311 Final
If we were using the basic level, what would we call the object pictured below
Airplane
The utilitarian model of ethics promotes self-interest by stating that each individual should act in their own best interest instead of worrying about everyone else.
False
In the image below from http://www.bwiairport.com, what kind of navigation is shown across the top of the screen (highlighted with the blue box)?
Global navigation
What type of index is the basic type of index commonly used by search engines where each entry in the index consists of a token and document ID's that correspond to that token?
Inverted/Reverse index
After a review by the ethics board, the Acme Healthcare Corporation decided to take two actions to promote the protection of patients' information in case of hacking. (1) Increase the level of encryption of patient files, and (2) Stop collecting data that do not directly contribute to patients' health care and record keeping (such as social security numbers, previous employers, etc.). These changes show that Acme is paying attention to the value of:
Privacy
Which one of the following is NOT a conceptual component of metadata?
User interfaces
Who created Code Academy? Hint: This might require a little digging on your part!
Zach Sims and Ryan Bubinski
A group of resources that have been selected for some purpose is known as a ...:
Collection
Which of the following statements would be true from the perspective of the prototype theory of categories?
Some cars are more car-like than others.
Who is the target audience of Code Academy?
anyone who wants to learn how to code
What kind of content is being presented and organized on the pages of Code Academy?
courses on learning how to code and similar skills
You want to search just the Washington Post website for articles about the construction of the Purple Line. What search terms could you use?
purple line site:washingtonpost.com
Not waiting your turn in line and cutting off others is an example of not following a:
social norm
According to the Information Ecology model, an information architect should understand three main components of an IA project. Fill in the names of the components below: _____, which refers to the business or organization whose Web site or intranet is being organized by the IA project; _____, which refers to the text, images, metadata, and other sources that will be included in the Web site or intranet; _____, which refers to the people who will use the Web site or intranet, and their information needs, personal characteristics, behaviors, etc.
- Context - Content - Users
When might you want to Google Scholar instead of doing a traditional Google search? Select all that apply.
- doing research for a class to find a specific article - looking for U.S. legal court opinions
Which of the following is the starting point for calculating the relevance score of a document for a query?
Matching algorithm
According to the Rowley & Hartley reading for this unit, which of the following abbreviations can show hierarchical relationships between thesaurus terms?
Narrower Term (NT), Broader Term (BT)
The University of Maryland's student attendance policy (https://faculty.umd.edu/teach/attend_student.html (Links to an external site.)) is an example of which kind of code:
Organizational policy
The Educational Testing Service (ETS) administers the Graduate Record Exam (GRE). ETS is also in the business of selling data from the GRE to Universities who want to send recruiting materials to people who score well on the GRE and have declared interest in certain majors. When you take the GRE in order to apply for graduate school, you are required to give your name and address and to list which majors you're interested in. ETS takes advantage of their leverage in this situation (you can't get into grad school without the GRE, and you can't take the GRE without giving them your info) and makes a profit from it, unbeknownst to you. Given this situation, one might say that ETS does not hold dear the value of:
Ownership
According to Matt Cutts in Google's "How Search Works" video, what is the ballpark number of questions that Google "asks" about a document to determine its relevance score for a user's query?
200
A person with last name of Sweatt was an arsonist in the D.C. area and some new podcasts are being developed about him. Find all articles that mention him published in the Washington Post. Approximately how many are there
5-10
The reading from Arthur (1992) states that cognitive maps are an important aspect of understanding people's navigation and wayfinding process. Which of the following is the best definition of what a cognitive map is?
A mental representation of a physical space or information space
A metadata record is:
A representation of a resource
Which of the following is the best definition of a token in a search engine?
An algorithm that ranks documents
The little software program that follows links around the Web to discover new and updated pages for search engine indexes is called
Crawler
Which of the ethical systems that you read about emphasizes collaboration, relationships, and context when making moral decisions:
Ethics of care
Imagine you are building an information system to manage the medication inventory in a hospital pharmacy. The pharmacist's assistant is in charge of managing the resources in the collection (the collection is the actual medicine), which mostly includes ordering more medicine when the supply is low and removing medicine before it expires. Which of the following metadata properties would be best at directly helping the pharmacist's assistant to manage these resources?
Expiration date
Our law enforcement agencies, like local police and the FBI, are responsible for enforcing social norms.
False
Which one of the following statements is most true about the relationship between metadata properties and relevance criteria?
Metadata properties should enable information seekers to use their relevance criteria to assess resources
The description of a particular resource (like the movie, Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope on Disney+) using the rules and attributes specified in the metadata schema is known as ...
Metadata record
The background: Imagine you work for a company that wants to create an app to help people with disabilities. The app will be an information system where users can look up a business establishment and find out what kinds of services or physical features might make their visit harder or easier. For example, a person in a wheelchair would need to know that Emilio's Pizza Place has a stoop in the front that is not wheelchair accessible, which would make a visit harder. Or a person who is hard of hearing might like to know that there's a church nearby that provides print copies of the service so that they can read along as the preacher is speaking, which would make a visit easier. In order to be successful, the app needs to have metadata records for all of these business establishments. Each record needs to show the customary business information (name, address, rating, etc.) but the records also need to show users information about the many possible characteristics of a business place that can accommodate or exacerbate the customer experiences of people with all different types of disabilities. With these metadata records, the system would enable users to search for businesses by their type (restaurant, clothing store, video arcade, dry cleaner, etc.) and then filter results based on the businesses' ability to accommodate someone with a certain disability (blind, on crutches, autistic, tremors, etc.). The question: In order to create these records, would your company be better off using a metadata schema that is more towards the standardized end of the spectrum or more towards the customized end of the spectrum?
More towards the customized end of the spectrum
Which of the following is the greatest limitation of utilitarianism?
Oppressing a small minority is acceptable as long as the rest of society benefits enough
Which of the following is NOT one of the text operations performed by search engines?
Relevance feedback: detecting which documents a user accepts or rejects from a result set
The city of Somewhereville, Maryland, has seen a significant increase in the number of residents who have emigrated from Spanish-speaking countries. The mayor and city council have asked local religious, civic, retail, and educational organizations to be as bi-lingual as possible in their staffing, signage, and promotional materials. Making these kinds of changes is a sign that Somewhereville promotes the value of:
Representation
_______________ is the word that describes users' tendency to stop looking for information as soon as they have found something that has a reasonable chance of meeting the information need.
Satisficing Satisfice
The following image depicts what kind of information resource?
Thesaurus
What is the purpose of the retrieval/matching algorithm in a search engine?
To calculate which documents match a query.
In the search results below, the first three results are ads. True or false?
True
True or false: usability research shows that users are more likely to scan the words on a web page, rather than read them.
True
True or false? Institutional categories are developed intentionally, while cultural categories and individual categories tend to emerge "organically" or through unintentional processes.
True
What kind of content is being presented and organized on the pages of Ben's Guide?
it's a site with articles and games about how the U.S. Government works
Which of the following is NOT an aspect of context (where context is one component of the information architecture ecology)? Assume that you are an information architect developing a web site for an online retail shoe store locally.
metadata about and images of individual shoes for sale
What person or organization created Ben's Guide? And why does this Web site exist (why did the organization create it?)?
the Government Publishing Office (GPO) created it to inform about the Federal Government
Imagine you're designing an informational website about your favorite musician. You need images that you can use on the website and you don't plan to modify the images. How would you search for images that you'd be able to use?
within an "Images" search, use the Tools menu and select "Usage Rights" and then "Creative Commons licenses"
The following questions require you to visit two Web sites: http://bensguide.gpo.gov/ and https://www.codeacademy.com (you don't need to spend more than a few minutes looking at each one). There are three questions about each Web site that require you to observe something about the users, context, and content. Who is the target audience of users of Ben's Guide? Select all that apply.
- students - parents - educators
Which of the following statements would be true from the perspective of the family resemblance theory of categories?
Category members can be grouped together based on a network of overlapping similarities.
Which theory of categories has the strict interpretation that an item can only belong to a category if it meets all of the requirements for membership in that category?
Classical view
Imagine that you see this tweet: https://twitter.com/HaggertyNews/status/621482436887736320 (Links to an external site.)and want to check whether it is accurate using a reverse image search. What do you learn?
I find information that verifies that the claim about the hospital bill is true
Your grandma told you she likes a TV show called Ruby and thinks you might enjoy it too. When you search Google for Ruby, you get a bunch of hits about the ruby programming language, the gemstone called ruby, some towns named Ruby (Alaska, Nebraska, etc.), and even a Pokemon character. All of these irrelevant results on your screen are an example of:
Polysemy
You are in charge of making sure that your company's customer service representatives gave fair and equal treatment to customers who use the chat help service to get help with their orders. Based on Rawls' model of justice, what would be most effective?
Prevent them from knowing any details of a customer's identity that might bias how that customer is treated
Which of the following is NOT a common strategy that an information architect might use to help users navigate an information system?
Providing machine-readable metadata to optimize how a website appears in web search engine results
Match each example to the type of metadata that best describes it (administrative, structural, descriptive): Technical relationships among components of information resources Ownership and rights information about information resources Metadata that represents or describes an information resource
Structural Administrative Descriptive
Imagine you're searching for news stories about the 1918 flu pandemic. You want stories from the 100 year anniversary of the pandemic (2018). What is the best option to conduct this search?
Use the "News" tab for the search, and then use the "Tools" menu to narrow the dates to a "Custom Range" that includes all of 2018
Imagine an oral history collection, which consists of audio recordings of interviews with different member's of Baltimore's Civil Rights movement. Each interview contains multiple audio files, so there needs to be metadata about each file that identifies which person is recorded in the interview, and whether the file is the first, second, third, etc. file in the sequence for that person. Which of the following categories best describes the types of elements (aka properties) that record this information?
Structural metadata
If one person labels the Info Sci program as coming from the iSchool and another person labels the Info Sci program as coming from the College of Information Studies, this is an example of which kind of vocabulary problem?
Synonymy
Which one of the following is considered a benefit of using a standardized metadata schema instead of a customized one?
The schema and its records will be easily compatible with other information systems
In the 60 Minutes segment that was assigned for this unit's reading memo, a tech leader, a lawyer, and an EU commissioner spoke up criticizing Google for which of the following categories of unethical business practices?
Undermining the competition
