323- Chapter 23- Nutrition and Health Promotion

What factor(s) impact what we eat? -Cost -Convenience -Our background and routine -Emotional comfort -all are correct

all are correct- When working with patients regarding a dietary change, it is important to understand the factors that can impact what we eat: cost, convenience, background, routine, and emotional comfort.

Triglycerides: -are used for energy when carbohydrates are limited. -increase one's risk for heart disease and stroke. -can be increased with liver disease, kidney disease, and hypothyroidism. -can be decreasing by eating less sugary and refine foods. -All are correct

All are correct- Triglycerides are used for energy when carbohydrates are limited. High triglyceride levels increase one's risk for heart disease and stroke. There are other reasons for high triglyceride levels including: poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus, liver disease, kidney disease, and hypothyroidism. The best ways to lower the triglyceride level are to · Cut back on calories and lose weight. · Avoid sugary and refine food; choose monounsaturated fats over saturated fats.

The function of dietary supplements is to provide nutrients that are not obtained in the foods we eat and drink. Some examples of uses of dietary supplements include: -Iron -Fiber -Folic acid -Calcium -All of the above

All of the above- Dietary supplements are oral products that contain a "dietary ingredient." This ingredient can include a vitamin, mineral, amino acid, herb, or another substance that can supplement a person's diet. Dietary supplements come in many forms, including tablets, powders, energy bars, and liquids. Federal law does not require a dietary supplement to be proven safe, nor must any claims for it be proven truthful before the product appears on the market. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) monitors the safety of such products after they are on the market. The function of dietary supplements is to provide nutrients that are not obtained in the foods we eat and drink. Some examples of uses of dietary supplements include: • Calcium and vitamin D for bone health and low vitamin D levels • Folic acid in pregnancy to prevent spina bifida • Iron for low iron levels • Fiber for constipation

Which of the following is not a nutrient-rich carbohydrate? -Fruit -Milk -Whole grains -Legumes -Honey

Honey- Honey is a non-nutrient rich simple sugar.

Which of the following does not contain a significant source of fiber? -Legumes -Corn and broccoli -Yogurt -Avocados and apples -Whole-wheat bread

Yogurt- Soluble fiber is found in—Legumes, oats, barley, fruits (avocados, apples, citrus fruits), carrots, and psyllium. Insoluble fiber is found in—Whole grains (whole wheat and brown rice), vegetables (corn, broccoli, green beans, cauliflower, and potato with skins), nuts and seeds, popcorn, and prunes.

Vitamin C can be found in: -meat and nuts. -cauliflower and spinach. -poultry and shellfish. -citrus. -cauliflower and spinach and citrus.

cauliflower and spinach and citrus.- Vitamin C is found in citrus fruits, tomatoes, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, potatoes, spinach, strawberries.

Vitamin D can be found in: -fatty fish. -broccoli and tomatoes. -liver and egg yolks. -fortified milk. -fatty fish and fortified milk.

fatty fish and fortified milk.- Vitamin D is found in fatty fish (e.g., salmon, herring), fish liver oils, fortified cereals, fortified milk products.

Minerals: -are naturally occurring organic substances. -found in the body fluids are called electrolytes. -like calcium and potassium are considered trace minerals. -like iron and zinc are macrominerals.

found in the body fluids are called electrolytes.- Electrolytes are minerals in the body fluid that have an electrical charge. They are found in the blood, urine, and other body fluids.

Water: -makes up more than 85% of the body. -is used to keep the body temperature normal. -is used to lubricate and cushion joints. -All are correct -is used to keep the body temperature normal and is used to lubricate and cushion joints.

is used to keep the body temperature normal and is used to lubricate and cushion joints.- Water is the basis for the fluids in the body. It makes up more than two thirds of the body's weight. Without water, we would get dehydrated and die in a few days. All cells and organs need water to function and survive. Water plays important roles in the body including: · Keeps the body temperature normal with perspiration · Lubricates and cushion joints (e.g., saliva, fluid around joints).

A gluten-free diet is used for what condition? -Cardiovascular disease -Food allergies -Cancer -Diabetes mellitus -Celiac disease

Celiac disease- People with celiac disease are put on a gluten-free diet.

What food would not be found on a full liquid diet? -Ice cream -Chicken noodle soup -Popsicles and juice without pulp -Milk products -Chicken noodle soup and popsicles and juice without pulp

Chicken noodle soup- A full liquid diet is made up of foods and beverages that are liquid at room temperature. Unlike the clear liquid diet, the full liquid diet includes milk products. This diet is a step above clear liquid diet and below a regular diet.

What condition requires monitoring the carbohydrate intake? -Hypertension -Cardiovascular disease -Cancer -Diabetes mellitus -Food allergies

Diabetes mellitus- People with diabetes mellitus must monitor their carbohydrate intake.

What condition would require the use of the Glycemic index, the "Create Your Plate" method, or carb counting? -Hypertension -Cardiovascular disease -Cancer -Diabetes mellitus -Weight control

Diabetes mellitus- The American Diabetes Association (www.diabetes.org) encourages the following diabetes meal plans: Glycemic index, the "Create Your Plate" method, and carb counting.

What is incorrect regarding the glycemic index (GI)? -A number is given to carbohydrate foods based on how they increase the blood glucose level. -High GI foods produce a smaller change in the blood glucose level. -Low GI foods can be decrease the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. -High GI foods can also help maintain weight loss. -High GI foods produce a smaller change in the blood glucose level and high GI foods can also help maintain weight loss.

High GI foods produce a smaller change in the blood glucose level and high GI foods can also help maintain weight loss.- Carbohydrates that are rapidly digested, absorbed, and considerably increase the blood glucose level are considered high GI foods (>70). Low GI (<55) foods produce a smaller change in the blood glucose level. The goal is to eat more low GI foods to decrease the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart disease. Low GI foods can also help maintain weight loss.

The process the body uses to obtain or make energy from the food eaten. -Anabolism -Metabolism -Enzymes -Calorie -Catabolism

Metabolism- Metabolism is the process the body uses to obtain or make energy from the food eaten.

Which of the following is not a complex carbohydrate? -White rice and white bread -Rice and green peas -Barley, quinoa, and barley -Split peas and pinto beans -Nuts and seeds

Nuts and seeds- Nut and seeds are fiber.

What is true regarding lactose sensitivity? -Treatment involves avoiding milk products. -Treatment involves using an oral enzyme replacement supplement. -It is caused by an allergy. -All are correct -Treatment involves avoiding milk products and treatment involves using an oral enzyme replacement supplement.

Treatment involves avoiding milk products and treatment involves using an oral enzyme replacement supplement.- Lactose intolerance, or sensitivity, is not an allergy. Treatment for lactose intolerance or sensitivity involves avoiding milk products or using an oral enzyme replacement supplements.

A half of cup of dried fruit is equivalent to one cup of fruit.

True- A half of cup of dried fruit is equivalent to one cup of fruit.

What is true regarding food allergies? -Milk, eggs, tree nuts, and peanuts are some of the most common allergens. -A food allergy occurs when the immune system overreacts to a protein in the food. -A food allergy can cause anaphylaxis. -An elimination diet is used for food allergies. -All are correct

all are correct- A food allergy occurs when the immune system overreacts to a protein in the food. The immune system makes IgE antibody in response to the protein. This causes the person to quickly experience the allergy symptoms. Symptoms may include itching, hives, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty breathing (e.g., tightness in the throat, coughing, wheezing) or anaphylaxis. When people suspect a food allergy, the elimination diet can be used. The eight most common allergies include milk, eggs, fish, crustacean shellfish, tree nuts, peanuts, wheat, and soybeans.

A soft diet is used for: -nausea and vomiting. -chewing problems. -swallowing problems. -chewing problems and swallowing problems. -All are correct

All are correct- A soft diet is used for patients recovering from surgery or a lengthy illness. It can also be used for people with chewing or swallowing problems due to illness or dental problems.

What is true regarding minerals? -Calcium is used for healthy teeth and bones. -Potassium and sodium are used for muscle and nerve function. -Iron is used for energy metabolism. -Iodine is found in thyroid hormone. -All are correct

All are correct- Calcium is used for healthy teeth and bones. Potassium and sodium are used for muscle and nerve function. Iron is used for energy metabolism. Iodine is found in thyroid hormone.

Cholesterol: -is found in animal tissue, eggs, liver, and shellfish. -created in the liver. -used to build cell membranes. -used to make hormones. -All are correct

All are correct- Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance. It is used to make hormones, vitamin D, bile acids, and cell membranes. Cholesterol is created in the liver and dietary cholesterol comes from animal foods (egg yolks, meat, shellfish, and cheese).

A unit that measures how much energy is in a particular food. -Metabolism -Amino acid -Protein -Calorie -Carbohydrate

Calorie- A calorie is a unit that measures how much energy is in a particular food.

DASH is used for what condition? -Cardiovascular disease -Food allergies -Cancer -Diabetes mellitus -Weight control

Cardiovascular disease- DASH stands for "Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension." This flexible eating plan is recommended for hypertension and cardiovascular disease.

These are special proteins that speed up the chemical reaction in the body. -Anabolism -Metabolism -Enzymes -Amino acids -Catabolism

Enzymes- Enzymes—Special proteins that speed up the chemical reaction in the body.

One tablespoon of peanut butter and cooked beans is equivalent to 1 ounce of protein.

False- 1-ounce meat, poultry, or fish is equivalent to: 1/4 cup cooked beans, 1 egg, 1 tablespoon peanut butter, and 1/2 ounce nuts or seeds.

Which nutrient has 9 kcal/g? -Carbohydrates -Protein -Fat -Water -Fiber

Fat- Fats provide 9 kcal/g; whereas carbohydrates and proteins only provide 4 kcal/g.

Fiber is a good dietary supplement to help a patient who are experiencing constipation.

True- Dietary supplements are oral products that contain a "dietary ingredient." This ingredient can include a vitamin, mineral, amino acid, herb, or another substance that can supplement a person's diet. Dietary supplements come in many forms, including tablets, powders, energy bars, and liquids. Federal law does not require a dietary supplement to be proven safe, nor must any claims for it be proven truthful before the product appears on the market. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) monitors the safety of such products after they are on the market. The function of dietary supplements is to provide nutrients that are not obtained in the foods we eat and drink. Some examples of uses of dietary supplements include: • Calcium and vitamin D for bone health and low vitamin D levels • Folic acid in pregnancy to prevent spina bifida • Iron for low iron levels • Fiber for constipation

Foods that have all the essential amino acids to support the body are called complete proteins.

True- Foods that have all the essential amino acids to support the body are called complete proteins.

Two cups of raw leafy greens is equivalent to one cup of vegetables.

True- Two cups of raw leafy greens are equivalent to one cup of vegetables.

Unsaturated fats decrease the LDL level.

True- Unsaturated fats decrease the LDL level.

Which is not an antioxidant? -Beta carotene -Vitamin E -Vitamin K -Vitamin C -Selenium

Vitamin K- Antioxidants include—Vitamins A, C, and E; beta carotene, lycopene, lutein, and selenium.

John has hypertension, what foods should he limit? -Bacon and sausage -Soups and frozen dinners -Olives, pickles, and sauerkraut -Soy sauce, ketchup, and mustard -All are correct

All are correct- Food high in sodium include: · Processed meats (e.g., deli, bacon, frankfurters, and sausage) · Frozen dinners and ready-to-eat cereals · Canned foods (e.g., soups, vegetables, and vegetable juice) · Salted nuts and peanut butter· Buttermilk, cheese, and processed cheese products · Quick breads and salted crackers · Prepackaged mixes for potatoes, rice, and pasta· Olives, pickles, sauerkraut, pickled vegetables, and spaghetti sauce · Soy sauce, seasoning salt, marinades, ketchup, mustard, and salad dressings · Instant puddings and cakes.

Foods that are considered complete proteins include: -meat, fish, and poultry. -dairy products. -quinoa seeds and chia seeds. -eggs. -All are correct

All are correct- Foods that are considered complete proteins are fish, meat, poultry, dairy products, quinoa seeds, buckwheat, chia seeds, and eggs. Foods that do not contain all the essential amino acids are called incomplete proteins. Nuts, legumes, grains, and vegetables are examples of incomplete proteins.

What foods would not be found on a gluten-free diet? -Whole-wheat bread -Barley and malt products -Rye -Triticale -All are correct

All are correct- Foods to avoid on a gluten-free diet include: · Barley and malt products (e.g., flavoring and vinegar) · Rye · Triticale (wheat and rye crossbred hybrid) · Wheat (e.g., durum flour, farina, graham flour, spelt, semolina, and Kamut)

What is true regarding weight control diets? -A reduction of 500 to 1000 calories a day will cause a 1 to 2 pound weight loss per week. -Eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol. -Eat lean meats, fish, and poultry. -Eat fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. -All are correct

All are correct- For people to lose 1 to 2 pounds per week, they need to reduce their calorie intake by 500 to 1000 calories a day or increase their exercise to burn more calories. Eat healthy meals. They should be low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt, and added sugar. Eat lean meats, fish, poultry, beans, eggs, and nuts. Include fruits (especially whole fruits), vegetables, whole grains, and fat-free or low-fat milk products.

MyPlate dietary guidelines include: -fill half the plate with fruit and vegetables. -eat whole grains for half of the grain intake. -consume low-fat or fat-free milk products. -consume less saturated fat, sodium, and added sugar. -All are correct

All are correct- MyPlate focuses on making healthy food choices since everything eaten matters. Some of the key messages with these dietary guidelines include: · Fill half the plate with fruits and vegetables. · Make half of the grains each day whole grains. · Vary the types of proteins eaten. · Move to low-fat or fat-free milk and yogurt. · Drink and eat less saturated fat, sodium, and added sugars.

For patients undergoing cancer treatments, what is encouraged? -A soft, bland diet -Small frequent meals that are high in protein and calories -Drink liquids between meals -Limit caffeine and alcohol with mouth sores -All are correct

All are correct- Nutritional tips for patients undergoing cancer treatments include: · Eat a soft, bland diet. · Eat 6 to 8 small meals a day instead of 3 meals. Attempt to eat high-calorie, high-protein snacks. · Take only sips of liquids during meals. Drink most of the liquids between meals. · With mouth dryness and sores: limit caffeine and alcohol; keep mouth clean using water or a mild mouth rinse; avoid tart, acidic, or salty foods; eat lukewarm, cold, soft, and creamy foods; and use anesthetic rinses prior to eating.

Water needs increase: -in hot weather. -when we are more active. -when we have a fever, diarrhea, or vomiting. -All are correct -in hot weather and when we are more active.

All are correct- Our need for water increases in hot weather, when we are more active, or when we have a fever, diarrhea, or vomiting.

What changes might a person have who is undergoing cancer treatment? -Mouth sores and swallowing problems -Taste and smell changes -Dry mouth, nausea, and vomiting -Mouth sores and swallowing problems and dry mouth, nausea, and vomiting -All are correct

All are correct- Patients undergoing radiation and chemotherapy can experience issues that impact eating. The treatments can harm fast-growing cells in the lining of the mouth, lips, and intestinal tract. Patients may have mouth sores that cause pain and swallowing problems. Taste and smell changes can occur. The treatments cagn cause appetite changes, diarrhea or constipation, fatigue, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, and weight gain or loss.

What condition would require the use of a low sodium diet? -Hypertension -Cardiovascular disease -Kidney disease -All are correct

All are correct- Patients with high blood pressure, heart disease, or kidney disease are usually on reduced sodium diets.

What is true regarding protein? -Proteins break down into amino acids. -Proteins are used to grow and repair the body tissues. -Protein is a source of energy in the absence of carbohydrates. -All are correct Proteins break down into amino acids and proteins are used to grow and repair the body tissues. -All are correct

All are correct- Proteins are broken down into amino acids. Amino acids can be used as a source of energy in the absence of carbohydrates. They are used to make proteins to help the body: · break down food (e.g., enzymes) · grow and repair body tissues (e.g., connective tissue, hair, nails, muscles) · perform other functions (e.g., hemoglobin, antibodies, and hormones).

What is true regarding fat? -Fat is used for energy if glucose is not available. -Fat is used for healthy skin and hair. -Fat is used for vitamin absorption. -All are correct

All are correct- The body uses fat for the following: · A source of energy. If glucose is not available for energy, the body will break down fat and the resulting ketones are used for energy. · Healthy skin and hair · Vitamin absorption. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble vitamins. · Insulation (cushion) for organs and keeps our body warm.

This is the process of breaking down molecules into smaller molecules and energy is released. -Anabolism -Metabolism -Enzymes -Amino acids -Catabolism

Catabolism- Catabolism—The process of breaking down molecules into smaller molecules and energy is released.

Enriched refined grains means that certain B vitamins and dietary fiber are added back to the grain after the milling process.

False- During the milling process, dietary fiber, iron, and many B vitamins are removed. For this reason, most refined grains are enriched. This means certain B vitamins and iron are added back to the grains. Fiber is not added back into the product.

High-density lipoproteins move cholesterol to tissues including arteries. The greater the level in the blood, the greater the risk for heart disease.

False- High-density lipoprotein (HDL) —Considered "good" cholesterol. It helps move the cholesterol from the tissues to the liver. The liver helps remove cholesterol from the body. A low level of HDL increases the risk of heart disease.

Nutrient rich foods means the foods are high in vitamins, minerals, complex carbohydrates, and calories.

False- Nutrient rich (also called nutrient-dense): Foods high in nutrients (e.g., vitamins, minerals, complex carbohydrates, healthy fats, and lean protein) and low in calories.

This mineral is involved with healthy teeth and bones. -Iodine -Copper -Zinc -Iron -Fluoride

Fluoride- Fluoride is involved with healthy teeth and bones.

As the blood glucose levels start to drop, glucagon works on the liver to release the stored glycogen.

True- As the blood glucose levels start to drop, glucagon works on the liver to release the stored glycogen. Glycogen is released back into the blood and increases the blood glucose levels.

What condition requires monitoring the calorie intake and portion sizes? -Hypertension -Cardiovascular disease -Cancer -Diabetes mellitus -Weight control

Weight control- Weight control diets include monitoring the calories consumed and the portion sizes.