5x5

ww1

1914 - present

nato

AKA NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION of 28 nations military alliance between north american and european nations initially made to prevent the spread of communism and help former communist-ridden countries in the east recover from it. the warsaw pact was made in the east to clash against this.

1991 end of ussr

DECEMBER 25th after in 1990 when communist party lost elections all over the ussr • highlight of the end of the ussr was when russia pulled out from it • though communism fell, ppl later came to partially long for it bc life was "easier". adjusting was a challenge because though lifestyle wasn't optimal, it was still provided for and was "decent".

utopian socialism

Early socialist thinkers—mainly utopian socialists—created the foundations of the ideal society that would later inspire Marxism. - proposed grand schemes of ideal societies that moved towards cooperation and a sense of community which would promote greater social equality. Saint-Simon's idea was to create a society of mainly intellectuals. Robert Owen's idea was to create an industrial and agricultural-based society. Fourier's idea was to create phalanxes that were intended to be mathematically precise and self-sufficient. Though these ideas failed in practice, they remained an inspiration for future socialists like Karl Marx.

metternich

KLEMENS VON METTERNICH (AUSTRIA) - advocated for the rise of conservatism & fall of liberalism in euro - took part in the emergence of the Concert of Europe. saw French & Amer Revs violent bloodshed that he attributed to the rise of liberalism as a political ideological force. >> concluded that authoritarian, conservative government were necessary to maintain stability and peace. another root to his conservatism was the multiethnic culture of Austria that could collapse if liberal and national ideas were to spread.

gorbachev

Leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. Wanting reform the society union and communism, but failed. • supported glasnost (policy for openness, think glass=clear) & perestroika (restructuring reform, a step closer to "free market")

nationalism

The ideas of nationalism left a lasting impact on European society which would become a factor of influence in politics and created the desire for an independent political state. It also encouraged disintegration with other people and created the idea of "us" versus "them." The idea that each people has its own specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history. Politicians like Bismarck and Cavour would later use nationalism to their advantage in unifying Germany and Italy. Some people also saw nationalism as dangerous, especially after the Revolutions of 1848. The realization of the emergence of nationalism was in French patriotism during the Napoleonic Wars.

romanticism

a cultural movement that emerged as a revolt against Enlightenment ideals - after the violence of the French Rev that was inspired by the Enlightenment. later on in the century, realism would emerge to oppose romanticism. Romantics valued intuition and nostalgia (emotion) for the past, over social issues and progress. - inspiration from religious ecstasy, over secularization . In art and literature, ordinary things were heavily glorified. This same change occured in music with dramatic and loud compositions.

concert of europe

allowed for the emergence of conservatism in euro politics (meant to maintain a balance of powers with strict opposition against revolutionary ideals) Liberal revolutions throughout euro & south amer would later undermine conservative idealism. **Metternich of Austria: opposed liberalism & nationalism >> HOLY ALLIANCE between Russia, Prussia, and Austria, sought to repress liberal & revolutionary movements in euro - Spain & talian Kingdom of Two Sicilies attacked by the Holy Alliance to reverse revolutionary movements that occurred there. - Karlsbad Decrees that was meant to root out any liberal or revolutionary ideals. HOWEVER, successful revolutions in France, Belgium, and on a large scale throughout South America showed how powerful liberal ideas and showed the limits of conservative control.

solidarity ( poland )

an independent trade union that worked for the rights of workers and brought an end to communism in poland. • was an embarrassment to the communist party bc of its irony — in the shipyard rebellion, the same ppl they sought to help rebelled against them. • heavily inspired when pope paul was elected as pope. most were typically italians, so this was seen as a sense of pride for the polish.

immigration to europe

began in the 1970s when immigrants from africa, asia, and eastern europe began to move west for more oppertunities, whether legal or illegal. • a large portion sought refuge from communist-ridden countries • tensions rose due to competition, for "natives" feared they were coming to take jobs. • many immigrants were neither skilled nor educated because of past circumstances, hence the struggle to gain job positions in western europe

industrial revolution 1 ( to 1840's )

began technological growth in the 19th century • caused a pattern of urbanization & growing social classes. • new inventions ( mainly from britain ) came from high demand of textiles from putting-out industry. • spinning jenny, water frame, & power loom greatly increased production intro of steam engines & coal also improved factories • > iron to markets. • improvements required workers to work with the machines. • demand for workers began the movement of people from rural to urban areas. The growing number of workers, also created a greater division between the proletariats (working-class) and the bourgeoisie (property owners), and a greater gender division of labor.

iron curtain

churchil's metaphor that separated the eastern bloc from the west. it was a symbol of division

men & women ( roles )

end of family work patterns >> new pattern of separate spheres between men & women. - men were the main wage earners bc women were generally segregated to jobs that were "suited for them" ( spinning, and needlework. ) - women stuck at home as housewives and moms most working women were part of a poor family or unmarried. >> men became the "breadwinners", or the wage earners, of the family. laws passed to restrict women like: - Mines Act of 1842: prohibited women and young girls from working underground.

hitler / nazi

hitler rose to popularity after the publishing of his book, "mein kampf" (my struggle). • around 1924-1929, he created the nazi party, while putting an emphasis on anti-capitalist elements to appeal to the order class. (in 1919, he had joined a small extremist group called the "german worker party" in munich. • in 1933, he was appointed president by president hindenburg (whose downfall, caused by intensifying economic collapse during his presidency, raised hitler's appeal to the public.) • sought "national rebirth" the enabling act: basically gave hitler absolute dictatorial power for four years • nazi storm trooper (sa) and elite personal guard (ss) • jews, slavic ppl, roma, jehovah's witnesses, & handicapped faced brutal repression

1989 revolutions

of course, these began in poland • this was the same year the berlin wall opened & solidarity was legalized

napoleon iii

popular bc of his uncle napoleon bonaparte

conservatism

rose to oppose liberalism as an ideal that could bring about stability and peace - standing point for the Holy Alliance of the Concert of Europe to justify its policies against liberal ideas. - popularity of conservatism rose from pessimistic ideas about liberalism. - Some believed that liberal ideas led to violent revolutions in America and France and concluded that liberalism could only cause violence and instability. Only an authoritarian government could maintain stability and peace through the repression of liberal and revolutionary ideas.

terrorism in europe ( since 1960s )

the use of intentional violence to yield fear in order to achieve power-driven motives. typically were small radical groups that weren't popular enough to run in elections, hence why they resorted to instilling fear into people and threaten the government into giving them their way. • for religious, political, or idealogical reasons • includes ireland's ira ( ireland republican army ) that sought to halt british rule in northern ireland • 9/11 attack

liberalism (classic)

was backbone to several revolutions such as the American & French revs. - served as a model for modern politics in Europe. The principal ideas: were equality and liberty, along with the demand for a representative government. ex: Laissez faire: an economic policy of liberalism that called for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.

bourgeoisie / proletariat

• class differences brought about by the Industrial Revolution & changing working patterns > division between the proletariats (working-class) and the bourgeoisie (property-owners). The growing number of workers in urban and industrial society created this greater class divisions. This division would define society and inspire Marxism in later decades. The increased number of workers and differences between classes created a new class-consciousness where people were aware of their belonging to a class.

habsburg

❏ ( 1450 - 1600 ) powerhouse that got influence by marrying into higher ranks had lots of land across europe including aragon, castile, austria, burgundy, etc • figures: charles v of spain, phillip ii of spain ( a devout catholic )

calvin

❏ ( 1450 - 1600 ) • john calvin, a french theologian that believed in the omnipotence of god • belief in predestination • church and state should not be separated ( shown when he was invited to geneva for their reforms )

protestant reformation

❏ ( 1450 - 1600 ) • martin luther: a devout monk/friar concerned with salvation. gained influence by his preaches. 95 THESES. • key figures:

printing press

❏ ( 1450 - 1600 ) importance: fueled the spread of books ( made them more inexpensive & efficient ). more copies of the bible were available to read ( & argue about ). partially spread renaissance ideas to the "north". • caved way for the protestant reformation bc ppl had more access to the bible

henry iv

❏ ( 1450 - 1600 ) AKA HENRY OF NAVARRE • initially protestant • became catholic fo make ppl catholic & passed edict of nantes ( granted protestants same civil rights as catholics ) • layed foundations of absolutist rule in france • brought french religious wars to a stop

new monarchy

❏ ( 1450 - 1600 ) a 15h century concept for rulers that created a centralized government • key aspects: money, muscle ( army ), & organization • took the place of medieval feudal system, reducing the power of the nobility with taxation & clergy ( church ) • NOT ABSOLUTE MONARCHS • heavily influenced by machiavelli's THE PRINCE & castiglione's COURTIER • figures: ferdinand & isabella of spain

loyola / jesuits

❏ ( 1450 - 1600 ) a religious order founded by ignatius of loyola, who was a converted knight. mission: counter-reformation through education • committed to doing good deeds to achieve salvation • a key role in enticing euros to involve themselves into catholic living again

french religious wars

❏ ( 1450 - 1600 ) consisted of tensions between catholics and french huguenots • st bartholemew's massacre ( assassination directed at huguenots) • edict of nantes ( view henry iv )

italian renaissance humanism

❏ ( 1450 - 1600 ) italian renaissance humanism promotes the idea of the "renaissance man", which focuses on man and his individual virtues. studies focus on latin and greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature. think liberal arts. it served as an alternative to medieval thought secular, patronage ( lorenzo medici ), more of a reviving • key figure: petrarch

Luther

❏ ( 1450 - 1600 ) launched the protestant reformation of the 16th reformation • didn't like indulgences that were sold • salvation from faith alone, rather than "good deeds" bc he saw it as bribery • 1517, 95 THESES***, a catalyst for the protestant reformation.

overseas expansion

❏ ( 1450 - 1600 ) • a need for open ocean trade routes as cities grew dense, food was scarce & high prices. ECONOMY RELIGION AND GLORY! • gov sponsored voyages • putting-out system, mercantilism, colombian exchange • > age of discovery > advancements • > spanish golden age • introduced new foods like potatoes to euro • figures: henry the navigator of portugal, vasco de gama & india, christopher colombus

catholic / counter-reformation

❏ ( 1450 - 1600 ) • bc catholic countries began losing followers to protestantism. reforms to reduce corruption • in early 1500s, popes were basically gangsters • council of trent • ignatius loyola found jesuits ( society of jesus ) • st teresa of avila: • COUNCIL OF TRENT 1545-1563 encouraged by pope paul iii to reconcile with protestants. 7 sacraments were approved & outlawed sale of indulgences

italian renaissance art

❏ ( 1450 - 1600 ) • began in florence, italy. spread to the rest of europe some time in the 1500s. • included the study of body and nature to bring a sense of "rebirth" to realistic art. included aspects of balance and harmony. create an illusion of depth • SECULAR & DRAMATIC • utilized by high-ranking figures ( rulers, popes ) to enhance their prestige • key figures: raphael, botticelli, da vinci

elizabeth i

❏ ( 1450 - 1600 ) • daughter of anne boleyn and elizabeth i, who philip ii wanted to marry her but was refused. she remained unmarried, (MARRIED TO HER COUNTRY) • supported the dutch revolt • came to be one of england's greatest rulers • sought a middle ground between protestants and catholics, made COMMON BOOK OF PRAYER • helps establish the church of england • her throne went to james stuart (scottish king), who believed in his own divine right

henry viii

❏ ( 1450 - 1600 ) • hella ( six ) wives that included anne boleyn, jane seymour, catherine of aragon, etc. • made himself head of the church in england so he can divorce catherine for anne & severed ties w the roman catholic church • "defender of the faith" for going against lutheranism • believed he was being punished by god for incest (marrying catherine, his late brother's wife, for the spanish alliance, bc couldn't have sons) • anglican church that put the king at the head of state & appeared very catholic children: mary tudor, edward vi, and elizabeth i

dutch revolt

❏ ( 1450 - 1600 ) • key figure: phillip ii • bc they viewed ^ as a foreigner, who was primarily absent and was cooped away in spain. • economically wealthy bc of fishing and banking • were mainly protestant (esp the north) • william of orange (the silent) opposed phillip • union of utrecht: 7 northern provinces declared independence from spain • supported by elizabeth i

northern & christian humanism

❏ ( 1450 - 1600 ) • much more religious ( christian ) than italian renaissance humanism. • last quarter of the 15th century in the low countries ( belgium, luxemborg, and the netherlands ) brought by italian students • figures hoped to improve the world • key figure(s): erasmus ( & his "praise of the folly", holland ) & thomas more ( & his "utopia", england )

charles v

❏ ( 1450 - 1600 ) • ruler of holy roman empire ( not very holy or roman, pointed out by voltaire ) and spanish empire • as opposed to his son, phillip ii, he was all over the world, while phillip for the most part remained in spain • known as a "defender of faith". saw himself as a catholic crusader, but he had to much land to govern. • signed the 1955 peace of augsburg, which ended a civil conflict in the HRE between roman catholics & lutherans • split empire between brother ferdinand and son phillip

phillip ii of spain

❏ ( 1450 - 1600 ) • son of charles v, obsessed with religious unity • spanish armanda • built the escorial, who had a grill-like architectural design to honor st lawrence, who was burned on a grill

machiavelli

❏ ( 1450 - 1600 ) • wrote "the prince" ( 1532 ), "it is safer to be feared than loved". "realist" view of politics, war was necessary. set an example for rules in a manipulative manner. • led to the rising of the "new monarchs" • a frenchman

english civil war

❏ ( 1600 - 1715 ) ( view charles i of england ) england became a constitutional monarchy as a result of this, charles i believed in absolutist rule which clashed w parliament

thirty years war

❏ ( 1600 - 1715 ) 1618-1648 religious conflict that began in the holy roman empire. consequence of luther's reformation. deadliest religious war. • peace of augsburg 1555 ( ruler — prince — decides religion • four phases BDSF: bohemian > danish > swedish ( gustavus adolphus, protestant** ) > french • peace of westphalia 1648 ended the war, weakens HRE emperor

serfdom in eastern europe

❏ ( 1600 - 1715 ) a way for eastern monarchs to gain noble support, by giving them authority over their serfs, who were exploited for the production of grain. • serfs lived heavily restricted lives, needing their lord's permission for most of the time

absolutism

❏ ( 1600 - 1715 ) belief that a monarch had absolute ruler, accompanied by the divine right of kings key figure: louis xiv around 17th and 18th century europe

peter the great of russia

❏ ( 1600 - 1715 ) came to throne in 1689, made russia a military and naval power, obsessed with western society ( westernized russian culture ) • built st PETERsburg • married to catherine the great

glorious revolution of 1688

❏ ( 1600 - 1715 ) during this, william of orange and mary were crowned after catholic king james ii ( who appointed catholics to parliament & alarmed anglicans) after james ii had a catholic infant son, william and mary were invited to take the throne

dutch republic

❏ ( 1600 - 1715 ) house of orange, 7 states (holland) • very wealthy bc of their coastal location & was very tolerant. + had amazing banking system • politically independent, no absolutist ruler came to be bc of treaty of utrecht against the spanish.

charles i of england

❏ ( 1600 - 1715 ) son of james i of england, attempted to rule under divine right • needed lots of money throughout his reign dissolved parliament & england faced 11 years of his tyranny • > english civil wars parliament bc of power struggles • was executed

louis xiv

❏ ( 1600 - 1715 ) • " the sun king ", minister cardinal mazarin • called for the creation of the palace of versailles (which was used to keep nobles/enemies close. presence was required at the palace, but situations are unlikable — crowded, betrayals, etc. • ^ treatment of nobles partially caused by fronde (a series of revolts that sought to limit the monarchy.). wanted to control them • absolutist monarch that never called the estates general

locke

❏ ( 1600 - 1715 ) • believed in the natural rights of men: LIFE, LIBERTY, AND PROPERTY. • philosophy later came to shape modern philosophy • influenced french and american revolution

richelieu

❏ ( 1600 - 1715 ) • chief minister to king louis iii of france hired by marie de medici • transformed france into a strong centralized state & increased power of monarchy, sought political absolutism • tore down noble castles • part of why louis xiv is seen the way he is today

newton

❏ ( 1600 - 1715 ) • english scientist • know for creating rules of physics (3 laws of motion, which supported copernicius's heliocentric theory )

scientific revolution

❏ ( 1600 - 1715 ) • era of scientific thought that challenged classical beliefs • copernicius - heliocentric belief, looked down on by the church • kepler's planetary laws ( including elliptical orbit ) IMPORTANT BC... • improved medicine • transformed society

cromwell

❏ ( 1600 - 1715 ) • leader of parliamentment during the glorious revolution that drove out monarchists. however he later came to be a military dictator after charles i was beheaded. • ruled without parliament, had support of military • > glorious revolution, when charles ii took the throne but was extremely ineffective. > catholic king james ii > reign of william of orange and mary

witch craze

❏ ( 1600 - 1715 ) • majority of accused witches were women or widows, they were believed to be connected to the devil (whether bc of temptation, insecurity, etc)

spanish decline

❏ ( 1600 - 1715 ) • suffered under phillip ii's rule. esp economically (went bankrupt) bc horrible economy and failed crusade & gained competition from colonial france and england. + overtaxation • phillip's spanish inquisition ( that persecuted jews, muslims, and heretics) caused ppl to leave and take their skills with them • lack of will to reform

baroque

❏ ( 1600 - 1715 ) • was a realistic art style that had dramatic lighting and colors • emerged shortly around the time of the catholic counterreformation meant to inspire pious behavior in the mundane

british / french rivalry

❏ ( 1715 - 1815 ) - British Navigation Acts ( basically economic warfare ). - rivalry that eventually paved way for britain's dominance #1 War of Spanish Succession. - an alliance of Spain + France threatened Britain's colonies in North America. - Louis XIV's army was defeated & forced to cede its North American territories. Spain gave control of the slave trade to Britain. Thus, Britain won the first round. #2 War of Austrian Succession where Frederick II of Prussia seized Silesia from Maria Theresa of Austria (who was supported by Britain). rivalry and competition for american territory and west indes, leading to the seven years wars, who the french + native americans were defeated by britain.

prussia 1700's

❏ ( 1715 - 1815 ) during this time, frederick williams i paved way for a strong prussian army and frederick the great promoted education and domestic reforms

joseph ii

❏ ( 1715 - 1815 ) son of maria theresa • he was an enlightened despot that launched a multitude of educational reforms ( and other domestic reforms ) • abolished serfdom (peasants pay w $$ instead of labor), religious tolerance, - reforms later reversed by brother leopold ii

enlightened despotism

❏ ( 1715 - 1815 ) 18th century monarchs ( mainly absolutists ) that embraced enlightenment ideas • religious tolerance, promotion of education, embracing culture & art to do the best for their people and gain support ex: catherine the great

enlightenment

❏ ( 1715 - 1815 ) 18th century period of scientific and philosophical advancement. • people sought to understand human nature through rational reason and logic.

congress of vienna

❏ ( 1715 - 1815 ) TOOK PLACE IN 1815 hosted in vienna to bring ap euro back to the state it was before napoleon's rule • set a balance of power between the european nations • austria's metternich, foreign minister

putting-out system

❏ ( 1715 - 1815 ) a domestic system where a family was given raw goods from a large corporation to craft products and send them for the corp. to sell. usually workers worked at home, but some worked at workshops

frederick ii the great

❏ ( 1715 - 1815 ) an enlightened despot who invaded maria theresa's silesia. his reforms followed his father's frederick william i. • best known for his military campaigns cameralism: view that monarchy was the best form of government if they and the state used its resources and authority to increase the public good

catherine the great

❏ ( 1715 - 1815 ) german princess that killed unpopular husband peter iii with lover george orlov continued to westernize russia and champion the enlightenment friends with figures such as voltaire and diderot ( encyclopedia editor ) • pugachev attempted to revolt against her on behalf of the serfs, was a peasant rebellion that was defeated by catherine's army

population growth

❏ ( 1715 - 1815 ) mortality rate of somewhat lower than fertility rate. as deaths became less common in children, parents grew more attached to their children & raising them • more children are born out of wedlock - longer lifespans = more time to make babies

napoleon

❏ ( 1715 - 1815 ) napoleon bonaparte was a national hero that rose thru the ranks due to his popularity, where he eventually seized power and became a military dictator. he became emperor in 1804. passed the napoleonic code that granted all men equal rights congress of vienna was to repair europe to it's pre-napoleonic state. was later exiled to elba.

agricultural revolution

❏ ( 1715 - 1815 ) old techniques were inefficient, consisting of allowing land to lie fallow (with of little use) for a period of time. this led to food shortages and malnourishment • the rebirth of agrarian prosperity, which led to a better quality of life • crop rotation, arrival of new crops from the americas, used potatoes and clover to restore nitrogen in the soil

french rev '91 - '94

❏ ( 1715 - 1815 ) previous rev allowed for rise of napoleon. • reign of terror led by robespierre, who paved way for his extremely radical ideals • just after the king was overthrown & france was a republic

atlantic trade

❏ ( 1715 - 1815 ) sold slaves, gold, raw matierals, etc. > spread disease and invasive species

french rev to '91

❏ ( 1715 - 1815 ) • louis xvi needed money bc of the seven years war so he raised taxes. the rich/nobles were hardly affected by it. • his wife marie antoinette also wasted money on fashion. • estates general was unfair to the peasants (1st clergy, 2nd nobility, 3rd peasants) Tennis Court Oath: established the National Assembly (1st revolutionary legislature) & proposed to write a new constitution. >> violent repression of the Third Estate. >> led to the storming of Bastille by peasants. inspired king to allow the National Assembly to continue. - peasant revolts continued >> Great Fear of violent French revolts. This fears convinced the French of the need for a new constitution. On August 27, 1789, the National Assembly issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. - this established a constitutional monarchy that would prove to be ineffective later on.

montesquieu / voltaire / rousseau

❏ ( 1715 - 1815 ) • voltaire: believed freedom of speech was a weapon against a corrupted government. spoke out against corrupt french government and intolerance of catholic church. was an atheist • rousseau: argued that government should protect the common good, wrote the "social contract" ( gov guided by general will ) & "emile" ( argued that education for children should be focused on natural instincts and curiosity) • montesquieu: known for criticizing politics and religion — esp absolutist monarchs. developed the idea of checks of power & balance.