3213C - Test 3
A researcher attempts to study the effects of alcohol on task performance. One factor is alcohol (alcohol treatment, placebo control), and the other factor is task difficulty (easy, difficult). If the researcher uses a repeated measures design with 15 participants per condition, how many participants will he need for the study?
15
A researcher studies the effect of room music (fast, slow) and room cleanliness (tidy, untidy) on people's dining experience at a restaurant. How many main effects are possible?
2
Identify the design of a study that manipulates the temperature in a room (warm or cold), difficulty of study material (easy, difficult), and amount of material (low, moderate, high).
2 × 2 × 3
A study involves a 3 × 4 × 2 factorial design. How many independent variables are being studied?
3
How many main effects are possible in a study with a 2 ×2 ×2 ×2 factorial design?
4
A 2 × 2 × 2 design results in ________ experimental conditions.
8
One method used to demonstrate the reversibility of the effect of an independent variable is a(n)
ABA design.
________ in quasi-experimental designs is more difficult than in true experiments because quasi-experimental designs lack the important features of true experiments such as random assignment to conditions.
Causal inference
Which of the following is true of single-case designs?
Complex statistical analyses are not required.
________ usually occur(s) when participants who form the two groups in an experiment are chosen from existing natural groups.
Selection differences
Which of the following is true of staged manipulations?
They are used to involve participants in an ongoing social situation that is perceived as a real experience.
A researcher wants to study the effect of weather on college students' study habits. On a sunny day, the researcher sits in the quad and records the number of minutes of study per student. Identify the crucial element missing in this design.
a control group
An IV × PV design allows
a researcher to investigate how different types of individuals respond to the same manipulated variable.
An advantage of the ABAB reversal design over the ABA design is that it
allows for fewer alternative explanations for the results.
Why do experimenters generally do not wish to inform their participants about the specific hypotheses being studied?
because of the problem of demand characteristics
A researcher who measures the speed of helping in response to a request is using a ________ measure.
behavioral
How can expectancy effects be reduced?
by using a double-blind experiment
In a cross-sectional study, a difference among groups of different ages may reflect developmental age changes; however, these differences may result from ________ effects.
cohort
In staged manipulations, a(n) ________ appears to be another participant in an experiment but is actually part of the manipulation.
confederate
The principle of using the strongest manipulation possible should be tempered when it
creates extreme, unrealistic situations.
Which of the following are two general methods for studying individuals of different ages?
cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs
A problem with designing an experiment with only two levels of the independent variable is that
curvilinear relationships between variables cannot be detected.
In order to ascertain the main effect of an independent variable, a researcher must use a(n) ________ design.
factorial
Over time, human observers may become fatigued or change the standards on which observations are based. When this change in measurement occurs over time, a researcher might attribute it to
instrument decay.
Jennifer studies the number of crimes committed in a district for seven years before and after the passage of a new law that increased police presence on the streets. Jennifer's research design would be classified as a(n)
interrupted time series design.
A ________ is an attempt to directly measure whether an independent variable manipulation has the intended effect on participants.
manipulation check
In the context of the one-group pretest-posttest design and the associated threats to internal validity, any changes that occur systematically over time are called ________ effects.
maturation
A researcher designs a study in which participants are randomly assigned to one of two conditions. Each participant is then measured under two different circumstances. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.
mixed factorial
A factorial design involves
more than one independent variable.
The use of existing natural groups of participants often results in
nonequivalent groups.
An IV × PV design has at least
one manipulated and one participant variable.
In the context of one-group pretest-posttest design, maturation effects occur when
participants change over time.
When Mr. Arthur, a researcher, submits a paper to a journal for publication, other researchers who are familiar with his area of research carefully scrutinize the paper and recommend acceptance or rejection. This process is known as
peer review.
In the context of the types of measures, ________ measures are recordings of responses of the body.
physiological
A floor effect can best be described as a
problem that occurs when a task is so difficult that hardly anyone can perform it well.
Which of the following is/are a threat to the internal validity of studies using a one-group pretest-posttest design?
regression toward the mean
In a shopping mall, a marketing researcher asks customers if they would prefer soda in a bottle or in a can. Their responses would be an example of a ________ measure.
self report
The issue of ________ is particularly important when measuring human performance.
sensitivity
With a(n) ________, the results for the independent variable are analyzed as if a researcher had separate experiments at each level of the other independent variable.
simple main effect
In a ________, participants are unaware of whether a placebo or the actual drug is being administered.
single-blind experiment
In a ________ experimental design, a subject's behavior is measured over time during a baseline control period.
single-case
Matt, a researcher, employs a confederate to drop a stack of papers in front of a person and a group of people. He then measures the amount of time it takes for the confederate to receive help in picking up the papers. This scenario best exemplifies a ________ manipulation.
staged
Presenting participants with different versions of a videotaped confession to study their perceptions is an example of a(n) ________ manipulation.
straightforward
An interaction occurs whenever
the effect of one independent variable changes across levels of a second independent variable.
The simplest factorial design is the one that has
two independent variables with two levels each.
