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Between 2000 and 2012, how many screwworm infestations in the United States were identified by private practitioners?

- Etiology: highly contagious viral disease - Species Affected: Cloven hooved species - Clinical signs: vesicles and erosions in the mouth, feet and other sites and vesicles break out into painful erosions; affected animals refuse to eat and can be lame, can salivate profusely and may lose weight o High mortality rates are sometimes seen in young animals

Describe foot and mouth disease including etiology, routes of transmission, clinical signs and species affected.

• Blow flies • Non-screwworm blow flies • New world screwworm flies (Cochlimyia hominivorax) • old world screwworm flies (Chrysomya bezziana) • Secondary screwworm flies (Cochliomyia macellaria) • Musca • Calliphora

List the major types of flies that cause myiasis

to enhance cooperation and collaboration between physicians, veterinarians, and other health professionals.

Describe the goal of the One Health initiative

o USDA CSF Surveillance program and diagnosis Swine population targeted for surveillance include Swine highly suspicious for CSF, Sick pigs submitted to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory, Pigs condemned at slaughter by the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), and Feral swine collected by Wildlife Services (WS). o ASF, FMD swine surveillance pilot program Laboratory submissions of sick/dead pigs for postmortem examination and testing. Encourage the lab to test those samples that qualify by filling out the supplemental submission form. On-farm collection of swine samples from registered or illegal garbage feeders. On-farm sample collection from swine on premises suspected or known to have feral swine exposure. Slaughter samples collected from State or Federal condemned swine due to erysipelas, septicemia, or pneumonias postmortem; and high fever, moribund, and CNS signs ante mortem. On-farm or slaughter samples from unthrifty pigs. These animals are targeted mostly for ASF and CSF under the assumption that low virulence strains could cause animals to not thrive o NAHLN does testing for surveillance program NAHLN laboratories use samples on Tonsils and tonsil scrapings for CSF and whole blood for ASF for PCR testing NVSL confirms testing

Briefly describe the U.S. CSF surveillance program and the ASF, FMD Swine Surveillance Pilot Project

o Examining and diagnosing cases o Paying indemnity o Depopulating and disposing of animals o Cleaning and disinfecting o Continued surveillance

Briefly explain some of the direct and indirect costs associated with a foot and mouth disease outbreak in the U.S.

o Etiology: Foot and Mouth disease, Swine Vesicular Disease, Vesicular stomatitis, Vesicular exanthema in swine, Senecavirus A, Toxin ingestion o Geographic distribution: There has never been disease in the US. Geographic distribution is Europe, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Australia, and Japan. o Primary species affected: only swine o Transmission: Aerosol transmission from one infected animal to another is a common route. The virus is shed in all secretions and excretions from acutely infected animals including exhaled air, saliva, urine, milk, feces, and semen. Insect vectors (sand and black flies) o Clinical signs o Diagnosis o Treatment o Control measures o Prevention strategies o Risk to public health

Compare and contrast the infectious causes of vesicular lesions in swine, including etiologic agent, geographic distribution, primary species affected (or not affected), routes of transmission, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, control measures, prevention strategies, and risk to public health for each

o Reservoir: an animal or group of animals that continuously contains the disease agent and can spread it to other groups o Fomite: Inanimate objects that can carry infectious agents between animals o Biological vector: supports replication of the pathogen. The disease agent and its biological vector typically have a long-standing ecological relationship. Biological vectors are usually persistently infected with the disease agent and may even be a required part of that organism's life cycle. o Mechanical vector: carries the pathogen, but the pathogen is not altered while on the vector. Contamination of mechanical vectors tends to be short-lived, and they are considered to be little more than flying fomites.

Define fomite, biological vector, mechanical vector and reservoir host

o Infectious disease: disease caused by a pathogen living and multiplying in a host. o Contagious disease: disease that is transmissible from one human or animal to another via direct or airborne means. o Communicable disease: A disease transmitted from an infected human or animal to another by various routes (direct and indirect contact, and vectors). o Infestation: parasite living on the hair, fur, feathers, or skin of a host.

Define infectious disease, contagious disease, communicable disease and infestation

invasion of a living vertebrate by fly larvae • Facultative myiasis: larvae can live on or off the host they are not dependent on the host to complete their life cycle • Obligatory myiasis: larvae depend on the host to feed and complete their lifecycle; these infestations can have serious consequeinces

Define myiasis:

Pets evacuation and transportation standards act: requires disaster preparedness planning to ad-dress pets and service animals and changed the way the federal government views pets during a disaster

Define the PETS Act and explain how it impacted disaster or animal health emergency response

o Transboundary: Highly contagious or transmissible and has the potential for very rapid spread irrespective of national borders, causing serious socio-economic and/or public health consequences. This term is used in the global setting, as nothing is technically exotic or foreign. o Emerging: disease whose incidence has recently increased in an area, and that has the potential for significant health impacts in animals or humans. o Zoonotic disease: Infectious disease that is transmitted between animals and people. o Epizootic: outbreak of animal disease

Define the terms emerging, exotic, transboundary, epizootic, and zoonotic disease

o Vertical transmission: Transfer of pathogen from a parent to the offspring through reproduction o Horizontal transmission: the transfer of a pathogen from an infected animal to a naïve animal, independent of the parental relationship Can be direct or indirect Airborne or aerosol transmission: form of direct horizontal transmission o Direct contact: directly from animal to animal o Indirect: transmitted through an intermediary o Iatrogenic: indirect, fomite mediated transfer in which a medical professional accidentally spreads a disease agent via objects o Transstadial: pathogen is maintained in the vector as it develops from one life stage to the next o Transovarial: form of vertical transmission where the female vector passes the infectious agent through her eggs to the next generation o How an agent's route affects its introduction to a new area Transmission between unrelated animals or from parent to offspring; Requirement of an intermediate host or vector for transmission; Persistence in the environment; and Time needed to develop to an infectious stage.

Define the various routes of infectious disease transmission and explain, with examples, how an agent's route of transmission affects its introduction into a new area

- Etiology: As they feed the would enlargens and deepens to create large pockets of larvae with only small openings in the skin - Route of infestation: : infest wounds, as small as tick bites, commonly in navel of newborns, perineal area, orifices - Susceptible species: any

Describe a screwworm infestation including etiology, route of infestation, clinical signs, susceptible species, and treatment.

o Classical swine fever Etiology Enveloped, single stranded RNA virus in the Flaviviridae family, genus Pestivirus; same family and genus as the BVD virus Infects domestic and wild pigs Geographic distribution Endemic on some Caribbean islands, and in much of Asia, South and Central America, Madagascar, and Mauritius. It is also endemic in wild boar in some parts of Europe. Eradicated from the US, Canada, New Zealand and Australia; most of western and central Europe is free of CSF. Stability in environment: moderately fragile in environment; inactivated by UV light and drying o African swine fever Etiology Large, enveloped, DNA virus in the Asfarviridae (Asfar = African Swine Fever And Related) family and genus Asfivirus. Infects domestic and wild pigs; in Africa, warthogs, bush pigs, etc. are asymptomatic reservoirs for the virus Geographic distribution Endemic in sub-Saharan central and east Africa and in wild pigs in Sardinia, Italy. The virus has caused outbreaks in the Caucasus, Russia, Lithuania, Poland, and Latvia in domestic swine and wild boars. In Estonia, it has infected wild boar. The repeated outbreaks in the Baltic States have been limited to small numbers of backyard operations and wild boar. Stability of virus: highly resistant to environmental conditions

Describe classical swine fever (CSF) and African swine fever (ASF) including etiology, species affected, geographic distribution, routes of transmission, stability of the virus, pathogenesis, clinical signs, post mortem lesions, diagnosis (including important samples to submit), and public health implications

- Producers, vets, diagnostic laboratories were required to report all cases to USDA - Herds and premises confirmed to be affected were required to work with a vet to implement herd/premises management plan to address the detected virus and prevent disease - Development of vaccine

Describe how the USDA responded to the outbreak to try to control the spread of the disease.

- First identified at a sow farm in central Iowa had an outbreak of explosive diarrhea with 95% piglet mortality o Referring veterinarian made preliminary diagnosis of TGE and sent tissues to VDL - NVSL confirmed diagnosis of PED virus

Describe how this disease was first identified in the United States. Who first reported it? What did they think it was? Who made the presumptive diagnosis and who made the confirmatory diagnosis?

o Limit the number of people in and out. o Use clean coveralls, boots, and gloves. These items should not be worn off the farm. o Control wild birds, animals, and rodents. Organisms, such as Salmonella, can be spread by rodents. o Protect feed sources from contamination, never feed table scraps or garbage to farm animals. For those states that do allow garbage feeding, make sure that all cooking and regulatory procedures are being followed. o Park vehicles away from barns and livestock areas, avoid transfer of dirt, mud or manure by vehicles. o After working with sick animals, avoid working with healthy animals

Describe important actions that can be taken to minimize the impact of a highly contagious transboundary animal disease including a role for risk communication

o Park your vehicle away from the animal building. Make sure your windows are closed. o Designate "clean" and "dirty" areas of your vehicle. o Put on your protective clothing when you get out of the truck. Minimally this includes coveralls, boots, and gloves. o You should take a mask and protective eyewear along with you in the event you do a necropsy and you need protection from body fluids that may splash onto your face. o Take your supplies for examination and necropsy with you to minimize travel back and forth to your truck. o As you are talking with the owner, observe healthy animals first and then proceed to the sick animals. o After completing your examinations and necropsy, cleaning and disinfecting is important. Discard disposable materials used during your examination and necropsy (e.g. syringes, paper products) into a bag. Put all "dirty" washable equipment into a bucket of disinfectant. Change gloves. Remove protective eyewear and mask, if used. Walk away from the building. Place non-disposable "dirty" items in the "dirty" compartment of the vehicle. Remove coveralls, boots, and gloves and place in a bag to be disinfected or discarded. Wash hands well. Leave the contaminated disposables with the owner, if possible.

Describe key signals that would alert you to a potential serious disease threat and describe your responsibility in that situation

1. No animals can enter or leave the zoo until approved by the animal health authorities 2. The bongos should be separated from the rest of the hoofstock in the zoo 3. Separate possible malignant catarrhal fever carriers from susceptible animals Carriers species Wildebeest, hartebeest and topi are common carriers for alcelaphinae herpesvirus-1 (AHV-1); Domestic and wild sheep are carriers of ovine herpesvirus-2; Goats are carriers for of caprine herpesvirus-2 and can also carry ovine herpesvirus-2 Other potential carriers: alcelaphinae antelopes (e.g., bontebok and blesbok) and hippotraginae antelopes (e.g., roan and sable antelope) Susceptible species Most artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates); susceptibility varies with the virus The most susceptible species are the Bovinae (e.g. cattle, bison, water buffalo, antelope, bongos) and Cervidae (e.g. deer, reindeer, and moose) 4. Thoroughly disinfect the bongo exhibit 5. Restrict zoo keepers to one area. Assure all clothing/uniforms worn at the zoo are left at the zoo and not worn off the premises.

Describe steps you would take to prevent the spread of infectious agents before and after a diagnosis of an infectious disease, include information about quarantine procedures and facilities

1. Vet must treat ivermectin 3-5 days prior to date of export to US 2. Horse must be examined for screwworms by a full time salaried veterinary official 3. At the time the horse is loaded onto a means of conveyance for export, a vet must treat any visible wounds on the animal with a solution of coumophos dust at a concentration of 5%

Describe the APHIS regulations of inspection and importation of animals affected with screwworm.

• According to the USDA APHIS pet travel law • The dog must be accompanied by a certificate Qsigned by a full-time salaried veterinary official of the region of origin stating: • The dog has been inspected for screwworm within 5 days prior to shipment to the United States. • The dog is either free from screwworm OR was found to be infested with screwworm and was held in quarantine and treated until free from screwworm prior to leaving the region." • Sterile insect technique • Sterile males are produced in factories. When the fly larvae reach the pupal stage, they are irradiated by exposure to gamma rays, which cause dominant lethal mutation in the germ cells. The pupae are placed into trays in a release chamber. The emerging male flies are sterile but are normal in every other way. • These sterile males mate with the wild population of female screwworm flies and the eggs produced are not viable.

Describe the control and/or eradication programs, past and present, for this disease and include the role of the practitioner and the animal health officials

- Suspected in a recently imported animal with draining and enlarged wounds; eggs lined in distinctive shingle-like array on or near the edges of superficial wounds - Collect a dozen or more specimens of variable sizes from superficial and deep areas of the would o Preserved in alcohol (NOT FORMALIN) and submitted to NVSL

Describe the detection and collection steps that are important for diagnosing screwworm. Where are samples sent for confirmatory diagnosis?

• Perform duties only in a state which they are authorized to perform accredited work • Perform duties in accordance with federal and state regulations • Accurately and fully complete official documents • Be responsible for the security and proper use of all official certificates • Issue documents only if they have personally inspected the animals related to the documents within 10 days prior to insurance • Keep current on regulations governing the movement of animals and procedures applicable to disease control and eradication programs • Report all diagnosed or suspected cases of FAD or communicable disease

Describe the ethical responsibilities of an AV and the consequences for ethical lapses

o When ICS is used Routine or planned events; Fires, hazardous materials, and multiple casualty incidents; Multi-jurisdictional and multi-agency disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and winter storms; Search and rescue missions; Biological pest eradication programs; Biological outbreaks and disease containment; and Acts of terrorism. o Components of ICS Command Operations Most veterinarians work under this section The responsibilities include: mortality surveillance, diagnosis and inspection, vaccination, depopulation, disposal, cleaning and disinfection, vector control, biosecurity and disease prevention, animal movement and permits Planning Logistics Finance/Administration

Describe the general types of situations where the Incident Command System (ICS) might be used, and list the basic organizational structure of the ICS, indicate which section most veterinarians would work in and some of the tasks associated with responses by veterinarians

- Killed 8 million piglets in a year (10% of swine production) - The US National Pork Board funded and launched the US Swine Health Information Center to protect and enhance health of US swine herds through targeted research

Describe the impact the disease had on the swine industry and positive outcomes that resulted from the outbreak.

- Introduction of PED through the use of Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers which are commonly used to transport various products including pig feed

Describe the most likely origin (where did the virus come from) and source (route of entry) of the PED virus that entered the United States in 2013.

o Protection of animal health and welfare; o Relief of animal suffering; o Conservation of livestock resources and the environment; o Protection of public health; and o Advancement of medical knowledge.

Describe the veterinarian's responsibility to human health as stated in the veterinarian's oath and list ways in which a veterinarian can fulfill that responsibility

o Call the AD or state veterinarian o Put on PPE

Describe what you would do if you were called to a farm to examine sick pigs in a herd, and during your examination you saw pigs that were lame and had vesicles on their noses and feet; include whom you would call for assistance

Must call anytime an animal is seen with myiasis

Describe when you would call your animal health official if you were presented with an animal with myiasis

Distinct dorsal tracheal pigmentation that extends from the 12th somatic segment to the 10th or 9th segment

Explain how a diagnosis of this disease is made

- Control was difficult because animal movement was restricted from crossing roads or moving to pastures and pregnant ewes were prevented from moving to shelter for lambing which caused a lot of public criticism - Consequences of stamp out method: $9 billion dollars in losses - 6 million animals euthanized

Explain the challenges of an FMD response and the consequences of the stamping out method of response.

o What you know o What you don't know o What you must do to find out more information

Explain the importance of having a basic risk communication plan in place for potentially high stress situations and list the three things you should stick to when talking about the situation to the owner/public

- PED is not reportable to OIE - PED is reportable to USDA and State

Explain the reportability of this disease to the OIE, to the USDA, to the State.

Category I animals • Dogs, cats, rodents, rabbits, reptiles, and non-human primates Category II animals • All species including fiber animal species, horses, birds, farm raised aquatic animals, zoo animals • Responsibilities • Estimating the age of livestock using dental formulas • Applying for USDA recognized identification for USDA animal ID system • Developing a herd or flock health plan consistent with legal requirement

Explain the two category system of veterinary accreditation and identify which category of accreditation is required for a given species

o NAHERC is a part of veterinary services and are leaders in animal health emergency management. A pool of paid volunteers including private and state veterinarians, vet techs, and students who can be quickly brought into federal government service and activated to the outbreak area. o Apply online through APHIS. There are two positions: Veterinary Medical Officer and Animal Health Technicians. VMO is just for Veterinarians who perform physical examinations or necropsies, collecting laboratory samples, vaccinating animals, performing euthanasia, supervising the disposal of carcasses, collecting epidemiological information, and inspecting livestock markets and vehicles used to transport animals. o AHT positions are for animal health technicians, students and others with animal handling expertise. AHTs participate in activities similar to VMOs within the scope of their knowledge and skills. o Members go on 21-30 day tour of duty and may accept more than once consecutive tour of duty not to serve more than 1 year. Government pays members salaries, over time, travel and worker's compensation. o Training: all members must learn emergency response procedures and acquire other necessary knowledge through online training provided by APHIS.

Explain what National Animal Health Emergency Response Corps (NAHERC) is and what type of training is required to become a NAHERC member and to participate in a response

• National veterinary accreditation program (NVAP) accredits private practitioners to assist federal veterinarians in controlling animal diseases • Mission: to provide private veterinary practitioners with the information that they need to ensure the health of the nations' livestock and animal population and to protect the public health and well being

Explain what veterinary accreditation is, including its mission and the governmental agency responsible for managing it

- Vaccines were provided to farmers for free - Sheep were not vaccinated but this didn't hamper the eradication of the virus - Pigs were also not vaccinated because the vaccine wasn't affective - Then they had a revaccination program in cattle to boost immunity efforts

Explain why Uruguay decided to use a vaccination response plan instead of a stamping out plan, and describe the vaccination program used in Uruguay including what animals were vaccinated, who did the vaccinating, and how many boosters were administered.

• Vets can write health certificates • Perform diagnostic tests and vaccinations for USDA program disease

Explain why a veterinarian would want to be accredited, including several benefits of being an AV

o It is difficult to kill the vectors o The vectors can move long distances and have a reservoir host

Explain why vector-borne diseases can be particularly difficult to control

o Malignant catarrhal fever o Foot and mouth disease o Bluetongue o BVD o Vesicular stomatitis

Formulate a list of differential diagnoses for an exotic ruminant that has developed oral and digital ulcers and indicate which ones are foreign and/or reportable in the U.S., and which ones are zoonotic

o NIMS A unified approach to the management of incidents of all kinds, The establishment of standard command and management structures used to organize responding personnel and agencies, and An emphasis on preparedness, mutual aid, and resource management. NIMS has established ICS as the incident organization structure that will be used in all incidents. o ICS The ICS is a framework that establishes job responsibilities and an organizational structure to facilitate important aspects of dealing with any incidents. An incident may be small or large, simple or complex, localized or widespread. Small incidents may be limited to a single farm and easily man-aged by a few personnel, but in a major incident many agencies need to work together and ICS ac-accommodates all of these various situations.

Generally describe the National Incident Management System and the Incident Command System

Communicable - transmitted from an infected human or animal to another by various routes Contagious - via direct contact or airborne means ex. PPR and influenza

Give an example of a disease that is communicable but not contagious, and describe how the control of such a disease would differ from the control of a highly contagious disease

• Prepare certificates of veterinary inspecting to move animals for events and across state or international lives • Perform testing for USDA program diseases such as brucellosis, TB, or EIA • Vaccinate for USA program diseases and in some states only accredited veterinarians can give rabies vaccines • Collect and ship USDA program disease samples to the appropriate laboratory for testing with complete and accurate paperwork

List activities restricted to an accredited veterinarian (AV), including the importance of attention to detail in those activities and the potential consequences for failing to perform activities correctly

o Growing human population; o Increasing numbers of food producing animals; o Human and domestic animal encroachment into wildlife habitat, resulting in increased exposure to wild animals; o Changing climate; o Environmental degradation; o Transfer of pathogens between species; o Global travel and trade; and o Accidental or deliberate introduction of disease into new areas.

List and briefly explain factors that impact disease emergence and reemergence

o ASF: Contaminated Feed Fomite Soft ticks in endemic areas o CSF: Contaminated Feed/fomite Mechanical from insects/birds Aerosol

List and explain the most likely ways CSF and/or ASF could be introduced into the U.S.

1. Code of federal regulation "the law book" - Contains all federal laws 2. NVAP Reference Guide " overview of how the law works" - Written by APHIS - Summarizes important regulations from the CFR and program standards 3. Program Standards "specifics of how to follow the law 4. USDA APHIS website: summaries of federal animal health regulations, regulated disease, links to import and export info, bulletins on outbreaks 5. VS District office: current information related to federal and state regulation, assistance in emergency situation 6. VS service center: up to date info on importing and exporting animals 7. Federal register

List and/or identify the official guidelines/books/documents that govern and describe the role and responsibilities of an AV

- enveloped, single stranded RNA virus in the Coronaviridae family - Causes enteric disease of swine- diarrhea and vomiting with severe dehydration - Most severe in neonates and mortality rates up to 100% with highly virulent strains - Transmission: fecal-oral rout and infectious dose is low; indirect contact from fomites

List basic characteristics of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus including type of virus, routes of transmission, and clinical signs. Include age related differences, if appropriate.

- UK introduction: pig swill from restaurants, schools and anywhere humans eat and waste food on a large scale - Urugauy: the countries surrounding Urugauy still had FMD and were vaccinating for it. But Uruguay was not vaccinating and was declared an FMD free country which left them susceptible to reintroduction. o The means of introduction in the 2001 outbreak was from Argentina through fomites or people

List several risks for entry of FMD to countries free of the disease; what was the most likely means of introduction of FMD into the U.K. and into Uruguay in 2001?

o Must contact the state animal health official and federal assistant director o Website to find info: http://www.usaha.org/Reference/FederalStateAnimalHealth.aspx

List the appropriate government officials you would contact if you suspected a foreign animal disease (FAD) at a zoo, include where you would find the contact information

o Inform governments of the occurrence and course of epizootics that could endanger animal or human health; o Maintains a list of the most important animal diseases and distributes information about the presence or absence of these diseases in each country; and o Publishes the Terrestrial Animal Health Code and the Aquatic Animal Health Code.

List the main functions of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)

o Animals o Animal products o Vectors o Fomites o People

List the portals of entry by which foreign animal diseases can enter the United States, and describe ways to reduce the risk from each portal of entry

• Initial accreditation training • Orientation held by Assistant Director • Graduate Veterinarian • Licensed or legally able to practice veterinary medicine • Take specific training if required • Submit an application • Received notification of authorization for that state • Accreditation renewal- APHIS approved supplemental training • Renewal of category I needs at least 3 AAST modules every three years • Renewal of category II needs at least 6 AAST modules every three years

List the steps/requirements for becoming an AV and requirements for maintaining accreditation

• Geographic distribution • New world screwworm only in the western hemisphere primarily in tropical and semitropical regions of South America and the Caribbean • Old world found in Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, subsahara Africa, middle east • Life cycle • The cycle begins when a female fly lays eggs in rows on fresh, uninfected wounds. In one day, the eggs and the larvae emerge. The larvae (maggots) feed on the living tissue of the wound for about one week. They then leave the host (fall off) and pupate in the soil. After pupation, the adult fly will emerge. The female fly will only mate once and then lay eggs - this was an important fact that allowed for the successful eradication of the screwworm fly from the U.S discussed later in this scenario. Temperature does affect the life cycle; development is slower at colder temperatures and faster at warmer temperatures. The pupal stage (pupation) seems most affected by temperature and can last anywhere from one week to two months. Thus, the total life cycle in temperate climates averages twenty-four days; in colder climates, it may last two to three months. • Transmission • Adult flies • One gravid female fly could introduce the pest since she would lay eggs that would hatch out male and female flies which would mate and result in eggs being laid on an animal. • Adult flies are able to fly across relatively large distances (see text box) • Screwworm (larvae) infested animals or humans • The larvae from the wound would drop from the infested animal, pupate, emerge, mate, and propagate! • Unique features • Adult screwworm flies (Cochliomyia hominivorax) have a deep blue-green metallic body, yellow-orange face and dark red eyes, three dark longitudinal stripes of the thorax, and are approximately 10-15 mm long.

Provide basic facts about the parasite screwworm causing the wound in this scenario including geographic distribution, life cycle, and unique features

• Hosts: all warm blooded animals are at risk of infestation • The navel of a newborn calf, prepuce of male animals, and the perineal region of a post-parturient dam are particularly susceptible. • Clinical signs • Screwworm infested wounds are said to have a very distinctive bad odor • The lesions associated with an infestation depend on the severity of the wound, the time of diagnosis and treatment, the severity of the infestation, and any complications • Treatment • Treat the wound by removing all visible larvae, both superficially and deep, and treat with a larvacide (ivermectin) • Depending on the severity of the infestation, the animal may require hospitalization and quarantine until wounds are healed. If the animal is otherwise healthy and the larvae are removed, the animal may be released following treatment and re-examined in 12-24 hours. Infested animals do NOT have to be euthanized but must be treated.

Screwworm describe the general information about this disease including its hosts, clinical signs, pathogenesis, and treatment

- There are seven viral serotypes and at least 65 strains. Some vaccines can protect animals from multiple strains there is no cross protection among the seven serotypes. - Most FMD free countries don't routinely manufacture FMD vaccine but large amounts of vaccine may be needed immediately in an outbreak. There are vaccine banks with the most virulent pathogens but the quantity of antigens held in a vaccine bank is limited

What are the challenges of a plan to use vaccination? Include information about vaccine cross-protection, production, and supply.

Salmonella Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Eysipelas Haemophilus parasuis PRRS Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome Porcine circovirus associated disease CSF ASF Infleunza Glasser's diaseae

When given basic facts about a case of systemic disease in pigs, formulate a list of top differentials, including endemic and foreign animal diseases

- The last outbreak in the UK was in the late 1968 o Countries surrounding the UK: Netherlands, France o The UK provided educational materials to farmers and veterinarians on how to avoid spreading FMD and how to report suspected cases. Created ring depopulation which is all susceptible livestock within a radius of infected premises are euthanized o $9 billion dollars in economic losses - Uruguay last outbreak: mid-1990s o Uruguay created a vaccinations Hemispheric Plan for Eradication of Food and Mouth Disease o Countries infected near Uruguay: Argentina

• When was the last time the U.K had had an outbreak of FMD in that country? Uruguay? How many countries surrounding the U.K. were FMD endemic? Uruguay? How would that have impacted their preparedness and response?