depression?

withdrawal Withdrawal is a symptom of depression that is more prevalent among teenage girls.

Verbal Representation

word problems and verbal descriptions of how to solve a problem or what the solution means "We know that Sam gets $10 each week for allowance, so let's make that a constant. And we know that Sam wants to save $150 to buy a new bicycle, so that's a constant, too. But, what we don't know is how long does Sam need to save - let's make that X. So the equation is 10x = 150."

Sight Word

word that cannot be decoded because it doesn't follow standard phonics rules and must be recognized by sight of, was, the, would

Mia is a first-grade student with a learning disability and is struggling with the concept of subtraction. On her assignments, she frequently adds two numbers, regardless of whether the problem calls for addition or subtraction. Her teacher has tried asking Mia to circle the addition or subtraction symbol before solving the problem, but Mia continues to add numbers rather than subtract. Which of the following would be the most appropriate strategy for the teacher to take next?

working with Mia in a small group in which students use unifix cubes to show the act of adding and subtracting two numbers by joining and separating the cubes Most likely, Mia doesn't understand the conceptual difference between addition and subtraction. Unifix cubes are an appropriate tool to use in this scenario. These manipulatives will help provide Mia with a more concrete understanding of the processes of addition and subtraction and the difference between the two operations.

A student is asked to find the y-intercept of a line. What formula does the student need to use?

y = mx + b In this formula, b represents the y-intercept. A student could use this formula to find the y-intercept of a line by solving for b.