3

Which of the following was true of Standard Oil in the 1890s? Answers: A. The company had employed both horizontal and vertical integration to control more than 90 percent of the oil business. B. Standard Oil was using vertical integration to control 75 percent of the oil business. C. The company was using horizontal integration to control 60 percent of the oil business. D. The corporation had been broken up into a number of smaller companies by the federal government.

a

According to Ida B. Wells, lynching was a problem rooted in Answers: A. economics and the shifting social structure of the South. B. attacks on white women by black men in the South and the North. C. The concept of separate spheres, particularly in the South. D. attacks on black women by white men who employed them as domestics

A

President James A. Garfield unwittingly helped the cause of civil service reform when he Answers: A. refused to speak out on standardizing the requirements for federal jobs. B. was shot by Charles Guiteau, a disappointed office seeker. C. mistakenly signed a legislative act enabling that reform. D. made a series of speeches that appeared to endorse government reforms.

B

To what did the term solid South refer in the decades after Reconstruction? Answers: A. Four southern states that voted as a bloc over the next decade B. The states of the old Confederacy, which voted Democratic in every election for the next seventy years C. The states of the old Confederacy, which voted Republican in every election for the next seventy years D. The states of the old Confederacy, which continued to lobby for the reinstitution of slavery

B

How did Alexander Graham Bell's telephone revolutionize both communications and business in America? Answers: A. He had an instant monopoly on the communications market when he combined telephone and telegraph services in AT&T. B. He sold the rights to his invention to John D. Rockefeller, who put it into national use. C. Bell used a complicated organizational structure in his new company that allowed both local and cross-country communication. D. Bell installed telephones in every office building in New York to facilitate communications between business and the stock exchange.

C

The Supreme Court's late-nineteenth-century reinterpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment helped big business by Answers: A. ruling that it would be unconstitutional for the federal government to stop subsidizing business and industrial development. B. declaring that labor unions were constitutional. C. declaring that large companies should pay taxes in reverse proportion to their value to the economy. D. elevating property rights over all other rights.

D

What idea was promoted by the theory of social Darwinism in the late nineteenth century? Answers: A. Inequality is both natural and cyclical. B. Charles Darwin actually was writing about people when he authored On the Origin of Species. C. Certain inequities should be ameliorated by government intervention. D. Progress is the result of competition, and social reforms and other modes of human interference impede progress.

D

What was the purpose of vertical integration, which was pioneered by Andrew Carnegie in the late nineteenth century? Answers: A. Vertical integration restructured the administrative hierarchy and, in the process, revolutionized managerial productivity. B. It focused on the systemic promotion of immigrants and African Americans who were working for Carnegie Steel. C. Vertical integration concentrated on one aspect of production to the exclusion of all others. D. It placed all aspects of the business, from mining raw materials to marketing and transporting finished products, under the control of the chief operating officer.

D

Which of the following describes the Gilded Age? Answers: A. The time in which poverty was nonexistent and wealth was shared by all B. The peak of the social reform era in the nineteenth century C. An era marked by personal greed and a corrupt partnership between business and politics D. The period when the success of mining operations significantly lowered the price of gold

c

Which relatively new building material both improved railroading in the late nineteenth century and depended on it? Answers: A. Aluminum produced by a process pioneered in France B. Salt-treated railroad ties, which provided a substantial base for train tracks C. Iron extracted from steel D. Steel produced through the Bessemer process

d