4.3

Give 1 vocab word that describes environment in animals.

horse

What were the effects of the West giving disease to the East?

increased health risks

Define *Columbian Exchange*.

interactions between the West and East hemisphere that shared disease, food, and animals

Why did Africa's population grow in the 16th and 17th centuries despite the slave trade?

nutritious foods introduced to the continent (yams & manioc from Brazil)

What food did Africans bring to the Americas?

okra & rice

What technology & ideas did the West give to the East?

rubber & quinine

Give 1 vocab word that describes government in empire.

conquistadores

Define *maize*.

corn

Define *engenhos*.

"engines" in Portuguese that was another name for sugar plantations

What people did the East give to the West?

Europeans & Africans

What people did the West give to the East?

Natives

Which commodity did Spain initially export from the New World?

silver

Define *transatlantic slave trade*.

slave trade that resulted from profitability of European markets using slaves to work their plantations

Give 1 vocab word that describes environment in disease.

smallpox

List cash crops grown in the New World.

sugar, tobacco

Brazil, a Portuguese colony, focused on agriculture. With the tropical climate & vast tracts of land, Brazil was perfect for ___________________ cultivation.

sugarcane

What helped the native's downfall?

superior weapons & disease

What helped Europeans conquer the New World?

• horses • gunpowder • metal weapons • disease

Give 5 vocab words that describe environment in foods.

• maize • cacao • okra • rice • sugarcane

Give (2) reasons why indigenous slaves were not successful on plantations in Brazil.

1. disease decimated a substantial amount of laborers 2. many escaped into uncharted Brazilian jungles

Give 1 vocab word that describes society in population.

African Diaspora

Explain the causes of the Columbian Exchange & its effects on Eastern & Western Hemispheres. (#3)

American foods became stable crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor & were exported mostly to Europe & Middle East.

How does the Aztec poem illustrate the impact of Spanish conquest on the New World?

Initial contact and the subsequent conquest & colonization of the Americas proved disastrous for native peoples.

Name places where creole can be found in the US.

South Carolina & Georgia

Define *conquistadores*.

Spanish soldiers such as Pizarro and Cortes

What is a conquistador?

Spanish soldiers that brought smallpox

Explain the causes of the Columbian Exchange & its effects on Eastern & Western Hemispheres. (#1)

The new connections between East & West Hemispheres resulted in exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases know as the Columbian Exchange.

What diseases did the West give to the East?

syphilis

Until the mid-1800s, more (Africans/Europeans) went to the Americas.

Africans

Explain the causes of the Columbian Exchange & its effects on Eastern & Western Hemispheres. (#4)

Afro-Eurasian fruit tress, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African slaves. DOMESTICATED ANIMALS: horses, pigs, cattle FOODS BROUGHT BY AFRICAN SLAVES: okra, rice

Where can most people who speak creole be found?

Caribbean

Explain the causes of the Columbian Exchange & its effects on Eastern & Western Hemispheres. (#2)

European colonization of the Americas led to the unintentional transfer of disease vectors, including mosquitos & rats, and the spread of diseases that were epidemic in the East, including smallpox, measles, and malaria. Some of these disease substantially reduced indigenous population, with catastrophic effects in many areas.

Explain the causes of the Columbian Exchange & its effects on Eastern & Western Hemispheres. (#5)

Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefitted nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops. (manioc)

Describe the African Diaspora in terms of language.

The captives aboard the ships didn't have a common language & syncretized their different African cultural language with Europeans to create creole

Define *creole*.

West African languages & grammatical patterns combined with European colonizers' languages (English, Spanish, French, Portuguese) to create new languages

Was the African population numerous in Brazil? Give an example to support this statement.

Yes - African descendants make up majority of population in region.

What is smallpox & how is it spread?

a disease brought by Spanish conquistadors that was spread by pathogens through the respiratory system

What technology & ideas did the East give to the West?

alphabetic writing & firearms

Define *horse*.

animal brought by Europeans to the Americas

Enslaved people invented what instrument? (HINT: similar to string instruments found in West Africa)

banjo

What are Negro spirituals?

blend of European Christian music with African religious music that are essential elements of American folk music history

Describe the African Diaspora in terms of food.

brought rice & okra, plus how to prepare them, along with a dish known as gumbo

Define *sugarcane*.

cash crop grown in Brazil

Define *cacao*.

cash crop important to Americas

Give 2 vocab words that describe culture in African.

creole & gumbo

Define *okra*.

crop brought to Americas from Africa

Define *rice*.

crop brought to Americas from Africa

Define *cash crop*.

crops grown for sale rather than subsistence (tobacco & sugar)

What was the environmental impact of the conquest?

deforestation & soil depletion

What was responsible for the majority of deaths in the Americas?

disease

Define *smallpox*.

disease brought by Europeans that are spread through respiratory system

Define *gumbo*.

dish that has African roots

Define *African Diaspora*.

dispersion of Africans out of Africa

What was one reason many African descendants maintained their musical traditions?

enslaved Africans in Americas used them as a means of survival, singing tunes to help them endure long workdays & communicate with other slaves, such as when planning to escape

What were the effects of the West giving people to the East?

ethnic diversity

Why were natives susceptible to European diseases?

isolation from each other

What animals did Europeans introduce to Mesoamericans that became part of their diet?

pigs & cows

How did cash crops such as sugar lead to the trans-Atlantic Slave trade?

profitability in European markets dramatically increased number of Africans captured & sold through that trade

Describe African Diaspora in terms of music.

syncopated rhythms & percussion influenced gospel, blues, jazz, rock-and-roll, hip-hop, rap & country

Give examples of crops grown on plantations in the Americas.

tobacco, cacao

Describe the Mesoamerican diet pre-contact.

very little meat

Most of African slaves went where? How many were sent to the Americas?

• 90% to Caribbean & South America • 6% to North America

Give 4 vocab words that describe economy in exchanges.

• Columbian Exchange • transatlantic slave trade • engenhos • cash crop

Describe the Columbian Exchange's global impact.

• East & West Hemispheres linked due to indigenous, Europeans, & Africans sharing disease, foods, & animals. • changes in biodiversity • dramatic population change • global economy changed, sometimes with unintended consequences

Name 4 causes for the death of slaves.

• backbreaking working conditions • poor nutrition • lack of adequate shelter • tropical heat & diseases

What were the effects of the West giving food to the East?

• better nutrition • increase in population • greater wealth

Give an example of the following statement: Europeans used agricultural land more intensively than did American Indians.

• colonists cut down trees to clear areas for planting corps, creating large fields that they cultivated year after year - deforestation & soil depletion • Europeans lived in more densely population communities - strain on water resource & concentrated areas of population

What were the effects of the East giving food to the West?

• deforestation • soil depletion

What animals did the East give to the West?

• horses • oxen • pigs • cattle • sheep • goats • mosquitos • rats • chickens

What were the effects of the East giving technology & ideas to the West?

• improved communication • new methods for hunting & warfare

What was the impact of disease on the New World?

• indigenous population declined more than 50% in less than a century • lands lost up to 90% of original population

What animals helped spread disease in the New World & what disease were spread?

• insects & rats • measles, influenza, malaria, smallpox

What Mesoamerican foods were brought back to Europe?

• maize • potatoes • tomatoes • beans • peppers • cacao

What were the effects of the West giving animals to the East?

• more diverse diet • new types of textiles

What were the effects of the East giving animals to the West?

• overgrazing • soil erosion • spread of disease

What foods did the West give to the East?

• potatoes • maize • manioc • tobacco • cacao • peanuts

What were the effects of the East giving people to the West?

• racial diversity • chattel slavery • social structures based on race & ethnicity

What were the effects of the West giving technology & ideas to the East?

• rubber was first used as an eraser • quinine provided a treatment for malaria

What diseases did the East give to the West?

• smallpox • measles • typhus • bubonic plague • influenza

What were the effects of the East giving disease to the West?

• spread of disease • millions of deaths among natives

What food did the East give to the West?

• sugar • wheat • barley • okra • rice • oranges • grapes • lettuce • coffee

What was the impact of the horse on the New World?

• transformed culture of Indians living in the Plains because they could hunt buffalo efficiently over large region (surplus of food) • more time for other pursuits (art, spirituality) • competition & conflict between tribes

What animals did the West give to the East?

• turkeys • llamas • alpacas • guinea pigs