5.1 The Enlightenment
What did the Enlightenment emphasize?
While not denying the existence of God, they emphasised human accomplishments in understanding the natural world.
What is anti semitism?
hostility toward Jews
What was Francis Bacon's thought?
Rather on relying on reasoning about principles provided by tradition or religion, Bacon based his conclusions on his observation of natural data.
What were the aims of revolutions?
Revolutions had 2 aims: independence from imperial powers and constitutional representation. The break up of empires and the emergence of new forms of government often followed.
What is tabula rasa?
Another Locke idea is which he proposed that a child was born with a blank slate (tabula rasa) waiting to be filled with knowledge
Who was Mary Wollstonecraft?
Argued that females should receive the same education as males, wanted to support themselves rather than relying on men, and wanted women to gain the same rights as men.
Who was Baron Montesquieu?
Baron Montisqueu: influenced the American system, which adopted his ideas by separating its executive branch (president) from its legislative branch (Congress) and both from its third branch (federal judiciary)
What is classical liberalism?
Belief in natural rights, constitutional gov, laissez faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches.
Who was Charles Fourier?
Believed that a fundamental principle of utopia was harmonious living communities
Who was Henri de Saint Simon?
Believed that scientist and engineers, working together with businesses could operate clean, efficient beautiful places to work that produced things useful to society, proposed Suez Canal.
What is Conservatism?
Conservatism is a belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories, such as that of human perfectibility.
What is Empiricism?
Empiricism is the belief that knowledge comes from sense experience, from what you observe through your experience, including through experiments.
What is feminism?
Feminism sough to fight for women's rights and equality.
Who was Adam Smith?
He generally advocated for laissez faire french phrase for leave alone. This means that governments should reduce their intervention in economic decisions. His ideas provided a foundation for capitalism, and economic system in which the means of production, such as factories and natural resources are privately owned and are operated for profit
What was Hobbes train of thought?
Hobbes argued that people's natural state was to live in a bleak world in which life was nasty, brutish and short. However by agreeing to a social contract, they gave up some rights to a strong central gov in return for law and order.
What was the Dreyfus Affair?
In 1894 Alfred Dreyfus, military officer who was Jewish, was convicted of treason against the French gov. The conviction had been based on forged documents, he was pardoned in prison, and showed anti semitism was in France.
Who were the philosophes?
In the 18th century the philosophes were a new group of thinkers and writers who explored social political, and economic theories in new ways.
What was the Enlightenment?
Intellectuals in the 17th and 18th century, began to emphasize reason over tradition and individualism over community values. These shifts were called the ENLIGHTENMENT.
Who was Jean Jacques Rousseau?
Jean Jacques Rousseau: expanded on the idea of the social contract that passed down from Hobbes and Locke. He inspired many revolutions in the late 18ht century.
How did John Locke and Hobbes view political life?
John Locke and Thomas Hobbes viewed political life as the result of a social contract.
What was Locke's train of thought?
Locke argued that the social contract implied the right, even the responsibility of citizens to revolt against an unjust government.
What was Seneca Falls?
New York activists gather to promote women's right to vote
What is socialism?
Refers to a system of public or direct ownership of the means of production such as mills to make cloth or the machinery and the land needed to mine coal.
What was the Age of Isms?
Schools of thought including socialism and liberalism arose, giving rise to the period called the Age of Isms. Opposing socialism and liberalism were the currents of conservationism particularly popular by the European ruling class.
What was happening with serfdom?
Serfdom was declining and people started abolishing serfdom like Queen Elizebeth in 1574.
What is Deism?
The belief that a divinity simply set natural laws in motion.
What is zionism?
The desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East. Theodor Herzl lead movement.
What were the ideals of the Enlightenment?
The ideals of this movement were, individualism, freedom, and self determination. These ideals planted the ideas of revolution and challenged old ideas.
What is abolitionism?
The movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all esnsalved people, gaining followers in the late 18th century.
Who are some specific philosophes?
The philosophes were Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Adam Smith, and several French thinkers,
What are utopian socialists?
Those who felt that society could be channelled in positive directions by setting up ideal communities.
Who was Voltaire?
Voltaire was famous for his wit and for his advocacy of civil liberties. His ideas of religious liberty influenced the U.S. constitution
What is nationalism?
a feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one's language and culture
What was the Fabian Society?
gradual socialists: they favored reforming society by parliamentary means
Who was Robert Owen?
set up small social utopian societies