2501 Exam III

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in

remembering graduating from college

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories.

remote

If we conducted a sentence verification experiment, which of the following reaction time results would be predicted by the Collins and Quiliian model? (More than one answer may be correct.)

- "An eagle is a bird" is equal to "An emu is a bird" - "A fish has gills" is faster than "A fish has eyes

Which of these examples illustrates the pattern of progressive differention observe during human development? (More than one answer may be correct.)

- The distinction between pine and oak is learned after the distinction tree and fllower. - The distinction between plant and animial is learned before the distinction between dog and cat.

Which of the following is a characteristic of an explicit memory task but not an implicit memory task?

- it requires intention to remember - it requires conscious recollection

Which of the following is not impaired in amnesia? (More than one answer may be correct.)

- repetition priming - implicit memory - STM - learning new motor skills

Which of the following are heuristics? (More than one answer may be correct.)

- satisficing - availability

In the connectionist model of semantic memory, similar concepts are represented by.

- similar patterns of activation - nearby points in state space

According to the complementary learning systems theory, the computational characteristics of the hippocampal system including which of the following? (More than one answer may be correct.)

- sparse coding - less susceptible to interference than cortical system

Classical utilty theory assumes that a rational decision maker is fully informed about which of the following? (More than one answer may be correct.)

- the probability of each outcome given each option - the benefits of each outcome - the costs of each outcome - the possible options

In what order would the facts listed below most likely be lost? (1 = first, 3 = last)

1. An ostrich can't fly. 2. An ostrich has wings. 3. An ostrich has skin.

If a test to detect a disease whose prevalence is 1/1000 has a false positive rate of 5%, what is the chance that a person found to have a positive result actually has the disease, assuming that you know nothing about the person's symptoms?

2%

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrate the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3)

583; 653; 518 msec

The rule of the Wason four-card problem is, "If there is a consonant on one side, then there is an odd number on the other side." Let's say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing

8 and M

Which of the following statements is a true statement about the contrast between anterograde and retrograde amnesia?

Anterograde amnesia involves impaired memory for events that occurred after the onset of amnesia whereas retrograde amnesia involves impaired memory for events that occurred before the onset

Given its definition, expected utility theory is most applicable to deciding whether to

Buy first class or coach tickets for a spring break trip

Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people

Can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side

If you consider anything that involves comptetition, physical movement, and a set of rules a 'sport', which theory of semantid memory most closely matches your way of thinking?

Classical

Which theory is incompaible with a family-resemblance approach to semantics?

Classical

Match each type of process with the normative rules associated with that process

Deductive reasoning: Propositional logic Inductive reasoning: Laws of probability Decision making: Classical utility theory

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _______ approach to categorization.

Definitional

Which of the following approaches is most closely realted to modern data science?

Distrinutional semantics

Research suggests that the _____ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents).

Exemplar

According to the standard theory of consolidation (as presented in the lecture videos), consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of neural circuits such that

Features of an event stored in different cortical regions are initially bound together by a hippocampal representation but eventually become associated by direct cortico-cortical associations

H.M.'s amnesia was the result of a surgery that involved lesioning which part of his brain?

Hippocampal system

A man suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?

Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable?

Lydia is a US congresswoman

Sanfey et al (2003) founs that irrational decisions (as defined by classical utility theory) were associated with the activation of brain regions associated with

Negative emotion

The hidden units in the connectist model of use ___ coding.

Population

Research in neuroeconomics has found that the function of the may be to deal with the cognitive demands of a given task, while the is responsible for handling emotional goals such as presenting an unfair outcome Research in neuroeconomics has found that the function of the may be to deal with the cognitive demands of a given task, while the is responsible for handling emotional goals such as presenting an unfair outcome

Prefrontal cortex; insula

The links in a propositional network represent:

Relationships

Indicate whether ach of the following properties is more closely associated with Type 1 or Type 2 processes.

Relatively fast responses: Type 1 Stronger impact of emotion: Type 1 Activation of brain regions involved in pattern recognition: Type 1 Relatively slow responses: Type 2 Greater reliance on working memory: Type 2 Activation of brain regions involved in executive function: Type 2

___________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale.

Systems

The conjunction rule states that

The probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?

Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.

Which of the follosing is a true statements about Hennian and error correction learning.

Unlike Hebbian learning, error correction learning is based on the difference between the activation of an output node and its target values.

Match each of these brain regions with its role in declarative memory:

Various regions in the neocortex: storage and knowledge Medial temporal lobe: binding and consolidation Prefrontal cortex: executive function The amygdala: emotion

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I study, then I'll get a good grade. Premise 2: I didn't study. Conclusion: Therefore, I didn't get a good grade. This syllogism is an example of:

denying the antecedent

Which of the following statements is true about the neural bases of procedural memory?

different kinds of procedural memory are supported by different brain systems

Derrick purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Derrick says to his girlfriend, "Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can't remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently." Derrick's judgment is most likely biased by a(n)

availability heuristic

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of _____ in which an error signal is transmitted from output units towards the input units.

back propagation

Simon's theory of ___ is based on the observation that human decision making reflects both practical limitations and psychological constraints.

bounded rationality

How is cognitive economy represented in the following example? The property _____ is stored at the _____ node.

can fly; bird

One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

connectionist

If a system has the property of graceful degradation, this means that

damage to the system doesnt completely disrupt its operation

If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using _____ reasoning.

deductive

The belief bias is an example of a systematic pattern of behavior observed in tasks requiring

deductive reasoning

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during

delay.

Josiah is trying to decide whether or not to take a new job in a new city. Heis worried that if he takes the job and fails, he will suffer from intense anxiety and depression. This is an example of

expected emotion

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

facilitates the response to another stimulus

True or false: Amnesia caused by damage to the medial temporal lobe involves a loss of personal identity.

false

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is

family resemblance

Which of the following represents a basic level item?

guitar

Items high on prototypicality have ____ family resemblances

high

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _____ reasoning.

inductive

The validity of a syllogism depends on

its form

In the semantic network model, a specific category is represented at a

node

By using a(n) , a country could increase the percentage of individuals agreeing to be organ donors dramatically.

opt-out procedure

Utility refers to

outcomes that achieve a person's goals

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that

people are not conscious they are using it.

The application of a(n) ____ makes it easier to solve the "drinking beer" version of the Wason problem.

permission schema

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's ___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.

prefrontal cortex

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory.

procedural

Which approach to categorization involves forming a representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

prototype

Violations of the conjunction rule often occur in tasks requiring

reasoning under uncertainty

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ___________ memories.

recent and remote episodic

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on

reconsolidation

Irrational reasoning is reasoning that

results in a conclusion that differs from the one that would be generated by normative rules

Consolidation occurs during which stage of memory?

storage

If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level.

subordinate; basic

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories.

the hippocampus

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is _____ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."

the same as

The primary difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia concerns whether:

the to-be-remembered event occurred before of after damage to the hippocampus.

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that

when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.