#5 Industrialization and Global Integration 1750 to 1900, MASTER

Taiping Rebellion

(1850-1864)The most destructive civil war in China before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. Leader claimed to be the brother of Jesus. Indicative of the Qing Dynasty failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners.

Treaty of Kanagawa

(1854) trade treaty between Japan and the United States opening up two Japanese ports to U.S. trade; signed in response to a show of force by U.S. admiral Matthew Perry

Berlin Conference

(1884-1885) During European Imperialism, various European leaders met in Berlin, Germany to discuss plans for dividing Africa peacefully. These leaders had little regard for African independence, and had no representation for native Africans. This began the process of imperializing Africa.

Sino-Japanese War

(1894-1895) Japan's imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth which granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became Japan's protectorate.

Imperialism: Labor Migrations

In order to more efficiently make use of the natural resources they found all over the globe, imperialist countries encouraged people to migrate to areas where their labor was most needed. As a result, massive worldwide migrations took place to areas where job opportunities abounded. Many of these migrants - especially those from Asia, Africa, and the Pacific islands - became indentured servants, who worked in return for payment of their passage. A large-scale migration of Europeans also occurred during this era, but most were not indentured servants; instead they sought cheap land to cultivate as independent farmers or paid laborers in factories.

Political imperialism

In this form of imperialism, the dominant country uses diplomacy or military force to influence the internal affairs of a weaker nation. European countries tried to break down tribal affiliations and ruling councils in order to establish more "modem" governments in Africa, and the United States took over the government of the Dominican Republic to manage its affairs so that it would not be taken over by a European country.

1820's

Independence in Latin America

Sepoys

Indian troops who served the British.

oligarchs

Industrial and military leaders that came to political power in japan during the Mejii Restoration

Tokugawa Shogunate

Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences. shogunate started by Tokugawa Leyasu; 4 class system, warriors, farmers, artisans, merchants; Japan's ports were closed off; wanted to create their own culture; illegal to fight; merchants became rich because domestic trade flourished (because fighting was illegal); had new forms of art - kabuki and geishas

Bourgeoisie

Middle class in modern industrial society.

bourgeoisie

Middle class in modern industrial society. A social class that derives social and economic power from employment, education, and wealth, as opposed to the inherited power of aristocratic family of titled land owners or feudal privileges. It's a term for the middle class common in the 19th century. It's characterized by their ownership of property and their related culture.

Egyptian modernization

Muhammad Ali "father of modern Egypt" helped with reform -opportunity was created by Napoleon's invasion and the civil war -improved tax collection, reorganizing landholding system, backing large irrigation projects to increase farm output

Contrast Them: European Imperialism in China and in India

Multiple European countries originally traded with India, but the British won out and established exclusive control. In China, the British dominated trade early on, and as they succeeded, more and more countries piled on. In India, the British established a true colony, running the government and directing huge internal projects. In China, Europeans and the Japanese established spheres of influence, focusing on the economic benefits of trade with no overall governmental responsibilities. Therefore, when independence movements began in India, the efforts were directed against Britain, the foreign occupier. In contrast, when the people wanted to change the government in China, they targeted the Manchu (Qing) Dynasty.

tea

Not only did tea grow in demand from 1500 to 1800, but it also grew in profit for the Chinese. As tea became more popular, the British paid more and more silver to the Chinese in exchange for tea. In addition, tea had to be imported from China, and the Chinese tightly controlled the number of chests of tea leaves that left its docks. A Dutch ship brought the first shipment of tea to the Netherlands in 1610, and by the 1650s tea was known in England.

Serfs

Peasants who, though not chattel slaves, were tied to the land and who owed obligation to the lords on whose land they worked

cult of domesticity

Pervasive nineteenth-century cultural creed that venerated the domestic role of women. It gave married women greater authority to shape home life but limited opportunities outside the domestic sphere.

Ottoman empire

Powerful Turkish empire that lasted from the conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453 until 1918 and reached its peak during the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent (r.1520-1566).

1644-1911

Qing Dynasty (China)

The Size of Africa

Remember the size of Africa makes it impossible for one empire to politically control the entire continent. That is why we study Africa regionally.

Meiji Restoration

Restoration of the Meiji Dynasty to the throne in Japan; beginning of industrialization in Japan; improved transportation, education and communication

intelligentsia

Russian term for articulate intellectuals as a class; desired radical change in the Russian political and economic systems; so alienated from the political elite that they formed groups that endorsed terrorism; considered westerners to be materialistic and morally inferior to Russians; saw the tsar and his government as stumbling blocks to Russian greatness.

Usman dan Fodio

Scholar and teacher who denounced the corruption of the local Hausa ruler; called for social and religious reforms based on the sharia (Islamic law); inspired Fulani herders and Hausa townspeople to rise up against European rulers

1857

Sepoy Mutiny

unequal treaties

Series of treaties that forced trade concessions from the Qing dynasty of China, particularly after their defeat in the Opium War, specifically with the Treaty of Nanjing. Other notable examples of "unequal treaties" would include the Japanese signing of the 1854 Treaty of Kanagawa.

Young Turks

Society founded in 1889 in the Ottoman Empire; its goal was to restore the constitution of 1876 and to reform the empire; Young rebellious people in the Ottoman Empire who forced the Sultan to reform.

Zulu

South African tribe led by Shaka Zulu that united tribes through warfare and then posed threat to Boers and British, one of few instances where non-Europeans able to defeat Europeans in battle

Afrikaners

South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910.

Scientific Racism

The use of scientific theories to support or validate racist attitudes or worldviews; also, to support classification of human beings into distinct biological races

fossil fuels

These are organic, carbon-based fuels found in Earth's crust that have formed over millions of years. Fossil fuels such as coal and oil are important energy sources. The use of ___ ___ helped power the Industrial Revolution.

unions

These organizations of workers emerged during the 19th century as a reaction to exploitative capitalist practices.

Boer Wars

These wars took place after the discovery of diamonds and gold in South Africa renewed conflicts over land between Boers, English settlers and African natives; they were fought in 1880 to 1881 and in 1899 to 1900. Boers were used to describe settlers of Dutch extractions in South Africa.

Black Ships

These were the ships on which Commodore Perry travelled. They were known as black ships as they were fuelled by coal, and this coal let up thick black smoke (which also blackened the sails). Many Japanese at the time thought these ships were dragons.

Russo-Japanese War

This conflict from 1904 to 1905 between the Russian and Japanese empires happened after Russia attempted to expand into Japanese territory in East Asia. Japan soundly defeated Russia, ending Russian expansionist efforts in that region. Japan emerged with increased prestige for having defeated a perceived Western power Russo-Japanese War

Crimean War

This conflict took place from 1853 to 1856 as Russia battled combined British, French, and Ottoman Turk forces on the Crimean Peninsula. At stake were Russian efforts to protect Orthodox citizens living in the Ottoman Empire and conflicting claims to holy Christian sites. Russia's relatively weak military and technology led to its defeat, which encouraged the empire to begin efforts to modernize.

laissez-faire

This economic and political theory, promoted by Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill and strongly associated with capitalism, holds that government should have minimal involvement in economic affairs. The popularity of this doctrine during the 19th century contributed to the growth of financial instruments such as the stock market and increasing transnational businesses.

capitalism

This economic system relies on private ownership of capital and goods and the influence of the market to shape economic factors such as prices and wages. _________ has dominated Western economic practice since the end of feudalism.

abolition of slavery

This end of slave labor spread through Europe and the Americas during the 19th century Enlightenment ideas of freedom and liberty combined with increased costs, slave revolts, and other economic influences made slavery an unsupportable system. The formal freeing of enslaved people is called emancipation.

emancipation of serfdom

This happened in Russia in 1861, thereby marking the end of Russian feudalism and the spread of industrialization. The end of serfdom reflected the influence of Enlightenment ideas of freedom and liberty.

urbanization

This phenomenon describes the movement of people from rural areas to cities, often in search of economic opportunities. Increased ______ was closely linked to the Industrial Revolution

Marxism

This political and economic system, developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, opposes private property, views capitalism as exploitive, and views class struggle as the dominant force behind social and historical change. _______ is considered the primary ideology behind communism

Marxism (Revolutionary Socialism)

This political and economic system, developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, opposes private property, views capitalism as exploitive, and views class struggle as the dominant force behind social and historical change. _______ is considered the primary ideology behind communism

liberalism

This political ideology arose as a result of the spread of Enlightenment-era thought. _______ supports the rights and freedoms of the individual and seeks to limit the powers of the government.

socialism

This political philosophy and form of government sets up a situation in which the government runs industries rather than privately owned and operated corporations. Many countries throughout the world have governments with some ________ characteristics.

Latin America

This region in the 19th century experienced a wave of independence movements following the American and French Revolutions. Areas of the Americas influenced by the cultures of Spain, France, or Portugal

specialization of labor

This system of labor relies on the repetition of one particular-often unskilled-job by a worker rather than a number of related skilled tasks. The goal of ______ is to increase productivity, or the amount of work a single worker will accomplish. As part of the mass production and factory systems, _____ increased during the Industrial Revolution.

factory system

This system of manufacturing concentrates labor in a large, specialized location known as a factory: The ____ ______ developed as part of the Industrial Revolution and contributed to increased specialization of labor.

mass production

This system of production relied on specialization, division of labor, and interchangeable parts to manufacture standardized goods on a large scale. The rise of _______ _______ characterized the Industrial Revolution and had far-reaching effects on the global economy and society

private property

This term describes land or goods held exclusively by individuals or groups rather than owned by the government or society at large. Increased legal protection of private property contributed to the rise of industrial production during the Industrial Revolution.

combustion engine

This type of engine combines oxygen and fuel, such as gasoline, to create energy. The emergence of the internal combustion engine in the 19th century allowed the use of fossil fuels, which helped power the Industrial Revolution

Colonial imperialism

This type of imperialism is the most complete, ~ with a territory or colony actually occupied and ruled by a foreign nation. This "old style" imperialism was illustrated by the conquest of the Americas during the 16th and 17th centuries, where the areas were completely taken over, with European countries setting up governments, controlling the economy, and imposing their lifestyles on the people they defeated.

Economic imperialism

This type of imperialism was inspired by the desire to control global trade and commerce, especially as industrialization of western countries made their production and transportation capacities greater. A good example of economic imperialism during the 19th century was the creation of spheres of influence in China. The main motivation for the British declaration of war in the Opium Wars was economic; they had no desire to occupy China and take over the government, and the spheres of influence were created to establish trade zones. Matthew Perry's demands of Japan in 1853 were economic, and even though the demands were backed by the powerful presence of his "black ships," the United States was not motivated by the desire to occupy and rule Japan.

steam power

This type of power is created by heating water to generate steam which raises internal pressure within an engine and creates power. The emergence of ____ ____ in the 18th century helped increase industrial production and modernize transportation

monocultures

This use of land led to ___________, or a lack of agricultural diversity, particularly in African nations. The land's fertility quickly declined. Moreover, crop diseases and pests spread more easily when there was only one crop planted in an area. Today, many former African colonies have been unable to rediversify their land because the development of ___________ has badly damaged croplands. Many African nations must import basic agricultural goods in order to feed their people

Catherine the Great

This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia

Contrast Them: Ethnocentrism in Europe and Elsewhere

To be sure, many cultures were ethnocentric. The Chinese, for example, believed their kingdom to be the Middle Kingdom, literally the" center of the world," and themselves ethnically superior to other races. So the Europeans were hardly unique in their self-important attitudes. However, in their ability to act on those attitudes, they were dangerously unique. Armed with the most technologically advanced militaries and strong economic motives, the Europeans were quite capable of subjugating people whom they considered to be inferior, barbaric, or dispensable. Their success at doing so often reinforced the ethnocentric attitudes, leading to further colonialism and subjugation.

Opium War

War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.

Decembrist Revolt

When Alexander I died in 1825, a group of army officials led this uprising. They had picked up liberal ideas while fighting Napoleon in Western Europe and now demonstrated for a constitution limiting Czarist power and other reforms. FIRST REBELLION IN MODERN RUSSIAN HISTORY WHOSE INSTIGATORS HAD SPECIFIC POLITICAL GOALS

Decembrist revolt

When Alexander I died in 1825, a group of army officials led this uprising. They had picked up liberal ideas while fighting Napoleon in Western Europe and now demonstrated for a constitution limiting Czarist power and other reforms. FIRST REBELLION IN MODERN RUSSIAN HISTORY WHOSE INSTIGATORS HAD SPECIFIC POLITICAL GOALS

Radicals

____ emphasized equality more than liberty, with most advocating wider voting rights and more direct government participation for ordinary people. Many promoted social reforms to help the poor gain some measure of economic security. A small branch of radicals attacked private property as the source of inequality and urged the government to actively work to increase equality.

Liberals

_____ were interested in checking the power of monarchs and increasing parliamentary authority. They supported the original goals of the French Revolution, including a government defined by constitutional law and the guarantee of personal freedoms of religion, press, and assembly. Most liberals were bourgeoisie who wanted their views to be represented in government and their economic goals to be unhampered by government interference.

export economies

______ ________ are economies whose majority of income comes from exporting raw materials.

Canton system

__________ served as a means for China to control trade with the west within its own country by focusing all trade on the southern port of Canton (now Guangzhou).

Commercial Revolution

__________________ that developed in the early modern period saw the transformation of commerce from local, small-scale trading mostly based on barter to large-scale international trade using gold and silver. The high rate of inflation, or general rise in prices, at this time is called the Price Revolution. The ____________________ affected all regions of the world and resulted from four key factors: 1. the development of European overseas colonies; the opening of new ocean trade routes; 2. population growth; and inflation, caused partly by the pressure of the increasing population and partly by the increased amount of gold and silver that was mined and put in circulation.

penal colony

a colony to which convicts are sent as an alternative to prison

Mccartney mission

a delegation headed by George Mccartney sent by the British government to open more trade between China and Britain.

Sokoto Caliphate

a large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria. It was one of the largest and most powerful empires in sub-Saharan Africa until British conquest in 1903.

consumerism

a social and economic order that is based on the systematic creation and fostering of a desire to purchase goods or services in ever greater amounts.

protectorate

a state or territory partly controlled by (but not a possession of) a stronger state but autonomous in internal affairs; protectorates are established by treaty.

Slavic

an ethnic group in Europe including the Czechs, Slovaks, Serbs, Croats, Poles, and Ukrainians

encroachment

entering by gradual steps or by stealth into the possessions or rights of another.

regionalism

group, frequently ethnic group, identification with a particular region of a state rather than with the state as a whole

sovereignty

having supreme, independent authority over a territory

personalist rule

men with charismatic influence rose to power through the force of their personalities, gave them authoritarian control over their follower

indigenous peoples

natives of an area who have been conquered or dominated by others who came later

migrations

permanent moves to new locations that have occurred on local, regional, and global levels.

Muhammad Ahmed

proclaimed the Mahdi (promised deliverer); intends to return Islam to its original purity; in 1881, he began to build a state in the Sudan. The Mahdi began his movement in opposition to the Egyptian government, dies of typhus while experiencing great success in battle.

capitulate

surrender under agreed conditions

nationalism

the aspiration for national independence felt by people under foreign domination; the doctrine that your national culture and interests are superior to any other

demographic transition

the pattern of falling death rates, followed by falling birthrates, that generally accompanies industrialization and economic development

British India 1914

x

Boxer Rebellion (1899-1900)

• An internal rebellion led by a group known as the Boxers, who unsuccessfully sought to rid China of foreign influence • The Boxers had imperial support for their efforts, which included attacking and killing foreigners and Chinese Christians • Following their attempt to gain control of foreign embassies in Beijing, foreign forces moved quickly to put down the rebellion

Direct v. Indirect Control (of colonial possessions)

• As European nations sought to extend their authority over weaker lands, they needed to determine if rule was to be direct or indirect • Direct: the colony, normally the result of conquest, was under the express control of the mother country • Indirect: the colony was given a degree of autonomy • In Africa, the French tended to employ direct rule, while the British preferred indirect rule

Fall of the Qing

• Despite the Qing's enacting a series of reforms in the second half of the 19th century, the signing of a number of unequal treaties and numerous internal rebellions had left the ruling family weak, and in 1911 revolution broke out in China. • In 1912, the last Qing ruler abdicated, and Chinese nationalists called for a new government.

Treaty of Nanking

A. increased the number of ports open to foreigners from one (Canton) to five and the island of Hong Kong became a long-term British colony. B. British residents in China gained extraterritorial rights, which meant that they could live and conduct business under British laws rather than Chinese laws. C. The Qing government had to accept a low tariff of 5% on imports and had to pay a stiff penalty for "starting" the war.

Spheres of Influence

An area of one country under the control of another. In China, these areas guaranteed specific trading privileges to each imperialist nation within its respective sphere.

settlement colonies

Areas, such as North America and Australia, that were both conquered by European invaders and settled by large numbers of European migrants who made the colonized areas their permanent home and dispersed and decimated the indigenous inhabitants.

Imperialism: Social Consequences

As people from different lands came into contact with one another, conflicts often emerged, especially between colonizers and colonized. As Europeans went to the colonies, they tended to segregate themselves from the natives, living in all-white enclaves and socializing only with one another. Upper and middle-class natives seldom socialized with Europeans, and their exclusion from the imperialists' world bred resentments that eventually developed into support for independence movements. One important consequence of colonization for some women in traditional societies was the creation of educational opportunities they had not had before.

British imperialism and Sati

At the end of the 18th Century, the influx of Europeans into India meant that the practice of sati was being scrutinized as never before; missionaries, travelers and civil servants alike condemned official Raj tolerance of the "dreadful practice" and called for its end. In 1827 the Governor-General of India, Lord Bentinck, finally outlawed the custom in its entirety, claiming it had no sound theological basis.

Mahdist rebellion

Began in Northern Sudan as a revolt against British/Egyptian encroachment. They wanted to establish a Muslim state for themselves separate from the British/Egyptians. Lost major battle to the British in 1898, but the rebellion represents the willingness of the African Muslims to fight and die for their cause and their religion.

1750's

Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in England

King Leopold II

Belgian King who hired Henry Stanley to explore the Congo and establish treaties with local leaders (1880); controlled parts of Congo region himself as a private individual; renamed the region Congo Free State

1885

Berlin Conference - division of Africa

East India Company

British joint-stock company that grew to be a state within a state in India; it possessed its own armed forces

Self-Strengthening Movement

Chinese attempt (1860-1895) to blend Chinese cultural traditions with European industrial technology.

Hundred Days of Reform

Chinese reforms of 1898 led by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao in their desire to turn China into a modern industrial power.

1853

Commodore Perry opens Japan

creole

Descendants of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

Railroad

Europeans often pointed to their _________ projects as evidence that imperialism helped the peoples of Asia and Africa. However, providing new transportation technology to the colonies primarily served the interests of the colonizers.

Opening of Japan

Following over 200 years of self-imposed isolation, Japan was forced to open its doors to the world following the arrival of U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry 2. The United States wanted to find new markets following industrialization, and Japan offered new economic opportunities 3. The Treaty of Kanagawa signed by two nations, opened Japan to trade 4. Japanese isolation ended; the country focused on a new domestic policy of rapid modernization

communism

Form of socialism advocated by Karl Marx; according to Marx, class struggle was inevitable and would lead to the creation of a classless society in which all wealth and property would be owned by the community as a whole

1804

Haitian independence

emancipation of serfs

1861 by Czar Alexander II - most ambitious attempt at reform in Russia during 1800s - some government officials began to think that Russia could develop economically only if serfdom were abolished

extraterritorality

19th century Europeans who lived in China were subject their own laws but not Chinese laws.

1836

1st opium war in China

Matthew Perry

A commodore in the American navy. He forced Japan into opening its doors to trade, thus brining western influence to Japan while showing American might.

corporation

A concept that reached mature form in 1860s in England and France; it involved private business owned by thousands of individual and institutional investors who financed the business through the purchase of stocks.

Opium War: Causes

A conflict fought between Britain and China (1839-1842) over British sale of opium in China. China maintained a favorable balance of trade; European demanded Chinese goods, including silk and tea, and paid for these products in silver. In the late 1700s, the British East India Company began importing opium into China, where they traded it for silver and thus threatened the trade balance

Cecil Rhodes

A firm believer in British rights to expand control across Africa. He successfully helped Britain gain control of South Africa and Rhodesia (named after him). Lived from 1853-1902.

Panama Canal

A human-made waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, built in Panama by the United States and opened in 1914

junta

A military or political group that rules a country after taking power by force

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government.

nation-state

A people with a shared identity and culture (a nation) who possess their own territory and state government, or a state-level political system that contains all and only members of one nation.

secularization

A process of removing institutions such as education and government from the dominance or influence of religion.

Siberia

A region of central and eastern Russia, stretching from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, known for its mineral resources and for being a place of political exile

Suez canal

A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882.

tropical dependencies

A small number of Europeans ruled many non-western people. Areas generally less appealing to European settlers with the main goal to exploit the natural resources mostly located in Africa, Asia and South Pacific.

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Lin Zexu

Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out the opium trade in southern China, ordered a blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium, sent into exile following the Opium War

hegemony

Dominance, especially that of a country, region, or group over others

enclosure movement

During the Industrial Revolution, it was the consolidation of many small farms into one large farm, which created a labor force as many people lost their homes.

Alexander II

Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated.

Social-cultural imperialism

Empire-building may be based on a desire to influence a territory to adopt the cultural values and social customs of the imperialist country. For example, the controlling county might expect the people to speak its language and prefer the foods that its own citizens enjoy. Social-cultural imperialism may be seen in some actions of Christian missionaries as they tried to convert people in other lands to western religions. Although imperialism implies force, and missionaries were not known for the use of force, in many cases their attempts were unwanted (as in Japan), and their actions reflected the point of view that their religion was superior to that of the natives.

Middle East 1750-1914

KEY CONCEPTS • During the nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire was faced with a series of political, economic, and social setbacks that led to a decline in its power. • Throughout the nineteenth century attempts at modernization, such as the Tanzimat ("reorganization") and Young Ottoman reforms, sought to strengthen the empire. • Reform did not include women, who were unable to increase their work or educational opportunities, .and certain reforms caused them to lose economic powers they previously held. • Despite these widespread reforms, the Ottomans still lagged behind other more developed nations . • As the twentieth century approached, the Ottoman Empire was labeled the "sick man'of Europe," and European leaders posed the Eastern Question: Should the Ottoman Empire continue to exist; if not, who should take over its territory? • Nationalistic Turkish reformers called the Young Turks gained increasing influence in the empire. They supported a crackdown on ethnic minorities and closer alignment with Germany on the eve of World War I.

Social Class Structures Before and After Industrialism

Keep in mind that throughout history, the wealthy class was small and the poorest class was huge, but industrialism gave it a new twist. Because of urbanization, people were living side by side. They could see the huge differences among the classes right before their eyes. What's more, the members of the working class saw factory owners gain wealth quickly-at their expense. The owners didn't inherit their position, but instead achieved success by exploiting their workers, and the workers knew it. After industrialism, people literally saw for the first time the connection between their sacrifices and the aristocracy's luxuries.

Sepoy Rebellion

Known as India's First War of Independence, it was a rebellion of Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British in India in the mid-nineteenth century

Indentured laborers

Laborers who in exchange for passage agreed to work for a number of years, specified in the contract.

zemstvoes

Local political councils created as apart of those reforms. Gave some middle class Russians participation in the government but didn't affect national policy whatsoever. Controlled only small regions.

Manchus

Manchurians who conquered China, putting an end to the Ming dynasty and founding the Qing dynasty (1644-1911).

1848

Marx & Engles write Communist Manifesto

proletariat

Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

class struggle

Marxist belief that the upper-class bourgeois oppressed the working-class proletariat in a struggle that will eventually lead to revolution

middle class

The _____ ______ also called the bourgeoisie, became the most powerful social class within industrialized societies. They were the wealthy but non-aristocratic class of property owners and the biggest beneficiaries of industrial prosperity. Meanwhile the Marxists saw them as exploiters of the working class.

Catholic Church

The __________ also played a role in creating political instability in Latin America, dividing conservatives - who saw a role for the church in politics - from the more secular liberals.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

Family Life and Industrialization

The biggest social changes associated with industrialization were to the family. Both women and children became part of the work force, albeit at lower wages, and in more dangerous conditions than their male counterparts. Factory-run boardinghouses housed workers dependent on the company for housing, food, and personal items. These new living arrangements removed workers from families and traditional structures. The emergence of a middle class also brought changes to the family. Home and work were no longer centered in the same space. Middle- and upper-class women were expected to master the domestic sphere and to remain private and separate from the realities of the working world.

Industrialization and the Family

The biggest social changes associated with industrialization were to the family. Both women and children became part of the work force, albeit at lower wages, and in more dangerous conditions than their male counterparts. Factory-run boardinghouses housed workers dependent on the company for housing, food, and personal items. These new living arrangements removed workers from families and traditional structures. The emergence of a middle class also brought changes to the family. Home and work were no longer centered in the same space. Middle- and upper-class women were expected to master the domestic sphere and to remain private and separate from the realities of the working world.

Impact of Partition on Africa

The boundary lines that eventually separated colonial territories were based on European concerns, not on African history or culture. Therefore, in some situations, tribal lands were cut in half between two colonies controlled by two different European nations, while in other situations two rival tribes were unwillingly brought together under the same colonial rule. The disruption of traditional tribal boundary lines worked to the Europeans' advantage because it was difficult for the native Africans to organize an opposition within each colony.

Trans-Siberian railroad

The construction of this railroad was among the Russian government's efforts to encourage rapid industrialization during the late 19th century.

Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856 (Hatt-i Humayun)

The decree from Sultan Abdülmecid I promised equality in education, government appointments, and administration of justice to all regardless of religious creed. The decree is often seen as a result of French and British influence, for their help of the plagued Ottoman state against Russians in the Crimean War.

social class

The distinction between different social groups according to the ways in which they make their living, particularly between those who own means of production (land, factories, machines) and those who do not (who sell their labor power to cultivate the land or work in the factories).

Duma

The elected Russian parliament. Though through establishing this is seemed like the Czar was giving his people power, in reality he could easily get rid of this if they made any laws or such that he didn't like.

Imperialism: Economic Changes

The global economy was reorganized so that imperialist countries controlled natural resources in their subject societies around the world. Many of these resources served as raw materials destined for the factories of Europe, North America, and Japan. Global trade in diamonds, rubber, petroleum, and timber increased as new natural resources were discovered and means of transportation improved with larger, faster ships and more rail lines

Industrial Revolution in Europe and Japan

The industrialization of Europe and Japan followed very similar paths, but Japan's was on fast forward. It managed to accomplish in a few decades what had taken Europe more than a century, in large part because it didn't have to invent everything itself-it just needed to implement the advances of Western industrialization. The difference is that industrialization in Japan was government-directed, not a slowly evolving process like in Great Britain.

5 regions of Africa

The majority of the slave trade took place between the Portuguese and the African Kingdoms in West and Central Africa.

Imperialism: Scientific Racism

The new imperialist world order benefitted European countries, the United States, and Japan much more than the lands that were colonized, and alongside the economic changes came an academic pursuit known as scientific racism. The studies were based on the assumption that the world is divided into four main racial groups, each with its own distinct traits. Scientific racists used Charles Darwin's theories in The Origins of Species (1859) to devise their theories of Social Darwinism. Whereas Darwin's arguments had to do strictly with biological evolution, Social Darwinists applied survival of the fittest to social situations as well. These ideas were used to justify both the wealth of entrepreneurs in opposition to laborers, as well as the domination of European imperialists over subject peoples.

Aborigines

The original inhabitants of Australia

industrialization

The process by which production in the industrial sector becomes increasingly important compared with agricultural production; more fundamentally, a general change towards the use of advanced technology and a complex division of labor in production with associated changes in social structure and organization.

oceania

The region of the world centered on the islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean

Nationalistic tensions in Europe

The rise of nationalism in the nineteenth century led to the birth of several new nations in Europe, based on shared language and culture. Nationalistic tensions increasingly gave rise to conflict in Europe as World War I approached.

Czarism

The theory and practice of government under the Russian czars, notably those of the Romanov dynasty from 1614-1917.

The Americas 1750-1914 (Modern Era)

• Enlightenment political ideas were adopted by revolutionary thinkers in the Americas and would serve as the ideological basis for their independence movements. • The American Revolution created the first constitutional democracy and influenced revolutionary movements throughout the world. • Revolutions in the Americas created limited political democracies in which only a minority of the population participated. • Independence came to Latin American nations in the nineteenth century, but the creation of stable, successful governments was difficult. • The process of industrialism transformed the Americas, creating an economically developed North America that produced manufactured goods and an underdeveloped Latin America that supplied raw materials for those consumer goods. • The impact of industrialism created new economic and social challenges that led to a series of social reform movements during the nineteenth century. • The United States became the dominant economic and political force in the Americas and began building an empire after its victory in the Spanish-American War.

Bloody Sunday

• In 1905 a peaceful demonstration at the Russian czar's winter palace in St. Petersburg turned violent when the czar's guards opened fire on the unarmed crowd • The protesters, led by a priest, wanted to present a petition to Czar Nicholas II asking for a representative assembly; instead many of the protesters were killed • Led to the establishment of the Russian legislative body, The Duma to serve as a voice of the people.

Spanish-American War (1898-1899)

• In response to the destruction of a U.S. ship in Havana's harbor and under the guise of protecting American business interests in Cuba, as well as the interest of those Cubans suffering under Spanish rule, the United States declared war on Spain • The United States quickly defeated the Spanish and gained control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines • The United States emerged as an imperial power

White Man's Burden

• Poem by Rudyard Kipling, that explained why white Europeans(and Americans) had a moral responsibility to take control of weaker nations. • Christian missionaries in particular were supportive of this moral duty, as they often sought not only to bring Christianity to newly acquired lands but to "civilize" the native peoples. The idea that it is the responsibility of people of European descent to take care of people of other races due to their perceived superior culture, technology, government, etc.

Monroe Doctrine

• The _____ _______ indicated that attempts by Europe to take control of land in the Americas would be viewed as a hostile act and that, in theory, the United States would respond • Most significantly, the _____ ______ would provide (in later years) justification for the United States to intervene in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere

U.S. Open Door Policy

• U.S. foreign policy that south equal trading rights for all nations trading in China and commercial advantages for U.S. business • Proposed by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899 because the United States was one of the few imperial powers that did not have a sphere of influence in China

Karl Marx

• a nineteenth century philosopher, he developed a socialist theory with Friedrich Engel's in response to the changing nature of the workplace that resulted from the Industrial Revolution