5302 Praxis
A literacy leadership team uses a data-analysis framework for instructional decision making that incorporates three categories of data: professional development, in-classroom implementation, and reading performance. Which of the following examples best describes in-classroom implementation data?
. In-classroom implementation data rely on classroom observations, coaches' logs, and teachers' reflections.
After providing instruction on the westward expansion in American history, a fifth-grade teacher asks students to write a personal narrative from the perspective of a 10-year-old child traveling with family on the Oregon Trail. Which of the following best identifies the teacher's primary objective in having students engage in the activity?
.To have students participate in an integrated activity that reinforces writing skills and increases depth of knowledge about a content-specific topic
What are the strands of the Reading Rope by Scarborough?
2 main: Language Comprehension and Word Recognition word recognition strands: phonological awareness, decoding, and sight recognition of familiar words Language comprehension: background knowledge, vocabulary, language structures, verbal reasoning, and literacy knowledge
Jeremy is a learner with autism who is skillful at writing narratives but has difficulty with persuasive essays. On the persuasive pieces, he consistently includes multiple relevant supports for expressing his vantage point, but he never begins the essay with a well-constructed thesis statement or ends with a proper conclusion. Which of the following instructional approaches will be most suitable for improving Jeremy's ability to write a well-developed persuasive essay?
A flowchart or visual aid would be very helpful for a learner with autism to visualize the component parts and the organizational structure needed in a persuasive essay.
A third-grade teacher asks a reading specialist for help with grouping students. The teacher and reading specialist discuss data from curriculum-based reading assessments and standardized reading scores from an online reading program. Which of the following types of assessments will be most effective for providing data for placing students for small-group instruction?
A formative assessment that measures students' word-reading accuracy
What strategies can teachers use to teach multiple meanings of words?
Activity #1 Homophone Picture Match Activity #2 Homophone Sort Activity #3 Illustrate Two Meanings Activity #4 Dig into Context Activity #5 Write it in Context
What strategies can students use to acquire and use effectively to learn academic and domain-specific words and phrases?
Allowing students to read keywords and add prefixes or suffixes explicitly teach
Which of the following instructional strategies best supports the language needs of English learners (ELs) who currently perform at the early production stage of language development?
An English learner functioning at the early production stage of language development typically uses basic common words and short phrases. Providing a variety of concrete materials to illustrate concepts helps an EL at this level to make the transition from concrete to abstract understanding of objects and ideas.
A fourth-grade teacher intends to use student performance data to guide lesson planning for small-group reading and remediation of specific skills. Which THREE of the following actions are most appropriate for using the data to inform instruction?
Analyzing data prior to adjustment of instructional goals and delivery Analyzing data to determine formative descriptions of performance Analyzing data after the adjustment of instructional goals and delivery
Members of the staff at an elementary school comprise a curriculum development team that is to conduct an in-depth analysis and revamping of the school's literacy program. During the planning and development phase of the project, which of the following is the best first step for the team to take?
Analyzing state and national standards to formulate a philosophy and rationale for a revised curriculum start with national standard to guide everything
To introduce students to decoding multisyllabic words, a second-grade teacher plans a lesson that requires students to
Asking students to combine single-syllable words demonstrates the formation of compound words, which is an appropriate initial step for learning about multisyllabic vocabulary.
After a four-week cycle of reading intervention targeting blending words with consonant blends (CCVC), several students are not making adequate gains. To help the students succeed, the best step that the teacher can take is to focus intervention on which of the following?
Blending CVC words
full alphabetic
Children can form complete connections between letters in written words and phonemes in pronunciations.
partial alphabetic
Children know some letters and letter-sound associations and can use them, along with contextual cues such as visual appearance of words, to engage in decoding.
An elementary school is implementing a Response to Intervention (RTI) reading program that focuses on literacy skills of students in the first, second, and third grades. The data in the table, recorded between the fall and winter of the current school year, indicate the percent of students in each grade in the program in each decision category. Which of the following best describes what the school district is most likely to do?
Continuing the plan in place will allow interventions to continue to work adequately, since many students did make improvements. If changes are made now, it will be too soon to know how to attribute losses or gains.
During a fifth-grade literature circle unit, students in each circle choose a novel to study and work together to complete various activities. Which of the following activities best empowers students to demonstrate in-depth knowledge of the novel they read?
Creating a Web site with multiple organized sections to house information about each circle's novel multiple sections of the website shows indepth knowledge 21st century strategy
A reading specialist helps a fifth-grade teacher adapt a curriculum-based assessment to identify students who have a deep level of background knowledge as well as the ability to work independently on an author's craft unit. Which of the following best describes an assignment appropriate for those students?
Creating a group presentation that reinforces curricular objectives and shares research on specific writers is the only option that directly addresses the needs of students at the highest level of academic performance.
A kindergarten teacher uses picture cards that reinforce the sounds of /a/, /m/, /t/, /i/, and /s/ to play a game of sound bingo with students. The teacher holds up a picture and instructs students to place a bingo chip on the first letter of the word that names the picture. Which of the following is most likely the instructional goal of the activity?
Developing phonological awareness
pre-alphabetic
Early childhood to Pre-K - Emergent Reader. Aware text progressses from left to right.
Editing
Editing involves making sentence-level changes
What is the difference between fluency and prosody?
Fluency: the overall goal. Reading with expression, rate, and accuracy Prosody: the expression
How can the reading specialist promote student reflection and self-efficacy?
Goals and feedback Use self-assessment Support students' affirmation Develop teacher self-efficacy Peer modelling
A teacher uses the Notice and Note strategy for close reading on a fiction text. Which of the following is the primary goal of this approach?
Helping students find evidence that supports their interpretations through questioning and rereading
Based on assessment data, what are some ways teachers can modify instruction for students with diverse learning profiles?
Higher Order Thinking Key Vocabulary Prior Knowledge Links Paired and Cooperative Learning Nonlinguistic Representations Hands-on Learning Curricular and Personal Connections Oral, Reading, and Writing Skills
Teachers use which of the following elements to engage students in inferential thinking when assessing reading comprehension?
Imagination and creativity when responding in writing
Which of the following assessments uses a series of graded word lists and passages to place students at an appropriate level for reading instruction?
Informal reading inventory
early phonemic awareness
Kids also start to tune in to the individual sounds or phonemes in words
A group of teachers are compiling a bank of strategies that struggling students can use to develop their reading comprehension skills. Which of the following is the best student strategy to add to the bank?
Listening to a text while reading it and forming mental models removes the effort of reading and solo focuses on activating background knowledge
Ms. Carson, a kindergarten teacher, works with a small group of students to teach concepts about print skills. She holds up a picture book, opens it to the first page of the story, and points to the beginning of the first line of text. She then uses her finger to demonstrate how reading progresses from the left side of the page to the right side of the page. She then says, "Look at where I go next" and moves her finger to the beginning of the next line.
Making a return sweep
Which of the following best integrates and expands readers' thinking about terms and concepts encountered while constructing meaning from a text?
Mapping vocabulary
A student and a teacher are reading aloud together in unison. The teacher, sitting slightly behind the student, leads the oral reading. The teacher speaks into the student's ear and moves a finger under the words as they read. The teacher is using which of the following fluency-building strategies?
Neurological impress
A kindergarten teacher wants to assess groups of students for differentiated support in literacy instruction. Which assessment best identifies students who need instruction focused on building phonemic awareness skills?
Nonsense word fluency
A teacher is working with a small group of students on phonological skills and has students verbally replace the first letter of the word "pill" with each of the following letter pairs: "sk," "fr," and "dr." On which of the following phonological skills is the teacher most likely focusing?
Phoneme manipulation (changing the sound)
Which of the following strategies does a teacher build into a read-aloud to ensure students practice a selected strategy during reading?
Preplanning questions
Following the implementation of a carefully planned instructional intervention to help a student improve a literacy skill, a teacher collects classroom data to evaluate whether the student's learning is improving in response to the intervention. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step for the teacher to take?
Proceeding with the intervention while gathering additional data to confirm the student's ongoing learning of the skill
A new reading specialist is assigned to an elementary school. One of the first tasks the reading specialist undertakes is to conduct an evaluation of the school's reading program. Based on a review of test scores, the reading specialist determines that changes need to be made in the instructional approach to teaching word study. Which of the following is the best first step the reading specialist should take to promote the necessary changes?
Provide classroom teachers with literature instruction, discuss collaboratively how to implement the strategies, and model the instruction in classrooms.
A reading teacher uses the preceding letter boxes as a visual aid to help students understand the difference between closed and open syllable types. Which of the following will best ensure that the students learn the distinction?
Providing additional word pairs such as "level/legal" and "visit/vital" for the students to contrast students should study more to firm up their understanding
Of the following, which is the most effective way for a reading specialist to empower classroom teachers and educational support personnel to implement evidence-based instructional approaches?
Providing coaching for staff members as the need arises students make the most progress when reading specialist provides coaching to the classroom teacher
A kindergarten teacher reads an informational picture book to the class. When the reading has ended, the teacher goes through the book once more, pointing out how the author uses photographs with captions and bold type to indicate different subtopics covered in the book. Which of the following best identifies the teacher's primary objective?
Providing instruction for early readers in an important concepts-about-print skill
Which of the following is the primary consideration when designing, implementing, and evaluating a standards-based literacy curriculum?
Providing learning targets that aligned with a continuum of essential core skills that are supportive of all students
The majority of students in a third-grade class are showing virtually no growth in reading level for the first eight-week interval. The reading specialist meets with the classroom teacher to discuss what might be interfering with student growth. The teacher explains that most of the students are not demonstrating growth on the text-specific quizzes written to evaluate their comprehension, so they cannot advance, despite their increasing levels of accuracy and fluency. Which of the following is most likely to provide the teacher with the formative information needed to better guide instruction of the students?
Questions that determine what students are thinking during guided reading
consolidated alphabetic
Readers operate with multi-letter units that may be morphemes, syllables, or subsyllabic units such as onsets and rimes. Common spelling patterns become consolidated into letter chunks, and these chunks make it easier to read words.
A sixth-grade teacher asks the reading specialist to attend a conference with the parents of a student who has reading difficulties. The reading specialist notes that during the meeting the teacher uses such terms as "semantics" and "metacognition" while describing the student's achievement. Following the conference, the teacher asks the reading specialist for feedback. Which of the following is the most appropriate response by the reading specialist?
Recommending that the teacher refrain from using terminology with which parents may not be familiar
Which TWO of the following informal assessments are used to measure a student's level of phonological awareness?
Rhyme supply & Onset and rime blending
Which of the following is the most appropriate instructional strategy for introducing phoneme segmentation?
Segmenting instruction should always begin with initial sound (not initial letter) activities.
Which of the following best identifies semantics as an expressive component associated with a student's oral language development?
Semantics and vocabulary are synonymous when referring to oral language development. Expressive vocabulary as a component of oral language describes the words a student uses when speaking or writing.
Which of the following is the most significant impact that early attainment of decoding skills has on a student's literacy development?
Serving as a strong predictor of a student's later success in meeting the level of proficient in reading comprehension early ability is an indicator of future success
As part of a reading center activity, a group of first-grade students is searching for words in picture books that match words on the classroom word wall. The activity best promotes which of the following?
Sight word recognition
A teacher must decide how much time to allocate for handwriting instruction. Which of the following research findings is most important to consider when making that decision?
Students with handwriting difficulties tend to focus on letter forms rather than the content of their writing.
Which of the following strategies uses organizational textbook features to aid students in setting a purpose for reading?
The benefit of turning headings into questions while reading text with these organizational features is that the strategy gives students a purpose for reading. Students need direction while reading in order to comprehend the text—formulating questions provides a connection between author and reader and helps the student to monitor comprehension throughout that section of text.
What is the relationship between learning to read and learning to write?
The more we read, the better our writing becomes. That's because the processes of reading and writing are undeniably connected. One could view them as the inverses of each other, and while they use different skills, growth in one invariably strengthens the other.
Schwa
The schwa sound is the most common vowel sound (and the only speech sound with its own special name) a in banana
A student who misspelled several basic words in a writing sample achieved a score in the sixth stanine when tested on writing vocabulary. Which of the following is an appropriate interpretation of that score?
The student achieved a score in the average range.
Which of the following best represents the developmental continuum of oral language as students become increasingly phonologically aware?
The student is first able to recognize language sounds in rhyming songs, then able to recognize how to break sentences into words, and finally able to break words into letter sounds.
Which of the following miscues in a miscue analysis is most likely to be rooted in a student's poor phonemic awareness skills?
The student reads "plan" correctly but reads "prone" as "drone." Phonemic awareness ability assists with decoding words. If one cluster can be read but not the other, that may indicate a lack of mastery in phonemic knowledge and an inability to generalize the sound of a specific phoneme across words.
A reading specialist is working with a third-grade student who struggles with accuracy and fluency. The student has been diagnosed as having low verbal working memory. Which of the following instructional techniques will best address the student's memory deficit?
The use of syllable types when spelling words isolates the syllabic sounds formed by letter sequences, thus slowing down the cognitive process needed to support long-term memory.
Norm-referenced assessment
This method is used to understand how students' scores compare to a predefined population with similar experience
A fifth-grade teacher conducts a whole-class lesson on methods of citing textual evidence before students read a passage and write a response to it. The teacher explains that if students incorporate any evidence from the passage into their response, they should have a reason to do so. Which of the following best identifies the primary rationale for a student to use a direct quotation when responding to the passage?
To add credibility and authority to the response
Which of the following best describes a school district's primary purpose for using universal literacy screening as a part of its total evaluation program to measure students' literacy learning?
To administer short evaluations to all students at targeted grade levels and identify students who are likely to develop literacy problems unless they receive instructional intervention Universal literacy screeners are assessments that are intended to quickly assess a variety of literacy skills. These assessments are given to all students in a particular grade level and are primarily intended to identify students in need of intervention strategies that help to prevent literacy problems at a later time as instruction continues to be provided.
According to L. S. Vygotsky, exemplary instruction in literacy is characterized by a teacher who
Vygotsky created the theory of the zone of proximal development, the gap between what a learner has mastered and what he or she can learn when provided instructional support. In the classroom, the theory translates to the idea of developing instruction in small steps, based first on what the learner can do independently, then with scaffolding moving the learner toward independence when performing more complex tasks.
During a literature unit on works by famous American authors, a high school teacher offers students an opportunity to set their own goals in learning literary-analysis skills. Which of the following conditions for creating meaningful goals will most likely result in students successfully using the goals as a guide to achieve the most positive academic outcome in the targeted area?
When students set learning goals for themselves, the most positive learning outcomes result from setting goals that are neither too hard nor too easy (i.e., optimally challenging).
A fourth-grade class is working on extending journal reflections into short descriptive essays. As students complete their first drafts, they meet with the teacher for feedback. The teacher sees a pattern: students are not producing descriptive effects in their writing. Which of the following questions will best remind students that as writers they must monitor and critique their own writing?
Which writing tools can you use to supply the reader with imagery?
A kindergarten teacher works with several students who are advanced readers and writers to complete a closed word sort to differentiate between long and short "a" vowel sounds. The teacher creates two columns on a chart and includes a sample word for each vowel sound; the short "a" column says "apple" at the top, and the long "a" column says "acorn" at the top. Students are given index cards with other words containing either a short or long "a" on them, and they are asked to sort them into the proper columns, at first as a group and then individually. By doing the described activity, the teacher is helping students move to which of the following stages of spelling development?
Within-word pattern spelling
A reading specialist is meeting with the curriculum director to discuss necessary revisions to the kindergarten reading curriculum. The director wants to minimize a specific topic within the language arts curriculum to provide more time for authentic, content-based shared reading. The reading specialist understands the rationale but opposes minimizing the suggested topic. The reading specialist responds by saying, "The research shows that if we don't invest our time in this foundational element of literacy development, the children will fall behind and struggle as readers for the rest of their school experience." Which topic is most likely the subject of disagreement?
Word study with decoding
Frayer Model
a graphic organizer that helps students determine or clarify the meaning of vocabulary words encountered while listening, reading, and viewing texts. It is used before reading to activate background knowledge, during reading to monitor vocabulary, or after reading to assess vocabulary
diphthong
a sound that is formed by combining two vowels in a single syllable
Phoneme Segmentation
ability to break words down into individual sounds cat /c/ /a/ /t/
derivational relations spelling stage
already accomplished spellers These students can spell most words correctly. At this stage of word study, learning how to spell words that are new to them and increasing their knowledge of vocabulary go hand in hand
Within word pattern spelling stage
begins when students can correctly spell most single-syllable short vowel words correctly, as well as consonant blends, digraphs, and pre- consonantal nasals
Running record
captures both how well a student reads (the number of words they read correctly) and their reading behaviors
Criterion-referenced assessment
compare a person's knowledge or skills against a predetermined standard, learning goal, performance level, or other criterion.
disciplinary literacy
defined as the confluence of content knowledge, experiences, and skills merged with the ability to read, write, listen, speak, think critically and perform in a way that is meaningful within the context of a given field
What is the relationship between fluency and comprehension?
fluent reading is a foundation for good reading comprehension. Because fluent readers do not have to concentrate on decoding words, they can focus their attention on what the text means.
Early phonological skills
include awareness of syllables and onset-rime segments
What is the purpose of formal and nonformal assessments?
informal- flexible inidividualized process based progress measuring formal- standardized knowledge testing
Revision
involves making major changes to a document's content, structure, and/or organization
While planning instruction for first-grade students requiring additional support with their literacy skills, a teacher selects progress monitoring as an ongoing assessment tool. The primary advantage of progress monitoring is that it allows the teacher to
measure students' achievement in specific learning outcomes and quantify their rate of responsiveness to instruction by analyzing data
Derivational relations spelling
ow spelling and vocabulary knowledge at this stage grow primarily through processes of derivation-from a single base word or root word, a number of related words are derived through the addition of prefixes and suffixes
What is the difference between phonics and phonological awareness?
phonics: Phonics refers to knowledge of letter sounds and the ability to apply that knowledge in decoding. unfamiliar printed words. Phonological awareness: refers to an awareness of the sounds in spoken words, as well as the ability to manipulate those sounds.
What are Ehri's phases of reading development?
pre-alphabetic, partial alphabetic, full alphabetic, consolidated alphabetic, and automatic
What are the four phases of Ehri's word reading?
prealphabetic, early alphabetic, later alphabetic, and consolidated alphabetic
The most effective way to help students recognize the structure of expository texts is to teach them to pay attention to
signal words
Letter Name-Alphabetic Spelling
students are learning critical letter-name correspondence as well as gaining a strong understanding of words that follow the CVC pattern (consonant-vowel-consonant)
In what ways do students' cultural and linguistic backgrounds affect comprehension?
students from different cultures read names and words that are unfamiliar to them, and their interpretation of what a text means also differ
Notice and Note strategy
supports metacognition and active thinking when reading. It also provides six text-dependent anchor questions that help readers take note and read more closely in order to understand and respond to character development, conflict, point of view, and theme.
Phonemic awareness
the ability to identify and manipulate individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words (individual sounds)
Phonological Awareness
the ability to recognize and manipulate the spoken parts of sentences and words
Semantics
the branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning
Miscue analysis
the process of tracking and recording reader miscues, then reviewing the miscues to find a pattern
What is the purpose of using a semantic gradient during vocabulary instruction?
to broaden and deepen students' understanding of related words Semantic gradients often begin with antonyms, or opposites, at each end of the continuum. This strategy helps students distinguish between shades of meaning.
For what purpose are normreferenced assessments used?
to compare one student's performance to others in a predetermined peer group
Syllable/Affix Spelling stage
typically able to spell most single-syllable, short and long vowel words, and high-frequency words correctly
Semantic Feature Analysis
uses a grid to help kids explore how sets of things are related to one another
Expository texts
ypically follow one of five formats: cause and effect, compare and contrast, description, problem and solution, and sequence. Students can learn to recognize the text structure by analyzing the signal words contained within the text.
