2.5 AP World

List TWO specific impacts (of Islam) for each region below: South Asia (I listed all here, but only 2 on the actual packet)

- Before Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism were popular. - After Islam arrived, Buddhists converted more readily than Hindus because they were disillusioned by the corruption among Buddhist priests. - With its emphasis on equality, Islam also attracted lower-caste Hindus. - Urdu language had influences from Sanskrit-based Hindi, as well as from Arabic and Farsi, a Persian language. - Bhakti poets and missionaries sought links between Hinduism and Islam.

List TWO specific impacts (of Islam) for each region below: Southeast Asia

- Muslim rulers on Java combined Mughal Indian features, local traditions, and Chinese-Buddhist and Confucian traits. - Traditional Japanese stories, puppetry, and poetry absorbed Muslim characters and techniques.

List TWO specific impacts (of Islam) for each region below: Africa (I listed all here, but only 2 on the actual packet)

- Swahili language is a blend of Bantu and Arabic and is still widely spoken today - Timbuktu became a center of Islamic learning - Leaders of African states deepened Islamic ties through pilgrimages to Mecca

Black Death

A plague/epidemic that killed many Europeans and caused econmic decline in Europe.

What was the impact of his (Ibn Battuta's) writing?

After telling his tales to the Sultan of Morocco, Battuta was told to "dictate an account of the cities which he had seen in his travel, and of the interesting events which had clung to his memory, and that he should speak of those whom he had met of the rulers of countries, of their distinguished men of learning, and of their pious saints." His book "A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Traveling" provides a wealth of detail about the places he visited and their cultures.

How did traveler's tales become popular?

As exchange networks intensified and literacy spread as a result of paper and printing technology, an increasing number of travelers within Afro-Eurasia wrote about their journeys for eager readers.

What was his (Ibn Battuta's) Point of View?

Battuta had the point of view of a Muslim devoted to his faith. His journey was in large part to learn as much as he could about Islam and its people and accomplishments.

How did it (Buddhism) spread to China?

Buddhism came to China from its birthplace in India via the Silk Roads, and the 7th-century Buddhist monk Xuanzang helped make it popular.

Zen Buddhism

Buddhist doctrines fused with elements of Daoist traditions

List FIVE examples of technology that spread through diffusion:

Champa rice, papermaking/printing technology, lateen sails, magnetic compass, and gunpowder.

What was his (Marco Polo's) Point of View?

Chinese cities impressed Polo. Polo's point of view as a merchant kept him focused on trade-related matters.

Where was she (Margery Kempe) from and where did she travel to?

English mystic Margery Kempe (c. 1373—c. 1440), whose "The Book of Majgery Kempe" was one of the earliest autobiographies in English, if not the first, could neither read nor write. She dictated her book to scribes who wrote down her descriptions of her pilgrimages to Jerusalem, Rome, Germany, and Spain.

Margery Kempe

English woman who wrote about her travels to Jerusalem, Rome, Germany, and Spain. Represented the perspective of a medieval woman, and wrote one of the first autobiographies.

Neo-Confucianism

Fused rational thought with the abstract ideas of Daoism and Buddhism and became widespread in Japan, Vietnam, and Korea.

Generally, in which ways did cultural diffusion in c. 1200-1250 effect places?

Goods, people, and ideas traveled with relative freedom through the networks of exchange in Afro- Eurasia in the years between c. 1200 and c. 1450. Technological developments were diffused by trade. Literary and artistic interactions and cultural exchanges were documented by travelers.

How was Hangzhou similar to Timbuktu/Calicut in being a center of trade?

Hangzhou was the center of culture in southern China, the home of poets such as Lu Yu and Xin Qlji, and other writers and artists. Located at the southern end of the Grand Canal, it was also a center of trade. Like other important cities of the era, such as Novgorod in Russia, Timbuktu in Africa, and Calicut in India, the city grew and prospered as its merchants exchanged goods. This trade brought diversity to Hangzhou, including a thriving community of Arabs.

Where was he (Marco Polo) from and where did he travel to?

In the late 13th century, Marco Polo, an Italian native from Venice, visited the court of Kublai Khan. He traveled throughout China and wrote about his travels after returning to Italy in 1295.

Marco Polo

Italian who wrote about his travels in China. Sparked interest in other cultures.

What does it mean that Japan and Korea were "countries in China's orbit"? Why would they adopt Confucianism and Buddhism at this time (think back to the Song Dynasty)?

Japan and Korea were heavily influenced by China and adopted many of the Chinese's beliefs and traditions at the time. This includes Confucianism and Buddhism.

What factors contributed to the decline of cities like Constantinople and Kashgar?

Kashgar declined after a series of conquests by nomadic invaders and in 1389—90 was ravaged by Tamerlane. Another once-thriving city, the heavily walled Constantinople in present-day Turkey, also suffered a series of traumatic setbacks. Mutinous Crusader armies weakened Constantinople after an attack in the Fourth Crusade in 1204, and in 1346 and 1349, the bubonic plague killed about half of the people in Constantinople. After a 53-day seige, the city finally fell to the Ottomans in 1453, an event some historians believe marks the end of the High Middle Ages.

How did technology spread?

Literary works, math, paper making techniques, medicinal practices, agricultural innovations, seafaring technology, astronomy studies, gunpowder and guns, along with other science and technology traveled the trade routes.

What has the impact of his (Marco Polo's) writing?

Many Europeans refused to believe his descriptions of China's size, wealth, and wonders. Only when other Europeans followed Polo's route to China did people widely accept that China was prosperous and innovative, Polo's captivating descriptions of the customs of the people he met intrigued Europeans. He wrote extensively about the high levels of urbanization he saw in the 13th century.

What was Zen Buddhism and why was is popular?

Monks related Buddhism to familiar Daoist principles, and in time Buddhist doctrines fused with elements of Daoist traditions to create the syncretic faith Chan Buddhism, also known as Zen Buddhism.

Ibn Battuta

Muslim scholar who wrote about his travels through Central Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, China, Spain, North Africa, and Mali.

How was Neo-Confucianism significant to East Asia?

Neo-Confucianism, first appearing in the Tang Dynasty but developing further in the Song Dynasty, fused rational thought with the abstract ideas of Daoism and Buddhism and became widespread in Japan and Vietnam. It also became Korea's official state ideology.

What was the impact of her (Margery Kempe's) writing?

She does relate details of her travel experiences, such as being so overcome by the sight of Jerusalem as she approached it that she nearly fell off her donkey. However, her book is also significant because it is a firsthand account of a middle-class medieval woman's life.

What was her (Margery Kempe's) Point of View?

She is a middle-class medieval woman. In her book, Kempe conveys both the intense spiritual visions and feelings of her mystical experiences and the trials of everyday life for a woman with 14 children.

Diffusion

Spread of something (typically cultural aspect like religion) from its place of origin.

What did Marco Polo's writings show?

Thanks, in part, to the writing of Marco Polo, historians have a good picture of the city of Hangzhou in China. It shows how trade supported urbanization.

How did printing impact Buddhism in China? How was literature itself impacted?

The development of printing had made Buddhist scriptures widely available to the Confucian scholar gentry. Buddhist writers also influenced Chinese literature by writing in the vernacular rather than the formal language of Confucian scholars, a practice that became widespread.

In Korea, who studied which religion and why?

The educated elite studied Confucian classics, while Buddhist doctrine attracted the peasants because peasants wanted the ability to social climb, which confucianism does not provide.

Explain the intellectual and cultural effects of the various networks of exchange in Afro-Eurasia from c. 1200 to c. 1450

The intellectual and cultural effects of the various networks of exchange in Afro-Eurasia include cultural exchange, religious exchange/influence, growth of governments/empires because of trade, and innovations and education.

What was the Black Death?

The plague, referred to as the Black Death, was introduced to Europe by way of trading routes. A major epidemic broke out between 1347 and 1351. Additional outbreaks occurred over the succeeding decades. As many as 25 million people in Europe may have died from the plague.

How does the Khmer Empire (Angkor Wat) evidence religious diffusion?

The royal monuments at Angkor Thom are evidence of both Hindu and Buddhist cultural influences on Southeast Asia. Hindu artwork and sculptures of Hindu gods adorned the city. Later, when Khmer rulers had become Buddhist, they added Buddhist sculptures and artwork onto buildings while keeping the Hindu artwork.

What evidence do we have that Buddhism had a strong influence (in Southeast Asia)?

The sea-based Srivijaya Empire on Sumatra was a Hindu kingdom, while the later Majapahit Kingdom on Java was Buddhist. The South Asian land-based Sinhala dynasties in Sri Lanka became centers of Buddhist study with many monasteries. Buddhism's influence was so strong under the Sinhala dynasties that Buddhist priests often advised monarchs on matters of government. The Khmer Empire had both Hindu and Buddhist cultural influences.

How and where did Islam spread?

Through merchants, missionaries, and conquests, Islam spread over a wide swath ofAfrica, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.

How did it (Hinduism and Buddhism) spread to Southeast Asia?

Through trade, the Indian religions of Hinduism and Buddhism made their way to Southeast Asia as well.

What factors contribute to the growth of cities?

Trade, cultural exchange, location, amount of travel through that area, and leaders are all factors that contribute to the growth of cities.

Where was he (Ibn Battuta) from and where did he travel to?

When he was just 21 years old, Ibn Battuta (1304—1353), a Muslim scholar from Morocco, set out to travel. He traveled through Central Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, China, Spain, North Africa, and Mali, mainly to Muslim lands.

What was its (the Black Death's) impact of the world of this time?

With drastically reduced populations, economic activity declined in Europe. In particular, a shortage of people to work on the land had lasting effects on the feudal system. Also, exposure to new ideas from Byzantium and the Muslim world would contribute to the Renaissance and the subsequent rise of secularism.