5.10, 5.3, 5.1, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9
"Nobody has one exclusive sphere of activity but each can become accomplished in any branch he wishes, society regulates the general production and thus makes it possible for me to do one thing today and another tomorrow, to hunt in the morning, fish in the afternoon, raise cattle in the evening, [and] criticize after dinner." Karl Marx, German philosopher, describing his view of life in a communist society, 1846 Marx's statement in the passage above is best understood in the context of which of the following responses to the development and spread of global capitalism in the nineteenth century?
A movement to articulate an alternative vision of society
Which of the following was a major reason for the decline in India's share of the global manufacture of cotton textiles by the end of the nineteenth century?
Competition from industrially produced British textiles
The development of the factory system most directly explains which of the following characteristics of the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?
The greater degree of labor specialization
The policies of the Meiji reformers brought about which of the following in Japan?
The promotion of rapid industrialization
The Meiji reforms in Japan resulted in
a shift of power away from regional lords and to the emperor
"All the world knows that since the first days of the Ottoman state, the lofty principles of the Qur'an and the rules of the Shari'a were always perfectly preserved. Our mighty sultanate reached the highest degree of strength and power, and all its subjects reached the highest degree of ease and prosperity. But in the last one hundred and fifty years, because of a succession of difficult and diverse causes, the sacred Shari'a was not obeyed nor were the beneficent regulations followed; consequently, the empire's former strength and prosperity have changed into weakness and poverty. It is evident that countries not governed by the Shari'a cannot survive. Full of confidence in the help of the God, and certain of the support of our Prophet, we deem it necessary and important from now on to introduce new legislation in order to achieve effective administration of the Ottoman government and provinces." Mustafa Reshid Pa
allow the Ottoman government to compete against industrializing European powers
PERCENTAGES OF WORKERS EMPLOYED IN TEXTILE FACTORIES IN ENGLAND BY AGE AND GENDER, 1835-1867 YearChildren (8-12 years)Women (13 years and over)Men (13 years and over)183515.947.337.718387.954.038.118477.954.937.218506.855.337.718567.756.236.118619.055.835.2186710.056.133.8Source: Data adapted from Clark Nardinelli, "Child Labor and the Factory Acts," The Journal of Economic History, 40:4 (1980): 744. The data were compiled by British government inspectors who reported their findings to the British Parliament. The high proportion of women and children among the workers reflected in the table is best seen in the context of the
low wages of workers in industrial societies
Most world historians would agree that the key to European predominance in the world economy during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was
the Industrial Revolution
Which of the following was the most immediate effect of the processes illustrated in the images
A decline in Asian countries' share of world manufacturing as Asian goods lost ground to European imports
"The Kamaishi iron deposit consists of several clusters of oxidized iron ore on volcanic rock. It is quite different from the clayed iron ores layered upon coal beds that are commonly found in Britain. The quality of the Kamaishi ore can be categorized as magnetic iron ore of the highest rank. It contains 70% iron, while clayed ore contains only 20-30%. Therefore, in order to produce high quality iron, it was necessary for the government to build a charcoal blast furnace and to order a furnace from Britain. As British engineers were informed that the Kamaishi deposit was rich and the surrounding woods were abundant, they designed a huge charcoal furnace. However, the operation was interrupted within only ninety days. Recently I had a chance to investigate the situation at Kamaishi. After the investigation, I found that despite the claim that Kamaishi is a rich deposit, first of all, the real estimation of the expose
A policy of imperial expansion that sought to take advantage of the political and military weakness of neighboring Asian states
APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF SHIPPING VESSELS AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD TRADE BY REGION, CIRCA 1874-1880 Total Number of Sailing VesselsTotal Number of SteamshipsPercentage of World TradeEurope48,7514,63666.9North America6,8696139.5Latin America357815.4Asia3123512.9AfricaN/AN/A1.9OceaniaN/AN/A3.4 Which of the following describes a conclusion about Asia that is best supported by the data in the table?
Although Asia had far fewer vessels than North America had, Asia was responsible for a larger percentage of world trade.
The print above suggests that as nineteenth-century Japan industrialized, Japanese women did which of the following?
Became involved in the factory system and industrial production.
Which of the following most directly explains the importance of improved agricultural productivity to the industrialization of economic production in western Europe in the period 1750-1900 ?
Because less labor was needed on farms, more people moved to urban areas to work in factories.
"The Kamaishi iron deposit consists of several clusters of oxidized iron ore on volcanic rock. It is quite different from the clayed iron ores layered upon coal beds that are commonly found in Britain. The quality of the Kamaishi ore can be categorized as magnetic iron ore of the highest rank. It contains 70% iron, while clayed ore contains only 20-30%. Therefore, in order to produce high quality iron, it was necessary for the government to build a charcoal blast furnace and to order a furnace from Britain. As British engineers were informed that the Kamaishi deposit was rich and the surrounding woods were abundant, they designed a huge charcoal furnace. However, the operation was interrupted within only ninety days. Recently I had a chance to investigate the situation at Kamaishi. After the investigation, I found that despite the claim that Kamaishi is a rich deposit, first of all, the real estimation of the expose
Both countries industrialized, with the state playing an important role in the process.
The industrialization of Great Britain's economy in the mid-eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is most directly explained by which of the following?
Britain had large reserves of coal.
The image from Japan during the Meiji Restoration best exemplifies which of the following processes?
Cultural changes accompanying greater contact with the United States
A historian researching factors that contributed to the rise of industrial production in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries would find which of the following types of sources most helpful?
Data on migration of rural populations to urban areas
Victória, a woman of mixed ancestry and mother of three children—a 12-year-old daughter, a 6-year-old daughter, and a 6-year-old son—in wishing to give an education to her children, claims that her former master Marcos Leão Velloso, owner of the sugar mill nearby, refuses to let these children attend school, as he prefers to have them work in the sugarcane as if they were slaves and subject to punishments. Felicidade, an African woman, also requests that her grandchildren be freed from the same owner. Since Velloso's actions are an attack upon the natural right of liberty ensured by the act of the 13th of May [1888] that ended slavery in the Brazilian Empire, I request the help of Your Excellency in this matter. I am certain that you will help, if only because these women wish to educate their children for the benefit of the nation." Letter from the abolitionist Eduardo Carigé to the president of the Brazili
Despite abolition, racial hierarchies and labor patterns remained influential.
Which of the following was the primary Ottoman response to the processes depicted in Map 2 ?
Efforts to reform the government despite considerable internal opposition
In contrast to initial industrialization, the second Industrial Revolution in the last half of the nineteenth century was particularly associated with the mass production of which of the following?
Electricity, steel, and chemicals
The "second Industrial Revolution" in the last half of the nineteenth century was associated with the mass production of which of the following groups of products?
Electricity, steel, and chemicals
[Nineteenth-century] Indian liberal ideas, I argue, were foundational to all forms of Indian nationalism and the country's modern politics. Yet Indian liberalism was both wider in scope, and more specific in its remedies, than what is commonly called nationalism. To put it in its most positive light, Indian liberalism represented a broad range of thought and practice directed to the pursuit of political and social liberty. Its common features were a desire to re-empower India's people with personal freedom in the face of a despotic government of foreigners, entrenched traditional authority, and supposedly corrupt domestic or religious practices. Indian liberals sought representation in government service, on grand juries and, later, on elective bodies. They demanded a free press, freedom of assembly and public comment. Liberals broadly accepted the principle of individual property rights, subject to various degrees o
Emerging women's suffrage and feminist movements
"Victória, a woman of mixed ancestry and mother of three children—a 12-year-old daughter, a 6-year-old daughter, and a 6-year-old son—in wishing to give an education to her children, claims that her former master Marcos Leão Velloso, owner of the sugar mill nearby, refuses to let these children attend school, as he prefers to have them work in the sugarcane as if they were slaves and subject to punishments. Felicidade, an African woman, also requests that her grandchildren be freed from the same owner. Since Velloso's actions are an attack upon the natural right of liberty ensured by the act of the 13th of May [1888] that ended slavery in the Brazilian Empire, I request the help of Your Excellency in this matter. I am certain that you will help, if only because these women wish to educate their children for the benefit of the nation." Letter from the abolitionist Eduardo Carigé to the president of the Brazilia
Enlightenment challenges to traditional social structures in Latin America
[Nineteenth-century] Indian liberal ideas, I argue, were foundational to all forms of Indian nationalism and the country's modern politics. Yet Indian liberalism was both wider in scope, and more specific in its remedies, than what is commonly called nationalism. To put it in its most positive light, Indian liberalism represented a broad range of thought and practice directed to the pursuit of political and social liberty. Its common features were a desire to re-empower India's people with personal freedom in the face of a despotic government of foreigners, entrenched traditional authority, and supposedly corrupt domestic or religious practices. Indian liberals sought representation in government service, on grand juries and, later, on elective bodies. They demanded a free press, freedom of assembly and public comment. Liberals broadly accepted the principle of individual property rights, subject to various degrees o
Enlightenment concepts of natural rights
APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF SHIPPING VESSELS AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD TRADE BY REGION, CIRCA 1874-1880 Total Number of Sailing VesselsTotal Number of SteamshipsPercentage of World TradeEurope48,7514,63666.9North America6,8696139.5Latin America357815.4Asia3123512.9AfricaN/AN/A1.9OceaniaN/AN/A3.4 Which of the following best describes a conclusion about the relationship between steamships and world trade in the late nineteenth century that is supported by the data in the table?
Europe's dominance in the total number of steamships roughly correlates to its dominance in world trade.
Adoption of which of the following power sources has contributed the most to increasing the energy available to humans?
Fossil fuels
Members of which of the following groups led opposition to industrialization in both Qing China and the Ottoman Empire?
Government officials
Map 1 Map 2 The developments depicted in Map 2 most directly emerged from which of the following developments in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
Government-sponsored industrialization as part of the Meiji reforms
Snark/ Art Resource, NY Poster from the Seventeenth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1934. Poster text: "Raise the Flag of Lenin, It Gives Us Victory!" Banners at bottom read: "Long live the invincible party of Lenin!" "Long live the great guide of the international proletarian revolution, Comrade Stalin!" The ideology reflected in the poster was most directly the result of which of the following developments in the nineteenth century?
Growing discontent with traditional forms of government led to the development of new political ideas.
Which of the following factors contributed most to the increase of world population in the period 1750 to 1900 C.E.?
Improvements in agricultural productivity and food distribution
Japan's industrialization during the Meiji period and the Soviet Union's industrialization during the 1920s and 1930s had which of the following characteristics in common?
Industrialization in both countries was achieved largely through state direction rather than through private initiative.
CLOVE* PRICES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND IN AMSTERDAM, 1580-1850 (in Spanish silver reals, a common trade currency in the East Indies) *Cloves are spices native to the Moluccas islands in eastern Indonesia and, until the late eighteenth century, grown only in Southeast Asia. Source: David Bulbeck, Anthony Reid, Lay Cheng Tan, and Yiqi Wu, eds. Southeast Asian Exports Since the 14th Century: Cloves, Pepper, Coffee, and Sugar, (Leiden, The Netherlands, KITLV Press), 1988. Graph 2.2., p. 57 Which of the following best explains why spices, such as cloves, became a LESS important component of colonial trade during the nineteenth century?
Industrialization increased the demand for manufactured goods relative to the demand for spices.
Industrialization in Russia during the nineteenth century most closely resembled industrialization in which of the following regions?
Japan during the Meiji Restoration
Which of the following developments in the period 1878-1922 best explains the change in Japanese trade patterns shown in the graphs above?
Japanese manufacturing output rose as a consequence of industrialization.
In the Japanese print above of the war between China and Japan (1894-1895), the artist suggests that the
Japanese showed their mastery of Western technology, dress and military bearing
In the nineteenth century, Latin American urban dwellers were most similar to western European urban dwellers in which of the following areas?
Literary and cultural tastes
Which of the following best describes how nineteenth-century European industrialization affected European women's lives?
Married women found it increasingly difficult to balance wage work and family responsibilities.
Courtesy of The National Archives Commander Cotton's reaction to the events in Jamaica, in the notice above, might best be understood in the context of which of the following?
Mounting resistance to slavery in the Americas, reflected in challenges to imperial authority
"Without a revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement. The role of vanguard fighter can be fulfilled only by a party that is guided by the most advanced theory. We have said that there could not have been Social-Democratic consciousness among the workers. It could only be brought to them from without. The history of all countries shows that the working class, exclusively by its own effort, is able to develop only trade union consciousness, i.e., the conviction that it is necessary to combine in unions, fight the employers, and strive to compel the government to pass necessary labor legislation. The theory of socialism, however, grew out of the philosophic, historical, and economic theories elaborated by educated representatives of the propertied classes, the intellectuals. Our worst sin with regard to organization is that by our amateurishness we have lowered the prestige of revolutionaries in Russia
Passing reforms designed to improve the conditions of industrial workers
In the nineteenth century, women's use of bound feet (China), white face paint (Japan), and corsets (western Europe) are examples of which of the following
Practices that inhibit female activities
Which of the following was the main factor leading to the fall of Japan's Tokugawa shogunate and the rise of the Meiji government?
Pressure from Western powers
Which of the following is true of both Russia and Japan by 1914 ?
Rapid, state-sponsored industrialized had occurred in both countries.
Which of the following distinguishes the Meiji period from earlier periods in Japanese history?
Reform and industrialization
Which of the following best supports the argument that the last three decades of the nineteenth century were a turning point in world history?
Significant increases in demand for fossil fuels for industrial uses
"Eight hours' daily labour is enough for any human being, and under proper arrangements sufficient to afford an ample supply of food, raiment and shelter, or the necessaries and comforts of life, and for the remainder of his time, every person is entitled to education, recreation and sleep." Robert Owen, British factory owner and reformer, 1833 The excerpt above emphasizes which of the following solutions to the exploitation of industrial laborers?
Sufficient wages for factory workers to live full, comfortable lives
All the world knows that since the first days of the Ottoman state, the lofty principles of the Qur'an and the rules of the Shari'a were always perfectly preserved. Our mighty sultanate reached the highest degree of strength and power, and all its subjects reached the highest degree of ease and prosperity. But in the last one hundred and fifty years, because of a succession of difficult and diverse causes, the sacred Shari'a was not obeyed nor were the beneficent regulations followed; consequently, the empire's former strength and prosperity have changed into weakness and poverty. It is evident that countries not governed by the Shari'a cannot survive. Full of confidence in the help of the God, and certain of the support of our Prophet, we deem it necessary and important from now on to introduce new legislation in order to achieve effective administration of the Ottoman government and provinces." Mustafa Reshid Pas
Sunni religious elites within the Ottoman government who opposed modernization
"The [Qing] government sponsored a number of projects designed to bolster the navy. The idea was to adopt Western technology but not the values and philosophies that produced it—China would learn from the West, equal it, and then surpass it." Haiwang Yuan, editor, historian, This is China: The First 5,000 Years, 2010 The philosophy behind the late-nineteenth-century Chinese policy mentioned above was part of which of the following?
The Chinese government's attempt to reform the economy through self-strengthening
"In the past, at the end of the Han, Tang, Yuan, and Ming dynasties, bands of rebels were innumerable, all because of foolish rulers and misgovernment, so that none of these rebellions could be stamped out. But today [the emperor] is deeply concerned and examines his character in order to reform himself, worships Heaven, and is sympathetic to the people. He has not increased the land tax, nor has he conscripted soldiers from households. . . . It does not require any great wisdom to see that sooner or later the [Taiping] bandits will all be destroyed." Zeng Guofan, Qing dynasty Chinese official, proclamation against the Taiping rebels, 1854 Zeng Guofan's analysis of the situation in China in 1854 was likely influenced by which of the following
The Confucian notion of the dynastic cycle
A SKETCH BY JAN BRANDES, DUTCH LUTHERAN MINISTER LIVING IN JAKARTA, INDONESIA, 1784 Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands / Bridgeman Images The sketch shows the artist's son Johnny and Flora, an enslaved Indonesian household servant. Which of the following would most directly challenge the labor system portrayed in the sketch?
The Enlightenment
On Monday news reached us that the French* had printed a proclamation in Arabic and had sent it around to be read in public, calling upon Egyptians to obey them. A copy of that document came into my possession and I will quote it here: 'In the name of Allah, the Merciful, the Compassionate. On behalf of the French Republic which is based upon the foundations of liberty and equality, General Bonaparte addresses all Egyptian people: O ye Egyptians, some may tell you that we have come here to abolish your religion, but that is a lie. The real purpose of our campaign is to restore your rights from your oppressors—the Mamluk** rulers of Egypt. Know that all people are equal and that only differences in the degree of reason, virtue, or knowledge may be used to elevate one person above another. But what reason, virtue, or knowledge do the Mamluks have that gives them the right to claim the most fertile land, the most desi
The French did not wish to change the religion of the people of Egypt.
"On Monday news reached us that the French* had printed a proclamation in Arabic and had sent it around to be read in public, calling upon Egyptians to obey them. A copy of that document came into my possession and I will quote it here: 'In the name of Allah, the Merciful, the Compassionate. On behalf of the French Republic which is based upon the foundations of liberty and equality, General Bonaparte addresses all Egyptian people: O ye Egyptians, some may tell you that we have come here to abolish your religion, but that is a lie. The real purpose of our campaign is to restore your rights from your oppressors—the Mamluk** rulers of Egypt. Know that all people are equal and that only differences in the degree of reason, virtue, or knowledge may be used to elevate one person above another. But what reason, virtue, or knowledge do the Mamluks have that gives them the right to claim the most fertile land, the most des
The French do not believe in either Christianity or Islam.
Which of the following societies successfully resisted foreign penetration and domination from 1650 to 1850?
The Japanese
During the eighteenth century, which of the following reigned, but did not rule?
The Japanese emperor
All the world knows that since the first days of the Ottoman state, the lofty principles of the Qur'an and the rules of the Shari'a were always perfectly preserved. Our mighty sultanate reached the highest degree of strength and power, and all its subjects reached the highest degree of ease and prosperity. But in the last one hundred and fifty years, because of a succession of difficult and diverse causes, the sacred Shari'a was not obeyed nor were the beneficent regulations followed; consequently, the empire's former strength and prosperity have changed into weakness and poverty. It is evident that countries not governed by the Shari'a cannot survive. Full of confidence in the help of the God, and certain of the support of our Prophet, we deem it necessary and important from now on to introduce new legislation in order to achieve effective administration of the Ottoman government and provinces." Mustafa Reshid Pas
The Qing Empire in the aftermath of the signing of the unequal treaties
Which of the following contributed the most to the growth of the movement to abolish slavery in the Atlantic world?
The adaptation of Enlightenment ideas challenging established social hierarchies
"I think we should continue to emphasize the history and culture of the West, while encompassing the rest, because the West has in fact made the world we know. Anyone who wants to participate in the world community in the coming century had better know how and why the West has defined, and will continue to define, world civilization. Why do I say that? Because everybody wants what we have: science and technology, prosperity, and democracy—that is, our philosophy, our economics, our politics. It is the simple truth that science and technology emerge out of Western philosophy, not out of the philosophy of India, China, or the African nations. Since it is a fact that people everywhere aspire to the material advantages that flow, uniquely I think, from the modes of social organization that the West has devised—its economics, its science and technology, and also its politics and philosophy—I think it is time to stop
The adoption of European Enlightenment political and scientific principles worldwide
The fourth annual meeting of the shareholders of the British South Africa Company was held yesterday at the Cannon-street Hotel. The company's chairman, in his opening address, said, 'Twice during the past year we met when fighting with Africans was taking place in the company's territory, when financial arrangements of a complicated character were pending, and when the outlook of the enterprise seemed full of doubt and difficulty. Today, however, we are in a position far superior to any we had previously occupied and ever had hoped to attain. In founding the British South Africa Company, the shareholders undertook the occupation and development of a considerable extent of valuable territory in South Africa. Thus, because of the far-seeing action of a few men connected with the company, this enormous territory was secured for Great Britain. The perfectly legitimate objections of some people to chartered companies lik
The adoption of innovative practices in banking and finance
"Liberty and justice consist of restoring all that belongs to others; thus, the only limits on the exercise of the natural rights of woman are perpetual male tyranny; these limits are to be reformed by the laws of nature and reason." Olympe de Gouges, French feminist, Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, 1791 The passage above is an example of which of the following processes occurring in the eighteenth century?
The application of Enlightenment ideas
Which of the following best supports the view of some world historians that the eighteenth century marked a major turning point in world history?
The beginning of the Industrial Revolution in England
By the end of the nineteenth century, Germany had advanced beyond Britain in terms of economic output. The prime reason for this development was that Germany developed newer industries, while Britain continued to stress textile production. Formerly an agricultural country, the German Empire has come to be regarded as one of the leading industrial nations of the world and, in the chemical industries, Germany has for some time occupied a leading place. One of the most successful chemical and pharmaceutical firms in Germany is the Bayer company. Bayer employs 3,500 people alone at its plant in Leverkusen,* and the factory is so gigantic that all of these people are barely noticed when a visitor tours it. The laboratories are arranged very much in the same manner as the university laboratories in Britain. Each workstation receives a supply of electricity, compressed air, steam, and hot and cold water. The research chemi
The construction of railroads facilitated the migration of people to interior regions.
Which of the following was a widespread social consequence of industrialization in the 1800s?
The creation of a wage-earning working class concentrated in urban areas
Many historians have argued that by the late nineteenth century the industrialized nations of Europe had achieved global economic dominance more through force and coercion than through the superiority of their industrial products. Which of the following nineteenth-century developments would best support this contention?
The decline of the Indian textile industry's share of global manufacturing
PERCENTAGES OF WORKERS EMPLOYED IN TEXTILE FACTORIES IN ENGLAND BY AGE AND GENDER, 1835-1867 YearChildren (8-12 years)Women (13 years and over)Men (13 years and over)183515.947.337.718387.954.038.118477.954.937.218506.855.337.718567.756.236.118619.055.835.2186710.056.133.8Source: Data adapted from Clark Nardinelli, "Child Labor and the Factory Acts," The Journal of Economic History, 40:4 (1980): 744. The data were compiled by British government inspectors who reported their findings to the British Parliament. The labor patterns shown in the table are most directly relevant in understanding which broader process in nineteenth-century Europe?
The development of new class identities
"By the end of the nineteenth century, Germany had advanced beyond Britain in terms of economic output. The prime reason for this development was that Germany developed newer industries, while Britain continued to stress textile production. Formerly an agricultural country, the German Empire has come to be regarded as one of the leading industrial nations of the world and, in the chemical industries, Germany has for some time occupied a leading place. One of the most successful chemical and pharmaceutical firms in Germany is the Bayer company. Bayer employs 3,500 people alone at its plant in Leverkusen,* and the factory is so gigantic that all of these people are barely noticed when a visitor tours it. The laboratories are arranged very much in the same manner as the university laboratories in Britain. Each workstation receives a supply of electricity, compressed air, steam, and hot and cold water. The research chem
The development of new methods of production during the second industrial revolution
"I have longed to make the acquaintance of a 'modern girl,' that proud, independent girl who has all my sympathy! I do not belong to the Indian world, but to that of my sisters who are struggling forward in the distant West. If the laws of my land permitted it, I would be like the new woman in Europe; but age-long traditions that cannot be broken hold us back. Someday those traditions will loosen and let us go, but it may be three, four generations after us. Oh, you do not know what it is to love this young, new age with heart and soul, and yet to be bound hand and foot, chained by all the laws, customs, and conventions of one's land. All our institutions are directly opposed to the progress for which I so long for the sake of our people. Day and night I wonder by what means our ancient traditions could be overcome. But it was not the voices alone which reached me from that distant, bright, new-born Europe, which mad
The early feminist movement
PERCENTAGES OF WORKERS EMPLOYED IN TEXTILE FACTORIES IN ENGLAND BY AGE AND GENDER, 1835-1867 YearChildren (8-12 years)Women (13 years and over)Men (13 years and over)183515.947.337.718387.954.038.118477.954.937.218506.855.337.718567.756.236.118619.055.835.2186710.056.133.8Source: Data adapted from Clark Nardinelli, "Child Labor and the Factory Acts," The Journal of Economic History, 40:4 (1980): 744. The data were compiled by British government inspectors who reported their findings to the British Parliament. The data in the table best provide historical context to understand which of the following developments in mid-nineteenth-century Great Britain?
The emergence of social reform movements
"In theory, all of the peoples of the world, though different in their degree of civilization and enlightenment are created equal and are brothers before God. As universal love advances, the theory goes, and as the regulations of international law are put into place, the entire world will soon be at peace. This theory is currently espoused mainly by Western Christian ministers or by persons who are enamored of that religion. However, when we leave this fiction and look at the facts regarding international relations today, we find them shockingly different. Do nations honor treaties? We find not the slightest evidence that they do. When countries break treaties, there are no courts to judge them. Therefore, whether a treaty is honored or not depends entirely on the financial and military powers of the countries involved. Money and soldiers are not for the protection of existing principles; they are the instruments for
The forcible "opening up" of Japanese markets to the West, which led to the Meiji Restoration
Without a revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement. The role of vanguard fighter can be fulfilled only by a party that is guided by the most advanced theory. We have said that there could not have been Social-Democratic consciousness among the workers. It could only be brought to them from without. The history of all countries shows that the working class, exclusively by its own effort, is able to develop only trade union consciousness, i.e., the conviction that it is necessary to combine in unions, fight the employers, and strive to compel the government to pass necessary labor legislation. The theory of socialism, however, grew out of the philosophic, historical, and economic theories elaborated by educated representatives of the propertied classes, the intellectuals. Our worst sin with regard to organization is that by our amateurishness we have lowered the prestige of revolutionaries in Russia.
The formulation of alternative visions of society in response to the spread of global capitalism
Which of the following was a major factor that contributed to changes in family dynamics in both Great Britain and Japan during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
The increased number of women in the workforce
Which of the following best explains the general increase in the living standards of industrial workers between 1800 and 1914 ?
The increased supply of inexpensive consumer goods
The following questions refer to the passage below. "All the world knows that since the first days of the Ottoman state, the lofty principles of the Qur'an and the rules of the Shari'a were always perfectly preserved. Our mighty sultanate reached the highest degree of strength and power, and all its subjects reached the highest degree of ease and prosperity. But in the last one hundred and fifty years, because of a succession of difficult and diverse causes, the sacred Shari'a was not obeyed nor were the beneficent regulations followed; consequently, the empire's former strength and prosperity have changed into weakness and poverty. It is evident that countries not governed by the Shari'a cannot survive. . . . Full of confidence in the help of the God, and certain of the support of our Prophet, we deem it necessary and important from now on to introduce new legislation in order to achieve effective administration o
The increasing growth of European empires
ENERGY USE BY HUMAN SOCIETIES IN THOUSANDS OF CALORIES PER DAY, AVERAGE PER PERSON, BASED ON ESTIMATED GLOBAL POPULATION YearOn Obtaining or Producing Food (including animal feed)On Home and CommerceOn Industry and Agricultural InfrastructureOn TransportationTotal per Capita10,000 B.C.E.32 53000 B.C.E.444 121000 C.E.6127 261850 C.E.73224 772000 C.E.106691 230 Source: adapted from David Christian, Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History, University of California Press, 2004. p. 141 Which of the following best explains the change in energy consumption in the time period from 1000 to 1850 C.E.?
The increasing mechanization of labor as a result of industrialization
The beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain was most influenced by which of the following factors?
The location and large number of British coal deposits
"The Kamaishi iron deposit consists of several clusters of oxidized iron ore on volcanic rock. It is quite different from the clayed iron ores layered upon coal beds that are commonly found in Britain. The quality of the Kamaishi ore can be categorized as magnetic iron ore of the highest rank. It contains 70% iron, while clayed ore contains only 20-30%. Therefore, in order to produce high quality iron, it was necessary for the government to build a charcoal blast furnace and to order a furnace from Britain. As British engineers were informed that the Kamaishi deposit was rich and the surrounding woods were abundant, they designed a huge charcoal furnace. However, the operation was interrupted within only ninety days. Recently I had a chance to investigate the situation at Kamaishi. After the investigation, I found that despite the claim that Kamaishi is a rich deposit, first of all, the real estimation of the expose
The modernization of Japan's military
The following questions refer to the passage below. "All the world knows that since the first days of the Ottoman state, the lofty principles of the Qur'an and the rules of the Shari'a were always perfectly preserved. Our mighty sultanate reached the highest degree of strength and power, and all its subjects reached the highest degree of ease and prosperity. But in the last one hundred and fifty years, because of a succession of difficult and diverse causes, the sacred Shari'a was not obeyed nor were the beneficent regulations followed; consequently, the empire's former strength and prosperity have changed into weakness and poverty. It is evident that countries not governed by the Shari'a cannot survive. . . . Full of confidence in the help of the God, and certain of the support of our Prophet, we deem it necessary and important from now on to introduce new legislation in order to achieve effective administration o
The modernization of the Ottoman Empire's economy and military
The fourth annual meeting of the shareholders of the British South Africa Company was held yesterday at the Cannon-street Hotel. The company's chairman, in his opening address, said, 'Twice during the past year we met when fighting with Africans was taking place in the company's territory, when financial arrangements of a complicated character were pending, and when the outlook of the enterprise seemed full of doubt and difficulty. Today, however, we are in a position far superior to any we had previously occupied and ever had hoped to attain. In founding the British South Africa Company, the shareholders undertook the occupation and development of a considerable extent of valuable territory in South Africa. Thus, because of the far-seeing action of a few men connected with the company, this enormous territory was secured for Great Britain. The perfectly legitimate objections of some people to chartered companies lik
The monopolistic practices of government-chartered joint-stock companies such as the British South Africa Company distorted market competition and hurt consumers
"The fourth annual meeting of the shareholders of the British South Africa Company was held yesterday at the Cannon-street Hotel. The company's chairman, in his opening address, said, 'Twice during the past year we met when fighting with Africans was taking place in the company's territory, when financial arrangements of a complicated character were pending, and when the outlook of the enterprise seemed full of doubt and difficulty. Today, however, we are in a position far superior to any we had previously occupied and ever had hoped to attain. In founding the British South Africa Company, the shareholders undertook the occupation and development of a considerable extent of valuable territory in South Africa. Thus, because of the far-seeing action of a few men connected with the company, this enormous territory was secured for Great Britain. The perfectly legitimate objections of some people to chartered companies li
The shift from mercantilism to free-market trade policies
"I have longed to make the acquaintance of a 'modern girl,' that proud, independent girl who has all my sympathy! I do not belong to the Indian world, but to that of my sisters who are struggling forward in the distant West. If the laws of my land permitted it, I would be like the new woman in Europe; but age-long traditions that cannot be broken hold us back. Someday those traditions will loosen and let us go, but it may be three, four generations after us. Oh, you do not know what it is to love this young, new age with heart and soul, and yet to be bound hand and foot, chained by all the laws, customs, and conventions of one's land. All our institutions are directly opposed to the progress for which I so long for the sake of our people. Day and night I wonder by what means our ancient traditions could be overcome. But it was not the voices alone which reached me from that distant, bright, new-born Europe, which mad
The spread of Enlightenment thought as empires consolidated control over their territories
APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF SHIPPING VESSELS AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD TRADE BY REGION, CIRCA 1874-1880 Total Number of Sailing VesselsTotal Number of SteamshipsPercentage of World TradeEurope48,7514,63666.9North America6,8696139.5Latin America357815.4Asia3123512.9AfricaN/AN/A1.9OceaniaN/AN/A3.4 Which of the following best describes an accurate comparison of the relationship between sailing vessels and steamships in the late nineteenth century that is supported by the data in the table?
The total number of sailing vessels in all regions still greatly surpassed the total number of steamships in all regions.
Image 1 best illustrates which of the following broad economic transformations in the period circa 1750 ?
The transition from a human- and animal-powered economy to a fossil-fuel economy
Which of the following best explains why Japan was more successful than China in resisting imperialist encroachments in the nineteenth century?
The willingness of Japan's elite to sponsor reform
The gender and age makeup of the workforce shown in Image 2 best illustrates which of the following phenomena in mid-nineteenth-century European society?
Within factories, skilled workers continued to be predominantly male, while women and children continued to perform mostly unskilled factory work.
All of the following contributed to the rise of industrialization in western Europe and North America during the nineteenth century EXCEPT
increased rights for laborers
In the past, at the end of the Han, Tang, Yuan, and Ming dynasties, bands of rebels were innumerable, all because of foolish rulers and misgovernment, so that none of these rebellions could be stamped out. But today [the emperor] is deeply concerned and examines his character in order to reform himself, worships Heaven, and is sympathetic to the people. He has not increased the land tax, nor has he conscripted soldiers from households. . . . It does not require any great wisdom to see that sooner or later the [Taiping] bandits will all be destroyed." Zeng Guofan, Qing dynasty Chinese official, proclamation against the Taiping rebels, 1854 In the passage above, Zeng Guofan's purpose in listing the policies of the current Qing emperor is most likely to
mobilize popular support by showing that the Taiping rebellion does not represent a legitimate challenge to Qing rule
All of the following factors contributed to significant growth in worldwide population from 1750 through 1900 EXCEPT
new grain crops developed in the Green Revolution
Source 1 "It cannot be denied that when the French nation proclaimed these sacred words, 'Men are born and remain free and equal in rights,' it did not break the chains of humankind. It is we who must put these words into action. The wealthy plantation owners of Saint-Domingue [Haiti], therefore, have everything to fear from the influence of our revolution on the current actions of their slaves. These principles overturn the system on which rests their fortunes. No one should be surprised, therefore, that these plantation owners have become the most ardent enemies of these principles. Yet the moment has arrived to change the social system of the colonies, to reintegrate it into humankind. It is in this greater action that the salvation of all parties, justice, and glory will be found. The free men of color demand justice, and they should be granted the same rights of citizenship as other Frenchmen. The colonists shou
that "White hands will never suffice to work the land under a burning sun"
Data adapted from David Wilkinson, "Cities, Civilizations and Oikumenes," Comparative Civilizations Review: Vols. 27 and 28: Nos. 27 and 28, 1992-1993 The changes in the distribution of cities in the period 1800 to 1900 C.E. best illustrate the impact of
the Industrial Revolution
Slavery and serfdom were abolished in the 1860s in
the United States and Russia
In nineteenth-century liberal democratic theory, a woman's role was generally portrayed as that of
the mother of citizens
In the second half of the nineteenth century, the working conditions depicted in Image 2 served as an inspiration for those arguing that
the negative social effects of capitalism should be alleviated by enacting factory regulations
A key issue that historians have debated in explaining the reasons for nineteenth-century slave emancipations involves
the role of humanitarianism
"By the end of the nineteenth century, Germany had advanced beyond Britain in terms of economic output. The prime reason for this development was that Germany developed newer industries, while Britain continued to stress textile production. Formerly an agricultural country, the German Empire has come to be regarded as one of the leading industrial nations of the world and, in the chemical industries, Germany has for some time occupied a leading place. One of the most successful chemical and pharmaceutical firms in Germany is the Bayer company. Bayer employs 3,500 people alone at its plant in Leverkusen,* and the factory is so gigantic that all of these people are barely noticed when a visitor tours it. The laboratories are arranged very much in the same manner as the university laboratories in Britain. Each workstation receives a supply of electricity, compressed air, steam, and hot and cold water. The research chem
use steam-powered machines for large-scale economic production