5x5 Simplified

Charles I of England

-A divine right king of England who's anti-Parliament rule led to the English Civil War. -Believed that he should hold all the power, which is why he refused to call Parliament for eleven years. He was also a high church Anglican, who believed in adding more fancy rituals to the church -Tried to impose fancy rituals on Scotland. Scotland revolted, and Charles was unable to put the rebellion down without Parliament.

Montesquieu/Voltaire/Rousseau

-A group of French Enlightenment thinkers, called philosophers, who inspired a new age of reason in En. -The writings and thoughts of these philosophers introduced new political ideas to European society -Montesquieu wrote the "Spirit of Laws" and "Persian Letters", which established the enlightenment thinkers way of challenging and criticizing established beliefs. Voltaire challenged established religion by advocating for religious toleration, and separation of church and state. Rousseau said that the government should support the general will and opinions of its people. He wrote "The Social Contract". He planted seeds of romanticism.

French Religious Wars

-A group of wars fought between Protestants and Catholics. -It acted as a civil war in France because the monarchy was weak and almost half of the nobles were calvinists. -Led to the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, where Catholics attacked Calvinists at the wedding of Margaret of Valois and Henry of Navarre, who were marrying to unify the Catholics and the Huguenots, which started the war of three Henrys.

Printing Press

-A machine created by Gutenburg that transfers ink from woodblock to paper -Made the spread of information a lot quicker and more accessible to the public -Luther and the Protestant reformation spread (95 theses?)

Protestant Reformation

-A movement started by Martin Luther that led to a break from the Catholic Church bc they were corrupt -Created Protestantism, subcategories were Lutheranism and Calvinism -Inspired Luthers 95 theses because he hated indulgences

Bourgeoisie/Proletariat

-A new class structure created by the industrial revolution, a new form of nobles and peasants. The b and p acted as employees and employers. -Bourgeoisie were the middle class, which worked as skilled laborers and employers. They had more free time and were able to gain political power. -Proletariats were wage earners who worked for the bourgeoisie. They had a terrible standard of living because they worked in factories for long hours for small amount of money. (compare and contrast)

Italian Renaissance Art

-A new style of art that developed during this time -Focused on being realistic and art based on science -DaVinci was a popular artist

Enlightenment

-A philosophical movement of the 18th century that challenged traditional ideas by stressing reason over faith, natural laws, and progress. -It created concepts of human rights and encouraged scientific thinking, believing that reason and science could solve social problems and society. -The Enlightenment also brought up religious toleration, and contributed to the beginning of the decline of religion. Voltaire and his theory of deism, thought of God as distant. More notable enlightenment thinkers were Montesquieu and Rousseau.

French Revolution to 1791

-A revolution that would lead to a new constitutional monarchy the more revolution, was a result of peasant's resentment of heavy taxes on the poor and none on the rich (nobility). -To begin economic reform, Louis XVI had to call the Estates General, which was made up 3 levels: the clergy, nobility, and everyone else. With this disproportionality, the third estate felt unhappy with their lack of representation. This lead to the Oath of the Tennis Court, where they vowed to write a constitution, and changed their name to the National Assembly. In 1789, the storming of Bastille occurred, as did the Great Fear. (Robespierre) -This led to a constitution, and the creation of a constitutional monarchy. The National Assembly also wrote The Declaration of Rights of Man, giving sovereignty to the French people. However, the constitutional monarchy proved to be ineffective, leading to more revolution for this country.

Putting-Out System

-A system where peasants got raw materials from a merchant, then returned the finished product to him. -It slowly brought Europe into a stage of manufacturing, opened up consumer markets and laid the groundwork for the Industrial Revolution. It brought a shift from self-sustaining work to wage-earning, and is often called the industrious revolution. -It was mainly cotton and wool spinning and weaving, and happened mainly in England before the industrial revolution.

English Civil War

-A war that began because Charles I refused to call Parliament. He believed he was a divine right leader, and therefore should have the ultimate power. -In trying to impose rituals on Scotland, they revolted and Charles could not stop them without Parliament. -He called them and passed the Triennial Acts, which meant Parliament had to be called at least every three years. This led to a civil war between the king (divine right monarchy and fancy rituals) and Parliament (Cromwell, representative kingdom, less fancy rituals).

Machievelli

-An Italian diplomat and author who emerged during the Italian Renaissance -Wrote novels

Locke

-An early enlightenment thinker and philosopher who argued that man is born with natural rights to "life, liberty and property". -He wrote the Second Treatise of Government, and said that government is created by man to protect man's rights. If a government does not provide this the people have a right to rebel. -Men are born blank slates, (tabula rasa). His thoughts inspired political change and revolution in Europe

Joseph II

-Austrian was an Enlightened Absolutist, whose ineffective reforms revealed the limitations of Enlightenment thinking. -He was the most Enlightened of the enlightened despots, and set out to have his policies reflect that. He was religiously tolerant of all faiths, including Jews. He encouraged education, and abolished serfdom and made labor become cash payments with rent. He also abolished torture and got rid of the death penalty. -He was the least liked and least successful of the Enlightened Despots. He didn't have support from the Junker nobility which was necessary for reform. His reforms were not effective.

Henry IV

-Became King of France after War of Three Henrys. Civil war between Henry III, Henry Guise, and Henry of Navarre (IV). -In order to become king he became Catholic because all he wanted was girls. -Edict of Nantes to protect his Huguenot buddies. (where protestant is already can continue to be)

Prussia 1700s

-Became a powerful country because of the political activity of the Hohenzollerns, who laid the groundwork for consolidation of power in the Age of Absolutism. -The rulers of Prussia held power because they had loyalty of the Junkers. They reformed education and built their army up to be one of the best in the world. -The dynasty of sorts started with Frederick William, the Great Elector, who garnered control of the country. He got Junker support by allowing them to turn peasants to serfs. Frederick I built up a huge army, got new territory, and was crowned the first king of Prussia. His son, Frederick William I, the Soldier King, transformed Prussia into a military state. His policies of peasant bondage and Junker tyranny laid out an example for future absolutist and militaristic states.

Population Growth

-Because of the agricultural revolution, more people had access to nutrition, which resulted in longer lives and major population growth. -The population growth did not happen because of higher birth rates, but because of lower mortality rates. Women were able to have more babies because of new opportunities for employment in the cottage industry. -Lower mortality rates came from new preventive medicine such as the smallpox vaccine and from improvements of water supply and sewage which promoted better health standards.

British/French Rivalry

-Beginning the British Navigation Acts (economic warfare), was Britain and France locked into colonial competition that lasted through several different wars, but ultimately led to British dominance. -They fought in multiple wars against each other, including the War of Spanish Succession, the War of Austrian Succession, and the 7 years war. -The 7 Years War was the beginning of the end for France, because it was forced to give up some of its colonies.

Richelieu

-Cardinal. The Chief Minister of France during the reign of Louis XIII. -Main goal was to increase the power of the monarchy while decreasing the power of the nobility. -He did this through outlawing castles and private armies of the nobles, and by creating generalities run by intendants.

Agricultural Revolution

-Caused by new techniques in farming, and led to a population explosion, then trade and manufacturing -The rise of agricultural markets helped build England's role in international markets even before the rise of cottage industry. -Before the new developments, the problems peasants faced included: soil exhaustion, low production, low nourishment of peasants, and ineffective domestication (fallowing, nitrogen storing crops etc)

Metternich

-Conservative foreign minister of Austria. He started the Concert of Europe to suppress liberal revolutions in Europe and keep it conservative. -He believed that an authoritarian, conservative government was necessary to maintain peace/ stability. He also played a role in the congress of Vienna. -Metternich created the Karlsbad Decrees, which were meant to limit the press on liberalism to keep Austria conservative. The Karlsbad Decrees would punish organizations, fire teachers, and expel students who advocated liberalism.

Glorious Revolution

-England's bloodless overthrow of King James II of England to William & Mary of Orange -Due to a revolution caused by James II's want to return England to Catholicism -Whigs & Tories of Parliament basically invited William & Mary to take throne back

Industrial Revolution

-European societies began to industrialize and urbanize, a change to factories and cities from cottage manufacturing and rural villages. -It created a new social class system of the bourgeoisie (middle class) and proletariat (working class). The change to factories began in Britain, with the invention of steam power. James Watt improved the steam engine, which allowed products to be made much faster for less money. It revolutionized the textile industry, with the Spinning Jenny and factories, and Cotton and cloth became the biggest products -Industrial revolution was the beginning of the -isms, including nationalism, socialism, communism, for these ideas had never been discussed before the creation of the working class.

Habsburgs

-Extremely powerful Catholic family based in Austria. Started with Ferdinand and Isabella and gave to Charles V -CV created and ruled over the HRE. He fought a lot of religious wars because he was very Catholic -Warfare from within and without, particularly with the Ottoman Empire, lead to instability and the eventual breakup of Habsburg territory. Phillip II came next.

John Calvin

-Founded Calvinism during the Protestant, founded the city of Geneva in Switzerland, which acted as a protestant version of Rome -Main belief was in predestination and that God was powerful and humans were weak -French Calvinists were called Hugenots

Napoleon

-French general who became France's Emperor 1799-1815; he gave the country stability in turn for lesser free speech & expression -The Napoleonic Code the made the middle & lower classes happier, the 1802 Concordat that had Cath Church & the French government compromise, more education, progress, & religious toleration; Spain guerrillas rebelled as Napoleon failed in Russia, & his subsequent demise has him sent of to Elba. He ended up coming back to France, where he lost fully & finally in the famous Battle of Waterloo, where he was then sent of to the island of St. Helena to rot

Henry VIII

-King of England who split from the Catholic Church because he wanted a divorce -Created the Anglican Church and divorced his wife because she did not give him a son -Anglican Church slowly became more Protestant

Martin Luther

-Leader of the Protestant Reformation -Wrote the 95 theses, which were grievances against the Catholic Church -Belief in only following 2 of 7 sacraments and thought indulgences were unfair and untrue

Concert of Europe

-Led by Austria's foreign minister, Metternich, was a meeting of European countries to achieve the goal of keeping Europe conservative, to take it back to its "glory days". It was also made to prevent rulers like Napoleon who became too powerful -Meant to keep liberalism under control. Conservative leaders feared liberalism like leaders today fear terrorism. -The other big powers in the Concert of Europe were Castlereagh of Britain and Alexander I of Russia.

Loyola/Jesuits

-Loyola was the creator of the Jesuits. Made during the Catholic Counter Reformation and were a collection of really really smart men. -Successful because of the missionary work they did in other countries. Close obedience to pope. -Female version were nuns called Ursuline's.

Urbanization

-People moving to cities for work, leading to lower standards of living, filth, disease, and overcrowding. Overcrowding was due to the fact that people had to move to cities to get a job and money, and public transportation did not exist yet. -Urbanization led to the rise of the bourgeoisie and proletariat classes, and a greater sense of social class. Cities were tightly packed and poorly constructed. -City reorganization, or urban planning, restructured cities to alleviate the overcrowding problem. Another urban development was the use of electric streetcars which allowed for cities to become more spread out

Witch Craze

-Period where people (especially women widows) were accused of witchcraft, reflecting strong rural christian beliefs that magic was heresy -It grew out of the Reformation era but before a new era of scientific thinking -The newly heightened sense of religion in the Reformation also heightened the belief that the Devil played a role in society's problems and witches worked

Marx/Engels

-Philosophers who co-authored many famous books, including The Communist Manifesto, which outlined the necessary provisions to make communism a reality. This was their response to capitalism. -Marx believed that evolution was a struggle between the classes and that there was always one group who controlled capital and ensured their dominance. -Marx hated when working class received benefits because they would be less likely to rise up and instead succumb to the government.

Catholic Counter-Reformation

-Response to the Protestant Reformation -Papal Roman Inquisition: if you don't follow the Pope you die, Banned Books: everything that was not Catholic, Council of Trent: aimed to reform church but basically solidified everything church was already doing -Unsuccessful bc Rome wasn't even Protestant

Charles V

-Ruled Spain and the HRE, defender of the Catholic faith, spent his career fighting heretics and infidels -He was the king during the German Religious Wars (Habsburg Valois Wars), which he lost (Peace of Augsburg allowed German princes to choose Catholic or Protestant) -His biggest rival was Francis I of France because all of France's aspirations came at the expense of Charles V

Catherine the Great

-Russia's Enlightened absolutist and who furthered Russia's westernization. Her rise to power came from her planned assassination of her husband. From this, she set out to rule inspired by the Enlightenment. -Her main goal was to continue Peter the Great's westernization. She imported Western intellectuals and artists, and sponsored Diderot -Slowly but surely, she restricted the practice of torture and allowed limited religious toleration. However, these were reversed after Pugachev's Rebellion, a serf uprising. Decided that the serfs could not be freed.

Issac Newton

-Scientist and mathematician who discovered gravity. He hypothesized the basis of physics. -He found inspiration from the new scientific teachings of Kepler and Galileo. Newtons 3 laws of motion -In his book, Principia, he combines both of their works into a cohesive idea, gravity. law that states all objects are attracted to each other in a precise mathematical relationship. believed that the world was a machine created by God (deism).

Serfdom in Eastern Europe

-Serfdom was the status of many peasants under the feudal system, where serfs were not owned like slaves, but were still working on their landlord's land. -In Eastern Europe, serfdom was especially brutal. Serfs worked unpaid labor for six days a week, and also had to pay their own bills and provide for themselves -This was especially enforced in Russia, where serfs worked the robot (unpaid labor) for most of their free time. The serfs were a major part of the tsar's power.

Northern Christian Humanism

-Similar to IRH but focused on the study of religious novels -Aimed to reform the Catholic Church -Novels that emerged: Utopia and Erasmus

Phillip II

-Son of Charles V. Ruler of Spain but bitter because he wanted to rule the HRE. Owned the Escorial and established Spain as Catholic. -Reinvigorated the Inquisition, and sought to get rid of Jews and Muslims from Spain. This made Spain less competitive with less hard workers. Blew all of Spain's silver on religious warfare and made Spain broke. -Tried to impose taxes on Netherlands which led to the Dutch revolt and the defeat of the Spanish Armada.

Spanish Decline

-Spains decline was due to Inflation, bankruptcy, a small middle class, and religious intolerance -Due to Phillip II and his unrealistic ideas -1. kicked out muslims and Jews, 2. spent all the silver on crusades, 3. caused inflation and Dutch revolt

1848 Revolutions

-Started in France and spread through Europe, as the middle and working classes of many European countries fought to overthrow their leaders. They achieved very little or nothing at all. These marked the decline of romanticism and the rise of nationalism. -First uprising was in France which led to the June days, second was Austria (Ferdinand I ends serf) then Germany (Fred Will asserted power) -France won, everyone else lost

Overseas Expansion

-Started in Portugal and Spain because of wealth and greed and wanting to teach Catholic overseas. -This exploration was made possible by new technology: caravel, triangular sail and compass -COLUMBUS FOUND AMERICA. Gama went to India. Led to Colombian exchange and triangular trade.

Louis XIV

-Sun King of France & strongest European ruler in terms of absolutism/divine right of kings -Strengthened French monarchy & Palace of Versailles. -Took away the power of the noblemen, who became obsessed with the many ceremonies the king had, keeping the only people who could theoretically take away his power very close.

Enlightened Despotism

-System of government supported by leading philosophers where an absolute ruler uses their power for good of the people to rationalize their rule instead of divine right/heredity. -Enlightened monarchs supported religious tolerance, increased economic productivity, administrative reform -Joseph II, Frederick the Great, & Catherine the Great were best-known

Elizabeth I

-THE VIRGIN QUEEN OF ENGLAND. Never married. ----Her reign led to a peaceful period called the "Elizabethan Age" where authors such as Shakespeare rose. She declared the Anglican Church the official Church of England, and balanced the budget. -She made the country a protestant country, but retained many catholic traditions.

Frederick II (the Great)

-The King of Prussia who ruled as an Enlightened Despot who brought reforms in Prussia -Very in touch with the Enlightenment, as he was friends with Voltaire. He promoted religious and philosophical tolerance, and a better education system, with secondary school. He abolished the use of torture and created a unified law system. -He didn't abolish serfdom because he needed the support from the Junker nobility, and because they were the backbone of the labor system.

Cromwell

-The dictator/militaristic leader of the England's Protectorate government, who ended up driving England away from absolutist rule -Cromwell was the military leader and hero of the English Civil Wars, fighting for Parliament and rights and the riddance of an absolutist king -He basically made himself a king. Cromwell believed that God had given him the power to succeed, and the power to be the king of a Godly nation

Absolutism

-The idea that a monarch or ruler has absolute and complete power over their country, not limited by anything like a constitution. -Nerfed the power of nobles and the church -Louis XIV of France exemplified absolute qualities such as his glorified palace in Versailles. However, he faced limits of absolutism in order to retain stability and security.

30 Years War

-The last euro religious war fought in 4 phases- Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, & French -The war was Prot Union vs Cath League & it turned into French vs Spain -destruction of German lands by the end as well as the Peace of Westphalia, which recognized Calvinism

Conservatism

-The movement to return Europe to a place that valued tradition, monarchies, the nobility, and old religion. -Conservatives regarded tradition as the basic source of human institutions and the proper state and society remained those before the French Revolution which rested in a monarchy and a strong established church. -"Only like change if it's changing it back to the way it was". Leader- Metternich of Austria

Romanticism

-The revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, embracing emotion and feelings, and turning away from reason. It was a change from rational to emotional. -They had a nostalgia for things they were before. Romantics focused on the history of different people and cultures which was the starting point of nationalism. -Romantic artist: Delacroix who painted "liberty leading the people". Author: Victor Hugo, author of The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Wordsworth's poetry.

Italian Renaissance Humanism

-The study of humans & their nature -Brought back the study of Greek and Latin Texts for the study of humans -Novels that emerged: The Prince by Machiavelli and The Courtier by Castiglione

Dutch Revolt

-The successful revolt of Northern Netherlands against the Spanish King, Philip II. -The Netherlands were originally part of Philip II's inheritance. However, when Philip II tried to impose Catholicism/taxes on the Protestant, specifically Calvinist, society in the Netherlands, so they rebelled -The Dutch Revolt was led by William of Orange. They got military and financial support from Elizabeth I and England. The Dutch revolt was half successful: North-Independent, South- under Spanish control

New Monarchies

-The term for monarchies that developed in France, England and Spain around money, muscle and organization -Succeeded in reestablishing centralized royal authority, suppressing the nobility, and controlling the church -Charles VII, Louis XI and Ferdinand and Isabella were all divine right monarchs

Scientific Revolution

-The turn to scientific thought and reason from religion. It undermined old teachings, including religion, and ancient scientific theories from the Greeks and Romans. -It marked the beginning of the scientific method, which used logic, experiments, and reasoning to explain the universe. Science, which was previously faith based, begin to be based off of facts, logic, and reasoning. -Copernicus & heliocentricity, Galileo & laws of motion, & Bacon and Descartes' Scientific Method

Peter the Great

-This Russia tsar tried to westernize Russia & his "Great" Reforms got rid of serfdom -he did this to "catch up" w/ w euro countries by expanding his army, introducing potatoes -built new capital St. Petersburg to model the Palace of Versailles & exploited the new "peasants" further

Baroque

-This era is categorized by its ornately detailed and over-the-top art, music, and architecture. -It was used by the catholic church during the counter reformation to glorify God. It also was used by absolutist rulers to glorify their power and majesty. -Examples of Baroque architecture are Versaille and its hall of mirrors and the king's headquarters, which glorified the absolute monarchy, and St. Peter's, which showed the power of the church.

Atlantic Trade

-Triangular trading route that crisscrossed the Atlantic --Carried British/European manufactured goods to African and American colonies -Revolved around slavery; cash crops- spices, sugar, coffee, tea, chocolate; & slave society goods

Dutch Republic

-United Provinces of the Netherlands shortened to this name; early 1600s was their Golden Age due to religious toleration and merchants & bankers as Spain declined in powe -had big merchant fleet. The Estates (assemblies), made up of wealthy businessmen, handled domestic affairs, while the States General handled foreign affairs. -Holland was the biggest and most important state in the Dutch Republic. It was a massive center of trade.

Liberalism (classic)

-Wanted liberty and equality for all (men), personal freedoms, and a free market with laissez-faire. -They were very unsympathetic to the poor because they were all self-made and believed that if they could rise through the ranks, so could others. -It was an idea that sparked many revolutions, the idea of freedom from an oppressive government. They followed Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, which outlined an economy without government intervention

Congress of Vienna

-a meeting with the major European powers who wanted to arrange a final peace agreement after the defeat of Napoleon and prevent any similar conflict by redrawing the border lines in Europe. -It helped pioneer future peace settlements and inadvertently rooted a new wave of conservatism in European politics. It consisted of the Quadruple alliance, France, and other small European countries.

Order

1. Basic Definition 2. Accomplished: 3. Example

Nationalism

A strong feeling of connection to a group of people. -The concept that people who belonged to different race deserved their own country. This was a powerful movement that was an offshoot of romanticism. -Led to Italian and Germany unification and independence movements in Greece and Belgium.

Children

After the Industrial Revolution, attitudes toward children became more loving and nurturing. Attitudes towards children changed because they could no longer be used for work or wages and they were surviving more than they had before.

Men & Women (roles)

Gender roles became far more defined after the industrial revolution. Men and women had been equals doing farm work, the shift to factories made it harder for women to work and also take care of kids. -Workers had to work on their employer's schedule versus their on time. Thus women increasingly stayed home to take care of children and became the homemakers. Men became the primary wage earners. --The woman now had to rely on the support of the man, people began marrying for love rather than purely economic reason like before.