3 Creating New Social Orders: Colonial Societies, 1500-1700

Jesuits

members of the Society of Jesus, and elite Catholic religious order founded in the 1540s to spread Catholicism and to combat the spread of Protestantism

wampum

shell beads used in ceremonies and as jewelry and currency

Timucua

the native people of Florida, whom the Spanish displaced with the founding of St. Augustine, the first Spanish settlement in North America

Middle Passage

the perilous, often deadly transatlantic crossing of slave ships from the African coast to the New World

How did the French and Dutch colonists differ in their religious expectations? How did both compare to Spanish colonists?

The Dutch allowed the most religious freedoms; they didn't try to convert native peoples to Christianity, and they allowed Jewish immigrants to join their colony. French Jesuit missionaries tried to convert Indians to Catholicism, but with much more acceptance of their differences than Spanish missionaries.

The founder of the Plymouth colony were: A. Puritans B. Catholics C. Anglicans D. Jesuits

A

What was the Middle Passage? A. the fabled sea route from Europe to the Far East B. the land route from Europe to Africa C. copper kettles D. metal tools

A

What was the primary cause of Bacon's Rebellion? A. former indentured servants wanted more opportunities to expand their territory B. African slaves wanted better treatment C. Susquahannock Indians wanted the Jamestown settlers to pay a fair price for their land D. Jamestown politicians were jockeying for power

A

How did the Pueblo attempt to maintain their anatomy in the face of Spanish settlement?

As the Spanish tried to convert the Pueblo to Catholicism, the native people tried to fold Christian traditions into their own practices. This was unacceptable to the Spanish, who insisted on complete conversion- especially of the young, whom they took away from their families and tribes. When adaptation failed, native peoples attempted to maintain their autonomy through outright revolt, as with the Pueblo Revolt of 1680. This revolt was successful, and for almost 12 years the Pueblos' lives returned to normalcy. Their autonomy was short-lived, however, as the Spanish took advantage of continued attacks by the Pueblos' enemies to reestablish control of the region.

What was the most lucrative product of the Chesapeake colonies? A. corn B. tobacco C. gold and silver D. slaves

B

Why did the Spanish build Castillo de San Marcos? A. to protect the local Timucua B. to defend against imperial challengers C. as a seat for visiting Spanish royalty D. to house visiting delegates from rival imperial powers

B

What was patroonship? A. a Dutch ship used for transporting beaver furs B. a Dutch system of patronage that encouraged the arts C. a Dutch system of granting tracts of land in New Netherland to encourage colonization D. a Dutch style of hat trimmed with beaver fur from New Netherland

C

Which of the following was a goal of the Spanish in their destruction of Fort Caroline? A. establishing a foothold from which to battle the Timucua B.claiming a safe place to house the New World treasures that would be shipped back to Spain C. reducing the threat of French privateers D. locating a site for the establishment of Santa Fe

C

Which of the following is NOT true of the Puritan religion? A. It required close reading of scripture. B. Church membership required a conversion narrative. C. Literacy was crucial. D. Only men could participate.

D

Which religious order joined the French settlement in Canada and tried to convert the natives to Christianity? A. Franciscans B. Calvinists C. Anglicants D. Jesuits

D

How did European muskets change life for native peoples in the Americas?

European guns started an arms race among Indian groups. Tribes with ties to Europeans had a distinct advantage in wars with other tribes because muskets were so much more effective than bows and arrows. Guns changed the balance of power among different groups and tribes and made combat more deadly.

Compare and contrast European and Indian views on property.

Indians dont have any concept of owning personal property and believed that land should be held in common, for use by a group. They used land as they needed, often moving from area to area to follow food sources at different times of year. Europeans saw land as something individuals could own, and they used fences and other markers to define their property.

How did the Chesapeake colonists solve their labor problems?

They encouraged colonization by offering headrights to anyone who could pay his own way to Virginia: 50 acres for each passage. They also used the system of indenture, in which people (usually men) who didn't have enough money to pay their own passage could work on a set number of years and then gain their own land. Increasingly, they also turned to African slaves as a cheap labor source.

"repartimiento"

a Spanish colonial system requiring Indian towns to supply workers for the colonizers

indenture

a labor contract that promised young men, and sometimes women, money and land after they worked for a set period of years

musket

a light, long-barreled European gun

headright system

a system in which parcels of land were granted to settlers who could pay their own way to Virginia

maroon communities

groups of runaway slaves who resisted recapture and eked a living from the land

patroonships

large tracts of land and governing rights granted to merchants by the Dutch West India Company in order to encourage colonization