6-1 The Scientific Revolution
Before 1500 how did scholars decide what was true or false?
By referring to an ancient Greek or Roman author or to the Bible.
Who wrote "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies"?
Copernicus on his death bed knowing he would be persecuted by the church for his findings.
Who wrote "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems" and what is it about?
Galileo Galilei, it presented the ideas of both Copernicus and Ptolemy but clearly showed the support for the Copernican theory.
Who was Harvey?
He revealed how a human heart functioned in 1628.
Why did Galileo's findings frightened the Catholic and Protestant leaders?
His findings went against church teaching and authority. If people believed the church could be wrong about this, people could begin to question other church teachings.
Who was Anton van Leeuwenhoek?
In the 1670s he used a microscope to observe bacteria swimming in tooth scraping. He also examined red blood cells for the first time.
Who is considered the founder of modern chemistry?
Robert Boyle
What were the "New Science" views on Scientific Method?
Scholars began to use observation, experimentation, and scientific reasoning to gather knowledge and draw conclusions about the physical world.
What were the "Old Science" views on Scientific Method?
Scholars generally relied on ancient authorities, church teachings, common sense, and reasoning to explain the physical world.
Who was Tycho Brahe?
A Danish astronomer who carefully recorded all the movements of the planets. He produced mountains of data but it was left to his followers to make mathematical sense of them.
Who was Copernicus and what did he create?
A Polish astronomer that questioned the geocentric model. He studied planetary movements for over 25 years and discovered the Heliocentric theory.
What is "On the Structure of the Human Body" and who wrote it?
A book filled with detailed drawings of human organs, bones, and muscles written by Vesalius.
What is "The Sceptical Chymist" and who wrote it?
A book written by Boyle challenging Aristotle's idea that the physical world consists of four elements (earth, air, fire, and water). Boyle proposed that matter was made up of smaller primary particles that joined together in different ways.
What is the Scientific Method?
A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas. -Problem/Question -Hypothesis -Experiments -Analyze/Interpret the data to either confirm or disapprove the hypothesis.
What was the Scientific Revolution?
A new way of thinking about the natural world.
What is the Renaissance and when was it?
A rebirth of learning and the arts, inspired a spirit of curiosity in many fields. 1300-1600.
Who was Francis Bacon?
An English statesman and writer with a passion for science. He believed that by better understanding the world, scientists would generate practical knowledge that would improve people's lives. He urged scientists to experiment and then draw conclusions.
Who was Johannes Kepler?
Assistant to Brahe and after his death, Kepler continued his work. He concluded that certain mathematical laws govern planetary motion. One of his laws showed that the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits.
What book was published in 1620?
Bacon's book "Novum Organum" encouraging experimental method.
What is Boyle's law?
Boyle's most famous contribution to chemistry explaining how the volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect each other.
In what year did Copernicus publish the heliocentric theory and Vesalius publish a human anatomy textbook?
1543
Who wrote "I think, therefore I am"?
Descartes
Who was Evangelista Torricelli?
Developer of the first mercury barometer
Who was Isaac Newton?
English scientist that helped to bring together Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo's breakthroughs under a single theory of motion.
Who were the two main impacts on the Scientific Method?
Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes.
Who wrote "Starry Messenger" and what was it?
Galileo Galilei, a book describing his observations like that Jupiter had four moons, the sun had dark spots, and the earth's moon had a rough surface.
Who was Ptolemy?
Greek astronomer who expanded the geocentric theory.
Who was Galen?
Greek physician widely accepted by doctors. He studied the anatomy of pigs and other animals assuming the human anatomy was the same.
Who was Galileo Galilei?
He built on the theories about astronomy. He built a telescope and used it to study the heavens.
Who was Anders Celsius?
He created another scale for the mercury thermometer in 1742 showing freezing at 0 degrees.
Who was Rene Descartes?
He developed analytical geometry, which linked Algebra and Geometry. He believed that everything should be doubted until proven by reason.
Who was Andreas Vesalius?
He dissected human corpses and published his observations.
Who was Edward Jenner?
In the late 1700s he introduced a vaccine to prevent smallpox.
Who was Zacharias Janssen?
Inventor of the first microscope
Who was Gabriel Fahrenheit?
Made the first thermometer to use mercury in glass. His thermometer showed freezing at 32 degrees.
In 1566 who published "The Nature of the Sun and Earth"?
Marie de Coste
What did Galileo publish in 1610?
Starry Messenger
What did Christianity teach about the geocentric theory?
That God had deliberately placed the earth at the center of the universe. Earth was thus a special place on which the great drama of life unfolded.
What is the geocentric theory and who created it?
The earth centered view of the universe. Aristotle.
What was invented in 1590?
The microscope by Janssen
What is the Heliocentric Theory?
Theory stating the universe revolves around the sun.