311 midterm

Which question is addressed through the principle of documentation?

"Do the important adults in my life communicate about me frequently?"

Which question should teachers consider when first beginning to create and organize a learning space for young children?

"How do I want the children to use this space?"

Infants from various cultures around the world exhibit separation anxiety starting around nine months and increasing in intensity until approximately _____ months of age.

15

Toddlers experience a language explosion, which is evident in their _____ word vocabulary at around twenty-four months.

150-300

At what age do children typically begin engaging in cooperative play?

36-48 m

Claudia, an infant teacher, thinks it's important to demonstrate that she approves of each child in her classroom. How can she best accomplish this?

Allow the children to choose their own activity at the start of each day.

Which item will be most likely to use a passive delivery of literacy?

DVDs

When caregivers place too many limits on behavior or constantly restrict choices, what are children most likely to become?

Dependent

Which statement about child development is true?

Development follows the same general sequences and patterns for all children

Which statements are true with regard to toddlers and problem solving?

During problem-solving activities, toddlers can be easily distracted Providing opportunities for problem solving is connected to building mathematical skills To develop problem-solving skills, adults can ask toddlers to discuss their solutions

Latisha's parents read books on child development after their infant goes to sleep for the night. They are particularly interested in one theorist, who focuses on the stages of development involving trust, autonomy, identity, and intimacy. Who is this theorist?

Erikson

An early childhood teacher can influence a child's development, but has virtually no impact on the larger systems in a child's life such as their community and culture.

False

Research suggests that young children from various cultures develop essentially identical skills and abilities.

False

Temperament cannot be influenced by environmental factors during the first three years of life.

False

The two types of feedback most commonly given to messages are avoidance and passive response.

False

Check My Work Expressions about one's own thoughts and feelings that do not include judgments are called _____ statements.

I

Which account demonstrates appropriate use of an "I" statement?

I feel frustrated when I can't finish my thoughts or sentences.

Which factors are significantly associated with increased risk of child abuse for children under five years old?

Inadequate housing, maternal depression, substance abuse

What is the main difference between development and learning?

Learning requires action by a learner.

What are some effective caregiver strategies for a child who is resistant to change?

Offer choices whenever possible Describe reasons for the change Explain the change before it happens

Which actions should a caregiver take during a temper tantrum?

Remove any items that may hurt the child. Refrain from interacting with the child Attempt to learn the child's tantrum cycle

Rick wants to demonstrate attention to each child in his classroom. What is the best way for him to accomplish this?

Smile and greet each child as they enter the classroom.

Kia, a toddler teacher, has preconceived negative views about homeless families. What is the best way to foster positive development of her professional perspectives on homeless children?

Spending time with homeless children and families in homeless shelters

Allie is beginning to combine words into understandable phrases and sentences. What concept of understanding is she acquiring?

Syntax

Which scenario contains a natural consequence?

Tabitha pours her cup of milk down the sink and has no milk for snack time.

Which statement exhibits a strength-based perspective?

The child can roll over.

Which statement supports the philosophy of planned experiences with children?

The child's nonverbal communication lets teachers know when to end the experience.

According to Mahler, a toddler with a coherent sense of self possesses both self- and object constancy.

True

As toddlers develop cognitive skills that allow for symbolic play and mental images, they can more easily recall and imagine fearful events or situations.

True

Caregivers should not worry about spoiling young children; there is no such thing as too much approval and affection.

True

Children are highly involved in influencing their environment and aiding in their own development.

True

Recent research on a sample of Head Start teachers revealed that parents' priorities and expertise regarding their children's educational planning was excluded from parent-teacher conferences.

True

Research on military families found that reuniting with family members after a deployment can be as stressful as the separation when a parent is deployed.

True

Resolving problems or misunderstandings among staff members is more successful when we focus our discussions on issues rather than on personalities.

True

Which scenario best illustrates Bronfenbrenner's term bidirectional?

Two toddlers at a child care center teach other the word for "green" in their native language.

Professional organizations have well-established _____ programs for child care with more stringent standards than licensing regulations and serve to recognize high-quality programs that meet physical, social, emotional, and cognitive development of the children, as well as the needs of the families being served.

accreditation

Mrya listens to Dougie talk and responds by reiterating what he said, in her own words, to make sure that she understood him. What process is Mrya engaging in?

active listening

What does a toddler's response to structure (e.g., routines) and change (e.g., surprises) indicate?

adaptability

Developmental delays include which major areas?

adaptive, communication, physical

What process involves working with parents, community members, professional organizations, and policy makers to improve the lives of children and families and the early childhood profession?

advocacy

A research study suggests that in Caucasian families, maternal spanking is associated with _____ behaviors in children.

aggressive

Teachers should implement planned learning experiences during an infant or toddler's _____ times.

alert

When _____ data, attention should be placed on coming to understand what the child can currently do; approach this aspect by asking, "What is the child capable of doing alone and with assistance?"

analyzing

Research suggests that being _____ can negatively impact the quality of play exhibited by children.

anxious

Paul's caregiver Jimmy tells him that he is a "bad boy" for hitting Seth. What is Jimmy failing to demonstrate?

approval

Raina, a child care provider, showers the children with compliments, no matter what their behavior. Which concept has Raina misunderstood?

approval

Prosocial behavior in toddlers has been shown to increase when parents:

ask them to label and explain emotions

Which activities are formal educational opportunities?

attending workshops, working with a mentor, acquiring a child development associate certificate

Dana, a caregiver at a child care center, sits near Sandy and watches her play with a set of blocks. Dana is applying which of the three As?

attention

The zone of proximal development can be identified through:

attention

To create the most powerful positive influence in any physical setting, establish a consistent, warm, friendly environment, including large doses of the three As. What are these three As?

attention approval attunement

The most powerful way to promote behavioral self-regulation in children is to provide:

attention for appropriate behavior

After observing two-year-old Charlie stacking blocks, his caregiver sits down with him and begins teaching how to count using the blocks. Charlie, who has just woken up from a nap, would rather stack blocks than count them, but the caregiver persists in changing the activity. What is his caregiver failing to demonstrate?

attunement

Appropriate caregiver behavior involves generous amounts of the three As of child care, which include:

attunement, attention, approval

Ashley believes all babies need to eat at noon, so they will be ready for their naps at two o'clock. When little Joshua does not want to eat at noon, Ashley persists in trying to feed him; this demonstrates a lack of:

attunement.

Craig believes all children need to be physically active for at least thirty minutes a day. Because of this, he times his group of two-year-olds as they walk, run, or ride a tricycle around the yard in a circle, to make certain they stay active the entire thirty minutes. What is Craig failing to demonstrate?

attunment

Dmitri is playing "This Little Piggy" with Zoe, an infant at his child care center. During the play, Zoe sometimes turns her head away and Dmitri waits for her to turn back around before continuing. What is Dmitri demonstrating?

attunment

Chelsea is uninterested when her mother leaves her in a room with a stranger and actually moves toward the stranger upon her return. Chelsea is demonstrating _____ attachment.

avoidant

Kristopher shows no distress when his mother leaves him with a stranger, and he does not seek comfort from her when she returns. What type of attachment is Kristopher demonstrating?

avoidant

Significant contributors to children being at-risk include being:

being raised by a parent with mental health issues, experiencing undernourishment, living in poverty

Which term refers to services provided to adults and children through the same program and at the same time?

bi-generational

Which term refers to negative judgments about the style, form, and content of another person's culture?

biases

Which term refers to the use of books to help children solve problems?

bibliotherapy

Carrie, an eight-month-old, wants more space to move and cries to get out of her crib. Her father moves her to the floor and plays with her. What aspect of an ecological system does this illustrate?

bidirectional influences

When learning centers have visible _____, it provides children with a clear message about the use of materials in a particular area.

boundaries

Research has confirmed maternal behavior can influence infant cortisol levels. Lower cortisol levels have been found when mothers:

breastfeed longer., co-sleep with their infants., respond to infant distress.

One of the components involved in rapport building is _____, which means carefully observing another's movements.

calibrating

Professional _____ is built when teachers work together to learn more about teaching and learning, assets that add to the long-term worth of each professional and the education profession.

capital

Research has shown that more peer-initiated peer contacts occur in classrooms that have more _____ available in them.

caregivers

Diana, a toddler teacher, observes a group of students and notes whether they do or do not show certain characteristics or behaviors such as self-help skills. What assessment tool is Diana most likely to be using?

checklist

D'Arcy, a toddler teacher, notices thirty-month-old Saba becoming curious about the toilet and how other children use it. As a result of Saba's behavior, D'Arcy begins to introduce her to toileting. This is an example of the _____ influencing the infant and toddler curriculum.

child

Providing _____ increases people's internal motivation to complete a task because they feel more in control of their destiny.

choices

When toddlers refuse to engage in a desired behavior, what should adults provide when rephrasing command statements?

choices

While purchasing items for her child care facility, Sabrina, an infant teacher, drops toy pieces through a(n) _____ tube to see if they can be swallowed by children.

choke

Which social studies theme focuses on teaching infants and toddlers to participate in a democratic society?

civic ideals and practices

Babies are most likely to exhibit separation anxiety during which phase of development?

clear-cut attachment

Mr. Gold, a toddler teacher, is observing a young child's problem-solving skills. What aspect of a child's development is she assessing?

cognitive/language development

When educators in early childhood programs meet regularly and communicate effectively, they have a greater ability to:

collaborate together, support each other, make decisions together

Adults can actively engage with infant while reading by using "CAR," which includes:

comment and wait ask questions and wait. respond by adding a little more

Which symptoms are typically displayed by children with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD)?

communication difficulties, problems with social interactions, relational difficulties

The definition of respect includes:

consideration, differential regard, appreciation

Which term does Piaget use for the belief that each person creates new understandings, interpretations, and realities through interactions with materials and people in their environment?

constructivism

A child care center is looking to hire teachers of children "birth to age three." You are interested in applying for this position because the center is demonstrating the implementation of:

continuity of care

A teacher who remains with a group of children during their infant and toddler years is practicing:

continuity of care.

The first locomotor movement is called _____, which involves moving through space by pulling the body with the arms or sometimes pushing with the legs to help move.

creeping

Each individual family has its own _____—that is, a system of values, attitudes, and beliefs that shape and influence their perceptions and behaviors.

culture

Everything a teacher does with a child or that a child experiences through interactions with the environment during time spent in an infant or toddler classroom is referred to as the _____ of the program.

curriculum

How often should infant and toddler teachers engage with each child in one-on-one reading activities to support language and literacy development?

daily

What document is used by caregivers to record routine care events (e.g., eating, toileting, and sleeping)?

daily communication log

Events that occur repeatedly on an ongoing basis for very young children, such as learning to eat independently, are called _____ projects.

daily life projects

Which special functions are controlled by the cerebral cortex?

decision making, production of language, planning

What is one way toddlers demonstrate their autonomy?

defiance

Which skills should teachers focus on when encouraging effortful control?

delayed gratification, response inhibition

Providing solid or liquid foods when an infant or toddler is hungry is called _____ feeding.

demand

Examples of impairments include:

depression, learning difficulties, deafness

Caregivers should help toddlers to interpret the emotions and behaviors of their peers by providing _____ language; for instance, if a toddler reaches for the toy of another, the teacher should describe what he sees and provide an alternative perspective and possible strategies.

descriptive

Castro, an infant teacher, uses words and phrases to describe observable student behaviors that his director can easily verify. Castro is writing his observations using _____ phrasing.

descriptive

A teacher can get to know each family's cultural beliefs and values by:

developing a script.

Which term refers to the cumulative sequences and patterns that represent progressive, refined changes moving a child from simple to more complex physical, cognitive, language, social, and emotional growth and maturity?

development

The organization Zero to Three is devoted to helping professionals and parents learn about various topics related to infants and toddlers; the text lists which of the following?

development, public policy topics, appropriate care

Which practice encompasses emotional interaction, instructional planning, and various types of teaching and learning techniques involving children, families, colleagues, and the community?

developmentally appropriate

Piaget's sensorimotor stage of cognitive development occurs from birth to about age two and involves which substages?

differentiation, experimentation, coordination

Which term refers to the dynamic interaction that exists between an individual impairment and environmental, social, and attitudinal barriers?

disability

Gerald, an early childhood teacher, focuses on teaching appropriate behavior and setting limits on inappropriate behavior to help young children learn about their emotions and feelings, and how to interact successfully with others. Gerald is particularly interested in teaching:

discipline

Which term describes the ability to maintain energy and focus on an activity in the face of obstacles, in order to reach a desired aim?

discipline

When children are faced with information contrary to their current understanding, they experience _____, which provides a motivation for learning.

disequilibrium

What term is used for frequent and voluntary habits of thinking and doing?

dispositions

The goal of creating _____ is to make visible to the teacher, children, and family members the development and learning that has been occurring in the classroom.

documentation panels

Which activity provides opportunities for toddlers to combine language with imagination?

dramatic play

A child who is _____ understands only his own viewpoint.

egocentric

Children who experience unresponsive and stressful conditions, either in a home or in a child care setting, have been found to have:

elevated cortisol levels.

Educators who create curricular experiences based on previous observations of the children's interests, needs, and questions are building a(n) _____ curriculum.

emergent

The knowledge of reading and writing before the possession of skills to engage in conventional reading and writing is called _____ literacy.

emergent

Check My Work Good caregiving is_____-centered, meaning that children's feelings are viewed as natural, valid, and important.

emotion

An infant who begins to cry after hearing another infant's cry of pain is demonstrating:

emotional contagion.

Which skill consists of the ability to soothe ourselves and manage our emotions?

emotional regulation

Labeling feeling states in order to help young children understand their emotions and how they are expressing them, such as "You really look excited!" helps children engage in:

emotional talk

Devon has shown signs that he's learning to balance the awareness of his own needs and feelings with the needs and feelings of other people. What does this demonstrate?

enlightened self-interest

Developmentally appropriate strategies for guiding and supporting the development of self-regulation in children include:

establishing consequences, setting limits, redirecting actions

Attachment theory proposes that an infant's smiling behavior has a(n) _____ purpose, which is keeping the infant close to the mother, who in turn keeps the child out of harm's way.

ethological

Which observational method is used to record an individual child's particular behavior each time it occurs

event sampling

Which motor pathway expects specific stimuli at birth?

experience-expectant

When introduced to a new material, a toddler might be simultaneously excited and fearful. Which aspect of emotional development is demonstrated by this confusion?

experiencing two emotions simultaneously

Research with toddlers 22 months of age discovered that peer conflicts are motivated by an urge to _____ particular objects.

explore

Categories of field work for toddlers include:

expressing ideas through dramatic play making clay models observational drawings

A recent research study discovered that mothers who scored higher on maternal depression were more likely to have a toddler with lower levels of _____ communication skills.

expressive

Researchers have found that the more parents espouse a(n) _____ locus of control, the higher the likelihood their children have externalizing behavior problems (e.g., increased aggression with peers, lack of frustration tolerance) as they become older.

external

Higher levels of effortful control in children have been associated with fewer _____ behaviors and higher levels of _____.

externalizing; social competence

In a recent research study, toddlers who demonstrated more effortful control had mothers who scored high on which measure?

extraversion

Older toddlers are most likely to have more accurate:

eye-hand coordination.

After World War II in Reggio Emilia, it was more difficult to establish nationally funded programs for preschoolers than it was to establish them for infants and toddlers.

false

All disruptive behaviors require specific interventions designed to help children acquire more positive social or emotional regulation skills.

false

An infant who is insecurely attached to his or her mother is only capable of insecure relationships with other caregivers.

false

Children between the ages of two and five who are cared for in child care centers experience fewer injuries than children cared for by parents in their own home at the same age.

false

Circle time is the recommended time for reading stories from beginning to end with groups of toddlers.

false

Each infant and toddler progresses through development at a set rate.

false

In a high-quality program, infant-toddler content area knowledge is taught through a direct-instruction model.

false

One study found significant correlations between self-other awareness and toy claiming.

false

Picture symbols and sign language can interfere with children's development of expressive language.

false

Rough and tumble play should occur only in homes.

false

Separation anxiety is found only in infants with insecure attachments.

false

Teachers are trained to screen and diagnose developmental delays.

false

The National Program for Playground Safety put together the acronym S.A.F.E., which stands for site, area, function, and environment, to remind teachers about playground safety.

false

The capacity for distinguishing frequency and pitch develops around the end of the first year.

false

The first step in early identification is for the teacher to tell the family that he/she thinks that their child has a disorder or delay.

false

There is a single established and acceptable curriculum that meets the developmental needs of all infants.

false

To manage the environment and facilitate learning, teachers should always locate noisy areas as far apart as possible.

false

Toddlers most effectively learn through following verbal instructions.

false

When infants and toddlers are engaged in learning, internal changes are always observable to another person.

false

Who must early childhood educators form partnerships with to provide high-quality care?

families, community agencies, colleagues

Which type of meeting occurs at least twice per year between families and caregivers and involves both parties sharing developmental information about the children in their care?

family-caregiver

Which meeting would be most appropriate to discuss developmental concerns about a student with their parents?

family-caregiver conference

What are children with involved fathers most likely to display?

few behavioral problems, high levels of self-regulation, few aggressive behaviors

Which term refers to the careful observation and recording of one's observations during projects?

field work

Amy can now grasp objects and point at things. Which developmental advancement do her actions signal?

fine motor

In the infant-toddler centers of Reggio Emilia, teachers have constructed a particular approach to curricular planning referred to as progettazione, which means _____ planning.

flexible

When the schedule created by the caregiver reflects each individual child's physical rhythms, it is a(n) _____ schedule.

flexible

Which brain structure is responsible for producing complex thoughts and emotional responses?

forebrain

In order to make decisions, early childhood educators need to _____ and _____.

gather information; question colleagues

According to the Children's Defense Fund, more than 2.9 million _____ are responsible for raising their _____.

grandparents; grandchildren

Early nonverbal classifications are called _____ collections, in which children can focus on figurative properties.

graphic

Exploration activities help children construct knowledge through direct interaction and observation of items. Which activities below are particularly suited for this purpose?

growing plants cooking

Children with severe cases of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder typically display which symptoms?

growth delays, facial abnormalities, mental retardation

Research on family child care providers found that teacher-directed learning experiences need to be more _____ in order to provide optimal learning to children.

hands-on

Where does muscular control first develop before extending to other areas of their body?

head

Physical development occurs in a predictable order, starting with the _____ and moving along the body to the _____.

head; lower extremities

What are some key skills that children learn through planting and tending a garden?

healthy eating habits safe risk taking nature's "sameness"

Research has demonstrated a link between social withdrawal during adolescence and _____ inhibition during infancy or toddlerhood.

high behavioral

Which brain structure is responsible for regulating automatic functions (e.g., digestion, breathing, and balance)?

hindbrain

Which early intervention strategies are offered by Early Head Start?

home-based services, group learning events, health services

Which tool can teachers use to develop a strong sense of partnership between parents and caregivers when face-to-face interactions are not possible?

home-school journals

Programs should avoid using antibacterial soap with very young children because recent animal research suggests that it alters _____ regulation.

hormone

Which virus attacks and destroys white blood cells, making the person more susceptible to illnesses?

human immunodeficiency virus

The educators in Reggio Emilia first and foremost consider the _____ because it, in turn, affects their interactions, management of the environment, and selection of teaching strategies.

image of the child

Early intervention teams are often _____ and involve two or more professionals from separate professions working in partnership with the child and family.

inclusive

Which term refers to the act of educating and providing supports and services to disabled children in settings with their non-disabled peers?

inclusive practices

Pressure on families from their friends and relatives can sometimes cause parents to question their parenting behavior. They must then reconcile their attitudes and expectations with those of people around them, often leading to the adoption of _____ beliefs and practices.

inconsistent

Kate speaks to her infant using a reduced speech rate, exaggerated intonation, and short utterance duration. Which type of speech is Kate employing?

infant-directed

Which strategies help facilitate optimal learning for infants and toddlers?

initiating engaging conversations capitalizing on routine and spontaneous experiences providing ordinary materials for novel uses

Which term is used by Reggio Emilia educators to describe the strategy for building relationships among adults and children when the child is first entering an infant-toddler center?

inserimento

Which projects carry ideas from one day to another and provide a mechanism for toddlers to develop important dispositions and knowledge?

integrated

The statement "Akira refused to eat her snack" is an example of _____ phrasing.

interpretative

According to Daniel Stern, which capacity is present at birth?

intersubjectivity

One infant mental health strategy that involves prolonged and ongoing skin-on-skin contact between a mother and her premature infant is _____ mother care.

kangaroo

Several research studies have shown that child-initiated learning experiences have a positive effect on children's outcomes, in particular, improved

language performance.

When toddlers first learn to walk, most of their play involves _____ activities.

large-muscle

Which tool is geared toward encouraging specific types of behaviors in one location?

learning centers

A child's temperament and _____ can influence his or her tendency toward prosocial behavior.

level of sympathy

Infants demonstrate a distinct preference for _____ words, which may be related to the acoustic and phonological salience of these words.

lexical

What is designed by state and county agencies to standardize care and education of young children in group settings for both home- and center-based programs?

licensing regulations

A teen parent's ability to interact with her infant is most likely to be impaired by the stress of limited financial resources, coupled with the likelihood of:

limited life experiences.

Which term describes the rules set by adults for children to follow and to encourage certain behaviors?

limits

Children who learn to take responsibility for themselves and their own behaviors have an internal:

locus of control

What type of knowledge is constructed by the child and involves identifying relationships between objects?

logico-mathematical

Which type of knowledge is acquired by discovering relationships among objects?

logico-mathematical

What are the earliest forms of productive communication for an infant?

making noises, crying, and gesturing

Research confirms that a _____ is an effective instructional approach that fosters a child-centered achievement environment, provides freedom of choice, and supports positive attitudes and self-perception toward movement, social interaction, and problem-solving skills.

mastery climate

Children at risk for medical emergencies and who often require specialized support are classified as:

medically fragile

A child with a pattern of unhealthy social development may raise concerns regarding issues of:

mental health

Children use pictures in their minds, known as _____, to carry out action sequences internally.

mental images

What type of experiences are particularly significant in building cognitive structures through sensorimotor and hands-on, minds-on opportunities?

messy

Caregivers of young children need to understand normative patterns to recognize unique patterns in the individual children they care for. What is another name for these normative patterns of development?

milestones

Many state licensing regulations require fire drills to be performed, timed, and recorded every:

month

Brain growth in children less than two years of age can be attributed to growth in the amount of _____ in their brains.

myelin

According to the text, examples of social-arbitrary knowledge include:

names of objects. meanings of words days of the week

Which environment best promotes inclusive practices?

natural

What is perhaps the most important part of a family-caregiver conference?

negotiating developmental and learning goals for the children

Blocks, dramatic play, and movement are considered _____ areas.

noisy

The American Academy of Pediatrics suggests that children under two should spend how much time in front of the computer using educational games?

none

The _____ of children in a group is a significant factor in the amount of time the caregiver has to give each child.

number and age

Scientists have found that stressful or neglectful behaviors in early childhood can affect the development of the brain. This finding emphasizes the influence of _____ on development.

nurture

As toddlers understand the concept of _____, they begin to differentiate self from other objects and people.

object permanence

Which approach should a teacher employ to respect the unique patterns that each child demonstrates?

observe milestones

Fabric, cardboard, pebbles, shells, and pinecones are examples of _____ materials.

open-ended

Materials that are _____ have the most likelihood of increasing a child's attention and build the brain's capacity to learn.

open-ended

What do teachers use to gather as much information as possible about what the child does at home?

open-ended questions

While developing language, toddlers may _____ or use one word for many different things.

overgeneralize

What occurs when thirty-four-month-old Thomas applies the same plural rule to all words and says "foots" instead of "feet"?

overregularization

When building rapport, we must engage in _____, or carefully move in harmonious synchrony with the other person.

pacing

What type of play is displayed when two-year-old Dondre plays near another child in the sandbox, but not with them?

parallel

Which type of meeting provides information about parenting topics directly to groups of families?

parent education

According to ecological systems theory, exosystem influences include:

parental education, social services availability, health care access

A recent research study found that preschool-aged boys who engaged in rough and tumble play at a child care center had increased:

peer acceptance.

Research has demonstrated that a caregiver's _____ can have an impact on his or her level of attunement.

perception

Infants who demonstrate more _____ have been found to have higher cognitive skills.

persistent

Which set of skills is built upon through explaining to children how their behavior may make others feel?

perspective talking

Which term refers to the set of educational beliefs that guides behaviors and decision making for individual teachers and groups of teachers?

philosophy

The conscious attention to sounds of spoken language is called _____ awareness and is connected to literacy development.

phonological

Brain development and motor coordination are characteristics of which developmental domain?

physical

Children construct _____ knowledge by moving objects and observing changes in objects.

physical

Toddlers solve problems on a(n) _____ level.

physical

Examples of scaffolding include:

physical assistance, coaching, providing hints

Abuse is an action that causes harm to another. What are the major forms of abuse?

physical, emotional, sexual

Which three basic aspects of learning environments should teachers consider when making decisions?

physical, social, and intellectual

Which three basic activities form the focus of infant and toddler care daily schedules?

playing sleeping feeding

In order to meet the children's basic needs when planning a child care environment, space must be dedicated for:

playing, toileting, resting

Which assessment tool is composed of work samples, photographs, and videos that document a child's development and learning?

portfolio

What are the key characteristics of a competent early childhood educator?

positive self-image, physically healthy, caring and respectful

Which specific sets of behaviors must be calibrated and paced for rapport to be built with another person?

posture, nonverbal communication, representational systems

Teachers of very young children should focus on project _____, or experiences that introduce them to specific elements of project work.

practice

According to Bowlby, attachment occurs when the baby grasps, cries, and smiles to keep the caregiver engaged. This is known as the _____ phase.

pre attachment

During Piaget's _____ stage, toddlers and preschoolers reason based on perception.

preoperational

Which type of behavior involves spontaneous communications and behaviors that benefit others?

prosocial

Language development involves learning _____, or how to use the appropriate stress and intonation to express specific ideas.

prosodic patterning

The United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child guaranteed which rights for children?

protection, participation, provision

Which action leads to the elimination of unused neural pathways?

pruning

An agreement between two people that establishes a sense of harmony is known as:

rapport.

Children struggle with conflicting needs for dependence and independence during which subphase of Mahler's separation-individuation theory?

rapprochement

Tambor, an infant teacher, documents a child's behaviors and the frequency of the behaviors on a form. What assessment method is Tambor most likely using?

rating scale

Which disorder is most likely to result from a child experiencing severe problems in early relationships, receiving grossly inadequate care, and failing to form normal relationships with their primary caregivers?

reactive attachment

Child-size shovels for digging in the garden and Navajo pottery for storing paintbrushes are examples of _____ materials.

real

Which term is used for the act of drawing conclusions or inferences based on the logical use of data or facts?

reasoning

In ecological systems theory, which term is used to describe human relationships?

reciprocal

What term is used for behaviors that deviate from the developmental milestone and expected range?

red flags

Children who develop within the average range can have periods of _____, which follow forward movement in skill development.

regression

Which behaviors are involved in manipulation during the first year of development?

releasing, reaching, grasping

Children communicate about their current understanding of the world through _____ of ideas, such as painting, drawing, or dramatic play.

representation

Dana, a caregiver at a child care center, sits near Sandy and watches her play with a set of blocks. Dana is applying which of the three As?

resistant

Choose the three patterns of insecure attachment.

resistant, disoriented, avoidant

Infants with secure attachments tend to have caregivers who:

respond consistently to infants' needs., interpret infants' emotional signals sensitively., express affection regularly

Using the term "children with special _____" supports a strong, positive image of the child instead of a deficit approach.

rights

Which type of play involves children acting out ideas by using props such as puppets, dolls, or other dramatic play materials?

role play

Strategies for meeting the basic needs (e.g., hunger, cleanliness) of infants and toddlers are called _____ care times

routine

Culture does not consist of an individual or group's behavior, but of the _____ that shape the behavior.

rules

A long narrative that tells a story as it unfolds over a significant period of time about a child, group, or activity is called a(n) _____ record.

running

Which subject area involves asking and answering questions, as well as solving problems that arise as the result of investigations or unexpected outcomes?

science

Which activity is a precursor to writing and is often undervalued by adults?

scribbling

Research on attachment security of infants with full-time working mothers has found that most infants of employed mothers exhibit _____ attachment.

secure

A recent study found that toddlers who entered foster care with a secure attachment were more likely to be rated as _____ attached a year later.

securely

The common outcomes of shaken baby syndrome include

seizures, blindness, spasticity

The RISE mental model helps teachers understand their role when guiding the behavior of young children by examining several factors to determine who owns the problem. What are some of these factors?

self, environment, child

Isabella is able to comfort herself when she is upset, demonstrating the ability to _____ and put herself at ease.

self-soothe

Which term is used for messages that become the belief system of the child and the foundation for their self-concept?

self-talk

Arranging objects in a series, or _____, is guesswork for older toddlers because they do not understand the relationships in a series of objects.

seriation

Which mathematical task is difficult for toddlers because they do not understand the relationships between objects?

seriation

It is rare for hearing problems to be detected before _____ months of age.

seven or eight

Research suggests that teachers can support social development by utilizing a variety of instructional activities, such as _____ and asking open-ended questions.

showing interest in a child's activity

Research suggests that children with _____ may be more skilled at reading and responding to the emotion of fear.

siblings

Jondi cares for three children in her home-based program. The youngest child, Natesa, is just three months old. When selecting toys for Natesa, Jondi should mostly focus on items that appeal to an infant's sense of:

sight

Babies reach a developmental milestone when they can sit alone and begin to crawl at _____ months.

six to eight

Infant mental health focuses on promoting optimal emotional and _____ development in infants and toddlers.

social

A teacher who is observing a young child's interactions with other teachers most likely to be assessing:

social development.

Check My Work A teacher who believes that children develop through modeling, imitation, and observational learning is most aligned with which theory?

social learning theory

According to ecological systems theory, which factors specifically impact the macrosystem?

social system customs

Optimal development in early childhood addresses which critical areas of development?

social, emotional, physical

Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as a(n) _____ process.

socially mediated

Which developmental theory places the greatest value on social interactions between children and their elders?

sociocultural theory

Which childhood activity is most effective at developing working memory?

sorting games

Specifically designed instruction for children with an impairment, disability, or developmental delay is called _____ education.

special

Which model focuses on what children are not able to do and their limitations, oftentimes to the exclusion of their strengths or abilities?

special needs

Which interventions involve long-term services provided to families with children who experience persistent challenges or to families in crisis?

specialized

Sixteen-month-old Marco smiles and waves both of his arms when his father returns from work, but cries and hides when a delivery person comes to the door. Which behavior does Marcus exhibit?

stranger anxiety

According to ecological systems theory, which action has the most influence on the quality of a relationship?

supportive interactions

When reporting child abuse to the appropriate agency, your responsibility is to report your:

suspicions.

Which type of play involves children's representation of objects or feelings or ideas?

symbolic

What is the "interactional dance" of reading and responding to a child's cues called?

synchrony

Toddlers construct sentences using an understanding of _____, or the underlying rules for how to produce and comprehend sentences in their language.

syntax

Which type of behavior is associated with toddlers expressing strong emotions, such as frustration and anger?

tantrums

Research on toddlers' transitions to child care in Korea suggests that strong _____ support successful adaptations.

teacher-parent collaborations

To be prepared for emergencies, all _____ in a child care program should be educated in first aid, universal precautions, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

teachers, administrators, cleaning staff

What type of speech is demonstrated when three-year-old Zoe says, "Light on" or "My toy"?

telegraphic

Toddlers may use either their right or left hand, but most do not firmly establish handedness until between _____ years of age.

three and four

Lani, a toddler teacher, would like to record the number of children in her class that display anxiety-related behaviors, such as nail-biting, while falling asleep at naptime. What is the best observational method for Lani's purpose?

time sampling

A toddler's problem-solving approach can best be described as a(n) _____ approach.

trail-and-error

Teachers can reduce disruptive behavior by limiting the number of _____ throughout the children's day.

transitions

Which element allows teachers to better supervise and facilitates children's play because of the ability to make connections between materials in different centers in each environment?

transparency

By 24 months of age, a child's brain has _____ its weight.

tripled

A diagnosis of a visual impairment can often be made earlier than a hearing impairment.

true

Attempting to change a child's handedness may cause neurological and muscular stress.

true

Culture is learned through being taught and through observation.

true

Early intervention can occur at any time in a child's life.

true

Infants and toddlers demonstrate distinct preferences for friends.

true

Infants have been observed to turn their heads in the direction an adult is looking at around three months of age.

true

Many projects have no clear beginning because they emerge slowly over time from the teacher's experiences of interacting with the children.

true

One Early Head Start (EHS) study found that EHS parents were more likely to read to their child on a daily basis.

true

Reciting a memorized book is an example of emergent literacy.

true

Research has demonstrated that fine arts curricula are beneficial for many reasons, one of which is promoting various skills, such as literacy and other school readiness skills.

true

Teachers who rate themselves as having lower competence in art skills are less likely to regularly engage in art activities with children.

true

The best assessment approach is to observe children formally and informally on a daily basis.

true

There may be cultural differences in the acquisition of motor skills.

true

Which term refers to the dynamic interaction that exists between an individual impairment and environmental, social, and attitudinal barriers?

true

Young children tend to focus on the process rather than on the outcome of an activity.

true

Kayla often cries up to 45 minutes before her caregiver will change her diaper. According to Erikson, which concept is Kayla likely to have difficulty developing?

trust

Which action best demonstrates the acquisition of fine motor skills?

turning pages

The peak age range for the occurrence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is between _____ months.

two and four

Which skills are acquired during Piaget's pre operational stage of cognitive development?

understanding quantity, verbal reasoning, nonverbal classification

What type of services are routinely available to all children and their families in order to promote children's healthy development?

universal

What procedures are put into place to prevent workers from coming into contact with bodily fluids?

universal precautions

Which attributes of emotional expression tend to vary across cultures?

use of gestures volume of speech desired personal space

A recent study demonstrated that toddlers were more likely to help an adult in need when they were given _____ for engaging in a prosocial behavior.

verbal praise, no reward at all

Research on aggressive behavior in toddlers has found that parents who use _____ had toddlers who displayed more externalizing behaviors.

verbal punishments

According to Mary Ainsworth, which social behaviors occur during the first two to three months of life?

visual tracking, signaling behaviors, grasping to gain contact

Classifying the zone of proximal development help teachers determine:

what to emphasize.

Which statement reflects a positively stated limit?

"Camille, use your napkin for your dirty hands."