#3
increase age of mother or father
a factor that increases the probability of having a baby with down syndrome is -increased age of mother or father -parents use of tobacco -parents use of alcohol -a defective XY chromosome pattern
The ongoing longitudinal study in Kauai shows that the effects of low-birthweight, birth injuries, and other birth complications can be counteracted by
a favorable home environment
post mature
a fetus not yet born as of 2 weeks after the due date of 42 weeks after the mother's last menstrual period.
Change and stability in mental abilities, such as learning, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, etc. would constitute which type of development?
Cognitive
Juan's teacher is concerned that he is behind his fellow classmates in computational ability. Juan's teacher is concerned about which domain of human development?
Cognitive
The perspective on human behavior that is concerned with thought processes and the behavior that reflects those processes.
Cognitive
Marcus is 14 months old and having great difficulty when left with the babysitter. His separation anxiety is an example of interaction between which two types of development?
Cognitive and social
Chromosomes
Coils of DNA that consist of genes.
Latrice was born with an extra fold of skin at the corners of her eyes, a small head, protruding tongue, and mental retardation. She probably has
Down syndrome
The most common chromosomal abnormality that takes place in the autosomes is
Down syndrome
Prenatal development occurs in the following order: zygotic, embryonic, and fetal.
False
Recessive inheritance occurs only when a person receives two heterozygous alleles, one from each parent
False
True or false? Karen was adopted at the age of one. When she is given an IQ test at age 21, her score is likely to be most similar to the IQ of her adoptive mother.
False
True or false? According to Erickson's psychosocial theory, a teenage girl would be facing the crises of industry versus intimacy.
False- identity vs identity confusion
True or false? A long-lasting change in behavior as a result of experience or adaption to the environment is called cognition.
False- learning
True or false? According to psychosocial theory, 4-year old Austin would be in the latency stage.
False- phallic
True or false? A person's observable characteristics are his or her genotype.
False- phenotype
In egalitarian households, the __________ role in gender socialization seems especially important.
Father's
The world outside the self and the learning that comes from experiences in this world constitute The world outside the self and the learning that comes from experiences in this world constitute
environment.
According to the New York Longitudinal Study, 40 percent of children exhibit a temperamental pattern described as
easy
The "Adult Attachment Interview" developed by Mary Main is designed to
elicit memories of childhood attachment.
During which prenatal stage do the major body systems and organs develop?
embryonic
During which stage is an unborn baby most vulnerable to prenatal environmental influences and most at risk for miscarriage or spontaneous abortion?
embryonic
Jen is in the 4th week of pregnancy and is told it is a critical time. She is in the ______ stage.
embryonic
The thickened mass of cells on the blastocyst from which the baby will develop is called the
embryonic disk.
Which technique mentioned in your text may be successful in stemming the tide of premature deaths in the United States?
enhanced prenatal care
Adoption studies of intelligence indicate that
environment has some impact, but less so than heredity
One way that Kristen can reduce risks to her unborn baby during pregnancy is to:
exercise regularly
Diana Baumrind's 4 Dimensions of Parenting
expressions of warmth: the degree to which the caregiver displays affection and approval strategies for discipline:the degree to which caregiver is restrictive and whether discipline rules are explained communication: whether a parent listens patiently or demands silence expectations for maturity: the standards a parent has for a child's ability to be responsible and have self-control
Dizygotic twins
fraternal twins are the result of two separate eggs being fertilized by two different sperm to form two unique individuals. Genetically, they are like siblings who inhabit the same womb at the same time, and they can be the same or different sex.
Places in the neonate's skull where the bones are not completely fused are called the
fontanels
Researchers study infants' information processing by considering all of the following EXCEPT
language development.
which muscles would a baby gain voluntary control over first during development
muscles in the neck
When Bill first sees his newborn daughter, he is surprised to find her body covered with dark hair. This fuzzy coat is called
lanugo
when bill first sees his newborn daughter he is surprised to find her body covered in dark hair this is
lanugo
The specialization in function of the hemispheres of the cerebrum is called
lateralization.
The view by society that it is desirable to have only two children is an example of
macrosystem
The amount of time a baby spends looking at different sights is a measure of visual preference that is based on the ability to
make visual distinctions.
Moderate anxiety and pregnancy
may even spur organization of the developing brain.
Frequent visits to the hospital nursery by parents of a low-birth-weight baby
may speed the baby's discharge
Frequent visits to the hospital nursery by parents of a low-birth-weight baby
may speed the baby's discharge.
Learning theorists are most concerned with
measurable, observable behaviors
According to which of the following theories do humans have an innate capacity tp acquire language?
nativism
Failure to meet a child's basic needs is
neglect
Doctors have found that increasing a woman's folic acid consumption by just 5 milligrams each day reduces the incidence of __________ by 85 percent.
neural tube defects
Research on visual-tasks memory demonstrates that very young infants
pay more attention to new patterns than to familiar ones.
The __________ is among the last regions to attain adult levels of synaptic connections.
prefrontal cortex
When brain damage occurs to the __________, recovery is limited.
prefrontal cortex
A 9 month old infant who cries when the mother leaves is showing
speration anxiety
Insufficient intake of folic acid during pregnancy increases the risk of having a baby A with
spina bifida
Insufficient intake of folic acid during pregnancy increases the risk of having a baby with
spina bifida.
Which of the following is likely to be heaviest at birth?
2nd born male
(T/F) Dizygotic twins have the same genetic makeup
False
(T/F) Growth and development before and after birth are erratic and unpredictable
False
(T/F) Monozygotic twins tend to have less variation within the developmental reaction range than do dizygotic twins
False
(T/F) The basic until of heredity is the neuron
False
The fact that language development proceeds in a very standard, sequenced manner in nearly all children, suggests that language development
Is highly canalized
85th & 95th
New guidelines regarding obesity and overweight place a child as overweight when they fall between the blank and blank percentile of BMI
Negative correlation
The more Hank eats, the less hungry he feels. The type of correlation between his food intake and his hunger is a:
implantation
The attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall, occurring at about day 6.
Little Ethan can grasp a rattle but not yet walk. This differentiation in abilities is an example of
The cephalocaudal principle.
Cognitive theorists
Theorists who support a focus on children's understanding as opposed to observable behavior are:
A child with high self-esteem would
Volunteer to help someone else
fraternal
Twins formed by the fertilization of two ova by two sperm
which brain region shows the most rapid growth during first year of life
cerebellum
Parental alliance
crucial birth factors
Infants first communicate their emotions by
crying
Katrina is in labor. She is being attended by an experienced helper who offers emotional support. This person is a
doula
If one allele in a pair of genes differ in some way from the other, the genes are said to be:
heterozygous
Pragmatics
know what to say to whom
LBW
less than 5 ½ pounds
Slow-to-Warm-Up Child
inactive shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli is negative in mood adjusts slowly to new experiences
The unfolding of a natural sequence of physical changes and behavior patterns describes
maturation.
Folic acids effects
results in neutral tub defects which are more common in certain ethnic groups
Feeding reflexes
sucking, cheek is brushed, swallowing, crying
A teacher is helping to direct and organize Jay's learning with blocks to help him master and internalize his skills. This reflects Vygotsky's notion of
zone of proximal development
static reasoning
thinking that nothing changes
The first sense to develop is the sense of
touch
According to the research study cited in the text book, your temperament seems to primarily determined by:
your genotype
Germinal stage
1st two weeks are cell zygote to begin to develop
The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding until age __________, with solid foods added at __________.
2 years;6 months
The human gestational period is approximately _______ weeks in length.
38
Today about _____________ percent of mothers with children under age three work outside the home.
60%
Umbilical cord sampling (cordocentesis, or fetal blood sampling) (uses and advantages)
Allows direct access to fetal DNA for diagnostic measures, including assessment of blood disorders and infections, and therapeutic measures such as blood transfusions.
Define fetal alcohol syndrome.
Combo of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities
teething
At about 3 or 4 months of age infants begin grabbing a putting into their mouths what are they can reach this action is the start of the process of
(T/F) Down syndrome is an extremely rare chromosomal abnormality
False
True or false? One of the principles of life-span development identified by Baltes (1987) is that development end with childhood
False
5 1/2 pounds
Low birthweight is defined internationally as a body weight of less than:
Susan seems to have a natural musical talent and chooses to spend her time with other musicians. This is an example of:
Niche-picking
diabetes and pregnancy
Offspring of mothers with diabetes are 3 to 4 times more likely than offspring of other women to develop a wide range of birth defects .
Maternal blood test can reveal all but which of the following?
Gestational age of the fetus
Which of the following statements is true?
Rough-and-tumble play peaks in middle childhood
Joan has the most common lethal genetic defect among white people and will probably not live to be 30 years of age. Joan suffers from a. PKU. b. cystic fibrosis. c. spina bifida. d. Tay-Sachs.
b. cystic fibrosis.
During which prenatal stage do the major body systems and organs develop? a. fetal b. embryonic c. germinal d. terminal
b. embryonic
Harlow and Harlow's work with infant monkeys showed that the infants were most interested in receiving_____from surrgoate mothers
bodily contact
lower in us than most industrialized countries
The infant mortality rate is
(T/F) More males are spontaneously aborted than females
True
reflex behaviors
automatic, involuntary, innate responses to stimulation
centration
focusing on one aspect and ignoring other important aspects
situational compliance
follows orders with prompting and reminders
Traits that are affected by many genes are:
influenced through polygenic inheritance
Fetal Period
third month
True or false? Most persons with Down syndrome can function to some degree in society
true
Apgar Scale
used to assign a score of 0-2 to newborn's heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color and relaxes a minute and 5 minutes after birth
According to Erikson, which virtue develops from successful resolution of the crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt?
will
What are disorders in their offspring that may be linked to older fathers?
- Dwarfism - Schizophrenia - Bipolar disorder - Autism
Genes
Basic unit for heredity
Recessive gene
A gene whose influence can be hidden by a more powerful gene
17 hours or more a day
A typical newborn sleeps:
What are miscarriages commonly caused by?
Abnormal pregnancies
During which developmental period does a person make the transition from childhood to adulthood, while at the same time searching for a personal identity?
Adolescence
Which one of the following children is at greatest risk of SIDS?
Curt, who is 3 months old and has a teenage unmarried mother who smokes
Fertilization takes place in the:
Fallopian tube
(T/F) Most human characteristics are the result of a single gene
False
According to Gardner, Monette, who is a salesperson for a prominent retail store, will rely most heavily on which type of intelligence at her job?
Interpersonal
Which of the following is an indicator for the risk of schizophrenia?
Fetal undernourishment
18
For how many hours a day does the average newborn sleep
According to your text, what is the potential downside to the brain's plasticity?
It means the brain is unusually susceptible to potential hazards and teratogens.
The process of a lifelong development that can be studied scientifically is known as what?
Life-span development
Heterozygous
Possessing different alleles for a trait.
Babies first wave their arms, then move their hands toward objects, and finally use their fingers. This is an example of whihc principle of development?
Proximaldistal
The pattern of development that proceeds from the central part of the body to the outer parts is
Proximodistal.
gender differences
Psychological or behavioral differences between males and females
Which approach attempts to measure intelligence quantitatively?
Psychometric
Which of the following is NOT one of the newer approaches to studying cognitive development?
Psychometric approach
Any consequences of a behavior that increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.
Reinforcement
babbling
Repeating consonant-vowel strings, such as "ma-ma-ma-ma."
Qualitative research
Research data that is open-ended and not easily transferable to numbers
A plan for conducting a scientific investigation is a
Research design
Toilet training
Research indicates that starting training before 18 months is often related to slower completion
Put to sleep on their backs
Research on SIDS shows that babies should be:
Qualities of a good preschool
Teachers who are responsive to children's needs and low teacher-child ratios are:
plescity
Technical term for the growth of the brain that results from experience is
Which of the following is NOT a predictor of adjustment for a child whose parents divorce?
Temperament
Environmental factors that may produce birth defects are called
Teratogens
Concordant
Term describing the tendency of twins to share the same trait or disorder.
Heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color, and reflexes
The 5 characteristics evaluated by the Apgar scale:
more
Monozygotic twins tend to be blank concordant then dizygotic Twins and IQ certain personality patterns and cholesterol levels
antibiotics and Aesthetics and prenatal care
The dramatic reduction in Risk surrounding pregnancy and childbirth has resulted from
20 - 21 weeks
The loss of the fetus is identified as a stillborn birth after how many weeks of gestation
Accidents
The most common causes of death for children worldwide are:
Neglect
The most common form of child maltreatment is:
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (risks and notes)
No known risks.
Sex Chromosomes
Pair of chromosomes that determines sex: XX in the normal human female, XY in the normal human male.
Children who see their heroes and villains on TV getting what they want through violence are likely to conclude that
They could use aggressive methods to get their own needs met.
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Todd runs around the classroom, can't seem to sit still or concentrate, and is easily excited. He may diagnosed as having:
(T/F) Through genetic counseling, prospective parents can receive information about the mathematical odds of having children odds of having children with certain birth defects
True
(T/F) Through genetic testing, certain birth defects like Tay-Sachs disease are on the decline
True
According to your text, the human genome, which contains the complete sequence of genes in the human body, is analogous to
a library
Which of the following is most likely to be a 2-year-old's favorite word? Select one: a. "no" b. "go" c. "mine" d. "eat"
a. "no" Correct
The neonatal period is the first __________ of life. Select one: a. 4 weeks b. 8 weeks c. 6 months d. year
a. 4 weeks
Tasha has just given birth to healthy twins. One of the twins has an X and Y chromosome, while the other has two X chromosomes. These twins are a. monozygotic. b. dizygotic. c. unizygotic. d. either monozygotic or dizygotic.
b. dizygotic.
A baby who says "da-da-da-da" is
babbling
Research on fetal hearing indicates that fetuses
can differentiate between different tones.
The most frequently stated cause for Down syndrome is
an accident in chromosome distribution
The various states of arousal and activity that an infant demonstrates are regulated by
an internal "clock."
involuntary smiles
appear at birth; result of brainstem activity
Which of the following describes the path sperm travel after they enter the women's body through the vagina?
cervix, uterus, Fallopian tube
Tanya's doctor has prepared fher for the possibility that her babt has a large head and may have to be delivered by surgical delivery through an incision on Tanya's abdomen. This method of birth is called a
cesarean section
Young children's relationships with their siblings are usually
characterized by affection and attachment.
The impact of technological developments such as video games, computers, and the Internet are considered
normative history-graded influences.
The first stage of childbirth
consists of the dilation or widening of the cervix
Joan has the most common lethal genetic defect among white people and will probably not live to be 30 years of age. Joan suffers from
cystic fibrosis.
New York Longitudinal Study
defines infants as easy 40%, difficult 10%, slow to warm up 15%, and hard to classify 35%
8 week process
determine sex
One of the criticisms of Freud's work is that he ____________________.
did not scientifically test concepts of id and superego
The most pressing fear for very small babies is that they will
die in infancy
Uninvolved (Indifferent)
do whatever you want emotionally detached from child and is unconcerned with child's needs they are low in restrictiveness and low in warmth
When tall homozygous pea plants are crossbred with homozygous short pea plants, the resulting hybrids are tall, but in the next generation, one out of four plants is short. This experiment demonstrates Mendel's law of
dominant inheritance.
first trimester
during which period of pregnancy are babies most vulnerable to drugs taken by the mother? -first trimester -second -third -none of these
Laurence and Kristina, pregnant with their first child, have read about their baby's development and learned that their baby will grow more rapidly during the _____ than at any other time.
first month after conception
Studies of brain development indicate that
growth of brain cells increases in response to environmental stimulation
Final three month development
heavy focus upon weight gain, development in neurological
A strongly canalized trait is one that
is affected little by environmental conditions
The left hemisphere of the brain is primarily involved with
langauge and logical thinking
LBW and VLBW effects
low birth weight/typically standard"
Which of the following would be considered the most highly canalized trait at birth?
sequence of motor development
Permissive
sets few limits on child's behavior either moderately nurturing or cool and uninvolved
Authoritative
sets limits on child's behavior explains the reasoning behind these limits combine a high degree of control with warmth, acceptance, & encouragement of autonomy
Insufficient intake of folic acid during pregnancy increases the risk of having a baby with
spina bifida
A woman who becomes obese during pregnancy runs the risk of all the following pregnancy complications EXCEPT
spina bifida.
Habituation studies provide information on all of the following except
strength of sucking reflex
The ability of both infants and caregivers to respond appropriately to the signals about each others emotional states is known as
synchrony (mutual regulation)
Drugs known to be potentially harmful when taken during pregnancy include
synthetic estrogen. ibuprofen. Accutane, an acne medicine
A person's characteristic way of approaching and reacting to people and situations defines their
temperament
An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is his or her
temperament.
lateralization
tendency of each of the brain's hemispheres to have specialized functions.
In human development class, Tasha and Gregg learned that it is the chromosomes of __________ that will determine the sex of the child they hope to have together.
the father
In human development class, Tasha and Vladimir learned that it is the chromosomes of __________ that will determine the sex of the child they hope to have together.
the father
the best estimate of a child's physical maturity is __________.
the skeletal age
Between birth and two years,
the sleep-wake pattern increasingly conforms to a night-day schedule
Chromosomes
threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carry genetic information in the form of genes
low birth weight
weight of less than 5.5 pounds at birth because of prematurity or being small-for-date.
In a longitudinal study of the effects of parental counseling and educational day care on low-birthweight babies, a control group of low-birthweight infants who did not receive these interventions
were more likely to be classified as mentally retarded
The Infant Health and Development Program study also concluded that the most important factor that determined long-term progress was
what goes on in the home itself
gender refers to
what it means to be male or female
caregiver
one who makes sure the baby/child gets everything that they need
Auditory discrimination develops __________ after birth.
rapidly
Of all motor skills, __________ may play the greatest role in infant cognitive development.
reaching
The genetic-environment correlation where children with different genetic composition evoke responses from adults that strengthen the child's genetic inclinations is called
reactive correlations
Recessive inheritance occurs only when a person receives two _____ alleles; one from each parent.
recessive
attachment
reciprocal and enduring bond between child and caregiver
An example of telegraphic speech is
"want cookie"
A method of medicated delivery that allows a women to feel sensations and move her legs so she is able to participate in childbirth is the
'walking epidural"
Secure attachment
A child being willing to explore a new environment in the presence of the caregiver is a sign of:
It is inadvisable for a mother to breastfeed if she is
AIDS-infected
A person's genotype may include the ability for musical giftedness. Which of the following experiences will encourage expression that musical talent?
Access to musical instruments/lessons
Identifying with their fathers
According to Freud, little boys cope with the guilt of wanting to kill their fathers by:
300-500 additional calories
According to the test approximately how many extra calories should a woman consume each day during pregnancy
Suppose you are a health-care worker who is examining a child with the following symptoms: facial and bodily malformations, a short attention span, hyperactivity, and motor impairments. Which drug would you suspect that the child's mother took during pregnancy?
Alcohol
Which of the following do doctors recommend about the use of alcohol during pregnancy?
Alcohol should be avoided entirely throughout the whole pregnancy.
Aside from genetics, which of the following appears to affect an individual's temperament?
All of these (Parental responses, life experiences, cultural factors)
Which of the following statements is true
All of these (concern with body image; girls are more concerned with body image than boys; children are likely to be overweight)
In recent years there has been a rise in multiple births. This rise is a result of
All of these (delayed childbearing, increased use of fertility drugs, and assisted reproduction)
Agar scale
An assessment of the newborns appearance pulse reflex activity and breathing is called
Working memory
As Jose walked to school with Tony, he saw Tony's notebook in his backpack. Jose rushed back to his house to retrieve his own notebook containing his homework. Jose's sensation on seeing Tony's notebook became a perception, which then triggered Jose's:
Authoritarian parenting
As a father, Mr. Wallace rates low on nurturance and communication and high on maturity demands. He exhibits:
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Chemical that carries inherited instructions for the development of all cellular forms of life.
Approximately how many genes are contained in the human genome?
20,000
A normal human being has ______ pairs of chromosomes
23
Each sperm and each egg contains _____ chromosomes
23
How many pairs of chromosomes does the normal human being have?
23 pairs (46 total)
Secondary circular reactions
A baby sticks out his tongue and another person laughs. The baby joins in the laughter and deliberately sticks out his tongue again. Piaget would call this:
Which of the following statements about environmental influences is NOT true?
Children growing up in the same family have the same environment.
Multifactorial Transmission
Combination of genetic and environmental factors to produce certain complex traits.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Combination of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities affecting the offspring of some women who drink heavily during pregnancy
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Combination of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities affecting the offspring of some women who drink heavily during pregnancy.
Umbilical cord
Connects embryo to placenta
Effective punishment
Consistency, age-appropriateness, and as soon after the infraction as possible are all qualities of:
Which scientific goal is reflected by stating that most children take their first steps at about a year?
Describe
According to the text, which form of attachment between a caregiver and baby seems to be the LEAST secure?
Disorganized-disoriented
Genotype-Environment Interaction
Effect of the interaction between genes and the environment on phenotypic variation.
During which prenatal stage do the major body systems and organs develop?
Embryonic
basic trust vs. basic mistrust
Erikson- first stage, in which infants develop a sense of the reliability of people and objects; which gains the virtue of hope
An in-depth case study of a culture or subculture is an __________ study.
Ethnographic
Internalizing problems
Excessive guilt, shame, or sense of worthlessness constitutes this sort of issue:
Which of the following statements is true of prenatal care?
Experts believe that more emphasis should be placed on proper prenatal care even before women get pregnant.
increase age of mother or father
Factor that increases the probability of having a baby with Down Syndrome is
Which of the following is NOT a common reaction of children of divorce?
Happiness that the parents' fighting is over
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Fatal disease usually found in males, marked by muscle weakness; minor mental retardation is common; respiratory failure and death usually occur in young adulthood.
XO (Turner)
Female; short stature, webbed neck, impaired spatial abilities, no menstruation, infertility, underdeveloped sex organs, incomplete development of secondary sex characteristics.
Who is most resistant to sex-linked recessive disorders?
Females
A zygote is created when a sperm and an egg combine in the fallopian tube to form a single cell. This process is referred to as
Fertilization
The process by which male and female gametes combine to form a single-celled zygote is known as:
Fertilization
A zygote is created when a sperm and an egg combine in the Fallopian tube to form a single cell. This process is called _______
Fertilization/Conception
fetal stage
Final stage of gestation (from 8 weeks to birth), characterized by increased differentiation of body parts and greatly enlarged body size.
Melissa has had two miscarriages and is understandably anxious about her third pregnancy. She realizes that a miscarriage, or spontaneous abortion, is most likely to occur in which trimester of the pregnancy?
First
Rubella has the greatest potential for damage when it is contracted during which period of a pregnancy?
First 11 weeks
germinal stage
First 2 weeks of prenatal development, characterized by rapid cell division, blastocyst formation, and implantation in the wall of the uterus.
During which period of pregnancy are babies most vulnerable to drugs taken by the mother?
First trimester
phallic stage
Freud's third stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure
According to your text, which lobe of the brain is most undeveloped in terms of its functioning during infancy?
Frontal
In which stage of prenatal development does the fertilized ovum become implanted in the wall of the uterus?
Germinal
The developing organism is one week old and is attaching to the walls of the uterus. This is the _____ stage.
Germinal
The fertilized ovum divides and implants in the wall of the uterus during which stage of gestation?
Germinal
conventional social gestures
Gestures such as waving goodbye or nodding the head to signify "yes," taught to a child by an adult or older child.
symbolic gestures
Gestures that function much like words and are symbolic of the desired concept, such as blowing to mean hot
representational gestures
Gestures that represent the desired action directly, such as holding an empty cup to one's mouth to signify wanting a drink.
6-8 weeks
Sexual differentiation in human embryos normally occur during the blank after conception
According to your text, an infant born at 41 weeks of gestation, weighing only 5 pounds, would be described as
Small-for-date.
The single greatest factor for low-birth-weight babies that could be prevented is
Smoking.
Christa, a rather demonstrative 7-year-old, hits her brother for laughing at her and feels guilty about it afterward. According to Freud, Christa's guilty feelings reflect the operation of the
Superego
Obesity in children
TV watching, lower SES, and an inactive lifestyle are all factors of:
genotype-environment correlation
Tendency of certain genetic and environmental influences to reinforce each other; may be passive, reactive (evocative), or active. Also called genotype-environment covariance.
Genotype-Environment Correlation
Tendency of certain genetic and environmental influences to reinforce each other; may be passive, reactive (evocative), or active. Also, called genotype-environent covariance.
Maternal blood test (uses and advantages)
May indicate defects in formation of brain or spinal cord (anencephaly or spina bifida); also can predict Down syndrome and other abnormalities. Permits monitoring of pregnancies at risk for low birth weight or stillbirth.
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Metabolic disorder resulting in mental retardation.
Which muscles would a baby gain voluntary control over first during development?
Muscles in the neck.
Which of the following most clearly demonstrates the influence of environment?
Patty, who was adopted at the age of 2, walks like her adoptive mother.
Permissive
Paul is unhappy and lacks self-control. His parents most likely exhibit what parenting style?
Mutations
Permanent alterations in genes or chromosomes that usually produce harmful characteristic but provide the raw material for evolution.
Temperament is linked to biological patterns that appear in infancy
Research on temperament and personality indicates that:
A psychological disorder marked by loss of contact with reality and demonstrating symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, which also seems to have a strong genetic component is:
Schizophrenia
Decreasing egocentrism
School-age children move toward more flexible logic as a result of:
embryonic stage
Second stage of gestation (2 to 8 weeks), characterized by rapid growth and development of major body systems and organs
Alpha thalassemia
Severe anemia that reduces ability of the blood to carry oxygen; nearly all affected infants are stillborn or die soon after birth.
Of the following, the child likely to exhibit the SMALLEST reaction range for the trait of intelligence is the one born with
Severe brain damage
Red-green color blindness, hemophilia, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy are all types of
Sex-linked recessive disorders
What drug, previously banned in the United States for causing serious birth defects when taken during pregnancy, has been made available in other countries to treat AIDS, certain cancers, and various other illnesses?
Thalidomide
Reasons that breastfeeding isn't as popular as it should be
The American Academy of Pediatrics cites lack of societal support, physician apathy/misinformation, and marketing by formula companies as:
best milk or iron fortified formula for 12 months or longer
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants should be given which of the following to eat
A cultural phenomenon
The fact that American babies usually sleep in a room separate from their parents is an example of:
has a broad reaction range
The fact that language development precedes and a very standard sequence Manor in nearly all children suggests that language development
primary circular reactions
The first of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving the infant's own body. The infant senses motion, sucking, noise, and other stimuli and tries to understand them.
widening dilation of the cervix
The first stage of childbirth is
If you stroke the palm of a newborn's hand with your finger, what will happen?
The hand closes tighly
If you stroke the palm of a newborn's hand with your finger, what will happen?
The hand closes tightly.
Threshold effect
The level at which a certain teratogen becomes harmful is known as:
Fragile X syndrom
The most common form of inherited mental retardation
Cultural norms
The most likely reason that parents would choose a co-sleeping arrangement for their infant:
died in infancy
The most pressuring fear for very small babies is that they
Multidirectional
The notion that development involves gains and losses that do not always occur in a straight line exemplifies this characteristic of life-span development:
secondary circular reactions
The second of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving people and objects. Infants respond to other people, to toys, and to any other object they can touch or move. Between baby and something else
sex chromosomes
The twenty-third pair are sex chromosomes—one from the father and one from the mother—that govern the baby's sex.
Reactive
The type of aggression that tends to be characteristic of 2-year-olds is:
Authoritarian
The type of parenting style that is more common as income falls:
Babinski reflex
The way an infant toes fan upward when her foot is stroked is called:
"Mourning a Miscarriage or Stillbirth" suggests which of the following?
The way in which these situations are handled is culturally constructed.
(T/F) Nutrition, physical activity, smoking, and drinking are all important prenatal influences involving the mother
True
(T/F) Siblings tend to be more different than alike intelligence and personality
True
(T/F) The male parent's chromosome determines the sex of the child
True
(T/F) The phenotype is a person's observable characteristics
True
True or False? Passive genetic-environment correlations function only when a child is living with a biologically related parent.
True
true or false? Searching out meaning in life is a characteristic of late adulthood.
True
Holly is an older female who has begun taking fertility drugs in the hopes of becoming pregnant. If Holly were to become pregnant, she has an increased chance of having
Twins
Holophrase
Using the word "more" to mean, "I want another cookie" is a:
Imitating her vocal and facial expressions
Victor and Rosa want to enhance their synchrony with their 6 month old daughter. They can do this best by:
Ken and Stacy are the new parents of a very low-birth-weight baby. Due to its small size, the baby must remain in the hospital for several weeks. What advice is a doctor likely to give Ken and Stacy?
Visit the baby frequently and massage the baby to stimulate development.
Within each cell nucleus are coils of DNA called a. genes. b. human genomes. c. chromosomes. d. zygotes.
c. chromosomes.
Rosa and Ricardo were advised that if Rosa would eat well, abstain from smoking, not use drugs, and get prenatal care, she would _________ her chances of having a low-birth-weight baby. Select one: a. not affect b. increase c. decrease d. completely eliminate
c. decrease
Latrice was born with an extra fold of skin at the corners of her eyes, a small head, protruding tongue, and mental retardation. She probably has Select one: a. Turner's syndrome. b. Klinefelter's syndrome. c. Down syndrome. d. hemophilia.
c. down syndrome
Goodness of fit
When parents find a way to provide a smooth interactions between their child's temperament and his social, familly, and school life, they have achieved:
Engage in physical play
When playing with their children, fathers are more likely than mothers to:
According to the New York Longitudinal Study, 40 percent of children exhibit a temperamental pattern described as Select one: a. difficult. b. slow-to-warm-up. c. easy. d. mixed temperament.
c. easy. Correct
Tanya's doctor has prepared her for the possibility that her baby has a large head and may have to be delivered by surgical delivery through an incision in Tanya's abdomen. This method of birth is called a
cesarean section.
Habituation refers to __________.
a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to receptive stimulation
Jackie says "milk," meaning "I want some milk." When his mother pours it, he says "milk," meaning "This is milk." After taking a sip, he pushes his cup toward his mother and says "milk," meaning "Do you want my milk?" This is an example of
a holophrase
Children who experienced marasmus or kwashiorkor display __________.
a more intense stress response
The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale examines
alertness, reflexes, and control.
Genes that produce alternative expressions of a characteristic are:
alleles
it is influenced primary by heredity
although jeans adoptive parents are quite short, he is growing to be quite tall like his biological mother. what might we conclude about jean Paul's height? -it is influences primarily by the positive environment of the adoptive family -it is influences primarily by heredity -nutrition did not influence his height -it is primarily a result of independent segregation
Dan begins crying before his mother leaves during the Strange Situation test. When she returns, he leans toward her but kicks and squirms when she picks him up. He appears to be
ambivalent
Dan begins crying before his mother leaves during the Strange Situation test. When she returns, he leans toward her but kicks and squirms when she picks him up. He appears to be
ambivalent.
A researcher studies the relationship between family income and achievement motivation. A correlation of +1.20 is found. From this, the researcher can conclude that
an error was made in calculating the correlation.
environment has some impact, but less so than heredity
adoption studies of intelligence indicate that -environment is a very small factor -environment is more important than heredity -environment has some impact, but less so than heredity -genetic influence is very slight
state of arousal
an infant's physiological and behavioral status at a given moment in the periodic daily cycle of wakefulness, sleep, and activity.
According to researchers, the development of basic trust versus basic mistrust occurs through the infant's interactions with
any important caregiver
According to your text, when does development start?
at conception
Fertilization
aka conception, is the process by which sperm and ovum—the male and female gametes, or sex cells—combine to create a single cell called a zygote
Which of the following are NOT recommendations associated with preconception care?
diagnostic x-rays
Screaming as your little brother drops a spider into your lap is a(n) _____ response.
emotional
conscience
emotional discomfort about doing something wrong; ability to refrain from doing something wrong; refraining because they believe it is the right thing to do
Two-year-old Jacob took the pacifier away from his baby sister, making her sad and causing her to cry. When his mother explained how the baby felt and insisted that he return the pacifier, she was teaching Jacob
empathy
Two-year-old Jacob took the pacifier away from his baby sister, making her sad and causing her to cry. When his mother explained how the baby felt and insisted that he return the pacifier, she was teaching Jacob
empathy.
The portion of the embryonic disk that eventually becomes the digestive system and the respiratory system is the
endoderm.
A newborn's hearing is
fairly acute, and has been since before birth.
12 week process
fetus has all of its body parts. Weighs about 30oz
Places in the neonate's skull where the bones are not completely fused are called the
fontanelles
neonatal jaundice
condition, in many newborn babies, cause by immaturity of live and evidenced by yellowish appearance; can cause brain damage if not treated promptly.
Rosa and Ricardo were advised that if Rosa would eat well, abstain from smoking, not use drugs and get prenatal care she would ____ her chances of having a low-birth baby
decrease
Rosa and Ricardo were advised that if Rosa would eat well, abstain from smoking, not use drugs, and get pernatal care, she would______her chances of having a low-birth-weight-baby.
decrease
Meredith watches her mother pour water out of a glass into the sink. The next day, at the beach, Meredith pours water from a cup into a pail. Meredith is engaging in
deferred imitation.
During Erikson's cirsis of basic trust versus mistrust, a child
determines whether or not he or she can rely upon the world
During Erikson's crisis of basic trust versus mistrust, a child
determines whether or not he or she can rely upon the world
A pregnant woman's use of cocaine or methamphetamines increases the risk to her fetus of all of the following EXCEPT
obesity.
Lenny searches for a toy that he saw his mother hide, first behind her back and then under a pillow. Lenny has acquired
object permanence.
A child who calls a dog a "bow-wow" and also calls a cat a "bow-wow" is
overextending.
Fran says" Yesterday, I sitted on the floor" This is an example of_____grammatical rules
overregularizing
Fran says, "Yesterday, I sitted on the floor." This is an example of __________ grammatical rules.
overregularizing
Natural or prepared childbirth can minimize the need for
painkilling drugs.
Approximately two weeks before Elizabeth's due date, her obstetrician told her that the uterine and cervical changes that bring on labor had begun. This process is referred to as
parturition
Approximately two weeks before Elizabeth's due date, her obstetrician told her that the uterine and cervical changes that bring on labor had begun. This process is referred to as
parturition.
Marlin has been asked to go on a blind date with his friend Roger's sister. If Marlin wants to know facts like hair color, body type, etc., Roger will need to describe his sister's
phenotype.
The partial expression of a recessive gene in a heterozygous pair is called
incomplete dominance.
dishabituation
increase in responsiveness after presentation of a new stimulus
mutual regulation
infant and caregiver responding to each other's emotional states
small-for-date infants
infants whose birth weight is less than that of 90 percent of babies of the same gestational age, as a result of slow fetal growth.
Traits that are affected by many genes are
influenced through polygenic inheritance.
protective factors
influences that reduce the impact of potentially negative influences and tend to predict positive outcomes
In the Infant Health and Development Program study those assigned to the "intervention group" received all of the following except
information about children's health and development
According to Erikson, which of the following is the central issue of early childhood?
initiative vs guilt
personal agency
knowledge that one can do things on their own
which theory is language acquired by imitation and reinforcement of specific sounds?
learning theory
The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe has significantly altered most government institutions there. According to the ecological approach, the government changes are changes in people's
macrosystem.
electronic fetal monitoring
mechanical monitoring of fetal heartbeat during labor and delivery
According to Noam Chomsky, a language acquisition device is a(n)
mechanism that enables the brain to infer linguistic rules from the language they hear
Sperm and egg are created through a cell-division process known as:
meiosis
The startle reflex is also called the ____ reflex
moro
The startle reflex is also called the _____ reflex.
moro
Which of the following statements about persons with Down syndrome is TRUE?
most can function to some degree in society
A few days after birth, a baby develops a yellowish tinge to the skin and eyeballs. These symotoms indicate_____, which is due to immaturity of the______.
neonatal jaundice; liver
Synaptogenesis refers to an increase in the:
number of connections between neurons in the brain
A pregnant woman's use of cocaine or methamphetamines increases the risk to her fetus of all of the following EXCEPT
obesity
Older Maternal age and pregnancy
the chance of miscarriage or stillbirth rises with maternal age. In fact, the risk of miscarriage reaches 90 percent for women age 45 or older Women 30 to 35 are more likely to suffer complications due to diabetes, high blood pressure, or severe bleeding. higher risk of premature delivery, retarded fetal growth, birth defects, and chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome.
Theory-Theory
the idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories
self-concept
the image of ourselves
You tell your parents that in college you wish to study the science of genetics. What will be the focus of your study?
the inborn, inherited factors that affect development
A possible strength associated with poverty would include
the increased number of meals eaten together.
cesarean delivery
the transmission of HIV from the mother to the newborn baby many be reduced by the use of -methadone -codeine -cesarean delivery -vaginal delivery
Oedipus complex
the unconscious desire of young boys to replace their father and win their mother's exclusive love
Electra complex
the unconscious desire of young girls to replace their mother and win their father's exclusive love
conserve
the understanding that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same even when their outward appearance changes stretching carmels -still the same size
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and pregnancy
the virus may cross over to the fetus's bloodstream through the placenta during pregnancy, labor, or delivery or, after birth, through breast milk.
ecological theory of perception
theory developed by Eleanor and James Gibson, which describes developing motor and perceptual abilities as interdependent parts of function system that guides behavior in varying contexts.
Low-birth-weight newborns are usually placed into a warmed crib because
they have insufficient fat deposits to keep themselves warm.
Infants identified as shy and inhibited are seen as
thin and blue-eyed.
Primitive streak
thin line in the middle of outer layers of cells which will become the neutral tub and ultimate the brain-spinal column
Emmett, at 4 months of age, smiles, signaling that he wants to be picked up. According to Tronick's mutual-regulation model, if his mother fails to pick him up, Emmett will probably
try another way of getting her attention, like crying
Characteristics of early speech include all of the following EXCEPT
use of motherese
Characteristics of early speech include all of the following EXCEPT
use of motherese.
visual guidance
use of the eyes to guide movements of the hands or other parts of the body.
Visual recognition in infancy is often measured
using habituation.
The method of childbirth experienced by the vast majority of mothers is a __________ delivery.
vaginal
Lukas was shown two toys at the same time. He looked for a short time at one and then turned to look at the other. This quick shift in attention shows that Lucas has good
visual-recognition memory.
According to your text, complex normal behavior is the result of
polygenic inheritance
According to your text, complex normal behavior is the result of...
polygenic inheritance
Alex is now in her forty-third week of pregnancy. Her unborn baby is considered to be
post mature
Which childbirth technique substitutes voluntary or learned physical responses for the fear and pain?
prepared
synchrony
process by which infant and caregiver communicate emotional states to each other and respond appropriately
integration
process by which neurons coordinate the activities of muscle groups.
gender differences
psychological or behavioral differences between males and females that originate in a particular culture
Riley doesn't want to share her new toy with the other children at preschool. Riley is struggling with her ___________ development
psychosocial
Which of the following is a normative age-graded influence
puberty and menopause
In operant conditioning, a stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response is called a __________.
reinforcer
Julie readily leaves her mother to explore her surroundings, occasionally looking toward or touching her mother. Julie appears to be
securely attached
Which sense is the least developed at birth?
seeing
Resistant (Ambivalent) Attachment
seek closeness to parent ("clingy") and often fail to explore very upset when primary caregiver leaves stranger cannot comfort child when he/she is upset angry, resistive behavior upon return of parent cannot be easily comforted by caregiver
Teresa is beginning to show signs that she is cognitively aware that she is a functioning human being, separate from the rest of her world. This is referred to as
self awareness
When Dr. Sheila dabbed Jenny's nose with rouge to see how she would react when placed in front of a mirror, Dr. Sheila was administrating a test of
self awareness
Teresa is beginning to show signs that she is cognitively aware that she is a functioning human being, separate from the rest of their world, is referred to as
self-awareness
When Dr. Sheila dabbed Jenny's nose with rouge to see how she would react when placed in front of a mirror, Dr. Sheila was administrating a test of
self-awareness.
Red-green color blindness, hemophilia, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy are all types of
sex-linked recessive disorders.
Age of viability
starts about 22 weeks, largely based upon brain maturation that regulates body functions
At birth, Mona had an Apgar score of 1; after 5 minutes of resuscitation, her score was 4. Her parents were probably told that she
still needed help to establish breathing
At birth, Mona had an Apgar score of 1; after five minutes of resuscitation, her score was 4. Her parents were probably told that she
still needed help to establish breathing.
An 8 month old cries when a relative she has never met comes to visit is showing
stranger anxiety
An 8-month-old infant who cries when a relative she has never met comes to visit is showing
stranger anxiety
To help children resolve the crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt, parents should
strike a balance between control and freedom
emotions
subjective responses to experience (sadness, joy, fear); associated with physiological and behavioral changes; involve the self
Punishment __________ a behavior by bringing on a(n) _________ event.
suppresses; aversive or unpleasant
According to Piaget, pictorial competence is an aspect of
symbolic development
abuse-prevention programs
teach parenting skills; offer 'respite home'; investigate reports of maltreatment; provide shelters and therapy; facilitate foster care
Assisted reproduction
technology used to achieve pregnancy in procedures such as fertility medication
The principle of reversibility
"Addition can be used to undo subtraction" is a statement that best demonstrates:
Self-awareness usually emerges by about what age?
15 months
slow to warm up (temperament)
15%, generally mild reactions; hesitant about new experiences
Self-awareness usually emerges at what age
15-24 months
Self-awareness usually emerges by about what age?
15-24 months
For how many hours a day does the average newborn sleep?
18
The development of self-awareness is demonstrated by
18-24 months.
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES: PATERNAL FACTORS and pregnancy
A man's exposure to lead, marijuana or tobacco smoke, large amounts of alcohol or radiation, DES, pesticides, or high ozone levels may result in abnormal or poor-quality sperm Men who smoke have an increased likelihood of transmitting genetic abnormalities Older fathers may be a significant source of birth defects due to damaged or deteriorated sperm
schema
A mentally organized network of information that influences a particular category of behavior.
Nearly 40 phonemes of a child's native language can be recognized by age
6 months.
The average newborn weighs____ pounds
7 1/2
Cohort
A group of people who are born within a few years of one another.
Dyslexia
A learning disability that is difficult to diagnose and is characterized by unusual difficulty with reading.
Which of the following stands the greatest risk of being spontaneously aborted or being born stillborn?
A male twin with an African American mother
phenotype
A person's observable characteristics are his or hers
Theory of mind
A person's understanding of the thoughts of other people is called:
Achievement
Although the test you are now taking measures many things, it is supposed to be a test of:
"Genes are not destiny"
An important thing to remember when considering that genes are a major influence on behaviors, disease, and disorders:
The increased use of fertility drugs, along with delayed childbearing, has resulted in
An increase in multiple births
In the United States, which of the following pregnant women is likely to get the least amount of prenatal care?
Angela, an unmarried teenager
An infant who has not begun breathing within five minutes after birth may suffer brain damage due to
Anoxia.
An assessment of the newborn's appearance, pulse, reflex, activity, and breathing is called the
Apgar scale
Piaget's term for the process of taking information and incorporating it into existing ways of thinking is
Assimilitation
According to the text, where does development start?
At conception
gender identity
Awareness, developed in early childhood, that one is male or female.
As an anthropologist, Mead's studies underlined several points about the study of human development. Which of the following is true?
C. theory and research go hand in hand
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (uses and advantages)
Can avoid transmission of genetic defects or predispositions known to run in the family; a defective blastocyst is not implanted in uterus.
_____________ is when children make progress in understanding how to use language in a culturally sensitive way.
Bilingual awareness
Fathers in which culture are more likely to provide direct infant care?
Aka of Central Africa
Which of the following do doctors recommend about the use of alcohol during pregnancy?
Alcohol should be avoided entirely through the whole pregnancy
Parents' talking to him frequently
By 10 months of age, Alan has a vocabulary of a dozen words. B.F. Skinner would have attributed Alan's rapid speech development to his:
Which one of the following statements about child directed speech (CDS) is true?
Deaf mothers use a slowed version of sign language that resembles CDS.
Compared with early childhood, during middle childhood, sleep needs
Decline
The condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 or by the translocation of a part of chromosome 21 onto another chromosome is:
Down Syndrome
Which form of memory produces a script or outline of familiar things?
Generic
XXX (triple X)
Female; normal appearance, menstrual irregularities, learning disorders, mental retardation.
A zygote is created when a sperm and an egg combine in the Fallopian tube to form a single cell. This process is referred to as
Fertilization
Amniotic sac
Fluid filled membrane that encases developing embryo
Jessica imitates her mother's gestures, speech, and behaviors. Which of the following terms describes this?
Identification
Both parents are carriers for blue eyes
Imagine that eye color is determined by only one pair of genes and that brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes. If you are blue-eyed and both of your parents are brown-eyed, you know that:
What are the risks associates with insufficient intake of folic acid during pregnancy?
Critical to include folic acid or folate in a pregnant woman's diet - Lack of folic acid is a cause of anencephaly and spinal bifida
toxoplasmosis and pregnancy
In an expectant woman especially in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, it can cause fetal brain damage, severely impaired eyesight or blindness, seizures, miscarriage, stillbirth, or death of the baby. If the baby survives, there may be later problems, including eye infections, hearing loss, and learning disabilities.
Communication
In early childhood, autistic children have the most difficulty with:
Infertility
Inability to conceive after 12 months of trying.
Spina bifida
Incompletely closed spinal canal, resulting in muscle weakness or paralysis and loss of bladder and bowel control; often accompanied by hydrocephalus, an accumulation of spinal fluid in the brain, which can lead to mental retardation.
Shayla is dependent on adults to meet her basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter, and to provide attachment bonding. She is experiencing the needs of what developmental period?
Infancy
Researchers study infants' information processing by considering all of the following EXCEPT
Language development
Dr. Ellie Cheetham follows the same group of children over a 10-year period, measuring their performance twice a year. This is which method of data collection?
Longitudinal
The brain has neurons that help a person mimic other people's actions, called __________ neurons.
Mirror
Which of the following statements about persons with Down syndrome is TRUE?
Most can function to some degree in society
Genetic vulnerability coupled with other factors
Most likely, autism is caused by:
Proximodistal
Near to far
Based on measures of sociometric popularity, a child who receives very few nominations of any kind would be classified as - Popular - Rejected (NOT) - Neglected - None of these
Neglected?
Schizophrenia
Neurological disorder marked by loss of contact with reality; hallucinations and delusions, loss of coherent, logical thought, and inappropriate emotionality.
Jill used a substance during her pregnancy that is known to harm the fetus. Jill's baby was born shorter and lighter than average, has poor respiratory functioning, and tends to be colicky. The substance Jill probably used is
Nicotine
gestation
Period of development between conception and birth.
What's a person's observable characteristics?
Phenotype
Marlene is large for her age and does not have many friends. This is an example of interaction between which two types of development?
Physical and social
fontals
Places in the neonates skull where the bones are not completely fused are called the
Homozygous
Possessing two identical alleles for a trait.
Alex is now in her 43rd week of pregnancy. Her unborn baby is considered to be
Postmature
Education and training in physical fitness, breathing, and relaxation in labor for women planning vaginal birth is called ______ childbirth.
Prepared
Which childbirth technique substitutes voluntary or learned physical responses for the fear and pain?
Prepared
Some children playing in the yard are pretending to bake cookies. One child gathers up some disk-shaped rocks and says, "Here are the cookies I made!" This child is engaged in
Pretend play
On the first day of class, Sophie was asked to tell the class about her summer vacation. Which type of retrieval was Sophie using?
Recall
According to research cited in your text, what is the best way to respond to an infant's crying?
Respond regularly with tender, soothing care.
Embryoscopy, fetoscopy (risks and notes)
Riskier than other prenatal diagnostic procedures.
3 factors in teratogen effect
Timing Amount Genetic vulnerability
Risk screening, vaccinations, and counseling are all recommended before women think about getting pregnant as part of preconception care.
True
pneumonia
Unlike many undeveloped countries the leading cause of infant death in the United States is
Which American psychologist developed the bioecological perspective, which involves five interlocking contextual systems ranging from the most intimate to the most distant?
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Alleles
Variation that makes a gene different some way from others for the same characteristics
An example of telegraphic speech is
Want cookie
Which of the following tastes would a newborn be most likely to prefer?
Water with sugar added
avoid entirely
What do doctors recommend about use of alcohol during pregnancy
Child-directed speech
When Becky's mother speaks to her, she uses a high-pitched voice, simple words or phrases, and lots of repetition. At four months of age, Becky delights in her mother's use of:
Mesoderm
Will develop and differentiate into the inner layer of skin, muscles, skeleton, excretory and circulatory system
After everyone orders dinner, Beth proudly announces that the check with tax should be around $60. Beth was using her
Working memory
Guilt; Shame
____ is generally considered a more mature emotion that ____ because the former one comes from within the individual and demonstrates self-awareness.
Which of the following is evidence that a child is successfully socialized
a child plays independently
zygote
a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.
In the US, approximately what percentage of pregnant women receive no prenatal care during the first trimester?
about 20%
The New York Longitudinal Study of Temperament found that
about one child in three has a mixed temperament pattern.
egocentrism
absence of empathy
Information-Processing Approach
approach to the study of cognitive development by observing and analyzing the mental processes involved in perceiving and handling information
A disadvantage of the use of naturalistic observation techniques is that they
are prone to observer bias
5 weeks process
arms/legs start to form
The chromosomes that do NOT determine sex are called
autosomes
The chromosomes that do NOT determine sex are called
autosomes.
Which of the following is an indicator for the risk of schizophrenia? Select one: a. fetal overnourishment b. a father who is over 50 c. lack of brain maturation d. being born in a rural area
b. a father who is over 50 Correct
An infant who has not begun breathing within 5 minutes after birth may suffer brain damage due to Select one: a. hypothermia. b. anoxia. c. hyperphagia. d. anorexia.
b. anoxia.
Tasha has just given birth to healthy twins. One of the twins has an X and Y chromosome, while the other has two X chromosomes. These twins are Select one: a. monozygotic. b. dizygotic. c. unizygotic. d. either monozygotic or dizygotic.
b. dizygotic. Correct
irreversibility
belief that nothing can be undone;
__________ depth cues arise because our two eyes have slightly different views of the visual field.
binocular
sex differences
biological differences between males and females
Infants first communicate their emotions at_____ by _____
birth by crying
What conclusions can be drawn about infant gross motor development?
both the sequence and timing remain similar among all children
Newborn Sam's __________ is nearer to its adult size than any other physical structure.
brain
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
waking smiles
considered more social; elicited through gentle jiggling, ticking, and kissing
rudimentary emotions
contentment, interest, distress; appear soon after birth
Ten-month-old Nathan has just been told goodbye by his grandparents who are now leaving in their car. Nathan waves bye-bye to them with his left arm. Nathan's attempt to communicate with his grandparents is called a
conventional social gesture
A major way to improve the chances of survival for infants in the United States would be to
counsel women on ways to increase birthweight
Early research suggested that infants experience with __________ is linked to the development of their refusal to cross the deep side of the visual cliff.
crawling
Which one of these activities is the best example of a gross motor skill?
crawling
Self-awareness usually emerges by about what age? Select one: a. 6 months b. 9 months c. 12 months d. 15 months
d. 15 months Correct
Which of the following statements about monozygotic twins is TRUE? Select one: a. They are no more similar to one another than normal siblings. b. They will always have identical temperaments. c. They will always be born with identical physical characteristics. d. One twin may be right-handed while the other is left-handed.
d. One twin may be right-handed while the other is left-handed.
The condition of a baby whose APAGAR score is 3 is
dangerous; the babt needs immediate resucitation
The condition of a baby whose Apgar score is 3 is
dangerous; the baby needs immediate resuscitation.
Normative history-graded influences include all of the following EXCEPT
death of a spouse.
At ages 4 and 5, children who had been anxiously attached as infants were
dependent on their teacher
self-consciousness
depends on heaving self-awareness
Irritability, irregular rhythms, and intense reactions are characteristics of which kind of temperament?
difficult
Between 4 and 7 months, infants __________.
display a sense of musical phrasing
Tasha has just given birth to healthy twins. One of the twins has an X and Y chromosome, while the other has two X chromosomes. These twins are
dizygotic
2 Universal Principles of Infant Perception
dynamic perception: humans are primed to focus on movement and change people perception: an innate attraction to other humans
A systematic process of providing therapeutic and educational services to families that need help in meeting young children's developmental needs is called
early intervention
Thanh's schedules are predictable, he adapts easily, he is pleasant, and he responds well to change. Which kind of temperament does he have?
easy
Troy's schedules are predictable, he adapts, he is pleasant, and he responds well to change. Which kind of temperament does he have?
easy
According to the New York Longitudinal Study, 40 percent of children exhibit a temperamental pattern described as
easy.
self-conscious emotions:
emotions such as embarrassment, empathy, and envy that require a degree of self-awareness
self-evaluative emotions
emotions such as pride, guilt, and shame that involve evaluation of one's own thoughts and behavior against socially appropriate thoughts and behavior
Erikson's psychosocial theory
emphasized influence of society; development is lifelong; each stage of development involves a 'crisis,' which is resolved with a 'virtue'
The American Academy of Pediatrics now recommends that anesthesia is __________ during circumcision.
essential
Socioeconomic status is determined by all of the following EXCEPT
ethnicity.
Evolutionary psychology falls under the
ethological approach.
The organization of linguistic processes in the brain may depend heavily on ____________ during maturation.
experience
multifactorial transmission
experience modifies the expression of the genotype for most traits—a phenomenon called multifactorial transmission.
A controlled procedure in which the experimenter manipulates variables to learn how one affects another is a(n)
experiment.
The sex of the human is determined by the genetic contribution of the:
father
Which of the following is an indicator for the risk of schizophrenia
father over 50
Sara's pregnancy is at the 15th week. Her physician calls her baby a(n):
fetus
A pregnant woman feels the movement known as quickening at about the _____ month.
fourth
Twins formed by the fertilization of two ova by two sperm are
fraternal
The sperm and the ovum are:
gametes
All of the following appear to increase the likelihood that a woman will deliver an underweight baby EXCEPT
genetic factors
All of the following appear to increase the likelihood that a woman will deliver an underweight baby EXCEPT
genetic factors.
Genotype
genetic inheritance
The environment often reflects or reinforces genetic differences; that is, certain genetic and environmental influences tend to act in the same direction. This tendency is called...
genotype-environment correlation
two people can share the same ______ but have different _____
genotype; phenotype
About half the brain's volume is made up of __________ cells.
glial
__________ are responsible for myelination.
glial cells
cells that support and protect neurons
glial cells
When six-month old infants are placed on top of an illusory visual cliff they
go to the ledge but not to the drop
Differentiation
happens at different rates
All of the following have been used to prevent, detect, and treat HIV in infants EXCEPT
having a vaginal birth
Cesarean birth rates in the United States are among the __________ in the world.
highest
Genetic action that triggers the development of the body and brain are often regulated by
hormone levels that stimulate genes
socialization
how children develop habits and values making them productive members of society
Monozygotic twins are:
identical in genetic makeup, likely to be mirror images of each other physically, and not always identical in temperament
Who would show more concordance for a chiefly hereditary trait?
identical twins
Male vs female instructions
if fetus is XY the SRY gene on the y-chromosome signals develop a male sex organs. Females have no signal
Newborns regulate their body temperature soon after birth by
increasing their activity in response to drops in air temperature
Newborns regulate their body temperature soon after birth by
increasing their activity in response to drops in air temperature.
systems of action
increasingly complex combinations of motor skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment.
A very securely attached child generally grows up to be
independent
A very securley attached child generally grows up to be
independent
a very securly attached child generally grows to be
independent
Avoidant Attachment
indifferent to parent's presence plays independently in new situations no separation or stranger anxiety avoid or are slow to greet parent upon return
preterm infants
infans born before completing the 37th week of gestation.
Kiana is two years old and has an unbalanced diet very low in protein. She has an enlarged belly, swollen feet, a skin rash, and thinning hair. What is the most likely cause of Kiana's condition?
kwashiorkor
According to which one of the following theories is language acquired by imitation and reinforcement of specific sounds?
learning theory
If an infant inherits the gene for PKU and it is left untreated, the result will be
mental retardation
When Dr. Keane checks prenatal development with a sonogram at the end of the second month of gestation, the embryo is less than one inch long and has the shape of a
miniature baby.
__________ fire identically when a primate hears or sees an action and when it carries out that action on its own.
mirror neurons
the brain has neurons to help a person mimic people's actions, called
mirror neurons
Which of the following babies would have the highest Apgar score? Select one: a. Eileen is listless and blue, with limp muscle tone. b. Marlene is pink with blue extremities, slow pulse, and slow breathing. c. Carmela is pink, with rapid pulse; she is coughing and crying. d. Joanne is blue, with slow pulse and irregular breathing.
c. Carmela is pink, with rapid pulse; she is coughing and crying.
Caffeine and pregnancy
caffeine is not considered a teratogen
The age of viability refers to the point when the preterm newborn:
can survive outside the uterus
Which of the following is NOT one of the once-familiar and often fatal childhood diseases that are now largely preventable through immunization?
cancer
4th week process
cardiovascular system begins to form (eyes, ears, mouth)
The most important element in the assessment of the quality of a daycare is the
caregiver himself or herself.
Which of the following babies would have the highest Apgar scale
carnela is pink, with rapid pulse, she is coughing and crying
An in-depth study of an individual is a(n)
case study.
A baby's first smile, which can occur in newborns less than a week old, is most likely due to
central nervous system activity.
Failure to meet a child's basic needs is
child neglect
Based on research using the HOME assessments, parental responsiveness at six months of age is reported to be positively correlated with all of the following EXCEPT
child popularity
Based on research using HOME assessments, parental responsiveness at six months of age is reported to be positively correlated with all of the following EXCEPT
child popularity.
all of these
children born to women who smoke during pregnancy tend to show -retardation of growth -colic in infancy -a small head circumference -all of these
Maternal Depression and pregnancy
children of mothers who had been depressed during pregnancy showed elevated levels of violent and antisocial behaviors in adolescence passive genotype-environment correlations need to be taken into account.
A procedure that can be used within the first trimester of pregnancy to test fetal cells for defective conditions is
chorionic villus sampling
Within each cell nucleus are coils of DNA called
chromosomes.
Marla finds that rubbing her face against the satin edge of her blanket feels good. She learns to repeat this action to get a pleasurable sensation. According to Piaget, she has acquired a(n)
circular reaction
Marla finds that rubbing her face agaisnt the satin edge of ther blanket feels good. She learns to repeat this action to get a pleasurable sensation. According to Piaget, she has aquired a
circular reaction
When neither of two alleles is dominant, the resulting trait reflects the influence of both. This is called
codominance
A process by which non-sex cells divide in half over and over again is...
mitosis
The name for the process of cell division that produces copies of cells with the 46 chromosomes is
mitosis.
more
monozygotic twins tend to be ______ concordant than dizygotic twins in IQ, certain personality patterns, and cholesterol level -less -more -there is no difference -research is inconclusive
The coating of neural pathways with a fatty substance, which results in more efficient processing of electrical signals is called
myelination
The coating of the neural pathways with a fatty substance, which results in more efficient processing of electrical signals, is called
myelination
A few days after birth, a baby develops a yellowish tinge to the skin and eyeballs. These symptoms indicate _________, which is due to immaturity of the _______.
neonatal jaundice; liver
neurons
nerve cells.
Lenny searches for a toy that he saw his mother hide, first behind her back and then under a pillow. Lenny has acquired
object permanence
the realization that person or object continues to exist even when out of sight is called
object permeance
ran says, "Yesterday, I sitted on the floor." This is an example of __________ grammatical rules
overregularizing
The rupture of a mature follicle and the expulsion of the ovum is known as
ovualtion
temperament
person's characteristic way of approaching and reacting to people and situations
A relatively consistent blen of emotions, temperament, thoughts, and behaviors is a person's
personality
When discussing maltreatment of children by adults, injury to the body is classified as?
physical abuse
gross motor skills
physical skills that involve the large muscles.
myelination
process of coating neural pathways with a fatty substance called myelin, which enables faster communication between cells.
accommodation
process of modifying old schemata and creating new ones to produce a better fit with the environment
parturition
process of uterine, cervical, and other changes, usually lasting about 2 weeks, preceding childbirth.
infant mortality rate
proportion of babies born alive who die within the 1st year.
Which approach attempts to measure intelligence quantitatively?
psychometric
According to Erikson, a child who feels comfortable trying new things, without excessive fear or guilt, is said to have acquired the virtue of
purpose
The Piagetian approach focuses on
qualitative changes in cognition
When research deals with objectively measurable data, this is a description of
quantitative research
One commonly used type of written interview is a
questionnaire.
A hereditary characteristic that is carried by an individual but is NOT expressed in that individual's phenotype is
recessive (p. 53)
X-linked
recessive inheritance is a mode of inheritance in which a mutation in a gene on the X chromosome causes the phenotype to be expressed in males and in females who are homozygous for the mutation
recessive
recessive inheritance occurs only when a person receives two _______ alleles, one from each parent -dominant -recessive -homozygous -heterozygous
The symbolic function allows young children to
refer to mental representations of objects they have seen before
Cody looks to his mother for clues regarding the safety of a situation. This skill is known as social
referencing.
The incidence of multiple births in the US is
rising rapidly
Piaget called organized patterns of behavior
schemes
Jeff hears voices and has difficulty staying in touch with reality. He appears to have:
schizophrenia
PKU (phenylketonuria) is
screened for routinely in most states
denver development screening test
screening test given to children 1 month to 6 years old to determine whether they are developing normally
autonomy versus shame and doubt
second stage of personality development in which the toddler strives for physical independence
Beth readily leaves her mother to explore her surroundings, occasionally looking toward or touching her mother. Beth appears to be
securely attached
Of the following, the child likely to exhibit the SMALLEST reaction range for the trait of intelligence is the one born with
severe brain damage.
Klinefelter's syndrome and Turner's syndrome are due to abnormalities in the
sex chromosomes
Red-green color blindness, hemophilia, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy are all types of
sex-linked recessive disorders
Red-green color blindness, hemophilia, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy are all types of...
sex-linked recessive disorders
The ways in which we process information about other people refers to
social cognition.
The existence of adolescence as part of the life span in many industrialized societies but not in other societies, is an example of
social construction
Two important learning theories are ____________ and ______________.
social learning theory; operant conditioning
ultrasound
the technique used to determine that male fetuses are more active and move more vigorously throughout gestation is -mothers personal reports -ultrasound -amniocentesis -fetal X-rays
metacognition
thinking about thinking
Prenatal development occurs in
three stages.
crying
three types: hunger pain frustration
While some simple physical characteristics like eye color are clearly inherited, more complex trait like intelligence seem to be due:
to an interaction between nature and nurture
Geoffrey is 6 months of age, has attentive parents, and has learned
to cry harder when ignored.
Dizygotic twins occur when:
two eggs are released and fertilized at the same time
At about 3 or 4 months of age, infants begin grabbing and putting into their mouths whatever they can reach. This action is the start of the process of
teething.
A person's characteristic way of approaching and reacting to people and situations defines that person's
temperament
Environmental factors that may produce birth defects are
teratogens
Environmental factors that may produce birth defects are called
teratogens
Environmental factors that may produce birth defects are called
teratogens.
Illa's infant was born with facial deformities and an arm that stopped growing at the elbow. It is likely that Illa took _____ during her pregnancy.
thalidomide
deferred imitation
the ability to imitate a behavior that occurred in the past—demonstrates memory) occurs as early as 6 weeks
autosomes
the chromosomes that do NOT determine sex are called -zygotes -genes -gametes -autosomes
Ovulation refers to
the expulsion of an ovum from the ovary
Ovulation refers to...
the expulsion of an ovum from the ovary
Which of the following is not a possible cause of birth trauma
the fetus inherits the chromosomal pattern for Down syndrome
can infants express emotions for about the 6 months of their lives
yes
Most babies start to sleep through the night at about what age?
3 months
Which of the following children would be MOST likely to be assessed with the Bayley III Scales of Infant and Toddler Development?
A 2-year-old who has not yet spoken any words
Which of the following traits would be the LEAST highly canalized in most human beings?
Body shape
which of the following traits would be the LEAST highly canalized in most human beings?
Body type
Dizygotic twins
Dizygotic twins
An amniocentesis samples the placenta to determine chromosomal abnormalities and genetic disorders.
False
Which brain region shows the most rapid growth during the first year of life?
Cerebellum
Describe the path sperm travel after they enter the women's body through the vagina?
Cervix, uterus, Fallopian tube
Which of the following describe the path sperm travel after they enter the women's body through the vagina?
Cervix, uterus, Fallopian tube
highest
Cesarean birth rates in the US us are among the blank in the world
An infant who has not begun breathing within 5 minutes after birth may suffer brain damage due to
anoxia
An infant who has not begun breathing within five minutes after birth may suffer brain damage due to
anoxia
Amino acids
are lysine, leucine, methionine, -ine etc.
Growth of the corpus callosum
Kayla is 4 and has recently begun coordinating the two sides of her body more efficiently. This development may be attributed to:
An ethical obligation of genetic counselors
Keeping results of client's tests confidential, away from insurance companies, and public records is an example of:
canalization
Limitation on variance of expression of certain inherited characteristics.
Mother's age
One of the most common correlates of chromosomal abnormalities such as Down Syndrome is:
An average 4-month-old has acquired which of the following skills?
Rolling over
Irreversible thinking
Romy understands that if she has 4 pieces of pizza and we giver 2, she will have 6. However, she does not know what happens if she has 6 and we take away 2. Piaget would say that Romy has demonstrated:
Suppose your infant's pediatrician recommends that your newborn receive lots of sensory stimulation and that you should try to stimulate the sense that is the most developed. Which of the following techniques might you use?
Rub the infant's back.
Rubella and pregnancy
Rubella (German measles), if contracted by a woman before her 11th week of pregnancy, is almost certain to cause deafness and heart defects in her baby.
Insecure-avoidant attachment
Ruby does not notice when her mother leaves the day care center and ignores her mother when she returns. Ruby's behavior is characteristic of:
Which sense is the least developed at birth?
Seeing
According to your text, which of the following is NOT one of the major divisions of the life span?
Senescence
The first stage in Piaget's cognitive theory is
Sensorimotor
Which birth defect afflicts European Jews at a rate of 1 in 3,000?
Tay-Sachs disease
Phenotype
The actual expression of genetic traits
The chromosomes that determine a child's sex come from
The father
Vision
The sense that is the least developed at birth is:
Physical punishment
This tends to suppress behaviors in the short term:
Epigenetic
This term refers to the effects of environmental forces on the expression of an individual's or specie's genetic inheritance
The second stage of prenatal development is the embryonic stage.
True
True or false? The process of meiosis results in the number of chromosomes being reduced by half
True
Jackie says "milk," meaning "I want some milk." When his mother pours it, he says "milk," meaning "This is milk." After taking a sip, he pushes his cup toward his mother and says "milk," meaning "Do you want my milk?" In each case, "milk" is an example of
a holophrase
The process by which a toddler demonstrates rapid vocabulary development is called
a naming explosion.
VLBW
less than 3 lb 5 oz
A group's total way of life, including customs, traditions, law, beliefs, values, and language, is referring to as its
culture
The second stage of pregnancy occurs between 2 to 8 weeks after conception. During this stage, we refer to the organism as a(n)
embryo.
An unborn baby is often most vulnerable to prenatal environmental influences before a woman even realizes that she is pregnant. This vulnerability occurs during the __________ stage.
embryonic
Willie, a newborn infant, was delivered vaginally, as a result his head is slightly coneshaped the cons shape can be attributed to
fontanelles
Pride, guilt, and shame are identified as the emotions of
self-evaluation
Pride, guilt, and shame are identified as the emotions of
self-evaluation.
When the psychologist dabbed Dorisa's nose with rouge to see how she would react when placed in front of a mirror, Dr. Longo was administrating a test of
self-recognition
Which period begins three weeks after conception?
the embryonic period
incomplete dominance
the partial expression of a recessive gene in a heterozygous pair is called -dominant inheritance -recessive inheritance -incomplete dominance -partial dominance
plasticity
modifiability, or "molding" of the brain through experience.
Sadness, joy, and fear are examples of
emotions
A sperm has _____ as many chromosomes as a normal body cell.
half
The rate of growth is most rapid during
infancy
Today about _____ % of mothers with children under age 3 work outside the home.
55
teratogen
Environmental factors that may produce birth defects are called
Guidepost Six: What roles do heredity and environment play in physical health, intelligence, and personality?
-Health, obesity, longevity, intelligence, and temperament are influenced by both heredity and environment, and their relative influences may vary across the lifespan. -Schizophrenia is a highly heritable neurological disorder that also is environmentally influenced.
In recent years there has been a rise in multiple births. This rise is a result of...
-delayed childbearing -increased use of fertility drugs and -assisted reproduction
circular reaction
A repetitive action that achieves a desired response; seen during Piaget's sensorimotor stage.
Within each cell nucleus are could of DNA called
Chromosomes
The goal of science includes
C. elimination of personal interpretations that may distract from observations
A truth about monozygotic twins
Even though they begin with identical genotypes, their phenotypes may differ at birth
Hemophilia
Excessive bleeding, usually affecting males; in its most severe form, can lead to crippling arthritis in adulthood.
The organization of linguistic processes in the brain may depend heavily on __________ during maturation.
Experience
Although Jean-Paul's adoptive parents are quite short, he is growing to be quite tall like his biological mother. What might we conclude about Jean-Paul's height?
It is influenced primarily by heredity
Which one of the following statements about SIDS is incorrect?
It is more common in girls than boys.
7 1/2
The average newborn weighs blank
Human Genome
The complete sequence of genes in the human body.
vernix caseosa
The oily covering on the skin of a newborn is called
genotype-environment interaction
The portion of phenotypic variation that results from the reactions of genetically different individuals to similar environmental conditions.
Neurons __________.
store and transmit information
seriation
the ability to order items along a dimension
fast-mapping
the process by which a child absorbs the meaning of a new word after hearing it once or twice in conversation
Infant Janine is using her whole hand to "point" at her favorite toy. Her actions are best explained by
the proximodistal principle.
Equilibration (Piaget)
organize their schemes to achieve the best possible adaptation to their environment.
Moderate to heavy drinking of alcohol during pregnancy may have all of the following harmful effects on the fetus EXCEPT...
speech and language deficits
Heritability
statistic used in breeding and genetics works that estimates how much variation in a phenotypic trait in a population is
Epigenesis
Mechanism that turns genes on or off and determines functions of body cells.
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)
Methods used to achieve conception through artificial means.
An important function of habituation seems to be
the conservation of energy.
Phenotype
Observable characteristics of a person.
Boys
The group most likely to be taking medication for diagnosed ADHD is comprised of:
internalization
making the standards of society your own
infancy
The rate of growth is most rapid during
differentiation
process by which cells acquire specialized structures and functions.
A method of medicated delivery that allows a woman to feel sensations and move her legs so she is able to participate in childbirth is the
"Walking epidural"
An example of telegraphic speech is
"Want cookie."
easy (temperament)
40%, generally happy; respond well to change and novelty
Guidepost Four: How are birth defects and disorders transmitted?
-Birth defects and diseases may result from simple dominant, recessive, or sex-linked inheritance; from mutations; from genome imprinting; from chromosomal abnormalities; or from errors in growth. -Genetic counseling can provide information about the mathematical odds of bearing children with certain defects. Genetic testing involves risks as well as benefits.
Guidepost One: How does conception normally occur, and how have beliefs about conception changed?
-Early beliefs about conception reflected unscientific approaches to the understanding of nature and of male and female anatomy. -Fertilization, the union of an ovum and a sperm, results in the formation of a one-celled zygote, which then duplicates itself by cell division.
Emma is a 5-year-old and weighs 90 pounds. Family studies tell us that her obesity is a result of...
-heredity -environment and -behavior
The Keane's daughter Kara was born with a birth defect resulting from a chromosomal abnormality. The Keane's genetic counselor has assured them subsequent children will have __________ risk of also being born with a similar birth defect
0%
sensorimotor stage
0-2 in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
About eight weeks after conception, the embryo weighs ______ and is ______ long.
1 gram; 1 inch
What two factors have contributed to the increase of multiple births?
1. Rising trend to delaying child birth 2. Increase of use in fertility drugs
The Infant Health and Development Program study of preterm and low-birthweight babies concluded that for intervention to have lasting effects, it must continue beyond age
3
According to the text, approximately how many extra calories should a woman consume each day during pregnancy?
300-500
In a healthy pregnancy, how many extra calories should a woman consume each day?
300-500
If Patrick is typical, his height at the end of his first year should be about __________ inches.
32
Embryonic Stage
3rd week
By what age do almost all children hold their heads erect while being held?
4 months
babies typically double their birth weight at ____ and tripple it at ____
5 months, 12 months
Breast milk is almost always the best food for newborns and is recommended for at least the first __________ months.
6
A woman's "fertile window" is typically between the __________ of the menstrual cycle.
6th and 21st days
neonatal jaundice and liver
A few days after birth a baby develops a yellowish tingr to the skin and eyeballs these symptoms indicate blank which is due to immaturity of the blank
heritability
A researcher Compares monozygotic and dizygotic twins for the level of similarity on a trait this researcher is tempting to determine the blank of the trait activity levels
Cross-sectional research
A researcher was interested in finding out whether children's ability to exhibit self-control when offered unhealthy food changed with age. He asked parents of 3 year old, 6 year old, and 9 year old children to bring the kids to the lab, where they were allowed to eat as much candy, cookies, and cake as they wanted. The researcher then compared amounts of food eaten by the three different ages. This is an example of:
Maternal blood test (description)
A sample of the prospective mother's blood is tested for alpha fetoprotein. (cortelated with spina bifida
deductive reasoning
A type of logical reasoning that moves from a general premise about a class to a conclusion about a particular member or members of the class.
inductive reasoning
A type of logical reasoning that moves from particular observations about members of a class to a general conclusion about that class.
Male sexual differentiation (weeks+chemical)
About 6 to 8 weeks after conception, male embryos normally start producing the male hormone testosterone. Exposure of a genetically male embryo to steady, high levels of testosterone ordinarily results in the development of a male body with male sexual organs.
Anencephaly
Absence of brain tissues; infants are stillborn or die soon after birth.
Younger maternal age and pregnancy (adolescence)
Adolescent mothers tend to have premature or underweight babies— These newborns are at heightened risk of death in the first month, disabilities, or health problems.
environment has impact but less so than heredity
Adoption studies of intelligence indicates that
Automatization
Adults understand irony more easily than children do. What aspect of brain development could explain this?
Which of the following statements about the father's role in transmitting birth defects is correct?
Advanced age of the father at conception may be associated with fetal defects.
According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, which medication is recommended to pregnant or breastfeeding women?
Advil
strange situation
Ainsworth's method for assessing infant attachment to the mother, based on a series of brief separations and reunions with the mother in a playroom situation
gestational age
Age of an unborn baby, usually dated from the first day of an expectant mother's last menstrual cycle.
Emanuel's friend, Natalie, has just given birth to a child with Down syndrome. What should he tell her about the future prospects for the child?
Although the child will be retarded, she can learn useful skills to support herself as an adult
Emanuel's friend, Natalie, has just given birth to a child with Down syndrome. What should he tell her about the future prospects for the child?
Although the child will be retarded, she can learn useful skills to support herself as an adult.
A social smile
At 6 weeks, Jessica's most recently developed emotional reaction is likely to be:
According to research cited in the text, children become capable of deferred imitation
At a much younger age than Piaget suggested
Breast milk is best for a baby for all the following reasons except
Babies do not absorb as much fat from breast milk.
Dr. Lakiavani is advising young parents on things they can do to reduce the likelihood of SIDS in their babies. Of the following, what advice is she likely to give?
Babies should be put to sleep on their backs.
Nine-months old
Baby Erica met her grandfather's big dog for the first time. She immediately cried and tried to move away from the dog. Erica is most likely at least how old?
Endoderm
Becomes the digestive system, liver, pancreas, salivary glands, and respiratory system
Social-pragmatists
Bill constantly talks to his 3-month-old infant. His friend Ted tells him that it is useless to do so, because an infant cannot understand language. Which group would disagree with Ted, because Bill's behavior teaches communication?
Which baby would have the highest Apgar score?
Billy, who is pink, crying, kicking, and wiggling
The most important protective factor, which seems to help children overcome stress and be resilient, is good
Both of these (Family relationships and cognitive functioning)
Austin has just been evaluated for his response to stress, ability to calm down, reflexes, hand-mouth coordination, alertness, and response to cuddling. WHich test has he been given?
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
Austin has just been evaluated for his response to stress, ability to calm down, reflexes, hand-mouth coordination, alertness, and response to cuddling. Which test has he been given?
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
In which prenatal assessment procedure is tissue taken from the membrane around the embryo?
Chorionic villus sampling
Generalizing from the text, which of the following is the most advanced form of socialization?
Committed compliance
A researcher who wants to find out if a statistical relationship exists between variables should use a(n)
Correlational
Tasha has just given birth to healthy twins. One of the twins has an X and Y chromosome, while the other has two X chromosomes. These twins are
Di-zygotic
Irritability, irregular rhythms, and intense reactions are characteristic of which kind of temperament?
Difficult
Christopher has a gene for Huntington's disease and will definitely have the disorder. This is an example of transmission by ______ inheritance.
Dominant
Christopher has a gene for Huntington's disease and will definitely have the disorder. This is an example of transmission by ______________ inheritance.
Dominant
Katrina is in labor. She is being attended by an experienced helper who offers emotional support. This person is
Doula
Latrice was born with an extra fold if skin at the corners of her eyes, a small head, protruding tongue, and mental retardation. She probably has:
Down Syndrome
Trust vs. Mistrust
Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner
Obesity
Extreme overweight in relation to age, sex, height, and body type.
Child maltreatment
Extreme poverty, a home that contains general domestic violence, and social isolation are all risk factors for:
Melissa is 4 years old, and now wants to avoid dressing "like a boy". She talks about being "a wife and mommy" when she grows up. Melissa is engaged in the process of
Gender-typing
hormone levels that stimulate genes
Genetic action that triggers the development of the body and brain are often regulated by ?
Social competence was measured in girls with Turner's syndrome, a defect in which the individual is missing an X chromosome. Those who received the single X from their fathers did better and were better adjusted than those who received the single X from their mothers. The dad's gene seemed to override the mother's chemically altered gene. This is an example of
Genetic imprinting
Genotype
Genetic makeup of a person, containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics.
Morphogens
Group of genes produce molecules
Of the following, the family with the LEAST need for genetic counseling is the one who
Has a general concern about defects
Gabriel has received a very low score on the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Test. His parents were told by the pediatrician that he
Has likely suffered brain damage
A baby born with cognitive disabilities, heart problems, and facial and limb deformities probably had a mother who engaged in __________ during her pregnancy.
Heavy alcohol consumption
Alcoholism may not appear in his phenotype
Henry was adopted and is genetically predisposed toward alcoholism. However, his adoptive family does not drink; they actively avoid alcohol for religious reasons. Given Henry's genetic potential:
Generalizing from the text, one would predict that characteristics that exhibit a ___________ degree of canalization would display a ___________ level of concordance in monozygotic twins.
High; high
Object Permanence
Hugh enjoys playing with your keys. When you take them away and place them in your pocket, Hugh does not search for them. Piaget would say that Hugh does NOT understand:
Infants who cannot consume their mother's milk
Human Mild Banks in the U.S. provide breast milk for infants primarily for:
Which of the following helps children deal with their fears?
INstilling a sense of trust and normal caution
Who would show more concordance for a chiefly hereditary trait?
Identical twins
Monozygotic twins
Identical twins- result from the cleaving of one fertilized egg and are generally genetically identical. They can still differ outwardly, however, because people are the result of the interaction between genes and environmental influences.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the placenta?
It encases the baby with a fluid-filled membrane
When development scientists understand how language develops they can _____________ when a child needs speech therapy.
Intervene
Diane loves to play peek-a-boo. Peek-a-boo is played in many diverse cultures using similar routines. Which of the following is NOT an important purpose of the game?
It creates anxiety that makes babies stronger.
Authoritative
Janelle's usual bedtime is 8:30pm and her parents strictly enforce this rule. One evening, Janelle is watching an educational program on the Discovery Channel, which ends at 9pm. Her parents agree to let her stay up to finish watching the program as long as she gets up in time for school in the morning. Janelle's parents are demonstrating what sort of parenting style?
Immersion
John has moved to Spain with his family. He attends a public school. All of his school subjects are taught in Spanish. John is learning Spanish through:
Jonathan is born 38 weeks after conception and weighs 4 1/2 pounds. He is
Small-for-date
Based on information from your text, if little Penelope falls off the bench, the first thing she is likely to do is
Look at her mother
An argument that supports the limited predictive power of intelligence testing is that - Tests are unfair to minorities - Hispanic children fall below white children and tests don't predict this group's achievement (NOT) - Asian Americans have high achievement but not significantly higher IQ scores - Tests don't measure those who have exceptional motor abilities. (NOT) ch9/10
MAYBE Asian Americans have high achievement but not significantly higher IQ scores
Melissa really wants a cookie, but knows she is not supposed to take one; instead, she begins to sing her favorite song to herself. Melissa has developed - Attentional regulation - Self-awareness - Gender identity - Self-control
MAYBE Attention regulation
Epigenetics (epigenesis)
Mechanism that turns genes on or off and determines functions of body cells.
Baby Melanie smiles, giggles, and laughs frequently with both her parents as well as other caregivers; Baby Jerome does not. All else being equal, we can predict from this that
Melanie will have a more positive relationship with her parents
Schizophrenia
Mental disorder marked by loss of contact with reality; symptoms include hallucinations and delusions. More commonly the children pf men of advanced age
During which developmental period do children begin to regulate their own behavior and become more interested in their peer groups?
Middle childhood
The age range of approximately 6-11 years refers to which of the following periods of development?
Middle childhood
Division
Migrate and become 2 separate things
Ultrasound (sonogram), sonoembryology uses and advantages
Monitor fetal growth, movement, position, and form; assess amniotic fluid volume; judge gestational age; detect multiple pregnancies. Detect major structural abnormalities or death of a fetus. Guide amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling. Help diagnose sex-linked disorders. Sonoembryology can detect unusual defects during embryonic stage.
Which of the following was NOT observed in monkeys raised by surrogate mothers?
Monkeys raised by wire surrogates were later attracted to and embraced the wire form.
Monochorionic twins tend to be ____ concordant than dichorionic twins in IQ, certain personality patterns and cholesterol levels.
More
Which of the following statements about prenatal developmental differences between the sexes is TRUE?
More males are conceived than females.
Either do not begin to develop or are aborted spontaneously
Most zygotes with serious chromosomal problems:
Which of the following do infants NOT do during the first month of life, according to Piaget? - Behave reflexively - Begin to initiate activity - Develop primary circular reactions - Make acquired adaptions with mental representations
NOT - Begin to initiate activity
Developmental researchers refer to typical events that happen at an atypical time, or atypical events that happen at a typical time, as __________ events.
Nonnormative
Amniocentesis (risks and notes)
Normally not performed before 15 weeks' gestation. Results usually take 1 to 2 weeks. Small (0.5-1%) added risk of fetal loss or injury; early amniocentesis (at 11 to 13 weeks' gestation) is riskier and not recommended. Can be used for sex- screening of unborn babies.
7 weeks prenatal (end of 2nd month)
Now called a fetus It is less than 1 inch long and weighs only 1/3 ounce. Its head is half its total body length. Facial parts are clearly developed, the limbs are formed but not completed Bone cells appear at about 8 weeks. Brain impulses coordinate the function of the organ system. Sex organs are developing; the heartbeat is steady. the stomach produces digestive juices; the liver, blood cells. The kidneys remove uric acid from the blood. The skin is now sensitive enough to react to tactile stimulation.
HOME scores demonstrated that all of the following were positively related to high intelligence in children EXCEPT
Number of children in the family.
The process of modeling, or observing and imitating others.
Observational learning
In a study of the effects of behavior modeling, one group of children observes role models who share toys; another group observes role models whose behavior is neutral (neither initiating sharing nor refusing to share). What is the independent variable?
Observing role models who share or don't share
12 months old
On average, children begin saying recognizable words at about:
Sex-Linked Inheritance
One outcome of this is that males receive only one copy of any gene that happens to be carried on the sex chromosomes, whereas females receive two copies. So, if a woman has a "bad" copy of a particular gene, she has a backup copy. However, if a male has a "bad" copy of a particular gene, that gene will be expressed.
Which of the following statements about monozygotic twins is TRUE?
One twin may be right-handed while the other is left-handed
Neurological maturation
One underlying factor allowing the development of theory of mind is:
The child who would develop theory-of-mind best would be
One with excellent language skills
Zygote
One-celled organism resulting from fertilization.
A child learns to whine to get items at the store because when she whines, her parents get frustrated and give her the desired items. She is being rewarded for her whining, but her parents do not seem to realize this and are frustrated because the whining is increasing. This is an example of ___________ conditioning
Operant
Which of the following statements about the brain of the newborn is NOT true?
Outer layers of the cortex develop before the inner layers
Cystic fibrosis
Overproduction of mucus, which collects in the lung and digestive tract; children do not grow normally and usually do not live beyond age 30; the most common inherited lethal defect among white people.
__________ is the norm for approximately 90 percent of the world's population.
Parent‒ infant cosleeping
What is the effect of parents' involvement in their children's schooling?
Parental involvement improves children's attitudes and performance.
Passive correlations:
Parents, who provide the genes that predispose a child toward a trait, also tend to provide an environment that encourages the development of that trait.
Recessive Inheritance
Pattern of inheritance in which a child receives identical recessive alleles, resulting in expression of a non-dominant trait.
Incomplete Dominance
Pattern of inheritance in which a child receives two different alleles, resulting in partial expression of a trait.
Sex-Linked Inheritance
Pattern of inheritance in which certain characteristics carried on the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male and female offspring.
Polygenic Inheritance
Pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes at different sites on chromosomes affect a complex trait.
Dominant Inheritance
Pattern of inheritance in which, when a child receives different alleles, only the dominant one is expressed.
Jackie can curl her tongue. This observed trait would be part of her
Phenotype
Marlin has been asked to go on a blind date with his friend Roger's sister. If Marlin wants to know facts like hair color, body type, etc., Roger will need to describe his sister's
Phenotype
Which type of development is most involved in the growth of body and brain, sensory capacities, motor skills, and health?
Physical
individual context; social context
Piaget would provide us with the _____ of children's concepts, whereas Vygotsky has provided us with the ______.
Cognitive disequilibrium
Piaget's term for when a new experience or idea does not fit a person's existing understanding
Which approach looks at the quality of cognitive functioning at different stages of life?
Piagetian
Which of the following is NOT one of the cognitive stages through which a child progresses, as theorized by Jean Piaget?
Post-conceptual
Reaction Range
Potential variability, depending on environmental conditions, in the expression of a hereditary trait.
reaction range
Potential variability, depending on environmental conditions, in the expression of a hereditary trait.
The practical knowledge of how to use language to communicate is
Pragmatics
_____ is when children make progress in understanding how to use language in a culturally sensitive way.
Pragmatics
Which scientific goal is reflected by suggesting that high school students who score a 1000 or more on the Scholastic Aptitude Test (S.A.T.) will be successful in college?
Predict
Ruthann has a condition called congenital adrenal hyperplasia, which has caused her to
Prefer the type of rough-and-tumble play activities that boys generally prefer.
ultrasound
Prenatal medical procedure using high-frequency sound waves to detect the outline of a fetus and its movements, so as to determine whether a pregnancy is progressing normally.
Ultrasound
Prenatal medical procedure using high-frequency sound waves to detect the outline of fetus and its movements
schizophrenia
Psychological disorder marked by loss of contact with reality and demonstrating such symptoms as hallucinations and delusions which also seems to have a strong genetic component is
Which cognitive characteristic in infants seems to be generally associated with high intelligence in middle childhood?
Rapid processing of perceptual information
Recessive inheritance occurs only when a person receives two ____________ alleles, one from each parent.
Recessive
Marco's parents both have brown eyes, but Marco's eyes are blue. Marco's eyes are the result of
Recessive inheritance
Ultrasound (sonogram), sonoembryology
Risks and Notes Done routinely in many places. Can be used for sex- screening of unborn babies.
A psychological disorder marked by loss of contact with reality and demonstrating such symptoms as hallucinations and delusions, which also seems to have a strong genetic component, is
Schizophrenia
Amniocentesis (description)
Sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn under guidance of ultrasound and analyzed. Most commonly used procedure to obtain fetal cells for testing.
Sociodramatic play
Sara, Molly, and Shy are playing dress-up. They are all princesses and have built a castle out of cardboard boxes and colored paper. What type of play are the three girls engaging in?
Christi's infant rejects foods that tastes bitter. This may
Save the child's life.
A structure of organized patterns of behavior that a person uses to think about and act in a situation
Scheme
Genetic Code
Sequence of bases within the DNA molecule; a set of rules that govern the formation of proteins that determine the structure and function of living cells.
Which of the following would be considered the most highly canalized trait at birth?
Sequence of motor development
Define karyotype
Shows chromosomal abnormalities
Genes
Small segments of DNA located in definite positions on particular chromosomes; functional units of heredity.
Zygote
Single cell formed from the union of two gametes and a sperm
holophrase
Single word that conveys a complete thought
Heritability
Statistical estimate of contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population at a particular time.
An 8-month-old infant who cries when a relative she has never met comes to visit is showing
Stranger anxiety
In terms of gender-typing, watching television and reading books tend to
Strengthen most gender-typing attitudes
Marijuana and pregnancy
Studies of marijuana use by pregnant women are sparse. However, some evidence suggests that heavy marijuana use can lead to birth defects, low birth weight, withdrawal-like symptoms (excessive crying and tremors) at birth, and increased risk of attention disorders and learning problems later in life. In two longitudinal studies, prenatal use of marijuana was associated with impaired attention, impulsivity, and difficulty in use of visual and perceptual skills after age 3, suggesting that the drug may affect functioning of the brain's frontal lobes
At 21 months of age, Pierre has acquired a symbolic thinking system. Which substage of the sensorimotor stage is he in?
Substage 6—mental combinations
When Piaget's daughter, Lucienne, figured out how to remove a watch chain from a box by widening the opening and opened and closed her mouth to signify this, she had reached what substage?
Substage 6—mental combinations
The fetal period
The time from nine weeks after conception to birth is called:
______________ is a consistent and enduring characteristic of personality.
Temperament
New parents Willy and Bernice have both spent their lives being short-tempered. They spend a great deal of their time together apologizing for their thoughtlessness. Which of the following statements about temperament might be alarming to Willy and Bernice?
Temperament appears to be largely determined by genetics
Both Willy and Bernice have spent their lives being short tempered and spend a great deal of their time together apologizing for their thoughtlessness. Which one of the following statement about temperament might be alarming to these new parents?
Temperament appears to be largely determined by genetics.
Transitive inference
The ability to understand the connection between one fact and another, even though it is not stated, is called:
Prefrontal cortex
The area in the brain that plans, anticipates, and controls impulses and is the last part of the brain to mature:
gender constancy
The awareness that one will always be male or female (also called sex-category constancy). According to Kohlberg, this appears to develop in three stages:
According to the text, why are babies' heads so large in proportion to their body size?
The baby's brain and head are more developed than other parts of the body.
Eat well balanced meals with a variety of foods
The best way to ensure adequate nutrition and vitamin intake is to:
4 months prenatal
The body to head length ratio is now to that of a normal baby at birth (1/4th) The fetus now measures 8 to 10 inches and weighs about 6 ounces. The mother may be able to feel the fetus kicking, a movement known as quickening, which some societies and religious groups consider the beginning of human life. The reflex activities that appeared in the third month are now brisker because of increased muscular development.
Accommodation
The cognitive process of adjusting our old ways of thinking in order to include new information, as described by Piaget.
Assimilation
The cognitive process that occurs when (for example) you see a man from the nation of Fiji, but have never seen someone from their before - yet you still recognize him as a human being is called:
emergence of baby from mother
The end of the second stage of childbirth is indicated by
One aspect of Piaget's view of cognitive development
The idea that cognitive development follows age-related changes in understanding.
You tell your parents that in college you wish to study the science of genetics. What will be the focus of your study?
The inborn, inherited factors that affect development.
Affordable and available prenatal care
The incidence of low birth weight infants could be reduced most dramatically by:
increase in multiple births
The increase use of fertility drugs along with delayed childbearing had resulted in
Standing up momentarily without holding on
The last skill (of those listed in the question) to develop is:
tertiary circular reactions
The third of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving active exploration and experimentation. Infants explore a range of new activities, varying their responses as a way of learning about the world. intentional adaptations to specific situations
When do dendrites and synaptic connections multiply, accounting for much of the brain's growth in weight and permitting the emergence of new perceptual and motor abilities?
The third trimester and the first two years of life after birth
Edgy
This is one of the four categories of temperament suggested by the New York Longitudinal study:
If a mother wanted to have a clear image of the fetus in her womb, which procedure would she most likely use?
Ultrasound
If mother wanted to have a clear image of the fetus in her womb, which procedure would she most likely use?
Ultrasound
Fertilization
Union of sperm and ovum to produce a zygote; also called conception.
The use of parentese, or child-directed speech, includes which of the following?
Use of short words and simple sentences
Distal parent
When Caitlin falls and hurts herself, she runs to her mother crying. Rather than comforting Caitlin, her mother offers her a toy to distract her. Her mother is a:
Critical period of development
When certain things MUST occur for normal development.
Move her legs as if to walk
When one-month-old Lily is held upright with her feet touching a flat surface, she should:
Which of the following is an example of a non shared environmental effect?
Your brother learning karate while you play soccer
Which of the following is an example of a nonshared environmental effect?
Your brother learning karate while you play soccer
Fertilization
Zygote is created when a sperm and an egg combine in the Fallopian tubes to form a single cell this process is referred to as?
A central focus in development research is plasticity, which refers to
a person's capacity for change
genotype
a researcher compares monozygotic and dizygotic twins for their level of similarity on a trait. this researcher is attempting to determine the ______ of the trait activity levels. -teratogenesis -genotype -karyotype -heritability
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
a shift from external control to self-control; emerges from trust and self-awareness 18mo to 3yrs. Development of motor skills leads to independence. Either a feeling of independence or frustration that others still have more control over you, feeling that you don't have control over yourself; the virtue gain is will power: the ability to make choices and demonstrate independence.
schema/scheme
a specific mental structure or organized method of making sense of experience schemata change with age children have a natural tendency to use schemata
is affected little by environmental conditions
a strongly canalized trait is one that -is easily influenced by environmental conditions -is affected little by environmental conditions -only appears in certain situations -has a large reaction range
A teratogen is:
a substance or a condition that can increase the risk of prenatal abnormalities
incomplete dominance
a trait is not fully expressed. Normally the presence of a dominant/recessive gene pair results in the full expression of the dominant gene and the masking of the recessive gene. In incomplete dominance, the resulting phenotype is a combination of both genes.
haptic perception
ability to acquire information about properties of objects, such as size, weight, and texture, by handling them.
depth perception
ability to perceive objects and surfaces three-dimensionally.
Theory of Mind
ability to reason about what other people know or believe the ability to infer the existence of mental states and to use them to explain the behavior of ourselves and other people
Research shows that home births with a plan for hospitalization for emergencies can be
as safe as a hospital birth.
visual cliff
apparatus designed to give an illusion of depth and used to asses depth perception in infants.
Behavioral Teratogens
are those that harm the brain. 20% of children with behavior problems are directly related to such
A couple has a 2 year old son who has never been very responsive to social stimulation, shows little language development, and engages in repetitive behaviors. A probable diagnosis for this child is:
autism
Although she remembers riding the bus every day to school, Hillary especially remembers the day that her bus driver was dressed up like a clown. This type of memory would be described as
autobiographical memory.
According to Erikson. which ciris occurs during toddlerhood
autonomy versus shame and doubt
Matt's parents have noticed that he has recently wet his pants a few times and started to suck his thumb and talk like a baby, although he is 4 ½ years old. Which of the following has probably happened to Matt? Select one: a. His grandparents are moving into his house. b. His mother has just had a baby. c. His father has lost his job. d. His mother has just taken a job outside the home.
b. His mother has just had a baby.
According to the _________ perspective, people's actions are reactions to aspects of their environment that they find pleasing, painful, or threatening.
behaviorism
Which of the following would be beneficial for a low-birth-weight baby?
being touched and massaged
Which would be beneficial for a low-birth weight baby
being touched and massaged
self-efficiency
belief that one can be effective in the world (self confidence)
Within each cell nucleus are coils of DNA called Select one: a. genes. b. human genomes. c. chromosomes. d. zygotes.
c. chromosomes.
neglect
failure to meet a child's basic needs: food, clothing, medical care, protection, and supervision
When her mother came into the room, Constance was laughing out loud at the dog's antics. This behavior usually begins at about an infant's __________ month. Select one: a. second b. third c. sixth d. fifth
c. sixth
At birth, Mona had an Apgar score of 1; after 5 minutes of resuscitation, her score was 4. Her parents were probably told that she Select one: a. was likely to have cerebral palsy. b. had suffered some neurological damage. c. still needed help to establish breathing. d. was out of danger and breathing normally.
c. still needed help to establish breathing.
The changes that bring on labor typically begin about 2 weeks before delivery, as a result of: a. size of the baby b. increased anxiety of the mother c. the shifting of balance of hormones d. the size of the placenta
c. the shifting of balance of hormones
A procedure that can be used within the first trimester of pregnancy to test fetal cells for defective conditions is:
chorionic villus sampling
Each of Erickson's stages involves a major developmental issue that is particularly important at that time. Erickson referred to these issues as _____________ in personality
crises
Kaylie is struggling to learn German in college. Her struggles provide evidence for which concept?
critical period
Which one of the following activities is considered to be an attachment-seeking behavior on the part of a baby?
crying, smiling, sucking (all)
For how many hours a day does the average newborn sleep? Select one: a. 12 b. 14 c. 16 d. 18
d. 18
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes
visual cliff
designed to give an illusion of depth and used to assess depth perception in infants. crawling babies will not cross over onto "deep" side (i.e., the side of the table with clear glass that looks like a cliff) babies too young to crawl haven't associated anxiety with depth & find deep side more interesting
Christopher has a gene for Huntington's disease and will definitely have the disorder. This is an example of transmission by __________ inheritance.
dominant
During the critical period between 8 and 15 weeks after fertilization, ____________ has been linked to mental retardation, chromosomal malformations, and seizures.
exposure to radiation
Generalizing from the text, children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy are at a higher-than-normal risk for all of the following EXCEPT...
face and limb malformations
HOME examiners rate parents on all of the following EXCEPT
feeding methods
8 months prenatal
fetus is 18 to 20 inches long and weighs between 5 and 7 pounds. Its living quarters are becoming cramped, and so its movements are curtailed. During this month and the next, a layer of fat is developing over the fetus's entire body, which will enable it to adjust to varying temperatures outside the womb.
The zygote divides and implants into the wall of the uterus during which stage of gestation?
germinal
The correct order for the three prenatal stages is
germinal, embryonic, and fetal.
1 month prenatal
growth is more rapid than at any other time during prenatal or postnatal life; the embryo reaches a size 10,000 times greater than the zygote. by the end it measures about ½ inch in length. Blood flows through its veins and arteries, which are very small. It has a minuscule heart, beating 65 times a minute. It already has the beginning of a brain, kidneys, liver, and digestive tract. The umbilical cord, its lifeline to the mother, is working. Its sex cannot yet be detected.
Threshold effect teratogens
harmless until a certain level is reached
4 Causal Factors Involved in the Nature of Change
heredity/maturation: sets upper limits of development. Heredity provides the newborn with the basic equipment to cope with problems in the environment and sets a time schedule for new development possibilities. experience: active interaction with the environment social transmission: education (formal and informal) equilibration: drives the above 3 factors; driving force behind all development. It is not the same as homeostasis because cognitive development is dynamic—we must change to be stable. Resolution of disequilibrium results in an equilibrium at a higher level than before. We are growing, always changing.
A researcher compares monozygotic and dizygotic twins for their level of similarity on a trait. This researcher is attempting to determine the __________ of the trait activity levels.
heritability
Historically, the study of child development gained impetus from
immunization to protect children from disease,child labor laws, scientific discoveries about the nature of conception. all of these.
cell death
in brain development, normal elimination of excess brain cells to achieve more efficient functioning.
Today, about half of all infants under 1 year in the United States whose mothers work are cared for
in homes of relatives or friends.
Infants and toddlers grow __________.
in little spurts
Two-week-old Jamie is lying quietly in her bassinet. Suddenly she utters a loud, piercing cry and holds her breath. She is probably
in pain
assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
Implantation
into the uterine wall occurs fails in 60% of natural conceptions and 7 % of in vitro
A reflex is a:
involuntary response to stimulus
Marasmus __________.
is characterized by an enlarged belly and swollen feet
Maternal stress and/or anxiety during pregnancy
is normal at low levels.
An antiseptic, temperature-controlled crib for low-birth-weight babies is called an
isolette
An antiseptic, temperature-controlled crib for low-birth-weight babies is called an
isolette.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the placenta?
it encases the baby with a fluid-filled membrane
The principle that human development is adaptive means
it is aimed at dealing with internal and external conditions of existence.
Although Jean-Paul's adoptive parents are quite short, he is growing to be quite tall like his biological mother. What might we conclude about Jean-Paul's height?
it is influenced primarily by heredity
Most newborns show greater activation in the right hemisphere while __________.
listening to non speech sounds
A theory is a set of
logically related statements which seeks to describe, explain, and predict human behavior
Synaptic pruning
makes room for the growth of neural fibers and synapses.
The human genome project was established to
map the precise order in which genes are expressed or activated
Enrique is 2 months old, painfully thin, and in danger of dying. His mother is too malnourished to produce enough breast milk and bottle-feeding is inadequate. What is the most likely cause of Enrique's illness?
marasmus
curly hair
marsha's nickname as a child was "Shirley temple" bc of her curly hair. although her hair is curly, she carries a gene for straight hair. her phenotype is -curly hair -straight hair -genes for both curly & straight hair -her total genetic makeup
cause of neglect
martial problems stressful events lack of parental education poverty alcoholism depression
natural childbirth
method of childbirth that seeks to prevent pain by eliminating the mother's fear through education about the physiology of reproduction and training in breathing and relaxation during delivery.
prepared childbirth
method of childbirth that uses instruction, breathing exercises, and social support to induce controlled physical responses to uterine contractions and reduce fear and pain.
kangaroo care
method of skin-to skin contact in which a newborn is laid face down between the mother's breasts for an hour or so at a time after birth.
Permanent alterations in genetic material that occur due to environmental conditions such as radiation or environmental hazards is/are called
mutations
maltreatment
neglect, medical neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, or psychological abuse
Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale (NBAS)
neurological and behavioral test to measure neonate's responses to the environment
Synaptogenesis
new connection between new neurons
Jill used a substance during her pregnancy that is known to harm the fetus. Jill's baby was born shorter and lighter than average, has poor respiratory functioning, and tends to be colicky. The substance Jill probably used is...
nicotine
Jill used a substance during her pregnancy that is known to harm the fetus. Jill's baby was born shorter and lighter than average, has poor respiratory functioning, and tends to be colicky. The substance Jill probably used is
nicotine.
Which of the following is most likely to be a 2 year old's favorite world
no
Which of the following is most likely to be a 2-year-old's favorite word?
no
Four-year-old Joshua plays on his mother's iPad while his grandmother is bewildered by the fact that Joshua knows how to operate it in the first place. The grandmother's reaction reflects the significance of
normative history-graded influences.
Babbling, cooing, and crying are known as
prelinguistic speech
Some children playing in the yard are pretending to bake cookies. One child gathers up some disk-shaped rocks and says, "Here are the cookies I made!" This child is engaged in
pretend play
Felicia is born after a 7-month gestation period. She is called a __________ infant
preterm
Felicia is born after a seven-month gestation period. She is called a __________ infant.
preterm
self-evaluative emotions
pride, shame and guilt; requires self-awareness and knowledge of socially accepted behaviors; children compare their own thoughts and behaviors against what is socially okay
One of the most reliable sampling methods is the use of _________, which increases the likelihood that the sample is representative of the population.
random selection
A hereditary characteristic that is carried by an individual but is NOT expressed in that individual's phenotype is...
recessive
A hereditary characteristic that is carried by an individual, but is not expressed in the phenotype is:
recessive
If Laurie has albinism but neither of her parents exhibits this inherited condition, the trait must be __________ and Laurie's genotype for this trait is ________.
recessive; homozygous
If Laurie has albinism but neither of her parents exhibits this inherited condition, the trait must be __________ and Laurie's genotype for this trait is _________.
recessive; homozygous
The ability of both an infant and his or her caregiver to respond appropriately and sensitively to each other's mental and emotional states is known as mutual
regulation.
Emotions such as empathy and pride are
related to development of self-awareness
authoritarian parenting
relies on coercive techniques (threats, punishment) to discipline child more controlling and adheres rigidly to rules typically display a low level of warmth
Stewart begins crying before his mother leaves during the Strange Situation test. When she returns, he leans toward her but kicks and squirms when she picks him up. He appears to be
resistant/ambivalent
Since the infant's lungs have only one-tenth as many air sacs as the lungs of adults, newborns are susceptible to __________ problems.
respiratory
According to research cited in your text, what is the best way to respond to an infant's crying?
respond regularly with smooth and tender care
Meiosis:
results in the number of chromosomes being reduced by half
When her mother came into the room, Constance was laughing out loud at the dog's antics. This behavior usually begins at about an infant's __________ month.
sixth
Sexual differentiation in human embryos normally occurs during the ___________ after conception
sixth to eighth weeks
Sexual differentiation in human embryos normally occurs during the ___________ after conception.
sixth to eighth weeks
The concept of individual differences implies that people differ in....
size and build, intelligence and personalities, and the influence of society and relationships they have
An interaction between genetic and environmental factors thought to be responsible for:
spina bifida
Beth is 17 weeks into her pregnancy and undergoes a maternal blood test which shows a high level of alpha fetoprotein. She may be carrying a baby at risk of
spina bifida
Insufficient intake of folic acid during pregnancy increased the risk of having a baby with:
spina bifida
virtue of purpose
the courage to envision and pursue goals without fear of punishment
Imprinting
the differential expression of certain genetic traits, depending on whether the trait has been inherited from the mother or the father. In imprinted gene pairs, genetic information inherited from the parent of one sex is activated, but genetic information from the other parent is suppressed
amniotic sac
the fluid-filled sac surrounding the developing human organism is the -placenta -amniotic sac -trophoblast -blastocyst
A baby's ability to manipulate objects greatly expands with the development of __________, use of the thumb and index finger opposably.
the pincer grasp
Why are there fontanels in a neonate's skulls?
to ease the passage of the skull through the birth canal
at birth the most developed sense is_____ and the least developed sense is
touch, sight
At birth, the most developed sense is __________; and the least developed sense is __________.
touch; sight
At birth, the most developed sense is __________; the least developed sense is __________.
touch; sight
environmental factors that may produce birth defects are called
toxinogens (p. 75)
Although most appear normal at birth, more than half of the children whose mothers contract _______________ during the second or third trimester of pregnancy suffer from eye infections, hearing loss, and learning disabilities.
toxoplasmosis
Environment includes what is outside the self and the learning that comes from experiences in this world.
true
habituation:
type of learning in which familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a response
If a mother wanted to have a clear image of the fetus in her womb, which procedure would she most likely use?
ultrasound
Which of the following is generally used to detect multiple pregnancies or measure a fetus's head?
ultrasound
The technique used to determine that male fetuses are more active and move more vigorously throughout gestation is
ultrasound.
Which of the following is NOT one of the interrelated principles developed by Piaget to explain the gradual development of a child's mental processes?
unconscious processing
5 months prenatal (20 ish weeks)
weighing about 12 ounces to 1 pound and measuring about 1 foot, begins to show signs of an individual personality. It has definite sleep-wake patterns, has a favorite position in the uterus (called its lie), becomes more active—kicking, stretching, squirming, and even hiccuping. By putting an ear to the mother's abdomen, it is possible to hear the fetal heartbeat. The respiratory system is not yet adequate to sustain life outside the womb; a baby born at this time does not usually survive. a woolly hair called lanugo covers the body.
it results in the number of chromosomes being reduced bay half
which of the following is TRUE of the process of meiosis? -meiosis results in two cells, each with 46 chromosomes -it results in the number of chromosomes being reduced by half -the process adds an extra 21st chromosome -meiosis is the process by which the egg and sperm combine
ultrasound
which of the following is generally used to detect multiple pregnancies or measure a fetus's head? -chorionic villus sampling -maternal blood test -ultrasound -amniocentesis
At age 2, a healthy, normal child is likely to be
willful.
committed compliance
willingly followed orders without reminders; shows internalization of household rules
The fetal stage of development is reached _____ after conception
8 weeks
anesthesia
A method of Medicaid delivery that allows a woman to fill sensation and move her legs so she's able to participate in childbirth is
postpartum depression
A new mother's feelings of inadequacy and sadness in the days and weeks after giving birth; the baby could also become depressed
Corella is 37-years-old and pregnant. She has a brother who was born with Down syndrome. Which of the following tests will most likely be recommended during Corella's pregnancy?
Amniocentesis
In which of the following procedures is a sample of fluid taken from around the fetus and analyzed for possible defects?
Amniocentesis
Over-regularization
"He hitted me with a stick" is an example of:
Teratogens
(teratology) study of birth defects, things that impair prenatal development and lead to birth defects
In which procedure is a sample of fluid taken from around the fetus and analyzed for possible defects?
Amniocentesis
Mary is 43 years old and pregnant with her second child. Her first child suffers from sickle-cell anemia. What prenatal test is her doctor likely to recommend?
Amniocentesis
What is associated with drinking alcohol during pregnancy?
- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) - 5 infants in 1000 born in US will suffer from FAS - Problems in infancy: reduce responsiveness to stimulus, slow reaction, time and reduce visual acuity - Problems in childhood: short attention span, distractibility, restlessness, hyperactivity, learning disabilities, memory deficits, mood disorders, aggressiveness, and problem behavior
Fetal stage
- Final stage of prenatal development, 8 weeks to birth - Appearance of first bone cells signals; organs and body systems become more complex; puts on layer of fat in prep for birth; fingernails, toenails and eyelids develop - 12 weeks of gestation: fetus swallows and inhales amniotic fluid to stimulate the sense of taste and smell; contributes to development of organs needed for breathing and digestion - Mature taste cells appear at about 14 weeks of gestation - Olfactory system also appear at about 14 weeks of gestation - 26 weeks of gestation: responses to sound and vibration begin
Germinal Stage
- First 2 weeks of prenatal development - zygote divides and becomes more complex; implanted in wall of uterus - within 36 hours after fertilization: zygote enters a period of rapid cell division and duplication (mitosis) - Zygote travels down fallopian tube to uterus (forms changes into a blastocyst: fluid filled sphere which flows freely in uterus until 6th day after fertilization - implants in uterine wall) - Amniotic sac, placenta, and umbilical cord develop during this time
Embryonic stage
- From about 2 to 8 weeks - Characterized by rapid growth and development of major body systems and organs, organogenesis (e.g. respiratory, digestive, and nervous system) - Critical period when embryos are most vulnerable to destructive influences in prenatal development - with severe defective embryos who do not survive beyond first trimester, includes spontaneous abortions
What are the 3 stages of prenatal development?
- Germinal stage - Embryonic stage - Fetal stage
What are the risks associated with cigarette smoking during pregnancy?
- Nicotine: maternal smoking has been identifies as the single most important factor in low birth weight in developed countries - increased risk of miscarriages, growth retardation, stillbirth, small head circumference, colic in early infancy, hyperkinetic disorder, and long term respiratory, neurological, cognitive and behavioral problems Caffeine: Four or more cups of coffee a day during pregnancy is related to increase risk of sudden death in infancy
What is the name of the fluid-filled sac surrounding the developing human organism?
Amniotic Sac
Guidepost Five: How do scientists study the relative influences of heredity and environment, and how do heredity and environment work together?
-Research in behavioral genetics is based on the assumption that the relative influences of heredity and environment within a population can be measured statistically. If heredity is an important influence on a trait, genetically closer persons will be more similar in trait. Family studies, adoption studies, and studies of twins enable researchers to measure the heritability of traits. -Critics claim that traditional behavioral genetics is too simplistic. Instead, they study complex developmental systems, reflecting a confluence of constitutional, economic, social, and biological influences. -The concepts of reaction range, canalization, genotype-environment interaction, genotype-environment correlation (or covariance), and niche-picking describe ways in which heredity and environment work together. -Siblings tend to be more different than alike in intelligence and personality. Many experiences that strongly affect development are different for each sibling.
Guidepost Three: What genetic mechanism determine sex, physical appearance, and other characteristics?
-The basic functional units of heredity are the genes, which are made of DNA. DNA carries the biochemical instructions that govern the formation and functions of various body cells. The genetic code, the chemical structure of DNA, determines all inherited characteristics. Each gene is located by function in a definite position on a particular chromosome. The complete sequence of genes in the human body is the human genome. -At conception, each normal human being receives 23 chromosomes from the mother and 23 chromosomes from the father. these from 23 pairs of chromosomes-22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes. A child who receives an X chromosome from each parent in genetically female. A child who receives a Y chromosome from the father is genetically male. -The simplest patterns of genetic transmission are dominant and recessive inheritance. When a pair of alleles are the same, a person is homozygous for the trait; when they are different, the person is heterozygous. -Most normal human characteristics are the result of ploygenic inheritance or multifactorial transmission. Except in the case of monozygotic twins, each child inherits a unique genotype, which then interacts with the environment to determine the phenotype. -The epigenetic framework controls the functions of particular genes; it can also be affected by environmental factors.
Guidepost Two: What causes infertility, and what are alternative ways of becoming parents?
-The most common cause of infertility in men is a low sperm count; the most common cause in women is blockage of the fallopian tubes. -Assisted reproductive technology may involve ethical and practical issues. -Multiple births can occur either by the fertilization of more than one ovum by different sperm or by the splitting of a single fertilized ovum. -Dizygotic (fraternal) twins have different genetic makeup and may be of different sexes. On average, they share 50% of their genes. Monozygotic (identical) twins have much the same genetic makeup but may differ in temperament or other respects.
Duplication
1 cell goes to 2, 2 goes to 4, 4 goes to 8
A healthy newborn can receive a maximum score of __________ on the Apgar scale.
10
A child's first word appears at about what age
10 to 14 months
A child's first word appears at about what age?
10 to 14 months
Since 1915 the maternal mortality rate has dropped from nearly 608 deaths per 100,000 live births to approximately _____ deaths per 100,000 live births in 2003.
12
Most infants can grasp a rattle by the age of
4 months.
The neonatal period is the first _____________________ of life.
4 weeks
The neonatal period is the first __________ of life.
4 wks
He will become aggressive himself
4 yr old Bill watches television violence at least 2 hours a day. Most likely, as he grows older:
Prenatal exposure to radiation is most dangerous during
8 to 15 weeks of gestation.
In the United States, separation protest typically begins at about the age of
8 to 9 months.
A woman's fertile window is typically between the _____ and ______ days of the menstrual cycle.
6th, 21st
The average newborn weighs __________ pounds.
7 1/2
The average newborn weighs how many pounds
7 1/2
heavy alcohol consumption
A baby was cognitive disabilities heart problems and facial and Linda's formalities probably had a mother who engage in blank during her pregnancy
In terms of maltreatment, the most likely person to abuse a child is
A parent
Act nervous
A parent and toddler meet someone the toddler does not know but who makes the parent nervous. The toddler will probably:
Generalizing from the text, which father would be most likely to care for his infant child?
A man who alters his work schedule to share domestic chores
Which of the following statements about the influences of heredity and environment is correct according to your textbook?
A person's potential range of height is genetically determined, but actual height may be influenced by nutrition
Which of the following statements about the influences of heredity and environment is correct, according to your textbook?
A person's potential range of height is genetically determined, but actual height may be influenced by nutrition
on there stomachs
A possible cause of Sids involves infant's sleeping is
According to the Kauai Longitudinal Study, which of the following factors seems to protect some individuals from the harmful effects of birth complications?
A. a sense of personal control over one's life B. close ties to a family member C. a high inborn level of sociability D. all of the above
Corrine, a genetic counselor has occasion to advise women from a variety of different ethnic groups as to their likelihood of giving birth to twins. Which woman would you inform has the highest chance of giving birth to fraternal twins?
An African American woman
Which of the following influences the likelihood that a teratogen will cause a birth defect?
All of these (Timing of exposure, Dose, Duration)
Doctors warn that smoking during pregnancy contributes to which of the following?
All of these are possible outcomes.
The dramatic reduction in risks surrounding pregnancy and childbirth has resulted from
All of these: Antibotics, anesthesia, prenatal care.
9 months-newborn
About a week before birth, the fetus stops growing, average weight of about 7½ pounds and a length of about 20 inches, with boys tending to be a little longer and heavier than girls. Fat pads continue to form, the organ systems are operating more efficiently, the heart rate increases, and more wastes are expelled through the umbilical cord. The reddish color of the skin is fading. At birth, the fetus will have been in the womb for about 266 days, though gestational age is usually estimated at 280 days because most doctors date the pregnancy from the mother's last menstrual period.
What are the risks associated with being overweight or obese prior to pregnancy?
According to CDC, women who are overweight or obese prior to pregnancy are 18% more likely than normal weight women to have a baby with heart defects
Sex; Gender
According to the text, ____ differences are biological and ____ differences are culturally prescribed.
Erikson's theory on toddlers
According to this, toddlers want to gain a sense of autonomy, or control, over their own bodies
Placenta
Allows oxygen and nourishment and waste to pass between mother and embryo - Helps fight internal infections - Produce hormones that support pregnancy; preps mom for lactation; stimulates uterine contractions
What are the functions of the placenta?
Allows oxygen, nourishment, and wastes to pass mother and embryo
Of the cultures described in your textbook, in which one do "fathers provide more direct infant contact than fathers in any other known society"?
Aka pygmies
Cross-sequential research
Allows researchers to disentangle differences due to chronological age from differences related to historical period:
(T/F) The gestation period for a human is 10 1/2 months
False
Ectoderm
Becomes the outer layer of skin, nails, hair, teeth, sensory organs, and nervous system
According to research cited in the text, when do babies become able to distinguish different speech sounds, such as their mother speaking two languages?
Before Birth
According to research cited in the text, when do babies become able to distinguish different speech sounds such as mother speaking two languages?
Before birth
The use of operant conditioning to modify or shape human behavior.
Behavior modification
Which field seeks to discover the influence of environment and heredity on individual differences in human development?
Behavioral genetics
Which of the following would be beneficial for a low-birth-weight baby?
Being touched and massaged
Which of the following would be beneficial for a low-birth-weight baby?
Being touched and massaged.
What are the consequences of contracting Rubella before the 11th week of pregnancy?
Causes deafness and heart defects in baby
Amniocentesis (uses and advantages)
Can detect chromosomal disorders and certain genetic or multifactorial defects; more than 99 percent accuracy rate. Usually performed in women ages 35 and over; recommended if prospective parents are known carriers of Tay-Sachs disease or sickle-cell anemia or have family history of Down syndrome, spina bifida, or muscular dystrophy. Can help diagnose sex-linked disorders.
Embryoscopy, fetoscopy (uses and advantages)
Can guide fetal blood transfusions and bone marrow transplants.
Which of the following babies would have the highest Apgar score?
Carmela is pink, with rapid pulse; she is coughing and crying
Which of the following babies would have the highest Apgar score?
Carmela is pink, with rapid pulse; she is coughing and crying.
Active correlations:
As children get older and have more freedom to choose their own activities and environments, they actively select or create experiences consistent with their genetic tendencies. A shy child is more likely than an outgoing child to spend time in solitary pursuits.
Unlike many undeveloped countries, the leading cause of infant death in the United States is
Birth defects.
__________ is the principle "that allows people to predict and control their world."
Causality
Which of the following is NOT one of the once-familiar and often fatal childhood diseases that are now largely preventable through immunization?
Cancer
Kumar learns first to hold up his head, then to raise his shoulders, and then to push with his feet. This demonstrates which principle of development?
Cephalocaudal
The reason that infants are capable of grasping an object before they can take their first steps is reflected in the
Cephalocaudal pattern of growth.
Which principle does motor development in infancy follow?
Cephalocaudal, Proximodistal, and Simple-to-complex. ALL OF THESE
The 5-7 shift refers to - Changes in the way children describe themselves - Changes in the average height of children during early childhood - Changes in intelligence scores during early childhood - Changes in the number of friends most children make during early childhood
Changes in the way children describe themselves
Temperament
Characteristic disposition, or style of approaching and reacting to situations.
temperament
Characteristic disposition, or style of approaching and reacting to situations.
overregularization
Children will apply rules rigidly, without recognizing exceptions, such as "mouses" instead of "mice."
Reactive, or evocative, correlations:
Children with differing genetic makeups evoke different reactions from others. For example, parents who are not musically inclined may make a special effort to provide musical experiences for a child who shows interest and ability in music.
Down Syndrome
Chromosomal disorder characterized by moderate-to-sever mental retardation and by such physical signs as a downward-sloping skin fold at the inner corner of the eyes.
Marla finds that rubbing her face against the satin edge of her blanket feels good. She learns to repeat this action to get a pleasurable sensation. According to Piaget, she has acquired a(n)
Circular reaction
Children born to women who smoke during pregnancy tend to show:
Cleft palate
Genetic Counseling
Clinical service that advises prospective parents of their probable risk of having children with hereditary defects.
Dominique, age 14, was diagnosed several years ago with oppositional defiant disorder. Since then her behavior has worsened. According to your text, Dominique will likely be diagnosed with
Conduct disorder
Suppose your psychology professor asks you to do a study examining how emotional reactions change in children between the ages of 3 and 12 years. Given that the study needs to be completed in less then two weeks, which type of data collection method should you employ?
Cross-sectional
Some religious groups have taught children consistent traditions for weddings and funerals. Teaching these ways to the next generation is an example of
Culture
Marsha's nickname as a child was "Shirley Temple" because of her curly hair. Although her hair is curly, she carries a gene for straight hair. Her phenotype is
Curly hair
Early skin-to-skin contact (kangaroo care) between newborns and parents
Currently, most developmental psychologists believe that this is not essential for bonding between children and parents.
Has not mastered the concept of conservation
Daryl has a ball of Silly Putty that he flattens to a thin "pancake" as his 6 year old son, John, watches. When Daryl asks John if there is now more Silly Putty, John replies, "Yes." Piaget would say that John:
A child who sounds out a word by translating it from print to speech is
Decoding
Meredith watches her mother pour water out of a glass into the sink. The next day, at the beach, Meredith pours water from a cup into a pail. Meredith is engaging in
Deferred imitation
Sickle-cell anemia
Deformed, fragile red blood cells that can clog the blood vessels, depriving the body of oxygen; symptoms include severe pain, stunted growth, frequent infections, leg ulcers, gallstones, susceptibility to pneumonia, and stroke.
Tay-Sachs disease
Degenerative disease of the brain and nerve cells, resulting in death before age 5. Dis-proportionally affects Jews
Which of the following is a part of self-definition?
Developing a concept of the ideal self
Tasha has just given birth to healthy twins. One of the twins has an X and Y chromosome, while the other has two X chromosomes. These twins are
Dizygotic
first trimester
During which period of pregnancy are babies most vulnerable to drugs taken by mother
embryonic
During which prenatal stage do the major body systems and organs develop
Marcus has stopped being so demanding and waits his turn when playing with his friends. He also appears to be more interested in others instead of himself. He is probably in what developmental period?
Early childhood
According to research presented in your text, which of the following is NOT one of the four major causes of death in children younger than age 5.
Ebola
Piaget used the three-mountain task to assess children's level of ______
Egocentrism
At which stage of gestation is exposure of the fetus to alcohol the most damaging?
Embryonic
teratogen
Environmental agent, such as a virus, a drug, or radiation, that can interfere with normal prenatal development and cause developmental abnormalities.
Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
Enzyme deficiency that can lead to cirrhosis of the liver in early infancy and emphysema and degenerative lung disease in middle age.
______ holds that genes and environmental influences work hand in hand to eventually allow or prevent developmental behaviors.
Epigenetics
dynamic systems theory
Esther Tehran's theory which hods that motor development is a dynamic process of active coordination of multiple systems within the infant in relation to the environment.
A teratogen exclusively refers to drugs, alcohol, and radiation.
FALSE
An amniocentesis samples the placenta to determine chromosomal abnormalities and genetic disorders.
FALSE
Generalizing from the text, children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy are at a higher-than-normal risk for all of the following EXCEPT
Face and limb malformations
Which of the following physiological traits are determined primarily by heredity rather than by an interaction between heredity and environment?
Facial structure
(T/F) Alcohol consumed by the mother during pregnancy is not know to have any teratogenic effects
False
(T/F) At conception, each human being receives 46 chromosomes from each parent
False
(T/F) Postnatal care appears to be more important than prenatal care for the well-being of the baby
False
Which prenatal stage of development lasts the longest?
Fetal stage
According to the text, which of the following factors will NOT increase the likelihood that a mother will have an underweight baby?
Having had one or two babies during the previous five years
humanized
Having labor and delivery take place with the husband or partner present as a coach is an example of how hospitals are finding ways to blank childbirth
The inborn traits or characteristics we inherit from biological parents are our
Heredity
Intellligence (heretiability of it)
Heredity exerts a strong influence on general intelligence (as measured by intelligence tests) and, to a lesser extent, on specific abilities such as memory, verbal ability, and spatial ability. polygenic trait; it is influenced by the additive effects of large numbers of genes working together. Intelligence also depends in part on brain size and structure, which are under strong genetic influence. Experience counts too;
A researcher compares monozygotic and dizygotic twins for their level of similarity on a trait. This researcher is attempting to determine the ________ of the trait activity levels
Heritability
A researcher compares monozygotic and dizygotic twins for their level of similarity on a trait. This researcher is attempting to determine the __________ of the trait activity levels.
Heritability
A statistical estimate of how much contribution heredity makes toward individual differences in a specific trait at a certain time within a given population is refered to as
Heritability
Concordant rates provide researchers information concerning the _____ of a given trait.
Heritability
Professor MacArthur is interested in studying the relative contribution of genetics and the environment on athletic ability. The professor is most interested in
Heritability
23
How many pairs of chromosomes does a normal human being have
Longitudinal research
If a researcher wanted to study the development of handwriting ability in children, she could measure the handwriting of a group of second-graders and continue to take handwriting samples from these same children each year until sixth grade. This is an example of:
Self-awareness
If we place a dot of rouge on an 18-month-old's nose and stand the child in front of a mirror, she may then touch her nose. This shows the child has some:
Additive
If your mom's family members all have very dark skin and your dad's family members all have very light skin, your skin color may be somewhere in between. Each parent's genes contributed in this way:
Autosomes
In humans, the 22 pairs of chromosomes not related to sexual expression.
According to your text, which infant is likely to understand that a ball must be thrown to move?
Infant Darlene, who can crawl
Sensorimotor exploration
Infant day care is of high quality if caregivers emphasize, among other things:
Polycystic kidney disease
Infantile form: enlarged kidneys, leading to respi- ratory problems and congestive heart failure. Adult form: kidney pain, kidney stones, and hypertension resulting in chronic kidney failure.
According to Erikson, the conflict between young children's urge to pursue goals and their moral judgments about those urges is
Initiative vs guilt
Which of the following is true about physical development?
It interacts with cognitive, personality, and social development at all ages.
According to your textbook, which of the following statements about SIDS is TRUE?
It is associated with defects in the brain stem.
Although Jean-Paul's adoptive parents are quite short in stature, he is growing to be quite tall like his biological mother. What might we conclude about JP's height?
It is primarily by heredity
Which of the following statements regarding Down syndrome is true
It is the cause of about one-third of all cases of moderate-to-severe mental retardation.
Which of the following is TRUE of the process of meiosis?
It results in the number of chromosomes being reduced by half
Which of the following is TRUE of the process of meiosis?
It results in the number of chromosomes being reduced by half.
Animism
Ivan was playing under the kitchen table when he stood up suddenly and bumped his head. He pointed at the table and sternly said, "Naughty table!" This is an example of:
Sociocultural theory, developed by _________, stresses children's active involvement with their environment as the process by which they acquire cognitive skills.
Lev Vygotsky
Which baby would have the highest Apgar score? - Bobby, who has blue fingers and lips and struggles to breathe - Billy, who is pink, crying, kicking, and wiggling - Betty, who is blue, being very still, and not crying or moving - Beverly, who is pink but not crying and not moving (NOT)
MAYBE Billy, who is pink, crying, kicking, and wiggling
"If children learn aggression from models, then children who watch violent television shows should be more aggressive than children who watch nonviolent shows." This is an example of a - Theory (NOT) - Finding - Hypothesis - Conclusion
MAYBE Hypothesis
Unpopularity during middle childhood is - Generally not cause for concern - Seldom related to later adjustments - Often related to coercive or inept parenting - Something that usually cannot be helped but may be outgrown (NOT)
MAYBE Often related to coercive or inept parenting
Although parts of his theory have been heavily criticized, Freud's contribution to the field of human growth included all of the following EXCEPT - the importance of unconscious thoughts, feelings, and motivations. - the role of childhood experiences. (NOT) - the ambivalence of emotional responses. - the importance of developing formal operational thought.
MAYBE the importance of developing formal operational thought.
The view by society that it is desirable to have only two children is an example of Bronfenbrenner's
Macrosystem
Which of the following do infants NOT do during the first month of life according to Piaget?
Make acquired adaptations with mental representations
XXY (Klinefelter)
Male; sterility, underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, small testes, learning disorders.
XYY
Male; tall stature; tendency toward low IQ, especially verbal.
The Strange Situation
Measures how a child responds to separations and reunions with a caregiver:
Which topic would NOT have been addressed by the original developmental researchers?
Menopause
Prepared childbirth teaches breathing and muscle responses in order to
Minimize fear and pain.
Fragile X
Minor-to-severe mental retardation; symptoms, which are more severe in males, include delayed speech and motor development, speech impairments, and hyperactivity; the most common inherited form of mental retardation.
Scaffolding
Miriam helps her son Ben make cookies. She measures out all of the ingredients and places them on the counter in small bowls. She reads the recipe aloud while simplifying it as Ben places the ingredients in the bowl and mixes them together with a spoon. This is an example of:
spontaneous abortion
Miscarriage or the Natural expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that cannot survive outside the womb;
chromosomal abnormalities
Miscarriages are most commonly caused by
The name for the process of cell division that produces copies of cells with the 46 chromosomes is
Mitosis
speech and language deficits
Moderate to heavy drinking of alcohol during pregnancy may have all of the following harmful effects on the fetus including
Eric gets very frustrated with his mom when she interrupts his game playing to help her in the kitchen. According to your text, Eric is struggling with - Exposure to media violence - Emotional self-regulation - Cognitive motivation - Psychosocial confusion
NOT - Exposure to media violence
On the first day of preschool, Kyle chooses to play with Justin instead of Julia. This is an example of - Gender bias - Gender segregation - Gender choice - Gender prejudice
NOT gender choice
Caleb, age 6, sees his older brother playing with a ball in the house and watches as the ball breaks a picture on the table. He also sees his older sister dusting some of the pictures and watches as she drops two of them, also breaking the pictures. According to Piaget, if Caleb's mom walked in and asked Caleb who should be in more trouble, who would Caleb choose? - His brother - His sister - Neither - Both
NOT his brother
Intelligence tests for young children - Are more reliable than tests for infants - rarely correlate with intelligence test scores in middle childhood - Are usually administered to groups rather than individually - Contain no verbal items
NOT rarely correlate with intelligence test scores in middle childhood
The partial expression of a recessive gene in a heterozygous pair is called - Dominant inheritance - recessive inheritance - incomplete dominance - partial dominance
NOT recessive inheritance
It appears that stress during pregnancy can - reduce the mother's immune system. - trigger infections that can cause premature labor. - come from either positive or negative events. - All these are correct regarding stress.
NOT reduce the mother's immune system. ------------------------------------- MAYBE All these are correct regarding stress.
According to which of the following theories do humans have an innate capacity to acquire language?
Nativism
Spontaneous abortion
Natural expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that cannot survive outside the womb.
painkilling drugs
Natural or prepared childbirth can minimize the need for
Professor Bailey watches Tehra closely through a one-way mirror as she participates in her social studies class. This is an example of what research method?
Naturalistic observation
Based on your reading, which baby do you think would have the highest Apgar score?
Nevin: he is pink, crying, kicking, and wiggling
Which of the following statements about the first few days of life is NOT true?
Newborns tend to have dark complexions
Lisa is concerned because she is 8 months pregnant and has just contracted rubella. Which birth defect is likely to be present in her child as a consequence?
No birth defects are likely to be present.
Which of the following statements about monozygotic twins is TRUE?
One twin may be right-handed while the other is left-handed.
Which of the following statements about monozygotic twins is true
One twin may be right-handed while the other is left-handed.
A cohort effect
Pam attended her 20th high school reunion and had a wonderful time dancing the old dances and singing the old songs. According to the multicontextual characteristics of development, her enjoyment may be attributed to:
2-year old Sydney has not started talking yet, often cries when her mother leaves the room, and did not take her first steps until she was 18 months old. Which developmental domains should her parents be concerned with?
Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial
__________ and __________ are examples of fine motor activities.
Pointing; drawing
Which of the following is NOT a benefit your textbook mentions resulting from attendance at a daycare?
Politeness to adults
Traits that are affected by many genes are influenced through ______________ ______________.
Polygenic inheritance
Nutrition and Maternal Weight (key facts)
Pregnant women typically need 300 to 500 additional calories a day, including extra protein. Women of normal weight and body build who gain 16 to 40 pounds are less likely to have birth complications or to bear babies whose weight at birth is dangerously low or overly high. Folic acid, or folate (a B vitamin), is critical in a pregnant woman's diet. also Omega-3's
Centration
Preoperational children are easily fooled by magician's tricks - which involve getting the audience to focus on one aspect of the demonstration while he is manipulating another - because of their tendency toward:
Felicia is born after a seven-month gestation period. She is called a __________ infant.
Preterm
Organismic theorists emphasize __________ change, while mechanistic theorists emphasize __________ change.
Qualitative; quantitative
Behavioral Genetics
Quantitative study of relative heredity and environmental influences on behavior.
Heredity and Environment
Reaction range - how much variability there will be in terms of genetic expression. 80-100 genetic range; environment establishes where you will be on that range. Poor stimulation closer to 80. Good stimulation closer to 100.
A hereditary characteristic that is carried by an individual but is NOT expressed in that individual's phenotype is
Recessive
A hereditary characteristics that is carried by an individual but is NOT expressed in that individual's phenotype is _______
Recessive
It may have negative repercussions later
Research on spanking suggests that it is quick and efficient at age 2 or 3 and that:
as safe as Hospital birth
Research shows that home births with a plan for hospitalization for emergencies can be
Sexual differentiation in human embryos normally occurs during the ______________ after conception.
Sixth to eighth weeks
Research found the effect of early maternal employment on children's compliance, behavior problems, self-esteem, cognitive development, or academic achievement to be - Little - Significant - Consistently disastrous - Life-altering
Significant
Wade is quiet, adjusts only gradually to new situations, and has moderately predictable biological cycles. Which kind of temperament does he have?
Slow-to-warm-up
Which of the following may be associated with caffeine consumption during pregnancy?
Sudden infant death syndrome
Thomas suffers from a sex-linked blood-clotting disorder called Hemophilia that is transmitted by a recessive gene. Neither his mother nor his father has ever shown symptoms of this disease. What can we conclude about the genetic makeup of John's parents?
The mother is a carrier for hemophilia, while the father does not have the gene
A possible cause of SIDS involves infants sleeping
on their tummies
Susan and Betty are monozygotic twins, while George and Brent are dizygotic twins. If a particular trait is determined primarily by hereditary factors, what would be the relative degree of concordance in these two twin pairs?
Susan and Betty would be more concordant than George and Brent
Susan and Betty are monozygotic twins, while George and Brent are dizygotic twins. If a particular trait is determined primarily by hereditary factors, what would be the relative degree of concordance in these two twin pairs?
Susan and Betty would be more concordant than George and Brent.
Hypervigilance
Symptoms of maltreatment include:
What birth defect afflicts European Jews at a rate of 1 in 3000?
Tay-Sachs Disease
niche-picking
Tendency of a person, especially after early childhood, to seek out environments compatible with his or her genotype.
concordant
Term describing tendency of twins to share the same trait or disorder.
Prefrontal cortex
The ability to control one's impulsiveness appears to be directly related to the development of the:
animistic thinking
The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, such as thoughts, wishes, feelings, and intentions
Which of the following statements regarding Down syndrome is TRUE?
The brains of these individuals shrink by adulthood
Thomas suffers from a sex-linked blood-clotting disorder called hemophilia that is transmitted by a recessive gene. Neither his mother nor his father has ever shown symptoms of this disease. What can we conclude about the genetic makeup of John's parents?
The mother is a carrier for hemophilia, while the father does not have the gene
Which of the following statements about postmature babies is FALSE?
They tend to have more fat due to a longer period in the womb.
Metacognition
This ability is necessary in order for children to be aware of what they already know and what they still need to learn:
private speech:
The internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves (either silently or out loud).
Infant Janine is using her whole hand to "point" at her favorite toy. Her actions are best explained by
The proximodistal principle.
gender consistency
The realization that gender remains constant even if outward appearances, like hairstyle or apparel, are altered.
The importance of nature and nurture in development
The relationship between the two is reciprocal. In other words, our genes set the stage for our development; nurture affects the manifestation of those genetic influences. So, Nurture affects Nature (genes).
smoking
The single greatest factor for low birth weight babies that could be prevented is
Nonshared Environmental Effects
The unique environment in which each child grows up, consisting of distinctive influences or influences that affect one child differently than another.
nonshared environmental effects
The unique environment in which each child grows up, consisting of distinctive influences or influences that affect one child differently than another.
Methamphetamine and pregnancy
This finding suggests that exposure is associated with fetal growth restriction exposure implicated in fetal brain damage to areas of the brain involved in learning, memory, and control exposed children also have less white matter in their brains, a finding that has implications for the developmental delays commonly found in such children
Vygotsky
This guy belived that language advances thinking through private speech and social mediation
Plasticity
This notion refers to the ability of human traits to be molded during development.
While cognitive benefits are apparent, social benefits are questionable.
This statement best summarizes the results of a longitudinal study conducted by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development regarding the advantages and disadvantages of day care:
Relational bullying
Three girls start a rumor that 7-year-old Heather is a bed-wetter who still uses a pacifier.They are demonstrating:
Embryoscopy, fetoscopy (description)
Tiny viewing scope is inserted in woman's abdomen to view embryo or fetus. Can assist in diagnosis of nonchromosomal genetic disorders.
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) (description)
Tissues from hairlike chorionic villi (projections of membrane surrounding fetus) are removed from placenta and analyzed.
Why are there fontanels in a neonate's skull?
To ease the passage of the skull through the birth canal
influence through polygenic inherent
Traits that are affected by many genes are
Kelly broke a lamp and was told that she had been bad. Later that evening, she was told that her parents were getting a divorce. She thought that her breaking the lamp had caused the divorce. This is an example of what kind of reasoning?
Transductive
Emphasize increased activity
Treatments for obesity in children should:
(T/F) A child who receives an X chromosomes from each parent will be genetically female
True
(T/F) Birth defects can be transmitted through simple dominant, recessive, or sex-linked genes
True
(T/F) Differences in pre- and postnatal experiences may cause differences in the personalities of identical twins
True
(T/F) External influences in the environment may affect the father's sperm
True
(T/F) Fertilization results in a single-celled organism called a zygote
True
(T/F) Fetal activity can be observed via ultrasound
True
(T/F) Monozygotic twins are always of the same sex
True
(T/F) Obesity is an example of a characteristic influenced by heredity and environment
True
Male fetuses are more active then female fetuses
True
True or false? Although parts of his theory have been heavily criticized, Freud's contribution to the field of human growth included the importance of developing formal operational thought.
True
True or false? An example of Erickson's stage of initiative versus guilt would be a 3-year old trying to fill a cup with water and cheerfully wiping up the water when it spills.
True
True or false? Scaffolding refers to the temporary support that parents, teachers, and other give to a child doing a task until the child can do it alone.
True
true or false? Conclusions from the research conducted on Genie, a 13 year old girl who had been locked away by her father and deprived of normal human contact suggests there might be a critical period for language acquisition
True
Alleles
Two or more alternative forms of a gene that can occupy the same position on paired chromosomes and affect the same trait.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the relationship between genotype and phenotype?
Two people can share the same genotype but have different phenotypes
Which of the following is generally used to detect multiple pregnancies or measure a fetus's head?
Ultrasound
Ultrasound (sonogram), sonoembryology (description)
Ultrasound (sonogram), sonoembryology High-frequency sound waves directed at the mother's abdomen produce a picture of fetus in uterus. Sonoembryology uses high-frequency transvaginal probes and digital image processing to produce a picture of embryo in uterus.
Jamal and Stacy are the new parents of a very low-birth-weight baby. Due to its small size, the baby must remain in the hospital for several weeks. What advice is a doctor likely to give to Jamal and Stacy?
Visit the baby frequently and massage the baby to stimulate development
Layers of embryonic disk
Where the embryo begins to develop - Ectoderm - Endoderm - Mesoderm
cerebellum
Which brain region shows the most rapid growth during the first year of life
Patty who was adopted at the age of two Walks Like Her adoptive mother
Which of the following most clearly demonstrates the influence of environment
a male twin with an African American mother
Which of the following stands the greatest risk of being spontaneously aborted or being born stillborn
With regard to language development, most developmentalists currently favor
a combination of nativism and learning theory
With regard to language development, most developmentalists currently favor
a combination of nativism and learning theory.
Mothers and fathers often have different styles of interaction with their infants. Fathers in the U. S. are more likely to provide
a highly physical style of caregiving
Jackie says "milk," meaning "i want some milk." When his mother pours it, he says "milk." meaning "this is milk." After taking a sip, he pushes his cup toward his mother and says "milk," meaning "Do you want my milk?" This is an example of:
a holophase
A child hits a drum with different kinds of objects to try and make different sounds. According to Piaget, this child is exhibiting
a tertiary circular reaction
critical period
a time when a certain development event must happen if it is ever to happen
sensitive period
a time when a certain type of development is most likely to happen and happens most easily
identification
a young child adopts characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values and behaviors of the parent of the same sex to resolve the Oedipus/Electra complex.
Of the cultures described in your textbook, in which one do "fathers provide more direct infant contact than fathers in any other known society"? Select one: a. Aka pygmies b. Huhot of inner Mongolia c. Cameroon, West Africa d. China, which has a one-child policy
a. Aka pygmies Correct
Which of the following statements about environmental influences is NOT true? Select one: a. Children growing up in the same family have the same environment. b. Some individual experiences, like illness and injury, become environmental influences. c. Siblings are usually more different than alike. d. The home is the primary environment in the early years of life.
a. Children growing up in the same family have the same environment.
Which of the following statements about environmental influences is NOT true? Select one: a. Children growing up in the same family have the same environment. b. Some individual experiences, like illness and injury, become environmental influences. c. Siblings are usually more different than alike. d. The home is the primary environment in the early years of life.
a. Children growing up in the same family have the same environment.
Baby Melanie smiles, giggles, and laughs frequently with both her parents as well as other caregivers; Baby Jerome does not. All else being equal, we can predict from this that Select one: a. Melanie will have a more positive relationship with her parents. b. Jerome will have a better relationship with his parents. c. the parents will work harder and give Jerome more attention in an attempt to make him "happy." d. Jerome will never be happy because of his negative temperament.
a. Melanie will have a more positive relationship with her parents. Correct
Which of the following was NOT observed in monkeys raised by surrogate mothers? Select one: a. Monkeys raised by wire surrogates were later attracted to and embraced the wire form. b. Monkeys raised by surrogates were deficient parents later in life. c. Monkeys raised by a cloth surrogate explored their environment more than wire-raised monkeys. d. Monkeys preferred a soft, cuddly surrogate relative to one that provided nutrition.
a. Monkeys raised by wire surrogates were later attracted to and embraced the wire form. Correct
Which of the following statements about prenatal developmental differences between the sexes is TRUE? a. More males are conceived than females. b. Males develop more rapidly. c. Females are more likely to have birth defects. d. Female fetuses are more likely to be spontaneously aborted.
a. More males are conceived than females
Which of the following statements about prenatal developmental differences between the sexes is TRUE? Select one: a. More males are conceived than females. b. Males develop more rapidly. c. Females are more likely to have birth defects. d. Female fetuses are more likely to be spontaneously aborted.
a. More males are conceived than females.
New parents Willy and Bernice have both spent their lives being short-tempered. They spend a great deal of their time together apologizing for their thoughtlessness. Which of the following statements about temperament might be alarming to Willy and Bernice? Select one: a. Temperament appears to be largely determined by genetics. b. Temperament is not learned. c. Temperament, once set, often changes. d. Second-born children are likely to have more difficult temperaments than firstborn
a. Temperament appears to be largely determined by genetics. Correct
Which of the following statements about postmature babies is FALSE? Select one: a. They tend to have more fat due to a longer period in the womb. b. They are at higher risk for brain damage. c. The placenta provides a reduced blood supply during the later stages of gestation. d. They tend to be longer than babies who are delivered on time.
a. They tend to have more fat due to a longer period in the womb.
The ongoing longitudinal study in Kauai shows that the effects of low birth weight, birth injuries, and other birth complications can be counteracted by Select one: a. a favorable home environment. b. drug therapy. c. large doses of megavitamins. d. surgical intervention.
a. a favorable home environment.
Marsha's nickname as a child was "Shirley Temple" because of her curly hair. Although her hair is curly, she carries a gene for straight hair. Her phenotype is a. curly hair. b. the gene for straight hair. c. genes for both curly and straight hair. d. her total genetic makeup.
a. curly hair.
Marsha's nickname as a child was "Shirley Temple" because of her curly hair. Although her hair is curly, she carries a gene for straight hair. Her phenotype is Select one: a. curly hair. b. the gene for straight hair. c. genes for both curly and straight hair. d. her total genetic makeup.
a. curly hair. Correct
At ages 4 and 5, children who had been anxiously attached as infants were Select one: a. dependent on the teacher. b. fast learners. c. actively involved in play. d. able to initiate friendships.
a. dependent on the teacher. Correct
During Erikson's crisis of basic trust versus mistrust, a child Select one: a. determines whether or not he or she can rely upon the world. b. strives for independence. c. objects to the mother leaving the room. d. is often filled with doubt.
a. determines whether or not he or she can rely upon the world. Correct
The "Adult Attachment Interview" developed by Mary Main is designed to Select one: a. elicit memories of childhood attachment. b. determine how attached parents are to one another. c. determine the strength of a parent's attachment to a child. d. screen potential adoptive parents for their capacity to form attachments with children.
a. elicit memories of childhood attachment.
Places in the neonate's skull where the bones are not completely fused are called the Select one: a. fontanels. b. vernix. c. apex. d. hyaline commissure.
a. fontanels.
A factor that increases the probability of having a baby with Down syndrome is Select one: a. increased age of mother or father. b. parents' use of tobacco. c. parents' use of alcohol. d. a defective XY chromosome pattern.
a. increased age of mother or father.
Newborns regulate their body temperature soon after birth by Select one: a. increasing their activity in response to drops in air temperature. b. reducing their activity when they get cold, to conserve energy. c. being born in warm delivery rooms. d. maintaining a low percentage of body fat, which interferes with regulation.
a. increasing their activity in response to drops in air temperature
A hereditary characteristic that is carried by an individual but is NOT expressed in that individual's phenotype is Select one: a. recessive. b. partially dominant. c. homozygous. d. regressive.
a. recessive
A hereditary characteristic that is carried by an individual but is NOT expressed in that individual's phenotype is Select one: a. recessive. b. partially dominant. c. homozygous. d. regressive.
a. recessive.
Julie readily leaves her mother to explore her surroundings, occasionally looking toward or touching her mother. Julie appears to be Select one: a. securely attached. b. disorganized-disoriented. c. ambivalent. d. avoidant.
a. securely attached. Correct
When Dr. Sheila dabbed Jenny's nose with rouge to see how she would react when placed in front of a mirror, Dr. Sheila was administrating a test of Select one: a. self-awareness. b. self-description. c. self-negativism. d. self-control.
a. self-awareness. Correct
Sexual differentiation in human embryos normally occurs during the ___________ after conception. a. sixth to eighth weeks b. second trimester c. first few moments d. twelfth week
a. sixth to eighth weeks
Sexual differentiation in human embryos normally occurs during the ___________ after conception. Select one: a. sixth to eighth weeks b. second trimester c. first few moments d. twelfth week
a. sixth to eighth weeks Correct
Symbolic gestures, such as blowing to mean hot, or sniffing to mean flower, emerge __________ babies say their first words.
about the same time
at conception
according to your text, when does development start? -at conception -at birth -in infancy -during adolescence
2 Innate Qualities of Thinking
adaption: tendency to adjust to conditions imposed by the environment organization:
identification
adoption of the characteristics, values, and behaviors of the parent of the same sex
Dr. Brown is researching obesity among children who have been adopted, comparing the children's weights with those of their biological and adoptive parents. Dr. Brown is using the ________ method.
adoption studies
Family studies fail to rule out the extent to which environmental factors influence certain traits. To separate the effects of heredity from those of environment, researchers do
adoption studies
Human development begins when a sperm penetrates the membrane of:
an ovum
Mothers who drink alcohol should be made aware that fetal alcohol syndrome
affects about 5 infants in 1,000 born in the United States. s a leading cause of mental retardation and birth defects. can cause cognitive disorders that subsequent environmental enrichment does not seem to improve.
Corrine, a genetic counselor, has occasion to advise women from a variety of different ethnic groups as to their likelihood of giving birth to twins. Which woman would you inform has the highest chance of giving birth to fraternal twins?
african american woman
Which of the following do doctors recommend about the use of alcohol during pregnancy?
alcohol should be avoided entirely throughout the whole pregnancy
total immersion
all instruction occurs in the non-native language
Research has linked the use of marijuana during pregnancy with
all of the above
Drugs known to be potentially harmful when taken during pregnancy include
all of the above.
Red-Green color blindness and hemophilia are examples of genetic disorders that:
almost always appear in male children, show up differently in male and female children, and are carried by the X chromosomes of an unaffected mother.
In which procedure is a sample of fluid taken from around the fetus and analyzed for possible defects?
amniocentesis
The technique of removing fluid from around the developing fetus to test for genetic defects is known as:
amniocentesis
The fluid-filled sac surrounding the developing human organism is the...
amniotic sac
the fluid filled sac surrounding the developing human organism is
amniotic sac
The fluid-filled sac surrounding the developing human organism is called the
amniotic sac.
Tehra's obstetrician is using a medical procedure that employs high-frequency sound waves to detect the outline of the fetus and to observe its movements. This is called
an ultrasound.
Four-year-old Sarah tells her mother, "I told the wind to blow, so it made my kite fly." This is an example of
animism
An infant who has not begin breathing within 5 minutes after birth may suffer brain damage due to
anoxia
According to the authors of your text, the development of basic trust versus basic mistrust occurs through the infant's interactions with
any important caregiver
According to researchers, the development of basic trust versus basic mistrust occurs through the infant's interactions with
any important caregiver.
Maternal stress and anxiety (excessive)
associated with more active and irritable temperament in newborns, inattentiveness during a developmental assessment in 8-month-olds, negative emotionality or behavioral disorders in early childhood preterm delivery Also, major stress during the 24th to 28th weeks of pregnancy has been implicated in autism
A couple wishes to maximize the woman's chances of becoming pregnant. When should they be sure to have intercourse?
at ovulation or during the five days preceding
the development of enduring emotional tie between an infant and caregiver is
attachment
Each morning Shanna and her mother have a battle of wills because Shannan insists on pouring her own cereal and milk into the bowl at breakfast. According to, Erikson, which stage is she in?
autonomy versus shame and doubt
Each morning, Shanna and her mother have a battle of wills because Shanna insists on pouring her own cereal and milk into the bowl at breakfast. According to Erikson, which crisis is Shanna trying to resolve?
autonomy versus shame and doubt
gender identity:
awareness of one's own gender and that of others
Which of the following statements about the influences of heredity and environment is correct according to your textbook? a. A person's height is determined by his or her genes. b. A person's potential range of height is genetically determined, but actual height may be influenced by nutrition. c. The genetic upper limit or range of height can be raised by improved nutrition. d. Nutrition is more important than genetic limits or range.
b. A person's potential range of height is genetically determined, but actual height may be influenced by nutrition.
Which of the following statements about the influences of heredity and environment is correct according to your textbook? Select one: a. A person's height is determined by his or her genes. b. A person's potential range of height is genetically determined, but actual height may be influenced by nutrition. c. The genetic upper limit or range of height can be raised by improved nutrition. d. Nutrition is more important than genetic limits or range.
b. A person's potential range of height is genetically determined, but actual height may be influenced by nutrition. Correct
Although Jean-Paul's adoptive parents are quite short, he is growing to be quite tall like his biological mother. What might we conclude about Jean-Paul's height? a. It is influenced primarily by the positive environment of the adoptive family. b. It is influenced primarily by heredity. c. Nutrition did not influence his height. d. It is primarily a result of independent segregation.
b. It is influenced primarily by heredity.
Although Jean-Paul's adoptive parents are quite short, he is growing to be quite tall like his biological mother. What might we conclude about Jean-Paul's height? Select one: a. It is influenced primarily by the positive environment of the adoptive family. b. It is influenced primarily by heredity. c. Nutrition did not influence his height. d. It is primarily a result of independent segregation.
b. It is influenced primarily by heredity. Correct
Which of the following is TRUE of the process of meiosis? a. Meiosis results in two cells, each with 46 chromosomes. b. It results in the number of chromosomes being reduced by half. c. The process adds an extra twenty-first chromosome. d. Meiosis is the process by which the egg and sperm combine.
b. It results in the number of chromosomes being reduced by half.
Which of the following is TRUE of the process of meiosis? Select one: a. Meiosis results in two cells, each with 46 chromosomes. b. It results in the number of chromosomes being reduced by half. c. The process adds an extra twenty-first chromosome. d. Meiosis is the process by which the egg and sperm combine.
b. It results in the number of chromosomes being reduced by half. Correct
Which of the following is an indicator for the risk of schizophrenia? Select one: a. fetal overnourishment b. a father who is over 50 c. lack of brain maturation d. being born in a rural area
b. a father who is over 50
Which of the following would be beneficial for a low-birth-weight baby? Select one: a. being left alone except for basic care b. being touched and massaged c. a simple sensory environment, to avoid overstimulation d. a cool environment to reduce fluid loss from sweating
b. being touched and massaged
Which of the following describes the path sperm travel after they enter the women's body through the vagina? Select one: a. uterus, cervix, Fallopian tube b. cervix, uterus, Fallopian tube c. Fallopian tube, cervix, uterus d. cervix, Fallopian tube, uterus
b. cervix, uterus, Fallopian tube
Which of the following describes the path sperm travel after they enter the women's body through the vagina? Select one: a. uterus, cervix, Fallopian tube b. cervix, uterus, Fallopian tube c. Fallopian tube, cervix, uterus d. cervix, Fallopian tube, uterus
b. cervix, uterus, Fallopian tube Correct
Joan has the most common lethal genetic defect among white people and will probably not live to be 30 years of age. Joan suffers from Select one: a. PKU. b. cystic fibrosis. c. spina bifida. d. Tay-Sachs. Feedback correct
b. cystic fibrosis.
Christopher has a gene for Huntington's disease and will definitely have the disorder. This is an example of transmission by __________ inheritance. a. recessive b. dominant c. sex-linked d. multifactorial
b. dominant
Christopher has a gene for Huntington's disease and will definitely have the disorder. This is an example of transmission by __________ inheritance. Select one: a. recessive b. dominant c. sex-linked d. multifactorial
b. dominant Correct
During which prenatal stage do the major body systems and organs develop? Select one: a. fetal b. embryonic c. germinal d. terminal
b. embryronic
Two-year-old Jacob took the pacifier away from his baby sister, making her sad and causing her to cry. When his mother explained how the baby felt and insisted that he return the pacifier, she was teaching Jacob Select one: a. sympathy. b. empathy. c. prosocial behavior. d. self-fullfillment.
b. empathy. Correct
Gorica has received a very low score on the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Test. His parents were told by the pediatrician that he Select one: a. will need immediate life-saving intervention. b. has likely suffered brain damage. c. shows evidence of learning disabilities. d. will have some motor skill impairment.
b. has likely suffered brain damage.
Who would show more concordance for a chiefly hereditary trait? a. fraternal twins b. identical twins c. both identical and fraternal twins d. siblings who are not twins
b. identical twins
Who would show more concordance for a chiefly hereditary trait? Select one: a. fraternal twins b. identical twins c. both identical and fraternal twins d. siblings who are not twins
b. identical twins Correct
The left hemisphere of the brain is primarily involved with Select one: a. visual and spatial functions. b. language and logical thinking. c. motor skills and locomotion. d. vision and hearing.
b. language and logical thinking.
The process of coating the neuron with a fatty substance is called: a. integration b. myelination c. differentiation d. plasticity
b. myelination
Marlin has been asked to go on a blind date with his friend Roger's sister. If Marlin wants to know facts like hair color, body type, etc., Roger will need to describe his sister's a. incomplete dominance. b. phenotype. c. genotypic manifestation. d. allele differentiation.
b. phenotype.
Marlin has been asked to go on a blind date with his friend Roger's sister. If Marlin wants to know facts like hair color, body type, etc., Roger will need to describe his sister's Select one: a. incomplete dominance. b. phenotype. c. genotypic manifestation. d. allele differentiation.
b. phenotype. Correct
Which childbirth technique substitutes voluntary or learned physical responses for the fear and pain? Select one: a. natural b. prepared c. cesarean d. vaginal
b. prepared
Recessive inheritance occurs only when a person receives two _____ alleles; one from each parent. a. dominant b. recessive c. homozygous d. heterozygous
b. recessive
Recessive inheritance occurs only when a person receives two _____ alleles; one from each parent. Select one: a. dominant b. recessive c. homozygous d. heterozygous
b. recessive Correct
Teresa is beginning to show signs that she is cognitively aware that she is a functioning human being, separate from the rest of her world. This is referred to as Select one: a. self-recognition. b. self-awareness. c. self-conceptualization. d. self-evaluation.
b. self-awareness. Correct
A person's characteristic way of approaching and reacting to people and situations defines that person's Select one: a. personality. b. temperament. c. emotionality. d. behavior.
b. temperament.
Steven is 8 months old and has begun to produce repetitive strings of vowel and consonant sounds such as " pa pa pa." According to the text, this stage of peerspeech language development is called
babbaling
According to the mutual-regulation model regarding emotional states
babies as young as 3 months regulate their own emotional state to some degree.
Dr. Lakiavani is advising young parents on things they can do to reduce the likelihood of sudden infant death syndrome in their babies. Of the following, what advice is she likely to give?
babies should be put to sleep on their backs
social referencing
baby's attempt to understand an ambiguous situation by seeking out cues from the caregiver; the way parents react will determine what reactions the child has because they relate to each other
According to Erickson, the resolution of the crisis at each stage of psychosocial development must include a _________ between positive and negative traits
balance
According to Erikson, the resolution of the crisis at each stage of psychosocial development must include a _______ between positive and negative traits.
balance
By middle childhood it appears that empathy
becomes "hard wired" with most children.
Karen is adopted at the age of 1. When she is given an IQ test at age 21, her score is likely to be most similar to the IQ of her
biological mother
The leading cause of infant mortality in the United States is
birth defects
The fluid-filled sphere that floats freely in the uterus for a day or two and then implants itself into the wall of the uterus is called the
blastocyst.
Harlow and Harlow's work with infant monkeys showed that the infants were most interested in _______ from surrogate mothers.
bodily contact
Harlow and Harlow's work with infant monkeys showed that the infants were most interested in from surrogate mothers.
bodily contact
Harlow and Harlow's work with infant monkeys showed that the infants were most interested in receiving ___________ from surrogate mothers.
bodily contact
The appearance of _____ results in the transition from the embryonic to the fetal stage of prenatal development.
bone
Latrice was born with an extra fold of skin at the corners of her eyes, a small head, protruding tongue, and mental retardation. She probably has Select one: a. Turner's syndrome. b. Klinefelter's syndrome. c. Down syndrome. d. hemophilia.
c. Down syndrome. Correct
According to research cited in your text, what is the best way to respond to an infant's crying? Select one: a. Ignore it, if possible, to avoid spoiling the baby. b. Let the baby cry for a considerable time before responding. c. Respond regularly with tender, soothing care. d. Respond immediately each time the infant cries.
c. Respond regularly with tender, soothing care. Correct
Which of the following statements regarding Down syndrome is TRUE? Select one: a. It is due to a defect in the sex chromosomes. b. If one identical twin has the disorder, the other twin will not have the disorder. c. The brains of these individuals shrink by adulthood. d. Individuals with the disorder must be hospitalized throughout much of their lives.
c. The brains of these individuals shrink by adulthood. Correct
The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale examines Select one: a. oxygen content of the blood. b. color, pulse, and breathing. c. alertness, reflexes, and control. d. neurological maturity.
c. alertness, reflexes, and control.
Dan begins crying before his mother leaves during the Strange Situation test. When she returns, he leans toward her but kicks and squirms when she picks him up. He appears to be Select one: a. securely attached. b. disorganized-disoriented. c. ambivalent. d. avoidant.
c. ambivalent.
Each morning, Shanna and her mother have a battle of wills because Shanna insists on pouring her own cereal and milk into the bowl at breakfast. According to Erikson, which crisis is Shanna trying to resolve? Select one: a. basic trust versus basic mistrust b. identity versus role confusion c. autonomy versus shame and doubt d. initiative versus guilt
c. autonomy versus shame and doubt Correct
Karen is adopted at the age of 1. When she is given an IQ test at age 21, her score is likely to be most similar to the IQ of her Select one: a. adoptive mother. b. adoptive father. c. biological mother. d. All of these.
c. biological mother.
Karen is adopted at the age of 1. When she is given an IQ test at age 21, her score is likely to be most similar to the IQ of her Select one: a. adoptive mother. b. adoptive father. c. biological mother. d. All of these.
c. biological mother.
Chao-Yi is suspicious of strangers, has frequent tantrums, has an irregular pattern of waking and sleeping, and laughs and cries loudly. Which kind of temperament does she have? Select one: a. easy b. hyperactive c. difficult d. slow-to-warm-up
c. difficult
Two-week-old Jamie is lying quietly in her bassinet. Suddenly she utters a loud, piercing cry and holds her breath. She is probably Select one: a. hungry. b. angry. c. in pain. d. frustrated.
c. in pain. Correct
A very securely attached child generally grows up to be Select one: a. dependent on parents. b. dependent on a mate. c. independent. d. a controlling person.
c. independent. Correct
The oily covering on the skin of a newborn is called Select one: a. witch's milk. b. lanugo. c. vernix caseosa. d. fontanels.
c. vernix caseosa.
Research on hearing demonstrates that newborns
can distinguish nearly all sounds in human languages.
Kumar learns first to hold up his head, then to raise his shoulders, and then to push with his feet. This demonstrates which principle of development?
cephalocaudal
The ______ principle explains why an embryo's head, brain, and eyes develop earliest and are disproportionately large until the other parts catch up.
cephalocaudal
The __________ contains the greatest number of neurons and synapses.
cerebral cortex
What is the path that describes the path sperm travels after they enter a woman's body
cervix, uterus, Fallopian tube
Tanya's doctor has prepared her for the possibility that her baby has a large head and may have to be delivered by surgical delivery through an incision in Tanya's abdomen. This method of birth is called a
cesarean section
Tanya's doctor has prepared her for the possibility that her baby has a large head and may have to be delivered by surgical delivery through an incision in Tanyas abdomen. This method of birth is called a:
cesarean section
Miscarriages are most commonly caused by
chromosomal abnormalities
Miscarriages are most commonly caused by:
chromosomal abnormalities
Miscarriages are most commonly caused by
chromosomal abnormalities.
Each gene is located by function in a definite position on the:
chromosome
Within each cell nucleus are coils of DNA called
chromosomes
Marla finds that rubbing her face against the satin edge of her blanket feels good. She learns to repeat this action to get a pleasurable sensation. According to Piaget, she has acquired a(n)
circular reaction.
Little Mark plays with a balloon that pops in his face and frightens him. The next time he sees a balloon, he starts to cry. The type of learning illustrated in this example is called
classical conditioning
Scientists have been successful at producing a genetic copy of a human embryo that is being used in the area of therapeutic research. This copy is referred to as a
clone
The study of brain structure that govern thinking and memory is called
cognitive neuroscience
Mike and Veronica's baby has been crying from about 2 a.m. till 6 a.m. nearly every night for the past month. When they talk with the pediatrician they are told that the baby probably has
colic.
With regard to language development, most developmentalists currently
combine nativism and learning theory
Secure Attachment
comfortable in new surroundings with primary caregiver explore and play when primary caregiver is present separation anxiety stranger anxiety not easily comforted by a stranger greet parent enthusiastically upon return
The information-processing approach to explaining cognitive development compares the brain to a _____________; sensory impressions go in and behavior comes out
computer
Marsha's nickname as a child was "Shirley Temple" because of her curly hair. Although her hair is curly, she carries a gene for straight hair. Her phenotype is
curly hair
A method of medicated delivery that allows a woman to feel sensations and move her legs so she is able to participate in childbirth is the Select one: a. narcotic injection. b. anesthesia block. c. general anesthesia. d. "walking epidural"
d. "walking epidural"
Which of the following statements about monozygotic twins is TRUE? Select one: a. They are no more similar to one another than normal siblings. b. They will always have identical temperaments. c. They will always be born with identical physical characteristics. d. One twin may be right-handed while the other is left-handed.
d. One twin may be right-handed while the other is left-handed. Correct
The chromosomes that do NOT determine sex are called a. zygotes. b. genes. c. gametes. d. autosomes
d. autosomes
The chromosomes that do NOT determine sex are called Select one: a. zygotes. b. genes. c. gametes. d. autosomes.
d. autosomes.
The leading cause of infant mortality in the United States is Select one: a. respiratory distress. b. cancer. c. automobile accidents. d. birth defects.
d. birth defects.
Kumar learns first to hold up his head, then to raise his shoulders, and then to push with his feet. This demonstrates which principle of development? Select one: a. proximodistal b. simple-to-complex c. maturational d. cephalocaudal
d. cephalocaudal
The condition of a baby whose Apgar score is 3 is Select one: a. very healthy. b. within normal range. c. slightly below normal. d. dangerous; the baby needs immediate resuscitation.
d. dangerous; the baby needs immediate resuscitation.
All of the following appear to increase the likelihood that a woman will deliver an underweight baby EXCEPT Select one: a. demographic and social conditions. b. multiple miscarriages. c. poor nutrition. d. genetic factors.
d. genetic factors.
"Goodness of fit" implies that parents should deal with problems of temperament by Select one: a. trying to change children's temperament to match their own. b. letting children's temperament create the family atmosphere and patterns. c. helping difficult children fit into the environment. d. helping children make some adaptations but essentially accepting their child's temperament.
d. helping children make some adaptations but essentially accepting their child's temperament. Correct
Frequent visits to the hospital nursery by parents of a low-birth-weight baby Select one: a. are discouraged because of germs. b. increase the parents' anxiety. c. cause parents to become too attached to the baby. d. may speed the baby's discharge.
d. may speed the baby's discharge.
If an infant inherits the gene for PKU and it is left untreated, the result will be Select one: a. neonatal jaundice. b. hormonal imbalance. c. neurological damage. d. mental retardation
d. mental retardation
Permanent alterations in genetic material that occur due to environmental conditions such as radiation or environmental hazards is/are called Select one: a. incomplete dominations. b. recessive defects. c. alleles. d. mutations
d. mutations
Permanent alterations in genetic material that occur due to environmental conditions such as radiation or environmental hazards is/are called a. incomplete dominations. b. recessive defects. c. alleles. d. mutations
d. mutations
Which of the following is likely to be heaviest at birth? Select one: a. firstborn girl b. firstborn boy c. second-born girl d. second-born boy
d. second-born boy
Jonathan is born 38 weeks after conception and weighs 4 1/2 pounds. He is Select one: a. premature. b. preterm. c. postterm. d. small-for-date.
d. small-for-date.
Terrence is getting fairly competent in his ability to "read" the expression of his mother for a clue as to how to act in an ambiguous situation. Terrence's ability is referred to as Select one: a. social facilitation. b. separation anxiety. c. situational compliance. d. social referencing.
d. social referencing. Correct
stillbirth
death of a fetus at or after the 20th week of gestation.
Rosa and Ricardo were advised that if Rosa would eat well, abstain from smoking, not use drugs, and get prenatal care, she would _________ her chances of having a low-birth-weight baby.
decrease
Meredith watches her mother pour water out of a glass into the sink. The next day, at the beach, Meredith pours water from a cup into a pail. Meredith is engaging in
deferred imitation
In recent years there has been a rise in multiple births. This rise is a result of
delayed childbearing, increased fertility drugs, and assisted reproduction (p50)
cesarean delivery
delivery of a baby by surgical removal from the uterus.
The "Adult Attachment Interview" developed by Mary Main is designed to
determine how attached parents are to one another
During Erikson's crisis of basic trust versus mistrust, a child
determines whether or not the world can be relied on
Neurogenesis
developing new brain. Brain has to develop before the body
Which of the following is not a result of birth trauma
developmental lag
Across cultures, the type and level of involvement that fathers engage in with their infants
differs.
Chao-Yi is suspicious of strangers, has frequent tantrums, has an irregular pattern of waking and sleeping, and laughs and cries loudly. Which kind of temperament does she have?
difficult
Irritability, irregular rhythms, and intense reactions are characteristic of which kind of temperament?
difficult
self-awareness
director of one's own behavior; a realization that one's existence is separate from others; must be learned
Katrina is in labor, she is attendd by an experienced helper who offers emotional support called
doula
Latrice was born with an extra fold of skin at the corners of her eyes, a small head, protruding tongue, and mental retardation. She probably has
down syndrome
The most common chromosomal abnormality that takes place in the autosomes is...
down syndrome
Implicit memeroy seems to develop____explicit memory
earlier than
The _________ period of development is a time of establishing personal and economic independence, career development, and for many, selecting a mate.
early adulthood
According to your text, senescence is one of the major divisions of the life span. true or false?
false
be low-birth-weight
fathers who has a diagnostic x-ray within a year of the pregnancy has children who were more likely to -be low-birth-weight -be delivered post due -have enlarged craniums -all of these
Some responses, such as __________, are very difficult to classically condition in young babies because they do not yet have the motor skills needed to deal appropriately with the stimuli.
fear
empathy
feeling what others feel; ability to put oneself in another's place
A zygote is created when a sperm and an egg combine in the fallopian tube to form a single cell. This process is referred to as
fertilization
which of the following is the prenatal period that lasts 7 months
fetal
A cluster of abnormalities demonstrated by children whose mother drank alcohol during their pregnancy, and is a leading cause of mental retardation, is called
fetal alcohol syndrome
Drinking alcohol during pregnancy is associated with
fetal alcohol syndrome.
6 months prenatal (24 weeks)
fetal growth has slowed a little the fetus is about 14 inches long and weighs 1 1/4 pounds. It has fat pads under the skin; the eyes are complete, opening, closing, and looking in all directions. It can hear, and it can make a fist with a strong grip. A fetus born early in the sixth month has only a slight chance of survival because the breathing apparatus has not matured.
Dilation of the cervix occurs during which stage of childbirth?
first
Hannah is experiencing dilation of her cervix, she is in what stage of birth
first
neonatal period
first 4 weeks of life, a time of transition from intrauterine dependency to independent existence.
During which period of pregnancy are babies most vulnerable to drugs taken by the mother?
first trimester
Social competence was measured in girls with Turner's syndrome, a defect where infants are found to have an X chromosome missing. Those who received the single X from their fathers did better and were more adjusted than those that received the single X from their mothers. The dad's gene seemed to override the mothers chemically altered gene. This is an example
genetic imprinting
Social competence was measured in girls with Turner's syndrome, a defect in which the individual is missing an X chromosome. Those who received the single X from their fathers did better and were better adjusted than those that received the single X from their mothers. The dad's gene seemed to override the mother's chemically altered gene. This is an example of
genetic imprinting.
The environment often reflects or reinforces genetic differences; that is, certain genetic and environmental influences tend to act in the same direction. This tendency is called
genotype-environment correlation (p.64)
The zygote begins rapid cell division and forms into a blastocyst during the __________ stage.
germinal
The zygote divides and implants into the wall of the uterus during what stage of gestration
germinal
Which of the following is NOT a type of prelinguistic speech?
gestures
The five vital signs that are evaluated in the Apgar are
heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color, and reflexes
"Goodness of fit" implies that parents should deal with problems of temperament by
helping children make some adaptations but essentially accepting their child's temperament
"Goodness of fit" implies that parents should deal with problems of temperament by
helping children make some adaptions but essentially accepting their childs temperament
A baby stops sucking to listen to a tone, later that tone has been repeated frequently the baby ignores it, example of what
habituation
A baby stops sucking to listen to a tone. Later, after the tone has been repeated frequently, the infant ignores it. This is an example of
habituation
In the Infant Health and Development Program study those infants whose cognitive performance remained high had mothers who
had high cognitive scores on tests themselves
Of the following, the family with the LEAST need for genetic counseling is the one who
has a general concern about defects.
Piaget's theory...
has continued to be accepted with modification
Difficult Child
has irregular daily responses is slow to accept new experiences tends to react negatively and intensely
Gorica has received a very low score on the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Test. His parents were told by the pediatrician that he
has likely suffered brain damage.
self-regulation
having control over own behavior; confirms with caregiver's standards; depends on attentional processes
Cephalocaudal
head to tail
Professor MacArthur is interested in studying the relative contribution of genetics and the environment on athletic ability. The professor is most interested in
heritability.
Matt's parents have noticed that he has recently wet his pants a few times and started to suck his thumb and talk like a baby, although he is 4 ½ years old. Which of the following has probably happened to Matt?
his mother just had a baby
JAckies says " milk" meaning" I want some milk". When his mother pours it, he says " milk" meaning "This is milk" After taking a sip, he pushes his cup toward his mother and says " milk" meaning " Do you want my milk" This is an example of
holophrase
Which of the following is NOT one of the factors mentioned in the textbook that has contributed to children in Western industrialized nations growing taller and maturing sexually at an earlier age?
hormonal change
A total Apgar score of 3 indicates that a newborn is:
in critical condition
all of these
in recent years there has been a rise in multiple births, this rise is a result of -delayed childbearing -increased use of fertility drugs -assisted reproduction -all of these
A factor that increases the probability of having a baby with Down syndrome is
increased age of mother or father
A factor that increases the probability of having a baby with down syndrome is:
increased age of the mother or father
Michelle is shown a new mobile, and the amount of time she spends studying it is measured. This is a technique of which approach to intellectual development?
information-processing
Some researchers propose that infants may be born with or acquire very early reasoning abilities that help them make sense of the information they encounter. These abilities are called
innate learning mechanisms
HOME is an instrument for evaluating the impact of a child's home environment for
intellectual development.
difficult (temperament)
irritable; intense emotional responses; do not respond to change very well
differentiated emotions
joy, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, fear
self-awareness
knowledge of the self as a distinct being
identity
knowledge that a substance retains its nature even when it looks different
reversibility
knowledge that reversing an action will cause the substance to revert to its former appearance
anoxia
lack of oxygen, which may cause brain damage.
The left hemisphere of the brain is primarily involved with
language and logical thinking
The coating of the neural pathways with a fatty substance, which results in more efficient processing of electrical signals, is called
meylination
Dr. Willard is studying the way in which infant siblings interact with one another in the home. According to the ecological approach, Dr. Willard is studying the children in their
microsystem
According to the text, which of the following my be a problem associated with caffeine consumption during pregnancy?
miscarriage
A process by which non-sex cells divide in half over and over again is
mitosis.
Which of the following was NOT observed in monkeys raised by surrogate mothers?
monkeys raised by wire surrogates were attracted to and embraced the wire form
Monozygotic twins tend to be __________ concordant than dizygotic twins in IQ, certain personality patterns, and cholesterol levels
more
Monozygotic twins tend to be __________ concordant than dizygotic twins in IQ, certain personality patterns, and cholesterol levels.
more
The process of sexual differentiation that occurs during the early weeks of prenatal development is now recognized as being __________ complex than was previously thought.
more
women who start pregnancy at a normal weight and gain less than 20 pounds are
more likely to have low-birth-weight babies
Women who gain less than 15 pounds during pregnancy are
more likely to have low-birth-weight babies.
Multiple births are:
more likely to lead disability and death in infancy, rising in the US (partly as a result of delayed childbearing), and related to the increased use of fertility drugs
Which is not a function of the placenta / what are functions of the placenta
not a function: it encases the baby with a fluid-filled membrane functions: it removes body wastes from the baby, it fights infections in the baby, it produces hormones that stimulate lactation
Lenny searches for a toy that he saw his mother hide, first behind her back and then under a pillow. Lenny has aquired
object permanence
Breastfeeding for just a few weeks __________.
offers some protection against respiratory and intentional infections
Pregnant women over age 40 and pregnant adolescents are at increased risk for having
offspring with chromosomal abnormalities.
Some infants are born with sex-linked disorders. These disorders are
often carried by a female although not apparent in her phenotype.
Implicit memory seems to develop ____________ explicit memory.
often repeat the action several weeks later.
Fertilization is most likely if intercourse occurs:
on the day of ovulation or five days preceding ovulation
A possible cause of SIDS involves infants sleeping
on their stomachs
scaffolding
only providing the help that the learner needs to move onto the next step in a given learning process
Marlin has been asked to go on a blind date with his friend Roger's sister. If Marlin wants to know facts like hair color, body type, etc., Roger will need to describe his sister's
phenotype
The array of observable characteristics that expresses one's genetic makeup is known as:
phenotype
A developmental scientist who studies brain development is studying the __________ domain of the self.
physical
types of abuse
physical sexual emotional rejection
fine motor skills
physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination.
Theresa is a creative, artistic individual who loves to paint. Theresa's artistic ability is most likely the result of...
polygenic inheritance
Alix is now in her forty-third week of pregnancy. Her unborn baby is considered to be
post mature
Alex is now in her 43 week of pregnancy her unborn baby is considered to be
postmature
Alex is now in her 43rd week of pregnancy. Her unborn baby is considered to be
postmature.
Which one of the following experiences would promote experience-dependent brain growth?
practicing the violin
Infants __________ simplified speech, or child-directed speech.
prefer
Infants themselves __________ simplified speech, or child directed speech.
prefer
Phenotype
present presentation
proximodistal principle
principle that development proceeds from within to without , that it, that parts of the body near the center develop before the extremities.
cephalocaudal principle
principle that development proceeds in a head-to-tail direction, that is that upper parts of the body develop before lower parts of the trunk.
Easy Child
quickly establishes regular routines in infancy is generally cheerful adapts easily to new experiences
A hereditary characteristic that is carried by an individual but is NOT expressed in that individual's phenotype is
recessive
Defects such as Tay-Sachs diseases are transmitted by:
recessive inheritance
Marco's parents both have brown eyes, but Marco's eyes are blue. Marco's eyes are the result of
recessive inheritance
Marco's parents both have brown eyes, but Marco's eyes are blue. Marco's eyes are the result of...
recessive inheritance
Disorganized/Disoriented
reflects the greatest insecurity behavior appears contradictory or confused exploration of his/her environment is limited may cry for no apparent reason upon reunion, infants show a variety of confused, contradictory behaviors tend to come from abusive environments
Involuntary, automatic, innate responses to stimuli are called __________ behaviors.
reflex
The Bayley Scales of infant and Toddler Development produce a(n)
report of mental, motor, and behavioral development
Children born to women who smoke during pregnancy tend to show
retardation of growth, colic in infancy, a small head circumference
Children born to women who smoke during pregnancy tend to show
retardation of growth. social maladjustment. learning problems in school
The first stage in Piaget's cognitive theory (as well as what was discussed quite a bit in chapter 5) is
sensorimotor
The first stage in Piaget's cognitive theory is
sensorimotor
a 9 month old who cries when mother leaves shows
separation anxiety
Caleb, age 6, sees his older brother playing with a ball in the house and watches as the ball breaks a picture on the table. He also sees his older sister dusting some of the pictures and watches as she drops two of them, also breaking the pictures. According to Piaget, if Caleb's mom walked in and asked Caleb who should be in more trouble, who would Caleb choose?
sister
The concept of individual differences implies that people differ in
size and build, intelligence and personalities, the influence of society and relationships they have. ALL OF THESE
Wade is quiet, adjusts only gradually to new situations, and has moderately predictable biological cycles. Which kind of temperament does he have?
slow to warm up
Wade is quiet, adjusts only gradually to new situations, and has moderately predictable biological cycles. Which kind of temperament does he have?
slow-to-warm-up
Jonathan is born 38 weeks after conception and weighs 4 1/2 pounds. He is
small for date
According to your text, an infant born at 41 weeks of gestation, weighing only 5 pounds, would be described as
small-for-date.
Jonathan is born 38 weeks after conception and weighs 4 1/2 pounds. He is
small-for-date.
In a longitudinal study of extremely low-birth-weight infants, those who survived tended to be
smaller and more likely to have lower cognitive functions.
The single greatest factor for low-birth-weight babies that could be prevented is
smoking
Terrence is getting fairly competent in his ability to "read" the expression of his mother for a clue as to how to act in an ambiguous situation, this is referred to as
social referencing
Terrence is getting fairly competent in his ability to "read" the expression of his mother for a clue as to how to act in an ambiguous situation. Terrence's ability is referred to as
social referencing
When an unfamiliar little boy takes away a one-year old Marinas toy, Marina looks questioningly at her mother. This is an example of
social referencing
cocaine and pregnancy
spontaneous abortion, delayed growth, premature labor, low birth weight, small head size, birth defects, impaired neurological development, acute withdrawal symptoms, sleep disturbances, and associated with childhood behavior problems, independent of the effects of alcohol and tobacco exposure.
apgar scale
standard measurement of a newborn's condition; it assesses appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration.
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant.
Which of the following tastes would a newborn be most likely to prefer
sugar solution
Genome
sum total
Christa, a rather demonstrative 7-year old girl, hits her brother for laughing at her and feels guilty about it afterward. According to Freud, Christa's guilty feelings reflect the operation of the
superego
Most 6- to 9-month-olds __________.
take two daytime naps
affordance
the action possibilities a situation offers an organism with certain motor capabilities learning the consequences of these actions leads to better judgement in the future (e.g., how to avoid falls)
When considering the higher infant survival rates for infants born in western Europe and in many of the Pacific Rim societies, researchers concluded that the figures may be attributed to
the assistance of family members both before and after birth
3 months prenatal (12 weeks)
the fetus weighs about 1 ounce and measures about 3 inches in length. It has fingernails, toenails, eyelids (still closed), vocal cords, lips, and a prominent nose. Its head is still large—about one-third its total length—and its forehead is high. Sex can easily be detected. The organ systems are functioning, and so the fetus may now breathe, swallow amniotic fluid into the lungs and expel it, and occasionally urinate. Its ribs and vertebrae have turned into cartilage. The fetus can now make a variety of specialized responses
Down syndrome
the most common chromosomal abnormality, accounts for about 40 percent of all cases of moderate-to-severe mental retardation aka trisomy-21 characterized in more than 90 percent of cases by an extra 21st chromosome. The most obvious physical characteristic associated with the disorder is a downward-sloping skin fold at the inner corners of the eyes.
Three- day old babies prefer to hear
the mother's voice
Three-day-old babies perfer to hear
the mother's voice
gender stability
the realization that gender remains the same with age
personality
the relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thought and behavior that makes each person unique
most research on attachment is based on
the strange situation
decenter
think about several aspects of a situation at the same time. the ability to focus on more than one feature of a stimulus at a time
The placenta is expelled from the mother's body during the __________ stage of childbirth.
third
The placenta is expelled from the mother's body during the_____stage of childbirth
third
True or false? Epigenesis is a process by which monozygotic twins tends to show more differences as they get older
true
Holly is an older female who has begun taking fertility drugs in the hopes of becoming pregnant. If Holly were to become pregnant, she has an increased chance of having
twins
Monozygotic twins
twins who originate from zygote that splits apart very early in development
Birth age
typically 38th week fetal brain signals a release of hormone
class inclusion
understanding of the relationship between a whole and its parts
transitive inference
understanding of the relationship between two objects by knowing the relationship of each to a third object
social cognition
understanding that others have thoughts and feelings
metamemory
understanding the process of one's own memory
The oily covering on the skin of a newborn is called
vernix caseosa
Studies of intelligence indicate that
younger children show greater environmental effects, but these may diminish later in life
Studies of intelligence indicate that...
younger children show greater environmental effects, but these may diminish later in life
